SUMMER TRAINING REPORT SAFETY GUARD FOR BLIND BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY ECE (2010-14)

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF: Mr. Y.S. TANWAR

Submitted by: ASHUTOSH DABAS 2363014 ECE-A 7TH SEM

KIIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GURGAON

APPROVED BY AICTE & AFFILATED TO MDU, ROHTAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The submission of this industrial training report gives us an opportunity to convey our gratitude to all those who have helped us reach a stage where we have immense confidence to launch our career in the competitive world of electronics & communication technology. We have no second thought to admit that it is our respected teachers who have played a significant role in shaping our career and we would be miserable failing in our duty if dont extend our heart filled gratitude and acknowledgement to our guide Mr. Y.S. Tanwar who has been a source of perpetual inspiration to us, gently guiding and our waves towards a bright career. You were ever willing to give all kind of support and encouragement. In the end we want to thankful our Parents, Embedded teachers and Almighty GOD for all the thing that they do to us.

ABSTRACT
Blindness is not a new phenomenon in the society. It is a condition of lacking visual perception and always described as severe visual impairment with residual vision. The legally blind people are those who have the visual acuity of 20/200 or (6/60). It means that a blind person needs to stand within 20 feet (6 meters) to see an object which someone with normal visual acuity can see from 200 feet (60 meters) away. The legally blind people has trouble seeing things which other people take for granted, like road signs, traffic lights, and so forth. They are more prone to falls and other accidents because they cannot clearly discern their surrounding environment. The visually challenged people or the blind people are always trying their best to be normal and comfortable in surroundings. However their life and activities are greatly restricted by loss of eyesight. Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently, using a wide range of tools and techniques. They are taught how to travel safely, confidently, and independently in the home and the community. They can find the way easily if they are familiar with an environment or route. The most important mobility aid used by them is a walking stick or also known as walking cane. The conventional walking stick employed by the visually challenged people is actually not efficient to detect the object in front of the user. They can only detect the object that is being hit by the walking stick. A walking stick for the visually challenged people using the infrared distance sensor will become a great help to them because this kind of walking stick is able to detect the object in the specific range. In this project the distance range used is 10cm to 80 cm. When an object is detected, sound alarm from a buzzer will alert the user about the object and the person can avoid the object safely without hitting the object. As the distance of the object and the user is closer, the loudness of the buzzer is increasing. The user is able avoid the obstacles better using the newly designed walking stick.

PREFACE

Summer Training / Industrial Training is very important for engineering students. This training provides them opportunity to be familiar with the industrial / company environment. During this training they can show and can enhance their practical skills and gain practical knowledge and experience for future. This is best way through which the students can learn the latest technologies being used in the companies.

I, Ashutosh Dabas have undergone through a Summer Training from Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology This training helped me a lot in learning the technologies of this particular field. I have also done a project Safety Guard for Blind during the training. During the project development I gained practical knowledge of the subject. Industrial Training & Project work were very challenging but as I proceeded things got easier. Practical Summer/ Industrial Training was an interesting learning experience for me.

CONTENTS
Introduction Circuit Design Transmitter Section NESS Timer IC Features Description Block Diagram Pin Description Receiver Section LM7805 Features Description Block Diagram Pin Description LM311 Features Description Block Diagram

 Switching Section AT89c51 Features Description Block Diagram Pin Description

Voice Processor Section ISD1420 Features Block Diagram Pin Description Designing Circuit Board Program Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Helping in need is humanity. In order to help blind people and make their life easier here safety guard for the blind using microcontroller AT89c51 is designed. This system detects obstacles within 1 meter in the path and alerts the users.

Circuit description
The entire hardware circuit of safety guard for blind is divided into four major sections. i.e. transmitter, receiver, switching section, and the voice processing section.

Transmitter section
The logic of this section is simple and is build around most versatile IC NE555 (IC1), configured as astable multivibrator to produce frequency about 38 KHz. This is so, because IR module receiver used here works in range of 38 KHz frequency. Timing component of this circuit is resistor VR1 and R1 and capacitor C2, determine the range of oscillating. Where, formula of generated frequency (F) from transmitter section is given by F = 1.443 / (R1 + 2R2) C2 The output frequency from pin 3 of IC1 is fed to base of transistor T1 through resistor R3. Transistor T1 is configured as Darlington pair with transistor T2 in order to drive pair of IR LED connected in series as shown in figure 2. LED1 is used as transmitted signal indicator and resistor R5 is used as current limiter.

