Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phenomenology
Advanced Telecommunications
Thermal Sciences
Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Advanced Technology Center 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 atc.communications@lmco.com 1
Phenomenology 12
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Advanced Telecommunications 20
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Thermal Science 28
Airborne Laser Test Bed This test bed proved early concepts for beam control.
Airborne Laser ABL is a highly modified B747 with a fully articulating turreted beam director, high energy laser weapon and beam control system.
Fast-Steering Mirrors
Short Wave Focal Plane Array Long Wave Focal Plane Array
Space Telescopes
NIRCam Optics
ATC optical designers are building the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), the principal science instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Building and delivering a flight imaging system that works well over a large spectrum (0.6 to 5.0 microns), and under hard cryogenic conditions (35 Kelvin), presents significant design challenges. Moreover, the observatory operates at the second Lagrangian point1 million miles from Earththerefore, no servicing missions are possible and reliability is paramount.
NIRCam will investigate the earliest origins of the universe by imaging stars at the furthest reaches of the universe in the near infrared.
(a) Dark Cloud (b) Gravitational Collapse (c) Protostar Envelope Bipolar Flow
Disk Dense Core 200,000 AU 10,000 AU Time=0 500 AU 10,000 to 100,000 yrs
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Star-9 Distributed Aperture Telescope Many small phased telescope modules yield a larger effective aperture. Measured Modulation Transfer Function ( MTF) compares well with theory (upper right) and is near diffraction limited
Optima ATC-developed code was used in Star-9 distributed aperture optical design.
Metrology
Advanced optical systems, such as the Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) for the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, often require knowing the relative positions of components to nano- or picometer accuracies. In response to that need, the ATC has developed a family of heterodyne-interferometric gauges that define a new state of the art in metrology. Using these discrete gauges, we have demonstrated relative precision of 20 picometers. In a related effort, ATC engineers demonstrated an integrated, optics-based, miniaturized gauge to replace a bulk-optic discrete system with many separate elements. This integrated approach yields cost, size, weight and risk advantages over the conventional approach.
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Miniature Gauge
Integrated Gauge. Miniaturized gauge (on top of can) saves cost and weight compared with a discrete gauge in background.
Phenomenology
Many of the technological challenges we face today involve sensing and deciphering subtle changes in electromagnetic radiation. Tasks such as observing ozone depletion in the Antarctic upper atmosphere, measuring the effects of solar flares on Earths magnetosphere, and identifying and tracking ballistic missile launches around the globe require an ability to read fluctuations in spectral emissions. A growing core capability at the ATC, phenomenology is the science concerned with predicting, measuring and analyzing spectral observablesfrom the ultraviolet to the longwave infraredfor such diverse applications as environmental monitoring, scientific research and military surveillance. By accurately measuring and interpreting spectral observables, then coupling that knowledge with an understanding of the critical requirements of practical applications, we develop specific technical solutions for a wide array of customer missions. In essence, phenomenology underpins our ability to understand the problem, allowing us to develop the best solution to solve it. ATC phenomenologists support advanced technology development across multiple lines of business. Our work embraces atmospheric physics, atmospheric transmission, remote sensing and detection, spectroscopy, rocket exhaust plume physics and re-entry sciences.
Rocket Exhaust Physics ATC spatial model shows plume exhaust gas and particulate infrared (IR) emission at an altitude of 200 kilometers.
Phenomenology
Sensor Design Applications
When developing sensors for any application, the ATCs mission is to translate what nature allows us to see into an optimal design. Sensor design has no one size fits all solution. Each application requires a fresh examination of the phenomenology involved with the mission. This often means returning to basic first principles physics to identify relevant phenomena and then constructing models to characterize the emissive and reflective properties inherent in an observable scene. Accurate radiometric maps or scenes are an essential aspect of sensor system design. Using high-power computers and special phenomenology models, our engineers and technologists generate scenarios that simulate the real-world conditions under which the sensor must carry out its mission. Because an intricate spectral relationship exists between target, background and atmosphere, minute changes in a sensors spectral bandpass can dramatically affect its performance. With a suite of models and expertise available, sensor bandpass optimization has become a core capability at the ATC and a significant benefit to many Lockheed Martin sensor programs. Once a sensor is fielded, phenomenology expertise supports the analysis of data acquired by the sensor in order to characterize and validate the performance of the sensor system. These analyses include the transformation of the sensor output stream into spectral identification, remote sensing feature extraction and/or intelligence data products.
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Sensor Band Trades Computer models predict the spectral radiance and atmospheric transmission compared with measured satellite data from the MODerate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). Comparisons such as these provide the spectral basis for models used in system-level band trades. Atmospheric Modeling Our researchers use 4D atmospheric circulation (x,y,z,t) models to predict high spatial and high temporal atmospheric variables with applications to remote sensing and air quality monitoring systems. This example illustrates a simulation of hurricane Katrina (below). Legend: white is cloud ice, light blue is cloud liquid water, dark blue is ocean and light brown is land.
