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are brought by the members of the society. Social change has importance
in society because change in the behavior and attitude of the people and
that what change has been brought in our lives. It was not tough for us to
Pakistan.
In simple words it means such a change that deals with society, as well as
which refers to the change in society as well as its culture. All societies are
increase by the members of the society when they are hardly aware. The
on society and may become the way for social change. The process of
social change in any society is mostly very slow so that the members of
the society are unable to observe the change in the society. Social change
attitudes & values and so on. There are also few theories (Evolutionary,
Cyclical, Functional & Conflict theory and so on), which are discuss in
following respectively.
While in present the media is playing a vital role in social change. Through
media we should aware the members of society that how to change their
life style, attitude and behaviors. Change can never always be positive. In
some cases people brought such changes which are against the religion,
behavior and attitude of the members of the society. There are three
of human perception of reality which already exist. Like discovery of Oil &
being using their existing knowledge and invent new things I.e. Mobile,
radio, Bluetooth etc. It’s revolutionizing which change world and change
the spreading and transferring of culture from one society to other society.
When two culture exchange some ideas and thoughts, it’s called culture
diffusion. Diffusion is two way process: one person learns as well teach.
society become closer to each other and goes toward traditional society.
Isolation & contact, change comes in society due to contacts and
which is lies nearly with G.T road. Social structure, collectively its mean
playing a vital role in attitudes and values. e.g. educated people have
Perceived needs, sociologist said that all need is not real, such as
invention and techniques avail, there rate of social change will be high.
Culture base have two parts: one is cross fertilization and second is
knowledge of one field in other field. e.g. Laser technology is the invention
of physics, while it’s using in different other fields like in Bio, medical and
this theory change always takes place in one direction. Change always
that is, there was one line of development from simple to complex.
Conflict theory, Marxism (Marx and Engels) Marxism also saw itself as
inevitable in society. Marxism argued that the potential for change was
built into the basic structures of society, the relationships between social
Cyclic theory, Based on the observation that civilizations rise and fall. An
whole, rather like the human body with its mutually dependent organs
working for the health of the entire organism. Key concepts of this theory
changing human lifestyle, behavior, attitude and aware them, that what
are there rights and how to achieved those rights. The creative media
improve their health and place them on the path to social and economic
1. INTRODUCTION1
1
Report of Ms Rabia from Mass communication, National University of Modern
Languages
social change) on society which are essential to brought change in it. First
of all, I described the social change and later on its various aspects
through which it is being brought. It was not tough for me to have
research on social change, in general, but in case of Social Change in
Pakistan. Social Change in Pakistan is the topic which took a lot of time to
study about the changes that are brought by the people in the society. At
the end of this Intro about my research, I would like to say thanks to my
father for his guidance.
1.SOCIAL CHANGE
III. MODERNIZATION
When large populations live in urban areas rather than rural areas, usually
results from economic opportunities: either people move to a city for jobs,
or rural areas become the sites of large businesses which leads to
population growth. If the people from rural areas heavily migrate to urban
areas then the economy might deprived to give services to those people
and create frustration among them and this would lead to the change in
society’s behavior , attitude and environment.
In Pakistan, majority is living in ruler area but now seeking the
better life style peoples are moving towards in urbanization. It is
happened changing the social change awareness. Cities offer social
benefits as well as economic benefits: transportation, schools, diffusion of
new products and services, and health care, cultural resources.
• More diversity
• Independence
• Weaker social attachments – higher crime
• Secularization
• Mass communication systems
VII. Unemployment
Technology has profoundly altered our modes of life. Technology has not spared the
social institutions of its effects. The institutions of family, religion, morality, marriage, state,
property have been altered. Modern technology in taking away industry from the household
has radically changed the family organization. Many functions of the family have been taken
away by other agencies. Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is treated as a civil contract than a
sacred bond. Marriages a re becoming more and more unstable. Instances of divorce,
desertion and separation are increasing. Technology has elevated the status of women but it
has also contributed to the stresses and strains in the relations between men and women at
home. Religion is losing hold over the members. People are becoming more secular, rational
and scientific but less religious in their outlook. Inventions and discoveries in science have
shaken the foundations of religion. The function of the state or the field of state activity has
been widened. Modern technology have made the states to perform such functions as -the
protection of the aged, the weaker section and the minorities making provision for education,
health care etc. Transportation and communication inventions are leading to a shift of
functions from local government to the central government of the whole state. The modern
inventions have also strengthened nationalism. The modern governments which rule through
the bureaucracy have further impersonalized the human relations.
