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QUANTUM MECHANICS
Professor John W. Norbury
Physics DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeP.O. Box 413Milwaukee, WI 53201November 20, 2000
 
Contents
1 WAVE FUNCTION 7
1.1 Probability Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.1 Mean, Average, Expectation Value . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.2 Average of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.1.3 Mean, Median, Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.1.4 Standard Deviation and Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . 111.1.5 Probability Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.2 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.3 Conservation of Probability (Continuity Equation) . . . . . . 191.3.1 Conservation of Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.3.2 Conservation of Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.4 Interpretation of the Wave Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.5 Expectation Value in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . 241.6 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.7 Commutation Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.8 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.9 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 35
2.1 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.1.1 Second Order, Homogeneous, Linear, Ordinary Differ-ential Equations with Constant Coefficients . . . . . . 362.1.2 Inhomogeneous Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.2 Partial Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.3 Properties of Separable Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.1 General Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.2 Stationary States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.3 Definite Total Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
 
2
CONTENTS 
2.3.4 Alternating Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3.5 Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3.6 Complete Orthonormal Sets of Functions . . . . . . . 462.3.7 Time-dependent Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.5 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 INFINITE 1-DIMENSIONAL BOX 53
3.1 Energy Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.2 Wave Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.3 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.4 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 POSTULATES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 65
4.1 Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654.1.1 Hermitian Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654.1.2 Eigenvalue Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.2 Postulate 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674.3 Expansion Postulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684.4 Measurement Postulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.5 Reduction Postulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.6 Summary of Postulates of Quantum Mechanics (Simple Version) 714.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.8 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
I 1-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 77
5 Bound States 79
5.1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.2 Finite 1-dimensional Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.2.1 Regions I and III With Real Wave Number . . . . . . 825.2.2 Region II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.2.3 Matching Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.2.4 Energy Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875.2.5 Strong and Weak Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.3 Power Series Solution of ODEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.3.1 Use of Recurrence Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.4 Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
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