Radiance Image The radiance image above is a simulation of the hurricane model as viewed by a geostationary satellite platform using an MWIR sensor band at 6.95 microns.
High-Altitude Clouds The ATC-built Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) was the first instrument to globally map the frequency of upper tropospheric cirrus cloud occurrence using the infrared. Thin cirrus clouds commonly appear near the tropical tropopause at altitudes between 12 and 18 kilometers.
Plexus atm. Trans. Plexus atm. Rad. Ssgm mean rad. Modis mean rad.
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Phenomenology
Measured Airstream
Predicted
Thrust
Modeling Medium Wave Infrared (MWIR) Radiance ATC phenomenologists use a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) plume code to predict the exhaust flow field and associated MWIR radiance map of plumes generated from a divert and attitude control system (DACS) employed by a high-altitude interceptor. Tail-on views (inset) of the interceptor and plume show how the model has been validated against actual flight measurement of DACS plumes from a ground-based sensor.
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Three-dimensional Topography This shows the same scene from a simulated scanning LIDAR system on a moving platform. The simulation includes atmospheric contributions and photon counting statistics.
Active and Passive Remote Sensing A simulated passive image (above) is modeled with Digital Image Remote Sensing Image Generator (DIRSIGRIT). The image represents a 7.0-cm spatial resolution simulation of 218 spectral bands from 0.39 to 2.56 microns. The model includes aerosol, haze and multi-scattering effects.
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Phenomenology
Critical Analyses for Missile Defense Applications
The ATC models the full range of midcourse and reentry objects, incorporating experience in material properties, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, pyrolysis and ablation to generate passive observables in the visible through long wavelength infrared (LWIR). Individual targets are analyzed and rendered in aggregate to feed hardware-in-the-loop simulators. Data are routinely analyzed and compared with predictions. Additional capabilities involve off-body phenomena such as reentry wakes (RF and IR) from ablating heat shield products and trails from residual fuel interaction with the atmosphere.
Missile Detection and Tracking Analysts insert computed theater missile infrared radiance (hard body and plume in the 3- to 5-micron band) into a desert background radiance scene. This type of scene is used to test and develop detection and tracking algorithms for the challenging case of low-intensity targets embedded in highly cluttered backgrounds.
Target Modeling Midcourse and reentry target models generate surface temperatures (right) that are then validated against radiance measurements (far right) using emission and reflection algorithms. The modeling accounts for heat transfer during reentry, in-depth thermal conduction, pyrolysis and ablation and heating effects in rarefied flow regimes.
Ground Fire Data Analysis Results of 11-micron observations show the positive contrast flame front and embers (left) and the negative contrast smoke trail (right).
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Multi-Petal Test Bed (MPT) With dynamics similar to those of future large-scale spacebased optical systems, the MPT is a half-scale version of an 8-meter-diameter deployable telescope containing a segmented primary mirror. The MPT is equipped with flightlike hinges and latches for precision mirror deployment and over 500 accelerometers for dynamics characterization. It is supported by a six-degree-of-freedom hybrid gravity offload system with corner frequencies between 0.1 and 0.2 Hz. We used the MPT to validate novel algorithms capable of performing system identification with modal densities in excess of 40 modes per Hz.
Spacecraft Hardware Simulators Future space missions will rely on the support of numerous distributed platforms. To enhance understanding of the various issues these missions will encounter, ATC scientists have produced self-propelled robotic platforms that emulate in hardware the functionality of spacecraft. In laboratory tests, these platforms provide crucial first-look data in areas such as navigation, communications, collective planning, resource balancing and integrated behaviors.
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
Autonomous Star Tracker The AST is a reliable inertial attitude sensor with demonstrated sub-microradian accuracy in operational space systems.
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Modeling, Analysis and Simulation ATC researchers develop high-fidelity dynamics models and design control logic to assess and predict on-orbit performance. ATC engineers developed Autolev and DYNACON for modeling multi-rigid body dynamics and flexible body dynamics, respectively. These proven tools provide exact representation of the dynamics of complex systems and utilize efficient algorithms to speed up simulations.
Mechanisms Our deployment mechanism developed for the Collapsible Rollable Tube (CRT) boom technology allows multiple controlled deployment and retraction cycles, and provides full stiffness during deployment and state-of-the-art packing ratio.
Vision System Calibration Sample Data Set Position Error vs. True Position at 30 Meters 600 Position Error (m) 500 750 375 0 150 100 Y axis (mm) 50 0 0 100 50 X axis (mm) 150 400 300 200 100
Image Processing Electronics We develop high-speed adaptive optics and electronics to rapidly track and correct for wave front distortions and aberrations. Development focuses on the demonstration of electronics and algorithms to accomplish a 10-kHz corrective system. Our high-speed closed-loop wave front control consists of a 30-kHz high-speed camera, parallel image processing, 100-kHz Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) deformable mirror driver electronics and associated interfaces.
Metrology Systems The calibration of our metrology system for a 30-m deployable boom demonstrated accuracy of 0.3 mm over a deflection range of 1-m, and 15-Hz data update rate.
