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ისტორია
ძველი მსოფლიოს ისტორია /გვ. 75/
გიორგი ქავთარაძე
ამავე დროს, თითქოს უფრო ისე ჩანს, რომ ქართულში ადრეულ ხანებშივე არსებულ
ციხე-სიმაგრის აღმნიშვნელ ხურიტულ ტერმინს "ard"-ს ანალოგიური
მნიშვნელობისა და ჟღერადობის მქონე არამეული სიტყვის ზეგავლენის შედეგად
შეეძინა ანლაუტში ველარული ფონემა. ამ უკანასკნელ შესაძლებლობაზე ისიც უნდა
მიგვანიშნებდეს, რომ ქართულ სინამდვილეში დასტურდება არაერთი ციხესიმაგრის
აღმნიშვნელი და "ართ/არტ/არდ"-ძირიანი ტოპონიმი: "ართვინი/ართვანი",
"არტაანი", "არტანუჯი" და სხვ. გარდა ურარტული ქალაქი მუსასირის
სახელწოდებისა – "არდინი", მსგავსი სახელწოდებების ქალაქები ცნობილია
რუსახინილის მახლობლად მდებარე მხარიდან და ეტიუნის ქვეყნიდანაც [იხ.
ქავთარაძე 2005, 106 შენ. 127]. არამეული ტერმინი " karda ", თავის მხრივ, ასევე
დაკავშირებული უნდა იყოს ხურიტულ "ard"-თან.
მითითებული ლიტერატურა
19. Archer 1985 = G. L. Archer. Daniel. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Gen. Ed.: F. E.
Gaebelein), Vol. 7. Grand Rapids, 1985.
20. Bedrosian 1985 = R. Bedrosian. Sebeos. Patmut'iwn i Herakln. 1985. /გვ. 85/
22. Braund 1994 = D. Braund. Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian
Iberia 550 BC - AD 562. Oxford, 1994.
24. Chabouillet 1885 = M. Chabouillet. Catalogue général et raisonné des camées. Paris, 1885.
25. Collins 1992 = J. J. Collins. Daniel. With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. The
Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 1. New York, 1992.
26. Frendo 1985 = D. Frendo. Sebeos and the Armenian Historiographical Tradition in the
Context of Byzantine-Iranian Relations, – Periteia, 4, 1985, 1-20.
27. Hübschmann 1904 = H. Hübschmann. Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen (mit Beitragen zur
historischen Topographie Armeniens und einer Karte), – Indogermanischen Forschungen,
Zeitschrift für indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde, Bd XVI. Strassburg, 1904.
28. Macler 1904 = F. Macler. Historie d'Heraclius par l'évêque Sebēos. Paris, 1904.
29. Marquart 1901 = J. Marquart. Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac’i. Mit
historisch-kritischem Kommentar und historischen und topographischen Excursen.
Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Philologisch-
Historische Klasse. Neue Folge Band III. Nro. 2. Berlin, 1901.
30. Oppert 1852 = J. Oppert. Les inscriptions des Achéménides. Paris, 1852.
32. Thomson 1999 = The Armenian History attributed to Sebeos, translated, with notes by R. W.
Thomson. Historical commentary by James Howard-Johnston (Assistance from Tim
Greenwood), Part I. Translation and Notes. Translated Texts for Historians, Volume 31.
Liverpool, 1999.
Summary
Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze
Among the unsolved problems of Georgian history of the Late Antique period is the beautiful
sardonyx intaglio from the Department of medals, coins and antiquities of the National Library
in Paris; the place and time of its discovery is unknown. It shows an image of a man, and a
Greek inscription around it with intitulatio of this person: ΟΥCΑC ΠΙΤΙΑΞΗC ΙΒΗΡΩΝ
ΚΑΡΧΗΔΩΝ. The gem reveals typical signs of the early Sasanid period. The meaning of only
two words of the inscription is quite clear: Vitaxa of Iberia. Nobody knows exactly who this
Vitaxa - "Usa" (Οὔσας) was and why Iberia belonged to the Carthaginians. The majority of
scholars came to the agreement that the name Usa could be a shortened form of Arshusha, the
name of the 5th century Vitaxa of Iberia. The use of the name of the Carthaginians on the gem of
an Iberian noble is a very embarrassing fact indeed. It is widely believed that this word should be
connected with the Armenian word Kark'edovmayec'i by which the 7th century Armenian
historian Sebeos actually referred to the Sasanids. Therefore in the opinion of specialists the
expression "ιβηρων καρχηδων" could mean that Iberia at that time was under the rule of the
Sasanids, i.e. the Persians. Such a political situation had place in the time of the Vitaxa of Iberia
Arshusha.
In a grave of the turn of the 3rd – 4th centuries which was discovered near the eastern facade of
the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral at Mtskheta a pencil-case with a Greek inscription “belonging to
Kings Ustamos and Evgenios” was found. This fact gives us an advantageous possibility to
connect the name of Usa with the name of King Ustamos. It should be taken into consideration
that for the Armenian historical chronicles the King of Iberia and the Vitaxa of Gogarene (i.e.
southern Iberia) is sometimes one and the same person.
It seems that the last word of the Usa's inscription - "καρχηδων" (the Carthaginians) – manifests
a complex meaning: On the one hand, it is the boasting element in Viraxa's intitulatio. It
indicates on his origin from Mihrdat, one of the satraps of Darius. According to Moses
Xorenats’i, Alexander the Great placed Mihrdat, one of the satraps of Darius, in control of
Iberians, once captured by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar when he attacked the land of
the Libyans and Iberians and settled them on the right side of the Pontus Sea; the widespread
term to designate the Carthaginians was Phoenicians of Libya (Λιβυφοἱνϊκες). On the other
hand, bearing in mind that the name of the Carthaginians derives from the Phoenician word Kart
H dašt (kart is "city" and h dašt - "new") and that "city" in the Aramaic is kard, it seems
presumable that the name "Carthaginian Iberia" implied the part of Iberia (Kartli - in Georgian)
south of the river Kura where "Armazistsikhe" or "Kart-li" is located and where Aramaic was an
official language of the royal court, along with Greek. This is exactly the place after which the
Georgians call themselves "Kartvels" and it is possible that Usa's gem is the earliest evidence of
it. The conversion of the native place names to the more usual forms was a quite frequent
phenomenon in the Greek-Roman world and one of its manifestations could be a form Carthago
instead of Kartli. /გვ. 412/
Резюме
Гиорги Кавтарадзе
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