Ory30B B pasH4HbIX YaCTAX Mupa. BAHAHHe A3EIKA OTy30B OLIYLIACTCA B ASKIKOBLIX CHCTE- MaX pa3HMHBIX FOcyAapCTB, HbIHe PACNONOXKEHHLIX Ha ITO! OFLIMPHOH TeppHTOpHH. TpumevarenbHo, "70 Ha semne TypkmenuctaHa, AzepOalimKava u Typunl tocne XI Beka akTHBHo pacnpoctpanianacs pasropopHas oryackan pews. UT0 KacaeTeR NHCbMeH- HOTO s3bIKa, TO pa3BHTHE MpeBHETIOPKCKOTO A3bIKA MbI HAXOAMM B AKYTCKOM, “YBAILICKOM, YHTyPCKOM H ApyFHX TOPKCKUX ABBIKAX. JhoGonbiTHo, 4To Kak B Malioii A3HH, TaK H Ha TeppuTopHn HLIHeWIHero TypkMeHH- cTaia B XIV Bexe OAMHaKOBO HHTATHC H OHHMANHCk NPOHSRENEHHA TIOPKCKHX ABTOPOB. Hasniaa c XI seka sTHnYeckHii TepMuH “ory3y cTan BCE GoNbUIe 3aMeHaTKCA C0- BOM «TypkMeH». B XIII—XIV pp. TepMui «TypkMeH npowHo BouléA B O6uXOA, B >ToT Nepvog NpoxkuBaiounx 8 Typkecrane, AsepGaimKane m Manoit A3uH ory30B crann Ha3bl- BaTb TyPKMeHaMH. COBO “OTy3> B OCHOBHOM OcTanOcb B necTaHax. BriocneacrBHH, ¢ pas pactattiem Ocmarickoii UMMepuH NOHATHE «TIOPOK» CTANO BLITECHATS TePMUH “TYPKMeHD>. Kak cenietenbcrayior orysckie necTaHbi, 8 TypkMmeHucrane, AsepOaiumxanie # Typ- UNH DINTeNbHOe BpeMA cyiecTBOBAAH COW sbIK M KynbTypa. MbI pocaexKUBaeM 3TO BaHaHHe H rosKe: ¢ XIV no XIX BB. B sTOii cBASH MBI TOBOPHM 0 A3bIKOBOH OGuIOCTH Typ- usm, TypkMerictana, AsepGailurkana c TOUKH 3peHHA Pa3BHTHA AIbIKOBBIX (OPM H s3bIKOBOH kyabrypsl. B Typuni Ha ceronHauiHnit neHb ry60Ko u cepbésHO USy4aIOT Ory30-TyPKMeH Ckylo s3bIKOByIO OOuIHOCTS. B yHuBepcuTeTax HaUlleli CrpaHbI HCCHeyIOT HCTOPHIO TyPKMeH- CKOTO s3bIKa Ml MTepATYpbI M COBPeMeHHEIM TYPKMeHCKHi ABbIK. COBMECTHEIMH YCHLIMAMH C TYPKMEHCKHMH CeUHaTCTAMH MBI H Bpens OYseM HBy4aTb Halll OOUIMH ABKIK H KYSIBTYpHI. A. A. AMBAPLYMAH (CAHKT-IIETEPEYPT) K BOMPOCY O XAPAKTEPE HAP®SHCKOI0 30POACTPH3MA. (lo 2aHHbIM HeKOTOpbIx NapdaHCKHX H NexieBHiICKHX HCTOUHHKOB) * TpoGiema onpenesenus xapaktepa nappaHcKoli penurun HAM napiaHcKoH pasHo- SHAHOCTH 30poacTpH3Ma aBHO MpHBNeKaeT BAHMAHHe MHOTHX vccnenoBpateneii. CkyZ- HOCTb M KpaiiHHii HedocTaTOK OpHrHHAMbHBIX, COOCTBEHHO NapiAHCKHX HCTOYRHKOB, He TOSBOAAAM CAeAATE OKOHYATETBHEIX BEIBOTOB. [To MHEHMIO OHOTO M3 THABHBIX HcCAeNO- Baresefi 2Toli npo6nemui, Jhx. M. Yeah, peaurna napdan npeacrasaser coGoli necsma ynpouietyto ocaaBzeHHyt0 copmy sopoacrpusma — «a very relaxed form of Zoroastria- nism» (Unvala 1925: 15). Takoe saxmoyenne oT¥acTH CnpaBeMTHBO H He MoxeT CepBésHO ocnapuearacs, Jbx. M. YuBaia