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DFP Test Bed With a 2-meter-diameter structure representative of a large space optical system, the DFP test bed is a fully functional spacecraft hardware emulator. In addition to dynamic similarity, the test bed includes on board computers, sensors and actuators equivalent to those found in spacecraft. Full threeaxis stabilization allows development and demonstration of realtime flight control algorithms.
Expected On-Orbit Pointing Performance for Large Space Optical System DFP and State of the Art 102 101 RMS Image Motion (mas) 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-1 100 101 Wheel Speed (Hz) 102
Simulations High-fidelity simulations of DFP predict over 100 times on-orbit performance improvement over state-of-the-art pointing and isolation systems. HexPak HexPak is a modular deployable space structure consisting of hexagonal bays that stack into a compact structure for launch, and deploy on orbit to a planar structure. This expansive deck area supports large aperture payloads and multiple payloads, enables heat rejection significantly beyond traditional space platforms, permits multiple manifests with minimal support mass, and offers easy access on orbit for expansion, maintenance and reconfiguration of the platform. Since each bay is fabricated and tested individually, and easily accessible from all sides, the time to manufacture a complete spacecraft is greatly reduced.
Control Architecture Our advanced control architecture for systems with multiple payloads allows precision independent control of various payloads and simultaneous isolation from spacecraft disturbances.
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Two-Meter-Diameter Test Bed A test bed with three bays was built to demonstrate physical interfaces of the bays, and mechanical assemblies for deployment and latching the structure. The test bed will also be used to measure stiffness of the deployed structure, demonstrate signal and power distribution, and provide a platform for implementing a networkcentric avionics and payload architecture. The modular structure coupled with a networked avionics system makes HexPak the first truly responsive space structure.
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Advanced Telecommunications
For space systemsoften operating at great distances from Earthreliable communications systems are essential. Spacecraft operators depend on these systems to control the satellite and its payload and to beam back vital mission data. Mission success hinges on the efficient and successful transfer of this data. The ATC has a long history of designing and implementing advanced telecommunications products and systems to meet these demanding conditions. Our designers and engineers provide end-to-end communication design capabilities to customers who are developing systems ranging from sea- and ground-based applications to deep space exploration. We also support a broad cross section of Lockheed Martin lines of business including military satellite communications, commercial telecommunications, fleet ballistic missiles, commercial remote sensing and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) programs. ATC areas of research in the advanced telecommunications field include cognitive radio architecture and system development, advanced phased array antenna design, direct-to-optical radio frequency (RF) sensor development, optical and RF beamformers, RF-photonic channelizers and frequency translators, and tunable narrowband optical/RF filters. The combination of group expertise and facility is well-suited to provide unique design, fabrication and testing capabilities that are advantageous for rapidly evaluating research and development concepts and developing new products. Our expertise in telecommunications focuses on three key areas: Communications architecture and system design Antenna design and development RF and photonic product design, development and production
Communications Design
Communications science laboratories at the ATC offer a gamut of design servicesfrom initial concepts for proposed systems to operation and maintenance of deployed systems. RF communications system engineers design, evaluate and implement tracking, telemetry and command subsystems; RF and laser satellite communication links; and bent-pipe and processing payloads for military, commercial and deep space communication applications. To develop communications systems and components for major programs such as Milstar, Iridium and the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS), we exploit RF, photonic, millimeter-wave and laser hardware spanning a full spectrum of data rates. Our engineers and technologists also develop diverse modulation schemes combined with robust error-correcting codes to provide reliable link performance. ATC communications modeling and simulation capabilities form the basis for predicting performance for a wide variety of communications designs. For example, we pioneered the turbo code model for the Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) system, using a parallel concatenated convolutional code to demonstrate the effects of gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) and scintillation on the system. In addition, in-house experts developed an acquisition and tracking model to meet key Milstar and Astrolink requirements.