X. Cultural Lag
To provide a law of social change comparable to the laws of physics and biology that
William F. Ogburn in 1922 advanced his theory of social lag. Ogburn pointed out that social
changes always originate in the invention by some individual of a new way of doing
something new to do. So far he was following in the tradition established by Gabriel Trade;
but Ogburn then began to wander in the tracks of Marx, Historically, he argued, inventions
occur most often in the field of material technology, if only because the advantages of an
improvement in technology are self-evident. With each development in technology there
comes, however, some disturbance to the effective working of the existing social order. A
strain or stress is set up between the new technique and various organizational aspects of the
social system, changes in which come slowly if at all; the result, disequilibrium between new
technology and old social organization, is social lag. The core of Ogburn's theory is the idea
that change first occurs in the material technology.
XIV. BUREAUCRATIZATION
All tasks and functions broken down into small parts which become
positions in the organizational hierarchy. Roles attached to positions. Pay
and benefits attached to positions not persons. People can rotate in and
out of positions but organization survives with little change. Although
bureaucratization allows us to be highly efficient and effective and
produce surpluses of goods and services, it also can lead to extreme
inefficiencies:
Characteristics of Bureaucratization
• People in the organization become machine like – just performing
the specific aspects of their role; no more, no less. People
interactions with the organizations become machine like –
example, voice systems.
• Wasting of workforce skills
• Inefficient transactions – have to speak to 10 different people
before you get to the right person.
• Mass amounts of paperwork –jobs become largely processing
paperwork.
• Miscommunication.
• Power is held by a few at the top of the hierarchy which can
become problematic if they seek to protect their individual power
in the organization. Bureaucrats.
• Temptation to cheat – corporate crimes. Often because of a lack
of checks and balances which gets lost in the maze of offices,
departments, positions, supervisors, managers, administrators,
etc… or because of extreme power/position in the organization
and ability to exploit it.
• Goal of departments becomes to survive in the organization and
protect their own resources, rather than work together to provide
a product.
I. DIFFUSION
II. INVENTION
III. DISCOVERY
I. Physical Environment
The structure of a society affects its rate of change in subtle and not
immediately apparent ways. A society which vests great authority in the
very old people as classical China did for centuries is likely to be
conservative and stable. According to Ottenberg a society which stresses
conformity and trains the individual to be highly responsive to the group
such as the Zunis is less receptive to the change than a society like the
Ileo who are highly individualistic and tolerate considerable cultural
variability. A highly centralized bureaucracy is very favorable to the
promotion and diffusion of change although bureaucracy has sometimes
been used in an attempt to suppress change usually with no more than
temporary success. When a culture is very highly integrated so that each
element is rightly interwoven with all the others in a mutually
interdependent system change is difficult and costly. But when the culture
is less highly integrated so that work, play, family, religion and other
activities are less dependent upon one another change is easier and more
frequent. A tightly structured society wherein every person's roles, duties,
privileges and obligations are precisely and rigidly defined is less given to
changes than a more loosely structured society wherein roles, lines of
authority, privileges and obligations are more open to individual
rearrangement.
The question arose that how social strcuture affect society, it is
quite simple. If we see collectively, when a person change their life style,
attitude, behavior and so on. The other members of society will pointed
him and fire him. While in individualism society change fast and the
member of society not fire individuals.