NE555 TIMER IC:

Features:
Low turn off time Maximum operating frequency greater than500khz. Timing from microseconds to hours. Operates in both astable and monostable modes. High output current can source or sink 200mA. Adjustable duty cycle. TTL compatible. Temperature stability of 0.005% peroc.

Description:
TheNE555monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure

can source or sink up to 200mA. The NE555 is available in plastic and ceramic mini dip package and in an 8-leadmicropackage and in metal can package version.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIN CONNECTIONS:

Pin Description:
Pin 1 (Ground): Connects to the 0v power supply. Pin 2 (Trigger): Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2 is LOW, and pin 6 LOW, output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA. Pin 3 (Output) : (Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about 0.5v less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA. Pin 4 (Reset): Internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0.8v to reset the chip. Pin 5 (Control): A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite considerably). Pin 6 (Threshold): Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 0.2uA. Pin 7 (Discharge): Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays HIGH when pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is LOW. (Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.") Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go high - it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about 200mA. Pin 8 (Supply): Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 4.5V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs.

Receiver section
When transmitted signal from transmitter is obstructed by any object lies in its path then the transmitted signal is reflected. The reflected signal is received by IR receiver module (TSOP1738) and is fed to base NPN transistor T3 through resistor R6 for amplification. Amplified signal is again amplified by pair of transistor T4 and T5 up to necessary level. The output from emitter of transistor T5 is fed through resistor R13 to pin 2 (non-inverting input) of comparator (IC3) where inverting input is connected to zener diode ZD1. The output is taken from pin 7 and is fed to I/O port P1.0 of microcontroller AT89c51 (IC4). The output of pin 7 of IC3 goes high only when non-inverting input is more the inverting input (2.2V).

LM7805 (+5 Volt regulator):

Features:
Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description:
The LM7805 of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Internal Block Diagram

PIN CONNECTIONS:

LM311 Single Comparator:

Features:
Low input bias current: 250nA (Max) Low input offset current: 50nA (Max) Differential Input Voltage: 30V Power supply voltage: single 5.0V supply to 15V. Offset voltage null capability. Strobe capability

Description:
The LM311 series is a monolithic, low input current voltage comparator. The device is also designed to operate from dual or single supply voltage.

Internal Block Diagram

Switching (Microcontroller) Section

Here, we use microcontroller AT89c51 for only switching circuit because of availability and to show how to interface an embedded system in a homemade project. Microcontroller section is replaced by any switching circuit. Pin 1 through 4 (P1.0 through P1.3) is used as input port and pin 21 through 24 (P2.0 through P2.3) is used as output port. The output from pin 7 of IC3 is connected to pin 1 (P1.0) and its corresponding output is obtained at pin 21 (P2.0). The output from microcontroller (IC4) is fed to base of PNP transistor (T6) through resistor R18.

The output of transistor T6 from collector is fed through resistor R19 to base of relay driver transistor T7 in order to energize the relay RL1 and is indicated by glowing LEDLED4. When no signal is applied at input port 1.0, output port 2.0 is high and vice-versa. As transistor T6 is PNP, low at P2.0 conduct it.

AT89c51 (microcontroller chip):

Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description:
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Block Diagram

Pin Configurations

Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being

pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the loworder address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Alternate Functions P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input) T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 P3.7

WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe)

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Voice Processor
The entire circuit of voice processing is designed around IC ISD1420 (IC5) which is 28-pin chip by Winbond. The voice message up to 20 seconds is recorded by this IC. The recording process is done by pressing switch SW4 and the recorded message is played by using pin 23. The condenser microphone pickup the voice message and changed it into corresponding electrical signal connected to pin 17 and 18 via capacitor C13 and C10 respectively.

Pin 14 and pin 15 is connected to headphone jack or loudspeaker through coupling capacitor C14 for playing message. Volume is controlled by variable resistor VR2.

