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Orel,
Cushitic,
Olga V.
Stolbova
paper generally follows what has been said in our present The Presently, our main task is communication on Position of Cushitic. (= to analyze the interrelations between Cushitic Cu ) , Chadic (= Ch) and Egyptian (= Eg) on the lexical level. As far as Cu-Ch isoglosses paper. are concerned, the reader is refered to the above Now, as to Ch-Eg isoglosses, they turn out to be too numerous to be exposed here (numbering more than 1,000 items with more than 700 roots not presented in Cu) This list is going to appear as a sepa rate publication later. Below we adduce only such roots that are known either in Cu and Eg or in Cu, Eg and Ch. Meanings and Cu forms are arranged in the same way as in our previous paper. Eg words are given without chro nological marks but Coptic reflexes are sometimes cited. As far as practically all necessary Ch data has already appeared in Position of Cushitic we simply signalize the existence of West, Central or ECh) by putting corresponding parallels East Chadic (= WCh, CCh, abbreviations after Eg forms.
Fauna
1. 2.
antelope
3U.
'
5.
6. 7. 8.
' buffalo*
' cow '
'
'
'
GS *gu-gusGS *sul-alGS
Ag
*<jirr-, Om *ceR*kiw-
Bd ' agabaa Bd yuwe, Ag *luwlaa, Ag *Raw- , A low GS *low- , Wr *lo'Bd yaas , Sd *was-, Om ways- ( < pi ? ) Bd aa, S 'aasa Ag *f iRR-Vtt- , Om *piRRGS *'elS alaa, ? GS *hal- 'sheA
ijw.t
ghs 'gazelle' sr.w / CCh dr. t 'falcon' / WCh, ECh k Copt ko / WCh, CCh db 1 'bull' wr. t / WCh
gsj ,
'cattle' /WCh
ECh
is / WCh,
9.
10
fd /
py iyr
ECh
11
gazelle
12.
'
goat
',
'
cr
'deer' / ECh
/ CCh
'herd' 'rhinoceros'
camel
13ia.
A wadar GS *rob-,
'
idr
Sd #rob-
irbj
zi b
mr
15. 16.
17. 18.
goat'
19.
20
'-
hyh.t
enh
sfy
? nfr
'horse'
II. Flora
1. 2.
Sd *sabar-, Om *sabaRSd *tap-, Om tep(p)Bd far, Ag *piR- 'fruit',
sbr
pr. t
'bough'
WCh
htp.t
3.
2.
a.
5.
6.
'
grass
'
Copt
sn w
of medicinal plant' / WCh , CCh, ECh b t bush '(writing) cane', Copt areioue, arooui
*sanSA aysoo,
sim / ECh
*'as- ,
7. 8.
leaf
*f.t 'k.
'
cr
'
'
910.
Om
Ag,
*?uf-
11. 12.
131H. 1516.
*kln-
*'
Bd hindi
Om * i( )nGS, Sd *sib-, Om *sab'k. of tree'
/ WCh df 'food' / WCh ? Izr 'tamarisk' hd t ljm 'dart, spear' kwnt / WCh, ECh hty 'wood' / ECh < nn w sb. t 'cane' / WCh
.
.
' brother ' ' child ' ' child , son ' ' cripple ' ' family' ' man '
Ag *('i)z(z)in-,
Om #('i)- sn
/ *?
WCh,
CCh
3-
a.
5. 6.
7-
nap(p)-
*k[a]w-
kny / CCh, ECh hwn 'boy' / WCh, ECh nhn /WCh nf 'evil' kywy 'crowd' / ECh
8. 9.
10
*'
Copt
'herdsman' /
WCh,
11.
13in.
15. 16.
'fa
rr
*'
'
hr. t
nswy. t
s t
/ CCh
'young animal'/ WCh
'young man'
Om *lalGS gorom-
' us-
d*m
the body
SA
Ag
Ag
garbaa,
Wr *kerp-
*kwiR-tn-kac-,
3.
'
bone
'
GS *ka[s]-,
'gut', Copt (e)kibe, kib/fi tr / ECh *kurks, Copt kas / WCh, ECh
?
kb
U. 5-
'
breast
'
* ' iR-
nn. t
dy'
.t
/ WCh
'part of
the bo
/ WCh
3.
6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12.
'ear'
Om
'
'
excrements Sd eye Bd
'
'
Ir .
'
'
Om *'an-
cn, cyn
? ds
mns.ty
'face'
As *sac-
/ CCh 'person'
'two feet' / CCh 'two feet' /
As *sinGS GS Bd Om
? sn.wy
13lU
*rad-
'trace'
'genitals'
*haynin-
15. 16.