Iridium ATC role: System performance analysis, including ground coverage modeling and simulation
Advanced Telecommunications
Lunar Prospector ATC role: Development of antennas and other subsystem elements; communications support and integration
Advanced EHF ATC role: System performance analysis including Turbo Code modeling and simulation
Milstar ATC role: Extensive system engineering analysis and key subsystem elements
Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) ATC role: Key communication system engineering and traffic modeling analysis and support
IKONOS ATC role: Communications support, engineering and key subsystem elements
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Advanced Telecommunications
Antenna Design
The ATC has more than 40 years of experience in developing reflectors, phased arrays, horn antennas, planar and conical spirals, helixes, patch antennas, log periodic dipole antennas and RF lenses for antenna systemsour designs are as varied as the applications. Reflector antenna technologies include deployable mesh reflectors, extremely lightweight aluminum reflectors, and both solid and foldable graphite reflectors. We have built reflector feeds using spiral and horn antennas; wideband and narrowband horn antennas using corrugated, dual or quad ridge designs; and horns capable of operating at dual frequencies (20 and 44 GHz) from a single aperture. ATC engineers have developed a specialty in conical and planar spirals with multi-octave, multimode operation that simultaneously receive righthand and left-hand circular polarizations. We have built end-fire and side-fire helixes from UHF to X-band, and dielectric lenses for horn antennas to shape the beamwidth and to adjust the phase center. And we have used Rotman lenses for phased array beamforming applications. We have designed, built and delivered phased array antennas (ranging from L-band to Ka-band), developed X-band communication phased arrays and high-power arrays. ATC antenna design engineers built the S-band Mobile Array Telemetry (SMART) antenna system for the U.S. Navy. This large-scale integrated-electronic scanning array antenna system receives telemetry data and autonomously tracks missiles during fleet ballistic missile testing. It includes low-noise amplifiers and beamforming networks integrated onto the array subpanel. The SMART antenna system architecture has led to simplifications in software development, beamforming networks and calibration. We have also done extensive research in true time delay, control of spectral regrowth and FPGA-based command and control of phased arrays. ATC antenna design engineers have also built X-band and Ku-band phased array antennas for airborne applications such as the DARKSTAR UAV, ground applications such as the Portable Array Terminal System (PATS) and space applications such as Iridium where we designed the main mission phased array.
SMART This large S-band phased array antenna operates from 2.2 GHz to 2.4 GHz. Capable of seeing out 1100 nautical miles, the antenna generates sufficient beams to track eight independent targets. It has no moving parts and is electronically steered over a 120-degree field of view. The highly integrated sub-array design, which uses multi-layer microwave boards, reduces cable and connector counts by 70 percent, resulting in a lighter weight, more compact and more reliable system.
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Advanced Telecommunications
RF and Photonics Development
The Advanced RF/Photonics Group resides in a 35,000square-foot building in Sunnyvale, Calif., that includes a 14,000-square-foot clean room dedicated to design, fabrication, assembly, testing and qualification of RF, optics, photonics and hybrid components and assemblies. The facility possesses state-of-the-art semiconductor and photonic integrated circuit fabrication equipment that enables process development and custom component fabrication in a variety of material platforms to support cutting-edge RF/photonic research and product development. In particular, the ATCs Advanced RF/Photonics Group designs and builds communications assemblies for multiple frequencies. The group pioneered the development of advanced photonic devices for spacebased applications. RF engineers have designed and delivered specialized RF devices and assemblies (ranging from UHF to wideband), including low-noise amplifiers, solid-state power amplifiers, filters, transmit/receive modules, frequency-hopping receivers, frequency synthesizers, narrowband and wideband up- and down-frequency converters, transceivers and other RF assemblies. Recent developments include an 8- to 10-GHz synthesizer assembly with 1-Hz step size. The ATC also is responsible for the first space-qualified electro-optical receiver (EOR) that operated from DC to 18 GHz. This EOR was designed, built, tested and delivered to the customer in less than 14 months. Based on this design, the ATC has developed similar photonic receivers to support other research and development programs. Recent development projects in our lab include RFphotonic channelizers, optical beamformers, RF-photonic frequency translators, direct-to-optical RF sensors, wideband modulators, tunable narrowband optical/RF filters. Overall the combination of group expertise and facility is well-suited to provide unique design, fabrication and testing capabilities that are advantageous for rapidly evaluating R&D concepts and developing new products.
Electro-Optical Receiver
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Designing New Materials and Structures for Applications from Radio Frequency to Rockets
Virtual modeling and investigative analyses are routinely performed by the Materials and Structures Department. Computer models are used to simulate complex events such as progressive failure in a composite panel or predict the performance of a spacecraft under orbit environments (above). Forensic analysis is performed on flight hardware using resident, state-of-the-art instruments such as a scanning electron microscope (below) and real-time x-ray radiography.
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Ln Density
Conventional Rhenium
Improved Rhenium Using a solid-state diffusion process, the ATC successfully homogenized rhenium and increased its density and strength. The cost and process time were dramatically decreased compared to conventional powder metallurgy material. The ATC also has active work in nanodeposition of rhenium coatings.
ATC Rhenium
Thermal Protection
Spacecraft subsystems require thermal and optical properties to meet performance requirements and maintain long mission life. The ATC has developed and demonstrated thermal and optical coating capabilities for a wide range of flight hardware including XSS-11, Genesis, Mars98 and the International Space Station. Our Denver facilities support space and reentry environment test, simulation and flight qualification evaluation. Large in-situ vacuum chamber systems provide inchamber mechanical manipulation to test and verify components and systems prior to space deployment. Reentry environments can be simulated with a 500-kW arc lamp and surface shear system or an 80-kW plasma jet thermal source.
Tile Repair The ATC developed the STA-54 On-orbit Tile Repair System, a crewoperated backpack system to repair damage to the space shuttle thermal protection tiles. Future applications include materials processing and structure fabrication in space (above left). Hardware Applications. Materials we have fabricated to improve space environment survivability include the arc-sprayed thermal control coating for the Genesis heat shield (above right).