Sociologist says that all needs are not real such as luxuries and so
on. Those needs are real which drive satisfaction. The technology
development is also come by perceived needs. For example when an
individual buy a Motor cycle after it his needs will be become higher and
he will think that to purchase a Motor Car now. This is perceived needs.
i. Cross Fertilization
For Example:
Laser technology is the invention of physics but it using in many
different field. Like in Medical mostly operation are performing through
laser technology. Specially, operation stone in kidney.
v. Societal Change
a. Education
b. Crime
“The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison” is a good example of
a conflict theory perspective on crime. Conflict theorists argue that both
crime and the laws defining it are products of a struggle for power. They
argue that a few powerful groups control the legislative process and that
these groups outlaw behavior that threatens their interests. For example,
laws prohibiting vagrancy, trespassing, and theft are said to be designed
to protect the wealthy from attacks by the poor. Although laws against
such things as murder and rape are not so clearly in the interests of a
single social class, the poor and powerless are much more likely than the
wealthy to be arrested if they commit such crimes. Conflict theorists also
see class and ethnic exploitation as a basic cause of many different kinds
of crime. Much of the high crime rate among the poor, they argue, is
attributable to a lack of legitimate opportunities for improving their
economic condition. They would also be likely to point to racism as well
as classism in the criminal justice system, suggesting that crime will
disappear only if inequality and exploitation in that system and in society
at large are also eliminated.
c. Sports
Again, the conflict theorists would be likely to look at who “makes it”
in sports through a lens of inequality. As in Messner’s article, the conflict
theorist would point out that while many people strive for big-time athletic
success, boys (or girls) from the lower classes may be under inordinate
pressure to achieve athletic success as their “ticket out of the ghetto.”
The conflict theorist would also be critical of the commercialism pervading
sports today, pointing out that athletes are not as socially valuable as,
say, teachers but make a lot more money. Some argue that athletes are
often exploited by corporate and university interests, thus becoming
“commodities” and possibly becoming “alienated” from a sport they once
loved. Because sports is such a big-time business, conflict theorists would
be concerned that college players in particular are being exploited by
colleges and universities, who may give them scholarships but make
much more money off their talents than the players do. In turn, colleges
often “use” players for their talents while investing little in their
education. As above, the conflict theorist would point out that inequality
in sports cannot be reduced unless changes first occur to lessen broader
income inequalities and our commercial culture.
V. Societal Change
changing human lifestyle, behavior, attitude and aware them, that what
are there rights and how to achieved those rights. The creative media
improve their health and place them on the path to social and economic
1. Introduction
Relief works had great impact on the social life of the people of
earthquake hit areas. Many major changes occurred due to the relief
works.
Major changes regarding each aspect of human life took place i.e. people
living in an unorganized and socially stratified society faced a change as
after earthquake. They all were to face same problems of fear, hunger,
shelter, and family disorganization. It was for the first time when all the
residents of the village faced identical problems and all of them were in
search of relief goods. During first days of the earthquake when
helicopters would drop relief goods the community people both Swatis and
Go jars would rush to catch more goods and in during that situation the
class difference would not be given any importance.
Helping organizations would come to the village and the people of high
status would also stand in rows with people of low status. All the residents
would stand in rows for relief goods. During this process conflicts would
emerge between Swatis and Go jars but the Swatis would get instant
replies due to their new statuses as now all of them were equal. This
tendency brought great disturbance in the village and after one month of
the earthquake Swatis changed their strategy and threatened Go jars and
Mazaree not to forget their past and after that they would contact helping
organizations to come to the village and when helping organizations
would arrive the Swati elders would lead them to the village as the
officials of organizations were unaware of the village ethnic composition
.so majority relief goods would be distributed among Swati people.
2.4 Disputes
During the process of relief works helicopters would drop tents and other
relief goods near the earthquake hit areas. People would rush to collect
those goods. In this process weak and old individuals would remain empty
handed. There were many cases of conflicts among the people for relief
goods in earthquake hit areas. These disputes were of many kinds which
are mentioned as under in a detail.
2.4.1. Inter Family Disputes
Inter family conflicts had developed as each one wanted to get maximum
relief .when the relief teams would arrive and prepare the list of
Households with the help of indigenous people during this list formation
process. Few people would get their names written. They would not tell
the names of their relatives which then caused conflict.
During relief process many disputes emerged between Swati and Go jar
groups. Swatis were economically well-off and they had lost assets
comparatively more than Go jars. They anticipated more relief goods but
they received equal amount of relief goods from governmental authorities
while they expected more share than that of Go jars and other people.
“This situation was interpreted by the Swatis Balakot as due to ethnicity of
District Nazim who was Go jar. From last few years politically the area is
dominated by the Go jars and district Nazim was Go jar. So the Swatis
would consider him to be responsible for all the process. Gojars, on other
hand, considered themselves to be ignored in relief works due to Swatis as
they would lead the officials of all the helping organizations in village and
would provide them wrong data about Gojar families. The organizations
officials would not involve all the community members in distributing
process of relief. They would give preference to Swatis.