17. 18. 1920.
'gullet'
bala'a
CCh, ECh rd , Copt rat, re ( e ) t hnn ' phallus ' b'n. t / WCh
'hand,
21.
22.
'
'
head heart
'
smj ,
Copt
sma(a)u
'tem
.t '
'
*n
23. 2 IX .
'
'
horn
'
Om *Ribb-, A lubbi. GS *lVbbGS *ba ud- , Om *padGS *garr- , Om #kaRGS *bud- , Sd *bCid- ?<
hn / CCh ib / CCh,
hpd
'
'buttocks' / ECh
Copt
tap
kr. ty
db,
/ ECh
2526.
*dubSd %ulBd guraba, Om *gumbAg *swiRRip ( p ) , SA gulub, GS *silib-, Wr #kil(V)pSd *sulub(b)-, Om #guRbBd samb-ut. As *samp(p)-, GS *samb-, Om *sombAs *gam- , SA gamma, GS *samm(an)-, Sd *gamm- , Om *sammSA hado(o), GS *cadOm *'as-
imy
gbgb
27.
kj b. t / ECh
'breath'
28. 29.
snb
gmh
.t
w?d.w
js
Bd ne'af,
SA
lifi4
sn
As *'i-syan-, S sana, A
san, GS *cVn-, Om *sin'an-
Sd *sVn-,
ECh
34.
35.
'
side
'
36.
37.
GS *funnBd sab, Ag *gapp-, Wr *kapGS *ses-, Sd *sesa-leefu Bd duf , As *dip~, *daf , Om *duf Bd sar 'cheek', Sd *Ha2 ( 6 ) A
fnd
gb
/ WCh
WCh
I/
gs
/ WCh
38.
39. 40.
Om
ill.
1X2
Bd koos, GS *swas-,
GS #sitt- , Om *sitt-
*sass-
Om
tz
sd
II.
V.
1 2.
Natural phenomena
ashes
Ag
*cibaR-
3-
a.
5-
6. 7. 8. 9.
'
'
Om *bidin-/*bindOm tuRRAg *gu/lm- , Sd *gom- , Om *gumsmoke ', GS #'Vr-, A ceeri urrWr Bd dabba Om *yiROm #t(y)uRR- 'dust'
dcb.t, Copt Jtbbs, tebs 'soot' / CCh, ECh Itnw / ECh wgm 'dust'
wbd
*'
'
wr. t
'sky'
WCh,
WCh,
CCh
CCh
idb
lyr
'field' /
iwtn
10 .
'sand'
' silt ' in. t ' valley ' cd ' land at the
edge'
desert
WCh
11. 12.
fire'
dr
WCh
13IX. 1 15-
'
nwh rkh
' to
burn
'
the Bug'
Bd yuu'
S ifo, GS
*'Ip-
sjh 'Orion' /
'-
k?2
CCh,
ECh
*sag-
? hsg
Sd
22.
23.
'
i-lal- , Om *lal-
Inr 'stone' /
WCh
idb
'coast' / WCh,
ECh
ic r, cry
Copt
'to climb',
aley,
Sd *baySd *mis- , Om
Ag
*'
a-mis-
ale / WCh CCh, ECh by t , bw / WCh, ECh, CCh msh.t 'Gewasser' ./ CCh,
ECh
*zuwSd *soHu-
zwzw
syw
mel
Sd
Ag,
*en-
swn.w
' 'Gewasser'
/ CCh
Ag
Bd aba
GS, Sd *lagOm *say-
'
*'
*ry. t 'Gewasser'
*knw 'Gewasser' /
jbh.t
CCh,
nd'ndj 'water' /
CCh
'
sand
'
31.
35. 35. 37.
Bd
Ag
iyr
V-I j
WCh
'field' / ECh
U
*:jaR-,
Om
#vr-
Bd bir/le Om *cug-
sd.t
5.
38.
39.
'
' '
'
spring' star *
Om *'inGS, Sd
#hur-
'
ko.
IX 1. 1X2. H 3. a/i.
stone water *
'
bkj 'morning'
xb
xm
1
Bd yam
SA
lay
maw-
? Bd mu
'
'liquid', As
) GS *maH ( i
'
WCh,
CCh
VI.
1. 2.
Time
3.
dr
'Sun-god'
WCh,
/ CCh
a.
5.
6.
rc
CCh
'sun' / WCh
msw. t knm. t
'darkness'
Sun)'
7. 8. 910.
11.
mir. w
myn
zp
VII.