30-Meter Path-Length Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy The materials sampled have been analyzed by virtually every standard analytical technique including the FTIR spectroscopy shown above.
Active Materials
To enable the next generation of agile and adaptive optical systems, we are working on the fundamental active materials technology that drives wavefront correction systems. Our effort includes developing and testing next-generation high-speed deformable mirror systems, MEMS micromirror arrays and spatial light modulators as well as the high-speed wavefront sensors and algorithms needed for high-speed adaptive optics. The ATC has developed and patented a suite of compositions for electrostrictive ceramic materials for actuation. These materials have the highest strain and lowest hysteresis in this family of materials. They have been used to build sonar transducers (for the US Navy) as well as high-speed continuous face sheet deformable mirrors.
Active Deformable Mirror With 76 actuators and a 10- kHz frame rate, this is the fastest mirror of this type in existence.
MEMS Device Test beds use a 1024pixel MEMS deformable mirror from Boston Micromachines Corporation (BMC).
Test Bed MEMS-based adaptive optics test bed uses the MEMS device above.
Carbon Nanotube Grass Scanning electron microscope image shows 25-mm-tall carbon nanotubes grown at the ATC. Inset is a single nanotube at 300,000 times magnification.
Nanorhenium Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) image of rhenium nanoparticles used to economically produce protective coatings for parts with 2000C operating temperatures.
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3D Photonic Crystal Tungsten photonic crystals are produced by Sandia for Lockheed Martin for use in our energy applications.
Flexible Antenna The ATC has a clean fabrication facility capable of incorporating nanomaterials into photolithographically defined devices. Shown is a polymer-based flexible RF sensor.
Falcon Reentry Vehicle Power System Concept Thermoelectric converters generate power in reentry body heat shield.
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Thermal Sciences
Temperature variations profoundly affect the operation of advanced aerospace systems from precision optics to rocket motors. Even small changes in temperature can impact the way a system operates, and Lockheed Martin customers often are faced with managing operations in extreme thermal environments. Thermal scientists and engineers pursue a variety of research and development endeavors aimed at understanding the dynamic influence temperature has on cutting-edge technology, and develop new systems that can perform successfully within the demands and constraints presented by severe operational environments. Areas of emphasis include: Precision thermal measurement and analysis Thermal design and analysis Thermal and structural modeling Computational fluid dynamics Multi-phase flow and heat transfer LADAR thermal engineering Space environmental simulation and testing Our expertise in thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics is also applied to the design, modeling and fabrication of premier cryogenic space-based cooling systems. These systems include open-cycle cooling using stored cryogens, mechanical pulse tube cryocoolers and adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. The ATC is instrumental in developing powerful technical discriminators for Lockheed Martin lines of business and in leveraging technological innovation to create possibilities for our customers and new opportunities for the company.
Modeled Hardware Analysis Model
Experimental Hardware
Thermal Sciences
Computational Fluid Dynamics
High-speed and large-memory computers enable computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve many thermal flow problems, including those that are compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, and chemically reacting or non-reacting.
Rocket Motor Design ATC engineers developed a CFD model to characterize temperature, pressure, flow field, heat transfer, particulate transport, water droplet evaporation and other related phenomena in a solid rocket motor firing chamber. This simulation model, in conjunction with scale-model tests, provides the basis for the design of a full-scale firing chamber.
Problem Solving Researchers applied CFD to help solve a cooling problem on a modified electronic warfare training aircraft in which the specialized electronic equipment generated too much heat for the environmental control system. Thermal engineers created a CFD model used to design a heat exchange system to channel air from the cold aircraft skin to cool the aft cabin that housed the electronics. Model predictions were then tested and verified in laboratory experiments.
Thermal Sciences
Cryogenic Cooling Systems
Confirming Einsteins general theory of relativity Searching for planets in distant galaxies Studying ozone depletion in Earths atmosphere Looking at first light from the birth of the universe
All of these disparate scientific objectives share a common requirement: They need space-based sensing systems that operate at extremely low temperatures. Missions like these present unique challenges. Cooling an infrared sensor on a distant spacecraft to less than 5 Kelvin, for several years of continuous operation, is no small task, yet the ATC has been providing such cryogenic cooling systems for space applications for more than 35 years. Our thermal scientists, engineers and technologists utilize their expertise in thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics to model and predict the performance of advanced cooling systems. They also have the design and manufacturing expertise to transform analytic models into qualified hardware for space. The ATC has built and tested more than 20 opencycle cooling systems for space using stored cryogens such as superfluid helium and solid hydrogen, neon, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, nitrogen and argon.