ISD1420 (voice processor):

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Win bonds ISD1400 Chip order series provide high-quality, single-chip, Record/Playback solutions to short-duration messaging applications. The CMOS devices include an on-chip oscillator, microphone preamplifier, automatic gain control, anti-aliasing filter, smoothing filter, and speaker amplifier. A minimum Record/Playback subsystem can be configured with a microphone, a speaker, several passive components, two push buttons and a power source. Recordings are stored into on chip non-volatile memory cells, providing zero-power message storage. This unique, single-chip solution is made possible through Win bonds patented MultiLevel Storage (MLS) technology. Voice and audio signals are stored directly into memory in their natural form, providing high-quality, and solid state voice reproduction.

FEATURES
Single +5 volt power supply Duration: 14 and 20 seconds. Easy-to-use single-chip, voice record/playback solution High-quality, natural voice/audio reproduction Manual switch or microcontroller compatible Playback can be edge- or level-activated Directly cascadable for longer durations Automatic power-down (push-button mode) o Standby current 1 A (typical) Zero-power message storage o Eliminates battery backup circuits Fully addressable to handle multiple messages 100-year message retention (typical) 100,000 record cycles (typical) On-chip oscillator Programmer support for play-only applications Available in die, PDIP and SOIC

Temperature: Commercial - Packaged unit : 0C to 70C, Die : 0C to 50C Industrial - Packaged unit : -40C to 85C

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Pin Description

Designing a circuit board

After many experiments on a prototyping board, when I found an already working circuit, I decided to create my own compact etched board because the prototyping board was too big for my robot. I designed the circuit scheme in program EAGLE and then I generated a plan of the circuit board. It is very interesting how the program EAGLE works. You only have to place the components on the board and the EAGLE makes the connections between components in a way that no wire crosses any other. You must place the components advisedly to simplify the final board and to reduce the number of unlinked points. As it was my first board, I decided to make it only single-sided. However, several points could not be linked on one-sided board and I had to connect them manually with a wire. The Light version of EAGLE is free, but it allows you to make the boards not bigger than 8 10 cm (These measurements were enough for my project). The number of components is not limited in the Light version.

Figure 1: Designing a board in EAGLE

Making a circuit board I redrew final plan using etch-resistant ink to a copper sheet laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Then I sank the board into the FeCl3 that caused etching unwanted copper from the board. After that I drilled holes for components into the board. And finally I soldered the components with a soldering gun. It is not good to solder integrated circuits directly into a board; it is better to put them into sockets. The integrated circuit can be then easily removed and replaced. External sensors, engines and power supply are attached to the board with keyed connectors.

Figure 2: My first circuit board

PROGRAM
The source code for safety guard for blind is written in C-programming language. #include<stdio.h> #include<Regx51.h> sbit t0=P1^0; sbit t1=P1^1; sbit t2=P1^2; sbit t3=P1^3; sbit t4=P2^0; sbit t5=P2^1; sbit t6=P2^2; sbit t7=P2^3; sbit t8=P2^4; sbit t9=P1^5; sbit t10=P1^6; sbit t11=P1^7; sbit t12=P2^5; sbit t13=P2^6; sbit t14=P2^7; void main() { t9=t10=t11=t12=t13=t14=0; t0=1; t1=1;t2=1;t3=1;//t3=t2=t1=t0=1; for(; ;)

{ l1: if(t0==0) { t4=1; t5=t6=t7=t8=0; goto l1; } l2:if(t1==0) { t5=1; t4=t6=t7=t8=0; goto l2; } l3:if(t2==0) { t6=1; t4=t5=t7=t8=0; goto l3; } l4:if(t3==0) { t7=1; t4=t5=t6=t8=0; goto l4;

} t8=1; t4=t5=t6=t7=0; } }

CONCLUSION:
This is the first step of making safety guard for blind is capable of making their own decisions on the situations provided. The design, implementation and testing of a working project proved to be very challenging. The primary objective of detecting and informing about the objects ahead proved to be a great learning experience, as we did not have prior hands-on experience in Embedded Systems. The difficulties in project management as well as those brought to light during experimentation provided an opportunity to work on problem-solving abilities. Despite many problems encountered, I found this experience a rewarding and educational one. This project is application based as it has an application for blind people. It can be further improved to have more decision taking capabilities by employing varied types of sensors and thus could be used for different applications.