npoavamusupopan B OCHOBHOM TONBKO AOCTYMHBIe eMy HY- MHMATHNECKHe AaHHble M TaKKE MHOTOMHCIEHHBIE CBELeHHA aHTHYHBIX ABTOPOB, HO HX Bé 2ke He MOCTATOUHO ANA Toro, HTOOBI Npe/CTABUT cebe KaPTHHY B LLesIOM. Mot nocrapaemca npousnectu kpaTkHii 0630p coOcTReHHO HpaHCKHX aMTepatypHbIx HCTOSHHKOB: napdAHCKUX JOKyMeHTOB 13 Hucsi, CBMAeTEECTS H3 CpeMHENepCHACKHX 30- PoactpHiickux cOunHeHHi, RaHHBIX Hs NexneBHlicKHX AMTepaTypHBIX NlaMATHHKOB rapa ckoro nporicxoxtnenua («]Ipaxt n acypur», «Atiaarap u 3apepat). Tlapanckne aoxymentsi us Hicbl B sHauntenbHoll creneHu nponueaior caer Ha Xapaktep napésHcKoH peaurun Ha cnHcoK GoxecTs, nowwTasuuxca nappaHamn. Kax cnpasemmso ormetua B. A. JIMBLIMU, 43 OKONO ZBYXCOT YHCTO HpaHCKHX 30poacTpHlicKHx HMEH HeT HH OHOTO HMeHH, KOTOpOe He MOTO Obi NPHHALIEXATE OPTOMOKCATbHOMY 30- poactpuiiuy (Hsaxonon, JTupumuy 1960: 23—24), B napiatickx aM4Hsix uMeHax W3 apxusa Crapoii Huc! npucyrcrsyror Teopop- HBIE KOMMOHEHTHI, ykasbIBaioMMe Ha GoxecTR «MaqoaBecTHiicKoroy naHTeoHa, cpesn Hux: Murpa (Muxp, Muxpex, MuxpGosax, Muxpaar 1 7. 2.), Opwasa (Oxpmasauk), Apta * PaGora abinoabicna 8 paMkax npoekra, oslepxkakHoro rpaxtom Pocculickoro rymanurap- Horo HaysHoro ¢houta (Ne 99-01-0324). 90(anect. Awa) (Apranax, Aprasapurt u T. 2.), Jian (asect. Hasna) (Jonny, Jisnma3zak), Pam (Pam, Pamenak, Pamannu), Pau (apect. Pawny) (Pawn, Paurymuxp), Cpoui (azect. Cpaowa) (Cpouak, Cpoumarak), Tup (asec. Tuuitpua) (Tap, Tapuaat, THpmuxpak), Bapaxpau (asect. Beperparsa) (Bapaxparu u T. 2). Bnarofapa MMeHaM yslaéTCA peKOHCTPYHpOBaTh He TOMBKO NaHTeOH «MsIa0AaBEC- THIICKUX» 6OXECTB, HO H COOCTBEHHO HeOOMbUIO! CHHCOK 30poacTpHHicKHX aMella-crleH- ToB, «OeccMepTHEIX CBATEIXy (apXaHTeNOB H MOMOMIHHKOB OpMa3iia), CpeaH KOTOpbl Cnanaapmar (Cnenta-Apmaitrn), Boxymax (BoxyMania), Aptasaxnust (AprapaxuulTa). Mo2kHo npusecti HeckombKko MpHMepoR HMEH, KOTOPbIe HEOCTIOPHMO CBHNETENLCT- BYIOT 0 TOM, 4TO HX HOCHTeNH GbIIM OpTOROKcAMbHbIMM 30poacTpHliuamn — [sHMasqaK («ucnopenyioumi penurmio Maznbin), Jana («npuBepreHeu 30poacTpHiicKoli BepD»), Opmasank («ror, kro nlowraer Opmasaay), @apHOar («GoxecTso XBapHoy — HaspaHHe cBAlLeHHOTO 30poacTpHiicKoro OrHa, KoTOpBIli OcoGeHHO NowHTanca np CacanHsax). Tipn o6sope uméx #3 Hucelickoro apxupa cienyeT O6paTHT BHHMAHHe Ha TO OGCTOR- TenbCTBO, TO PeKOHCTPYHpyeTCA XOTA H OCTaTOWHO NOMHBI maHTeOH MO4HTAeMBIX «wmanoapectHlickHx» GoxKeCTB, HO