Open Cycle Cooling Recent open cycle cooling systems developed at the ATC
Program Wide-field IR Survey Explorer (WISE) Gravity Probe B Wide-field IR Survey Explorer (WIRE) Special Infrared Imaging Tel. (SPIRIT-III) Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) Extended Life Cooler Long Life Cooler Units 1 1 1 1 Life 7 mo 16 mo 4 mo Cooling Method Two-stage solid hydrogen Superfluid helium Two-stage solid hydrogen Optimum Temp. Status
7.2/9.8 K Launch in 2008 1.8 K Launched 4/04. Achieved all temperature/lifetime objectives
6.6/12 K Launched in March 1999 9.5 K Launched 4/96. Achieved all temperature / lifetime objectives
10 mo Solid hydrogen Solid neon / solid CO2 Solid methane / Solid ammonia Solid methane / Solid ammonia
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Launched 9/91. Achieved 15.5/128 K all temperature / lifetime objectives Achieved all temperature / lifetime objectives Achieved all temperature / 64/146 K lifetime objectives 64/146 K
The Gravity Probe B Dewar This is the largest superfluid helium Dewar in space, cooling the science instrument to 1.8K for 16 months.
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Thermal Sciences
Compact, Flexible, Reliable Mechanical Systems
The ATC also produces mechanical pulse tube cryocooler systems. These cryocoolers are lightweight, power efficient and highly reliable, with lifetimes of 10 years or more. Multi-stage cryocoolers, which produce temperatures as low as 4 Kelvin, can provide operating environments at different temperatures for simultaneous cooling of detectors and optics. They have produced extremely low temperatures in a compact space-based system and represent a major breakthrough in cryogenic cooling technology.
Heat Rejection Temp = 300K First Stage Temp = 140K, Second Stage Temp = 55K 10 2.00 9 1.75 8 1.50 7 1.25 6 1.00 5 0.75 4 0.50 50 70 90 110 130 150 Compressor Power (W)
Cryocooler Performance Testing An ATC scientist prepares a cryocooler for test. The results show excellent cooling performance.
Two-stage Cryocooler This pulse tube cryocooler provides cooling at two temperatures, 55K and 140K, resulting in more efficient sensor cooling.
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Four- Stage Cryocooler This pulse tube cooler is being developed for Jet Propulsion Laboratory space applications and has achieved 3.8K cooling, which is required for advanced astronomical missions.
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The ATC develops and fields systems and software applications that respond intelligently and robustly to the data deluge. These systems are self-aware, embedded in complex topologies and capable of dealing with heterogeneous sensors and disparate resources. Our information scientists are pioneering methods of combining, configuring, synthesizing and presenting information for space systems. These efforts pay dividends in improved technical capability, reduced development risk and better prediction of system performance.
Super Resolution Under sampling during detection can blur a video image (top). Super-resolution algorithms can restore the original image quality. The de-aliased image (below) is derived from a set of 10 blurred images.
All Targets Resolved by Advanced Tracker (requires resolution by 1 sensor) 675 s 1000 Relative CEI (m) (requires resolution by 2 sensor) >800 s
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Global Network Emulation Test Bed (GNET) GNET can analyze network topologies for specific attributes (such as latency) or to emulate actual, real-time, IP networks conforming to the topologies. For that purpose, it utilizes a computing cluster in which each network node and its associated links are emulated by one CPU. Scriptable traffic generation and performance monitoring are provided at each node. The emulation capability also can interface directly to hardware-in-the-loop or external network components and applications through standard Ethernet and serial interfaces and over virtual private networks.
Advanced Tracker This tracker correlates measurements directly with the fused track file and only requires resolution by a single sensor to create resolved tracks. The standard approaches correlate measurements first with sensor track files and then correlate the sensor track files to create the fused track file. These track-totrack approaches require object resolution by both sensors before the correlations can be reliable, and dual sensor resolution may require much more time than single sensor resolution.
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Autonomous Coordinated Teams Teams are based on different dynamic optimum control strategies for each phase of the engagement.
Advanced Concepts in Global Situational Awareness New visualization concepts impact the design and success of integrated sensors in the sensor-shooter feedback loop. The ATC is researching and prototyping game-changing concepts that link end users and sensor systems to improve the perception, comprehension and prediction necessary for global situational awareness.
Enhanced situational awareness is achieved by combining both modeled and sensed data with visual representations to improve perception, comprehension and prediction of battle space events. The ATCs Multi-Intelligence Exploitation and Tangible Mission Visualization prototypes integrate next-generation human-system interaction concepts with advanced visualization, multi-modal interface and automation technologies. These prototypes address the future needs of the command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) user community. They also promote enhanced situational awareness by providing coordinated visualizations of multiple information types, including geo-spatial, sensor coverage, mission planning and archived imagery information.
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Optimized Decision-Making Optimization is a search through thousands of options across many performance variables. At left is a plot showing significant cost savings with optimized options in blue versus manually selected options in red. Above is a 3D spreadsheet with subset of the system options plotted on more than twelve performance dimensions.
Tool integration and multidisciplinary optimization enable rapid formation and exploration of tradespaces to perform integrated engineering analysis and gain greater insight into better design options.
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Our Sun The Yohkoh Solar X-ray Telescope sees the Sun in X-ray wavelengths.
