Viral diseases

Diseases of the Skin

Warts Smallpox Chickenpox -Shingles Herpes Simples I Measles Rubella

Warts
Small, rough tumor, typically on hands and feet but often other locations Papillomaviruses
dsDNA virus naked, polyhedral benign growth Genital forms can go malignant - STD Treatment- laser or electro- removal, cryosurgery.

Smallpox
Variola major
Poxviridae DNA virus -large Transmitted via respiratory spreads to organs and skin. Dermal lesions Very infectious first symptoms of smallpox include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting.

 Rash emerges - small red spots on the tongue and mouth. At this time, the person becomes most contagious. Rash face, arms, legs, hands and feet. within 24 hours. The fever usually falls. 3rd day of the rash - raised bumpsbumps fill with a thick, opaque fluid bellybutton - pustules The pustules begin to form a crust and sores have scabbed over. Scabs have fallen off. Person is no longer contagious

Chickenpox
Varicella zoster virus
Herpesviridae DNA virus Respiratory - 2 weeks Skin vesicles erupt. Virus infects peripherial nerves. Mortality low but higher in adults. Highly contagious

 Herpes zoster
Virus infects peripheral nerves migrates to CNS. Remains latent (characteristic of Herpes). Later in life (decades) can migrate back down nerve and cause skin eruptions - shingles.

Chickenpox-Shingles

Shingles.

Herpes Simplex
Cold sores HSV1
DNA Transmission during infancy from relative. Similar to zoster infects peripheral nerves - latency. Always erupts at the same spot. Treatment- acyclovir, OTC ointments.

Measles (Rubeola)
Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. RNA
Entry respiratory Pneumoniae, diarrhea, keratitis. Koplicks spots in mouth. Red rash spreads from arms to trunk and face, then legs. More defect in cellular immunity

Childhood vaccinations have greatly reduced incidence. Vaccine 95% effective.

Rubella
German (3 day) Measles Rubella virus (ssRNA) Much milder and shorter in duration Congenital form more serious - causes serious birth defects. If in 1st trimester can lead to heart defects, mental retardation, or death. Vaccine introduced in 1969 to prevent congenital form.

Diseases of the Nervous System

Polio Rabies Arboviral Encephalitis

Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis)

Picornavirus, uncapsulated RNA virus Enterovirus: oral-fecal route
Symptoms like summer flu- headache, sore throat, fever Mild if very young or infant. As age increases becomes more severe. 1% of adolescents develop severe symptoms.

 Virus enters intestine then circulatory system viremia. If viremia persists, enters CNS where manifestations can be severe. Infects motor neurons causing paralysis.
Vaccine Salk - inactivated virus - protects but does not stop spread. Sabine- attenuated virus - stimulates IgA antibodies and thus protects plus stops spread.

Rabies
Rhabdovirus ssRNA Virus - bullet shaped Furious rabies & dumb rabies. Furious very excitable, fever headache, difficulty swallowing, followed by coma and death. Dumb - paralytic, quiet sedate

 Rhabdovirus Virus first replicates in muscle then infects peripheral nerves to CNS. Eventually infects brain and causes encephalitis. Vaccine- can give post exposure, but before symptoms arise. Vaccine virus from human cell cultures (HDCV); 4 - 6 doses. Can also administer anti-sera (humans or MAb) against virus.

Arboviral Encephalitis
Arthropod borne- mosquitoes. Arbovirus (ssRNA), 35% mortality Domestic animals reservoir (horses) fever, headache, myalgia (muscle ache), malaise. Infection, lead to encephalitis a permanent neurological symptoms

West nile virus

Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) dengue fever and yellow fever CNS complications (meningitis and encephalitis)

Fever causing virus

Infectious Mononucleosis Hemorrhagic Fevers

Mononucleosis
Epstein Barr virus is a herpes virus DNA Oral transmission -kissing Incubation 4 - 7 weeks. Infects B-cells, causes them to proliferate, illicit T cell response.(self limited lymphoproliferative disorder) Fever, sore throat, lymphadenitis. Malaise, fatigue and lymphadenopathy

Hemorrhagic Fevers
Systemic infections characterized by fever and hemorrhage 4 distinct families of RNA viruses: the Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae Fever, headache, myalgia, rash, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.

Viral Diseases of Respiratory System

Viral Pneumonia
Can result from influenza, measles, chickenpox.

The Common Cold Influenza

Common Cold
Caused by many viruses
50% Rhinovirus 15-20% Coronavirus 40% unidentified

Sneezing, runny nose, headache, congestion. Spread aerosols, direct contact, fomites.

Influenza
Enveloped RNA virus
2 spikes hemagglutinin (H) neuraminidase (N) H recognizes cell receptors Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort.

Viral Diseases of Digestive System

Mumps Hepatitis Viral Gastroenteritis

Mumps
Paramyxovirus (RNA) Respiratory and oral transmission. Can also cause orchitis (testis swelling) esp in older individuals Vaccination- MMR Infection of the parotid glands, causes swelling. Causes infection of salivary ductal epithelial cells edema and inflammation of salivary glands

Hepatitis
Hepatitis - inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a RNA viral infection. Five types - A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids (e.g. from blood transfusions or invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment). Hepatitis B is also transmitted by sexual contact. The symptoms - jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine (see also gastritis and enteritis) and resulting in acute diarrhea. It can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water. 50% - due to foodborne illness are caused by norovirus. 20% - and the majority of severe cases in children, are due to rotavirus. Other significant viral agents include adenovirus and astrovirus.

Viral Diseases of Reproductive System

Genital Herpes Genital Warts AIDS

Herpes Simplex 2
DNA virus- enveloped Spread direct contact (usually sexual) Large fluid filled pocks, Infected for life -no vaccine. Virus enters neurons- latent phases.

 Neonatal transmission- Caesarian birth.

Can cross placenta and infect fetus - birth defects.

Treat symptoms - acyclovir ; anti-virals. HSV1 can also be found in genital infections.

Genital Warts
Papilloma virus Condyloma acuminata Causes external warts and leads to an increase in cervical cancer in women.

AIDS
HIV