H OnpemenéHHBIM O6pa3oM OrpaHH4enHbiii, HetpyaHo 3a- MeTHTb, 4TO B HMeHaX H3 Hucelickoro apxupa oTcyTeTBYIOT KakHe Obi TO HH GbuIO HaMEKH Ha OcHOBHbIX GoxkeCTB KeaHHACKoro naHTeoHa (ApasHcypa Anaxuta, [Ippacna HT. 1), kak H Ha KeSHHACKOe XBaPHO). ITO, MO-BMAMMOMY, OOBACHAETCA TEM, ¥TO B OKOHYATENIbHBIN KAHOH cwsatoanecTHIicKHX» SLUTOB BOUWIM Be COBEpUIEHHO pasHEle rpynnst autos. Teppar — BoCTeBaloulad «apHiicKoe XBApHOr, YCAOBHO «ceBepHam u Gone pala rpynna (ApurTaT ‘Slut, Muxp Slurr, srei, noceauénnbte 3eé3qaM HM cpeTHam). Bropaa — Bocnesaloian KeauMAcKOe XBApHOY, YCNOBHO WoxkHam H Gone NosaHAR rpynna surros (ZaMiian Aur, Apasucyp Slur, JIpsacn Aur T. a,). [uanextHoe u dpaseonoruyeckoe HecooTaeTcTBHE STHX rpynn susTOB OGcTOATENbHO OSocHOBLIBAeT IK. Kesexc (Kellens 1978: 261; 1979: 41). Tax, 8 HucelickoM apxupe MHoro HMGH C KOMMOHEHTOM apiia- «aputicxni (HanpuMep, ApitaGap3an, Apiiaxuiaxpax, Apiamuxpak, Apiiadpuaak) H HeT MMCH, YKa3bIBaIOulMxX Ha HeuTO KeaMAcKoe. TakHM O6pas0M, MOXKHO CilesaTb BBIBOT, YTO NepBOHAaNbHBIH napdAH- CkHii 30pOaCTPH3M NposONKA CeBePHOHPAHCKy0 PEMHTHOSHYIO TpalHLIHIO, HOCHTESAMH KO- ‘Topol GbUIH KONeBBIE NPeAKH NapdaH (BOIMOxHO He CAYYalIHO OCHOBATeNL NapdAHCKOTO TO- cynapcTea Apuiak HOCH HMA, ObiBiLice STlMTeTOM OGbemMHHTesA BCeX apulicKHX crpaH Kasn Xaocpanhi: 8 ABECTe OH Ha3BAH COBOM apusa «repoit; cMembYaKy). ITHMH OOCTORTEMBCTEA- MH OOBACHAIOTCA MHOTOCIEHHBIe YNOMHHAHHS 0 >epTBONPHHOUIeHHSX KOHeli B TTapiuH, TOKNOHeHHM CBeTWIaM: COMHLY M sIyHe H. 7. 2. [IpHHas 30poacTpH3M Napdave coxpaHAin MHOTHe CBOH ApeBHHe TpAMMUAH H OObI4AM, TTo3mHee BOIMOXKHO Y HX NOABHHC H HOBBIC kyabTot, Hanpumep, kybT CnenTonarsi, Hanali H. 7. 1. STH HOBBIE KyABTBI yKe GUTH CBASA- HbI c slereHaapHoit 30poactpHiicKoli ucTopHell Hc aMHacTHell KeaHHs0B. : YreepxieHue KaHOHHSHPOBAaHHOTO 30poacTpH3Ma pu ApulaKHax OGbIMHO CBA3BI- BaeTcA ¢ [lesTeMbHOCTEIO OAHOTO H3 Lapel no uMeHH Bosores (Banaxu). Mo 30poactpuli- ckomy npezannio uapp Banaxw Apwakui mpovsBén petakuMio yueneBiHx wacteli ABe- cTbI, Noche Toro Kak OHa NocTpaana oT pyk BTopriueroca B MpaH AsexcaHapa Makenox- ckoro (JiaHkapa, kHura IV. 16, v3gaHne IT. B. Canxanpi, 1900 r.). Oxo comeputca B uerseproii kHure JoHkapaa, coctasneHHoii, Kak nosaraioT 3opoactpHiiust, nacrypaMn Apuiakwackoii 1 Cacanmackolt anox. Cpeatentepcmackuit Texct HHTepecyioulero Hac par- Menta JI3Hkapma oulén 20 Hac B