Examining Our Place in Space, from the Suns Interior, to the Earths Magnetosphere, to the Edge of the Heliosphereand Beyond
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Solar Rotation MDI measurements enabled scientists to deduce varying speeds of rotation inside the Sun. Colors represent the difference in speed: red-yellow is faster than average and blue is slower than average. Sunspots, caused by disturbances in the solar magnetic field, tend to form at the edge of these bands.
Solar Mosaic This full-disk view of the Sun was created from multiple views captured by the TRACE instrument. TRACE views the Sun in ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, providing detailed images of the magnetic activity taking place in the transition region just above the solar surface.
Solar Storm Severe magnetic disturbances on the Sun can result in solar flares and ejection of tons of solar matter into space. This LASCO image shows a large coronal mass ejection. The ejected material became part of the solar wind that flows out from the Sun at very high speeds and interacts with other bodies in the solar system, including Earth.
The Edge of the Solar System NASAs IBEX mission will determine the global nature of the heliopause, where the solar wind interacts with the interstellar medium. These images show predictions for strong (top) and weak (bottom) terminal shock interactions. Variations in these global images will illuminate flow patterns beyond the terminal shock and provide new insight into our heliosphere.
Aurora Captured by the FUV aboard NASAs IMAGE spacecraft, this image shows Earths northern aurora during a major geomagnetic storm. The storm was triggered by a fastmoving coronal mass ejection that entered Earths magnetosphere at a speed of three million miles per hour. Such storms can disrupt terrestrial communications systems and damage space-based systems.
Magnetosphere Scientists derived this image of energetic particle flux measured in Earths magnetosphere from data gathered by TIMAS. The spectrograph contributes to our understanding of the effect of the solar wind.
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TRACE NASAs Transition Region and Coronal Explorer images the Sun from the 10,000 K surface (photosphere) through the gradually increasing temperature of the lower atmosphere (transition region) to the base of its multimillion K upper atmosphere (corona).
SXI The Solar X-Ray Imager aboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) will image the solar corona in X-rays and continuously monitor events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The GOES Program is a joint effort of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
STEREO/SECCHI The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) consists of identical instruments on each of two spacecraft observing the Sun. SECCHI is part of the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission.
IMAGE The instrument packages aboard the NASA Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Explorationthe Far Ultraviolet Imaging System and the Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imagerdetermine the response of Earths magnetosphere to variations in the solar wind.
CLAES The Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer instrument aboard the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite measures concentrations of elements in Earth's atmosphere including carbon dioxide, ozone and complex fluorocarbons (CFCs).
MDI The Michelson Doppler Imager aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory measures intensities, velocities and magnetic field strengths of material in the solar photosphere. SOHO is a cooperative effort between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).
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NIRCam The Near Infrared Camera for the James Webb Space Telescope will detect and identify the first light objects in the Universe.
ROSINA Following the orbit of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis aboard ESAs Rosetta spacecraft will provide information about the origin of our solar system.
POLAR/PIXIE The Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment aboard NASAs Polar spacecraft images Earths northern and southern auroral regions in X-rays.
Tunable Filter The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) Tunable Filter first flew on the Spacelab 2 shuttle mission in 1985 and has been used for ground-based observations ever since. LIS The Lightning Imaging Sensor is used to detect the distribution of lightning. LIS has operated continuously since its launch aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Observatory in 1997.
FPP The Focal Plane Package for the Solar Optical Telescope of the Hinode mission images the solar surface (or photosphere) and overlying chromosphere with 0.1-arcsecond spatial resolution.
SXT From 1991 to 2002, the Soft X-ray Telescope took high-resolution images of the 6-million-degree solar corona in X-rays. SXT is part of the Yohkoh mission, a joint project of NASA and the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautial Sciences (ISAS).
700+ Years of Combined Operation in Space Represented by 164 Successful Space Instruments across Four Decades
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Heating in the Solar Corona This series of images traces the heating effects of the Suns magnetic field by making observations at different wavelengths, each showing emissions at different temperatures. The dark and light areas of an active magnetic field (top left) correspond to different polarities. Dark patches on the Suns surface, shown in visible wavelengths at about 10,000F (top right) are sunspots, which appear dark because they are cooler, approximately 6,000F. Note: The sunspots are clearly aligned with the active magnetic regions. Two EUV images (center) and an Xray image (bottom) show the dramatic heating at increasingly higher levels of the solar atmosphere directly above the active magnetic regions. Emissions are at 50,000F, 4,000,000F and 10,000,000F, respectively. The image in the bottom left shows an overlay of three atmospheric layers from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000F.
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The TRACE Instrument Millions of images of the solar atmosphere from the TRACE telescope have given us the first detailed images of magnetic reconnection, an energy release mechanism believed to be important at the Sun, near Earth and in a wide variety of other astrophysical conditions.
Three-Dimensional Sun Twin telescopes aboard NASAs Solar Terrestrial Observatory (STEREO) image the Sun in four ultraviolet wavelengths. The telescopes are aboard two spacecraft positioned on either side of the Earth: one preceding and the other trailing the planet in orbit around the Sun. The distance between the two spacecraft allows a stereo view of our star. The two images are from each of the SECCHI telescopes.