The system of patron and client prevails in the area. The clients reside on
lands of patrons. After the earthquake when the relief works were started
the clients were given relief goods but after a month many patrons
compelled the clients to leave their lands. When relief workers would
arrive at the village the patron would not allow their clients to get relief
goods. The patrons would also not let any one to write names of their
clients for relief goods. This tendency led towards conflicts among patrons
and clients. Few clients were beaten and their relief goods were taken by
patrons. “Ashfaq was a Swati. He was landlord of village where as Safdar
was a Mazara, working on the land of Ashfaq. After the earthquake a huge
quantity of relief goods was distributed to the community. Mr. Safdar took
a lot of relief. But his patron did not allow him to get relief goods. The
patron would also not let Safdar to write name for relief goods. Few times
Safdar was beaten by Ashfaq and his relief goods were set aside. Ashfaq
would not allow his client to work on his land as Mazara after the
disaster.”
After earthquake various cellular companies provided the area with mobile
phone services. Majority of the community people when got cash amount
in relief from government and other organizations bought mobile phones.
This also affected norms of the area as in many cases young generation
was accused of using this technology for love. Many local people for the
first time came in contact with foreigners.
Majority of the people of earthquake hit areas did not buy edibles for a
year due to the stock which they had received in relief from various
organizations and government. Few Mazaras who had nothing before
earthquake received a lot of relief goods, which brought dramatically
change in the economic status. Many Swatis faced hard days due to the
destruction of their houses and all luggage’s, which made them stand
among the Gojars with low economic status. Upper class of the people of
earthquake hit areas faced problems and received severe economic
shocks due to earthquake .Same was the case with middle class
population while the lower class population enjoyed the most positive
impact of the relief. This brought a huge moral and economic support to
these people.
Current study was conducted in the earthquake hit areas of Pakistan. The
basic question of the research was to find out that how relief brought the
major social changes in the earthquake hit areas of Pakistan. The
objectives of the study were to find out the reasons and causes of social
change in relief process of the earthquake hit areas of Pakistan. The data
was collected through anthropological techniques and methods. The
researcher collected the data by using the qualitative techniques of
participation observation, key informants, case study, socio economic and
census survey, photography, random sampling, in-depth interviews and
secondary data.
Review:
SINDH is the land of devoted Sufis and sand dunes. It has been home to
the most advanced of ancient civilizations — the Indus Valley. It is blessed
with a legacy of the poetic works of Sachal Sarmast, Shah Abdul Latif
Bhitai and many others. But do we also know that ages ago, Sindhi
women were given prime importance in decision-making, Sindhi folk tales
and fiction always depicted strong and central female characters and the
process of acculturation, after the advent of Islam in Sindh, took around
three centuries.
Mohammad Ali Sheikhs’ work makes one realize how little we actually
know about the place we live in, of its history, culture and society (both
primitive and present). The book will be of interest to marketers,
advertisers, media persons, mass communication professionals,
sociologists, anthropologists, other social scientists and anyone who cares
for history and wants to gain a basic insight into the rich and complex
culture of Sindh.
Several Pakistani and foreign authors and travelers have written about
Sindhi society, as it was during different epochs. However, this is the first
time somebody has acknowledged and investigated the kind of impact
that a popular medium like television has on the rural society of Sindh
(which is actually 60 per cent of the entire population of the province).
“A group of college students remarked that they knew now that MBA
is a much sought-after degree as almost every second hero in a television
drama is shown to be a holder of this degree and that chartered
accountants get very high salaries as they are shown to be leading a
luxurious life.”
The book will also prove to be an amazing guide for those preparing a
dissertation and/or conducting a research on this subject. Shaikh has
devoted an entire section to explaining the research methodologies used
by social scientists (quantitative and qualitative), which in his opinion, are
perhaps more important than the actual end results obtained. He
elaborates on why he chose a certain method, how questions and surveys
were developed and how to get the best response from the target
audience.
Mr Dale said it was very difficult to be unbiased while reporting, but it was
the prime responsibility of media to ensure objectivity and impartiality
while discharging their professional duties.