HCK@KEHHOM BHJe H BOCCTaHaBNMBaeTCA T10-pa3sHOMy, oMHako, OCHOBHOH ero cMBICA ocTaéTca 6e3 HSMeHeHHi. B Haliem nepeBone parMeHT BEI TAMUT Tak (nlexseBHiicKHii TeKCT H Haul COOcTReHHBIM MepeBos no pykonucu B, p. 321): Walaxé 1 Askanan Abestag ud Zand tiyOn abézagiha andar amad éstaéd hammdg-iz i az- i8 harw ¢@ az wizand ud a8uftgarih 1 Aleksandar ud éwar (*appar) ud rob 1 hromayan (hromayigan) andar Eran-Sahr pargandagiha abar nibi8tag ta t€ uzwan abespari’nig pad dastwar mand éstad andar Sahr diyon fraz mad éstad nigah daStan 6 Sahriha i ayadgar kardan framid. 91«Banaxu Apwiakna (GyksanbHo Aukanax) npnkasan, 410Gb 3anucsiBann (iiad2ap Kapdari) W YACHT BHUMAHe B NPOBHHUMAX BCeM YUeNeBLIMM YacTAM AnecTHI 1 3eHa (B nexne- BulickoM npousHouleHuM AGecrar M 3aHi), No Mepe ux OGHApy:KeHHs, KoTOpbIe ObUIM pac- CeaHbi lo Dpat-Waxpy B MHCbMeHHOM BILLe, WI 2Ke COXpaHeHB! B CTpaHe pesHHOSHBIMH HaCTaBHUKAMH YcTHO, Nocue Bpesa H OnycToMeHHA, HaHeceHHOrO AseKcaHpom, H rocse rpaGexka 1 pas6oa, npHunHEHHoro pometiuamu (rpekamu)». B Tom 2ke J[>Hkapne H3aT0xKeH paccka3 0 30poacTpHlicKHX »kPeLIAX SOx ApUaKIIOB — (Jouxapa VII, 7.810). Hmena Hx w3pecTHbI 13 MeMopHanbHoro chicka (bpaBauleli 30- poactpuiickux npapeaHHKos: Spessa (Spesy — ccneayiomnit npasenHbim nytém, npasen- ubii»), Cpyta-cnana («o6namaiouinit cnaBHbIM Bolickom»), 3paiiaHxa («Mope, MopcKoii»), Cnexto-xpaty («oSnanarounit cracuTenbHoit cHnoi Bonm») (CpasHnte: Dpanapaun Surr, § 115) (Mayrhofer M. 1977: 39, 79. 107, 77). Opasapawn Aur (Aw 13. 115): arazvé srato- spadé agaond fravasim yazamaide, / zrayayha spantd-xratva agaona fravasim yazamaide, / vargnois vagarazahe aaond fravasim yazamaide, / fracyehe taurvaetoix agaond fravasin yazamaide — «Mp1 nounraem npapenuble Ayu OpesBbi H CpyTo-cnaybt; Mi nounraem npa- BeaHble AyWHt 3paiianxa n CneHTo-xpaty; MbI NOMHTaeM NpaBemHy!o ayy Bapwnn, ciHa Barape3bi; Mbt nlownraem npasennyio ayury @pauiia, cota TaypsasTi. Coraacko JIsukapazy (Jsukapn VII, 7.5—11), nocne uapa Buurracna npasurenem Mpara cranosures coin Cnanaitana (Cnenaqaa) Boxyman (Wohuman Spandyadan), mpocsia- BUBUINIICA CNpaBeAIMBBIM H AeATEMBHBIM Ma3iiaacHHiiuem. Tlospasymesaetcs, To Ha ero Npasrenve NpHXOAMTCA AeATeNbHOCTS BepxoBHOrO xpeua (tacTBapa) CoHa (avec. Casa, 3ilech HMA HckaxKeHO: C>HaB, WH C>HO), 0 KOTOPOM H3BECTHO, TO 19H (JJaaHe, 3opoacrpuii- CKOit PENH) HCMOAHMNOCS CTO JTeT, KOTHa OH POMWLICA, H, ABECTH JIeT, KOTMa OH CKOHYaNCA, 1, 4TO OF GbLT MepBBIM MasaascHutiniem (fradom mazdésn) npoxHBUIMM CTO eT, H, 4TO OH uaér Bneped no stoi 3emne (fraz rawéd abar En zamig) c coTHei yyenKos (100 hawistih). 