1. 2.
'belt' 'clothes'
'community'
3.
'rope'
sp
IX.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
10.
'door'
*biRR-
Om *p/ping-
pn'y. t
'butter'
'door-lock' /
Bd simma.Wr *sinan-
WCh,
ECh
kb
sj
drw
.t
'part of
the
GS *min-, GS *ge
Sd *minOm *ke
11.
' -,
'-
12.
Bd
sekwa
ECh mn ( kb ) ' ( cool ) room' / WCh dj d? 'building be fore a temple' / CCh si k sack '
house' / WCh,
'
6.
1314. 1516.
'meal of
grain
Ag
'
'mind '
'
bs
'bread' /WCh,
ECh
peace
'
of'
GS *manGS *nag-
mn.t nd. t
mr
17. 18.
dbn
WCh
breath
19.
20. 21 22.
'
1h
nf
'spirit' / CCh
23.
' '
'
'
'
A nawaa, S naf , GS *napSA loo , GS *'ul-, Om *'uRi Bd hay id-, GS *hoddA sabsab GS, Sd **ol-
'
hntt t
hrwyw
ia | t
CCh
VIII.
1. 2.
Actions
ngsgs
3. H.
Ag
Ag
'overflow'
Ag *cyaw-
'
beat
'
Ag
Om
*tis-
56. 7. 8. 9.
10.
GS #hawAg *bas-,
'
'
/ CCh
GS *wasSd,
wsn
gb
CCh
WCh,
A guub Ag *fig~,
Om *pug-
pd
/ ECh 'incense' /
CCh Sd *mog- , Om *mogGS *dug- , Om #dukOm *cek(k) Om *mi S for, A far, Sd *furrSA koor- , GS #korBd yi-, Om #yVOm *wa SA, GS *mVtGS, Sd *murGS *mutAg, Om #kit(t)GS *borAg *'is/s-, SA is-, Sd
dgy
11 12.
' climb ' ' come ' die ' ' dig '
-' -
'-
4y / fw /
nmt
f iy k5 w
'lift' / ECh
'
ECh
'do, make'
* ' Vs-
smj 'slaughter'/ WCh m(w)t / WCh, CCh, ECh be weak kt 'hoe' / WCh, ECh / CCh, ECh
b?
'
'
23. 2 k.
25.
26. 27.
' drink ' ' drive away ' eat ' '
'fly'
SA *rVb-, GS 'abb- , Sd *hab- b'b* 'drink' / ECh Bd deer-, A da'ar-, GS dr ' bewahren vor' *dayr-, Om *daRRBd tiyu 'feed', Om #ta''bread' / WCh,
t3
Ag
*kwi'-/*kwa'-
-,
Om
Pa
/WCh,
CCh,
ECh
28. 29.
30.
'
'
Sd
birth '
iw. t
iry /
'gift' WCh
away
'
Ag
*pit ( t ) -
ptpt
'walk' / WCh,
7.
34.
35-
hold
36.
37.
kill '
'
38.
39. 40.
41 42
Bd bay-, A ba-, GS *baH-, Sd *ba ' , Om *ba'Bd bari, SA *barBd am-it-, Sd *'amGS, Sd *'egAg *gabGS, Sd #kalOm waij Wr *bog-
fbj
hbj
kn
'bring' / WCh
WCh, CCh, ECh cared of' 'take away'/ WCh WCh, CCh
Smm /
/
4d 'be
*'
wdc
npd,
/
'last 1
1
GS *turAg
. . '
*sapp-,
Om *sap-
'
'
Bd reh-, Sd #1VH-
4344.
45.
46.
klf
SA
tr sf
fflj
nny
b
fk
1
/ WCh
/ WCh
Bd pakak-,
fak-
Ag
*pakak-,
be void
'
ECh
47.
48.
GS *hur-
hr
'tomb' / WCh,
'pile'
'
4950. 51.
52.
* rise '
53-
54. 5556.
57.
GS *tumBd wuda Ag *ga'-, SA gay, GS *gayA ka c- , GS *ka - , Sd *ka'i-, Om *ke/i Ag *buk-, S bukaa 'flight', GS *bak-, Om *bik* GS #ti GS, Om *ya S guur-, A goor-, GS *korOm *cakAg *s(a')uk-, Om *suk(k)-
'-
tm 'be full' wd (y )
wdy kj
/ WCh
'
'
bt
CCh / WCh
ECh WCh CCh
'-
'-
ntj / CCh.
i 'walk' /
d r / d'k /
WCh,
58.