Mr. Dale said the media should play the role of a catalyst for a rapid and
positive social change. He said that it were not the yes-men but the
people who dared to say 'No', which helped the society to progress and
prosper. He said that the media could only help the society by raising bold
questions.
Mr Dale said that not only in countries like Pakistan but also in the
Western societies many vested interests find their way in government. He
said here the responsibility fell on the shoulders of media to unearth the
negative vested interest in the larger interest of public and society.
Earlier, City Nazim Syed Mustafa Kamal, addressing the workshop, said
the local government and media had a close relationship.
He said that the media provided a useful guidance for the local
government regarding the problems of people. He said that during the last
four months as a city mayor, he had found the media very positive and
helpful.
The city nazim said that Karachi was a big city with a population of around
18 million, and having 170 union councils. He said that it was not possible
for the city government officials to monitor each and every area of the city
and know all their problems. He said that here the city government had to
rely on media, which provided it with useful information about the
problems faced by the masses.
PPF Chairman Fazal Qureshi, General Secretary Owais Aslam Ali, Roshan
Ara and others also spoke.
Pakistan times
Yes, for many Pakistanis, life is a big struggle just to put together the bare
essentials for survival, and shortages of resources works most against the
poor and underprivileged. Even as sections of Pakistan’s middle-class
struggle with scarcities - it is the poor and vulnerable sections of society
who suffer most. It is true that better management of resources could
reduce this problem.
Others have argued that if the family planning like project were to be
implemented in some acceptable form that could alleviate such problems
in the future. But even with appropriate development schemes and
optimum utilization of scarce resources, it would be hard to argue, that on
a per capita basis, Pakistan’ s natural resources are not becoming severely
strained.
No doubt, some Pakistanis have the luxury of taking long showers twice or
thrice a day - even their pets are bathed daily, and their cars scrubbed
from top to bottom. Others are lucky if they get to bathe once a week. And
many are lucky just to have access to clean drinking water.
It is, indeed, the need of the hour to harness this potential — the Ulema
and Mashaikh — proper direction, as they could have a decisive impact on
the future of the country. And that is one of the surest means to achieve
population stabilization! And that is an agenda for action on which the
incumbent Shaukat Aziz Government should work.
1) Purpose of change
It is said that money open closed doors, so financial aid plays a vital
role in change process.
5) Selection of appeal
• http://www.sociologyguide.com
i. Impact of Technology
ii. Theories of Social Change
• http://www.iguides.org/articles/
Case Studies
(http://www.zebno.com/?cat=21)
Table of Contents
1.................................................................................................................SOCIAL CHANGE AND MEDIA
5..........................................................................................................................................INTRODUCTION .1
6.........................................................................................................................................SOCIAL CHANGE.1
VI.TRANSFORMATION IN THE ECONOMY AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE NEW SOCIAL CLASSES................................10
VII.UNEMPLOYMENT.................................................................................................... ..........10
VIII.TECHNOLOGY AND WAR................................................................................................. ....10
IX.CHANGES IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS......................................................................................... ..10
X.CULTURAL LAG.............................................................................................................. ...11
XI.SOCIAL MOVEMENTS................................................................................... ......................11
XII.COLLECTIVE ACTION.................................................................................................... .....11
XIII.ORIENTED TOWARDS SOCIAL CHANGE.......................................................... ...........................11
XIV.BUREAUCRATIZATION..................................................................... ........................12
I.DIFFUSION....................................................................................................... ...........13
II.INVENTION................................................................................ ................................13
III.DISCOVERY............................................................................................... ................14
I.PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
14
II.POPULATION CHANGE.................................................................................. ........................15
III.ISOLATION AND CONTACT.................................................................... ................................15
IV.SOCIAL STRUCTURE...................................................................................................... .....16
V.ATTITUDES AND VALUES...................................................................... ................................16
VI.TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS................................................................................ ...................18
19.............................................................................................................................VII.PERCEIVED NEEDS
22 B.CRIME
22 C.SPORTS
32
SATELLITE TELEVISION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL SINDH ..........................32
PAKISTAN: MEDIA'S ROLE FOR POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE.................................... .............................34
41 REFERENCE