3arem HacTynlaeT 3noxa AneKcaHmpa, 0 KOTOpOM cka3aHo kak 0 paspyuimrene (widuftar 4TO Ha TPH 3uMBI XeumM (AduIMa) nocnan B HepackasBuliica 3eMHoit Mup (pad a-paSéman géhan) npectynuuka (mar) uma KoToporo «3oHpaBHbiti (*dusxém) AnexcaHap». Tocae AsekcaHipa BepXOBHbIMH 2%kpelaMH (JaCTBapaMH, PYKOBODHTeAMH, HACTABHHKaMH Bepbl) ctanosstea Apespak (Arezwag «unctoe cnoso»), Cpyor-cnamak (Srodog-spadag «Garonpu- aTHaa peunTauns»), 3paiianxa (Zrayanha «mope ObiTHm), Crenno-xpanzo (Spendd-xradwo ql0ne3HaA MYZPOCTs»), 4TO NPHPaBHEHO “eTEIPEXCOTOH rooBLLMHe 3opoacrpuiicKol penu- Tun (co AHA OSpeTeHia 3apatyumTpoii SoxecTBEHHOTO OTKpOBeHHA Ha 31 roy CBOet >KU3HH). Tipeanonaranock, 470 HeKOTOpBIe 3 HHX MponoBefoBasIM MB NATOM H WeCTOM cToNeTHH. Be YeTaepo 3THX 2kpelloR ObITH CAMBIMH TIpaBeMHBIMM H ABTOPUTETHLIM >kpeLlaMM cBOeTO BPeMeHH, OHH HCK@/IM CBOM MBICTH, CORA H ena B CBATBIX TeKCTAX (Mancp, aBECT. .wanmpa) (pad mansr xwahénd menign gowi8n kunign awé8in). K stomy xe nepHoay oTHOCHTEA ses TeMbHOCTS BepootcTynHHka H epeTuka (ahlomGy, cp. aect. auwemaoza) Pawn-peua (Rasn- ré8 GykeanbHo «npHyuHAOUINit Bpen Paumy — Goxectsy cnpasewmBoctm). Bee Onarne TBOPeHHA NOABepraHch CrpalaHHsAM, OAHAKO AoBepunuch ApesBaky H TPEM MpyrHm xKpeltaM Benen 3a HMMH HactynaeT nepHos npaBneHua Apaaumpa, china Tanaka. B nexaesutickom 3opoactpHiickom coumneHiu «ysieca H LocTonpuMeuaTenbHOCTH Cuetana (Cakactana wan Carectana)» (§ 10—13) 0 Cane caine Axymctyaa 13 Bycta (CoH u Axymetyax 1 BycTur) ckazaHo kak 0 npenuiectaenHke AnexcaHipa, xoTa OH H Ha3BaH owGo4HO «apulakHaom» (Oyks. akan — Autkan), CH oKasanca nepBbiM NocnenoBare- JleM 3apayusTa, NOATOTOBHBLIMM CTO YYEHUKOB, ¢ KOTOPbIMH OH MIponoBenoBal B CucrTaHe. ViMenno ¢ CoHoM H Hekum Byp3Muxpom, cbiHoM 3apayilira, cBaabIBaeTes cocTaBneHHe WI peaakuHa HeKoTOpsIx pa3zienos ApectsI. B YacTHOCTH, B COUMHEHHM naéTca UcKaxKéHHaR opma «Hack Jeacpymk» (4TeHMe Halle; no rMnoteTH¥ecKoMy HenpasneHMio I. Belin «Baran-ach» 10H «Barav»), 470 JOsDkHO ObITb NpHpaBHeHO WecTHaqUaTOMy Hacky JIpac- Py4, KpaTkoe onvcaHHe KOTOporo coxpaHHocb B BOCbMOi KHHre J[9HKapaa. 3aTem roBo- pica o Hauiectaun Anexcanapa Pomelickoro, KOTOpbili YHUYTOXKAN BCEX MarOB H >KPeLOB. 92