59. 60. 61. 62
CCh sksk 'split' / WCh, ECh sn / CCh sty / WCh, CCh it 'barley'
tf
dp
63.
64.
' steal
WCh, taste
CCh,
ECh
ECh
CCh
65
66.
#'a'(z)-, GS *'ad-, Sd
d* 'catch' /
67.
68.
* ' ad-
69.
70. 71.
Om *wV
Ag,
'-
72.
Bd tah/g-
'present' / WCh WCh, ECh tyj ' shout / CCh iw 'call' / CCh, ECh ihy * call * / CCh ly 'Spruch' / CCh, ECh tkk, tktk 'grasp' / WCh. CCh
*Jb
in /
'
8.
73.
'walk, go'
7a. 75.
Sd *'had-,
ild
/ WCh
*' * *xam- ,
Sd *ham- , Om
ham-
76.
77. 78.
79.
in, nny / CCh ihm 'walk slowly' / CCh s k 'let enter' /' CCh, ECh r, 'entrance' / WCh syj 'part of cloth
'
Ag
*sak-,
Wr *sox-
Bd kay-,
S kii-, Om *key-
ity
wn
2.
Bd
'an-, Ag,
*yon-
*'Vn-t Sd
a.
56. 7. 8. 910. 11. 12.
3-
' be
' be '
'
angry
bad be black
'
' '
Om *kandBd |eeha, Om
Ag
caRRVk-
*e ' -
' be
' ' ' be ' be ' be
'
* be
blind 1
'
'
far'
full
good
'
13. ia.
' be
'
'
*gambWr *kummGS , Sd *bal 1 - , Wr *pallOm *konBd yi Ag ' akk* Bd si/ag-, GS *[c] Vg-, Om [ s ] agA migi, GS *migSA ma/s'-, Om *ma -
GS , Sd
Copt
b(e)lle
'
'child' /' CCh w h 1 ' light ' tref f lich ' h 3 ' wsh 'width' / WCh
'
WCh,
15. 16.
17.
hungry
ill
'
'
'
Ag
naHab-
Iby 'thirst'
Bd le/ah-, S lahuAg
18.
19.
20.
21. 22.
be long
Ag
kj 'high' / CCh
ngy
'
' be
open be smal 1
'
'
' be
' be
soft
'
'open'
kt ( t )
WCh,
CCh
nn
*'
strong
be thirsty 'GS #deb- , Sd *tebbe wet * Bd yada , S aSA eado , GS #*'azbe white Ag *fiR-, S feer 'right meabest
'
Ag
*kikkin-
kny
ndb
hdy
'
'
'
hd nfr brbr
best'
'
* burn '
'
dawn 1 defecate
'
' flow'
sure '
'boil' / WCh
'Sonnenauge'
imy.t
whj
sty
'sprinkle'
Sd
ijd.t 'dew' /
./
WCh
WCh
9.
34.
35-
36.
37.
'
'
'
bg
*daeGS *'ok-, Sd
AG
WCh,
38.
39. 40.
ill. 4 2.
4344.
Bd kan-, GS *kVn*'aRi[k]-, GS *'arekkSA dag-, Sd *da/egAg *bi-, Om *ba[y]Bd haay-, SA hayGS *hawAg
*rk 'understand'
dgy by
hy 'begatten' /
CCh htht 'be lost
CCh
WCh
Om *tah-
'
/ WCh
454 6.
'
'
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
'
ibj 'dance'
wjr
wdlj
brg
*'
'
'
rdy
'lie'
'think'
GS *mod-
The above list together with the data presented earlier in unpublished Position of Cushitic and the still with materials concerning Ch-Eg lexical cognates seem to bear a few unexpected im plications. Although the comprehensive information on the eventual range of relations between Cu, Ch and Eg, on one hand, and Semitic lacking and badly needed it is and Berber, on the Qther, is still not impossible to believe now that Cu, Ch and Eg once formed a se parate knot of the AA taxonomic tree. The main proof is certainly
the Ch, above list of Cu-Eg-Ch lexical cognates as well as these of CuCu-Eg and Ch-Eg parallels. This family within the AA phylum may
be called Central for the lack of a better term. What has been said earlier on specific Ch-Eg lexical relations (by contrast with a relatively small number of Cu-Eg separate isoglosses) makes us believe that a North-Central (Ch-Eg) group may be postulated as an intermediate stage of divergence of the Central AA family. The corresponding tree will be as follows:
Central Afrasian
PBd
Ag
Om
(South Cu? )
North-Central
PCh
PEg
GS
Wr
Sd
WCh
(Masa)
CCh
ECh