Power and energy resources constitutes an important factor on which the progress of a country depends.

Power generation plays an indispensable role in growth of the industries as well as in catering basic needs and other field.

Current installed base of Coal Based Thermal Power is 96,743.38 MW which comes to 54.66% of total installed base. Current installed base of Gas Based Thermal Power is 17,706.35 MW which is 10.00% of total installed capacity. Current installed base of Oil Based Thermal Power is 1,199.75 MW which is 0.67% of total installed capacity.
Thermal Hydro Nuclear Renewable 92,426 36,033 4,120 12,194 63.8% 24.9% 2.8% 8.5%

TOTAL

144,773

100.0%

The basic Rankine cycles efficiency is limited to 20-25%. Regenerative Rankine cycle is clearly not a practical proposition . Modified regenerative Rankine cycle is adopted for the power production since it has 32% efficiency

Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy. Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily calculated using mollier diagram or h-s chart or enthalpy-entropy chart also known as steam tables. Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated using the Enthalpy-entropy chart or the steam tables. Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant temperature to become a saturated liquid.

Boiler plays a major role in all thermal power plant in which de- mineralized water is converted into steam which is to be transmitted through various stages.

Tangential Firing Boiler

Dry Bottom Boiler

Wet Bottom Boiler

Balanced Draft Boiler

Single Drum Boiler

The flame envelope rotates ensuring thorough mixing within the furnace, providing complete combustion and uniform heat distribution. The most effective method for producing intense turbulence is by the impingement of one flame on another. With this type of firing, combustion is extremely rapid, and short flame length results.

In dry bottom type boiler the furnace temperature is maintained below ash fusion temperature. Ash is collected in dry state at bottom.

In wet bottom type boiler the furnace temperature is maintained above ash fusion temperature. Ash is collected in wet state at bottom. Good quality ash is obtained to about 1%

Good quality ash is obtained to about 3%

The balanced draft boiler consist of 2- Forced draft fan and 1- induced draft fan.
The FD fans are used to suck atmospheric air and ash into furnace. The ID fans perform the function of removing the flue gases out of the boiler

The name implies it consist of a single drum in which the furnace is at a height of 90 meters.
The boiler drum is at a height of 83.5m.

The boilers of these units have been designed by M/s EVT of West Germany and supplied by M/s Transelectro of Hungary.
Boilers are rated for generating a maximum of 690 Ton/hr of superheated steam at 158 KSI (Kilo pound per square inch) pressure and at 540C temperature.

Bunker is a large container or a compartment which is used for storing Coal

There are 2-sensors 1. Laser level gauge 2. Ultrasonic level sensor

A pulverizer or grinder is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of materials. For example, they are used to pulverize coal for combustion in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power plants.
Coal pulverizers may be classified by speed, as follows: Low Speed Medium Speed High Speed

RH 1
337 c

LPT

RH 2
400 c

IPT

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
Turbine and its auxiliaries, regenerative heaters and other associated equipments are supplied by M/s FrancoTosi of Italy. Feeder pumps are supplied from M/s Worthington of Italy.

The main cylinder is a double cylinder, double cooling , double exhaust condensing , single reheat, regenerative axial flow , compound impulse reaction type HP and IP stage. HPT - 1 Impulse stage and 13 Compound reaction.

IPT
LPT

- 12 Impulse stage.
- 6 x 2 Impulse stage.

Rated Speed 3000 rpm Turbine heat rate 1kW Efficiency of Turbine: = 2012 kcal/hr = 860 kcal

860/2012 = 42.7%

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the feedwater to steamgenerating boilers. In order to avoid corrosion on the inner surface of the boiler tube and drum , the gas dissolved in the feed water Oxygen is removed in deareator.

A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler.
These pumps are normally high pressure units that take suction from a condensate return system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive displacement type. Capacity of 426.7m^3/hr and Pressure 207.79kg/cm^2 Rated Speed 5210 rpm

Water is circulated around the condenser to condense the steam coming out of the turbine. Cooling water enters the condenser at 100C to 150C and leaves at 200C to 250C. Plenty of water is required for condensing the steam in the condenser. The water may be taken from sources such as river or lake.

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge

Chlorination kills the micro-organism thereby they loose the ability to stick to the pipe walls.
Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water. Water which has been treated with chlorine is effective in preventing the spread of waterborne disease.

Cooling towers are used to extract the heat of circulating water from the condenser unit.
It is hyperbolic in shape with base area 100sq.m . Height 120m. The cooling capacity is 1300m^3/hr and range of cooling 9C.

De-mineralized water is employed for feed water in boiler and hydrogen synthesis. This DM water is prepared in water chemical treatment plant . The raw water is bore well water.

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit.

Rated Speed : 3000rpm Poles : 2 Frequency :50Hz

Advantages of thermal power plant : Low initial cost Since located near the load centre, the cost of transmission and the losses due to transmission are considerably reduced. The construction and commissioning of thermal power plant takes lesser period.
Disadvantages of thermal power plant: Fuel is a non-renewable source of energy. Efficiency decreases with decreasing load. Cost of power generation is high. Smoke produced by burning the fuel causes air pollution. Life of thermal power plant is 25 years. The efficiency decreases to less than 10% after its life period. Turbines has a high running speed of 3000 to 4000 rpm.