Tunable Filter
Tracking the Source of Plasma Jets Using the Lockheed Martin Tunable Filter to focus on specific Doppler-shifted frequencies, the Swedish 1-meter solar telescope took images of plasma jets on the solar surface. Blue-shifted emissions (left) indicate plasma jets (dark areas) moving toward us at approximately 30,000 miles per hour. This image was part of a recent research effort that discovered a strong correlation between periodic sound waves occurring at the solar surface and the incidence of the plasma jets.
Solar Photosphere Sunspots appear dark in the solar photosphere, as shown in this image taken by the Focal Plane Package of the Solar Optical Telescope aboard the Hinode mission. Magnetic activity causes the region to be cooler, therefore darker, than its surroundings.
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SOHO Spacecraft Launched in 1995, SOHO observes the Sun continuously from its orbit at the L1 Lagrangian Point, 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. MDI is one of several European- and American-built instruments on board.
Computer Simulations Understanding the solar dynamo and the propagation of material and energy through the convection zone below the solar surface helps scientists predict short-term solar activity and investigate long-term effects of the Sun on our climate.
Computer Model A model of the heliosphere, calculated from MDI data, is used to forecast the effects of solar activity on spacecraft and astronauts in orbit.
X-Ray Radiance Variation These SXT images show how the violently hot solar corona varies during the Suns 11-year activity cycle. High activity occurred in September 1991 (left) near solar maximum. Lower magnetic activity occurred in 1995 (right) when the solar cycle was near its minimum.
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Detecting Lightning LIS uses a wide-FOV expanded optics lens with a narrowband filter in conjunction with a high-speed chargecoupled device detection array. A realtime event processor inside the electronics unit determines when a lightning flash occurs, even in the presence of bright sunlit clouds. The color scale shows the rate of lightning flashes. Red indicates the greatest number of lighting flashes and blue indicates the fewest.
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Auroral X-rays PIXIE, a multiple-pinhole camera designed to image an entire auroral region in X-rays from extremely high altitude, measured the spatial distribution and temporal variation of auroral X-ray emissions in the 2 to 60 keV energy range on both the day and night sides of Earth. The color scale indicates total X-ray intensity from 2 to 12 keV.
Auroral Storm This sequence of images from the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) on the IMAGE spacecraft shows the development of an auroral storm over the period of one hour on Oct. 29, 2003. The storm was initiated by a large coronal mass ejection from the Sun. The auroral oval increased in size and became brighter during the storm. Auroras were visible from Colorado, California and other mid-latitude locations in the continental United States.
Antarctic Ozone Depletion These images, from an altitude of about 20 km over the South Pole, show that in the very cold temperatures inside the Antarctic vortex, chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), a normally inactive form of chlorine, is greatly depleted, indicating that it has been converted to active forms of chlorine, which catalytically destroy ozone. In addition, nitric acid (HNO3) also has been depleted, another important factor in rapid ozone loss. In the central image, ozone is depleted inside the vortex coincident with the regions of cold temperature and photochemically conditioned air. A primary source of the chlorine for both active and inactive forms is the chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CFC12) that is shown to be present throughout the polar vortex. Together, these measurements contributed to compelling evidence for the definitive link between manmade CFCs and ozone destruction.
CIONO2
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Cusp/Plasma Entry Observations of solar wind ions penetrating the northern magnetosphere are used to understand the processes occurring at the magnetopause. Changes in energy provide information on the processes that allow solar wind ion entry.
H+ Energy (keV/e)
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Magnetospheric Transport
A Protective Barrier Earths magnetic field forms a protective barrier around the planet, deflecting many of the highspeed charged particles contained in the solar wind. The boundary layer of this protective barrier is the magnetopause.
TIMAS Instrument The TIMAS instrument measures the full threedimensional velocity distribution functions of all major magnetospheric ion species. It is a firstorder double-focusing imaging spectrograph that simultaneously measures all mass per charge components from 1 atomic mass unit (AMU/e) to greater than 32 AMU/e over a nearly 360-degree by 10-degree instantaneous field of view.
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Heliopause
IBEX-Lo Cross Section The IBEX-Lo sensor will measure neutral atoms created by the interaction of the solar wind and the interstellar medium. The sensor has a large annular opening to allow neutrals to enter, a conversion surface to ionize them, and an energy analyzer and mass spectrometer to measure their energy and mass.
Rendezvous with a Comet The ATC-designed ROSINA instrument will analyze the composition of the Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rosetta image courtesy of European Space Agency
ROSINA
The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)
ROSINA is an ion mass spectrometer launched aboard the European Space Agencys Rosetta spacecraft. Rosettas mission is to rendezvous with Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. Once there, ROSINA will analyze the comets atmospheredata that will yield important insights into the formation and evolution of comets and the similarity between cometary and interstellar material present at the birth of the solar system. The spectrometer also will carbon date the comets nucleus to help determine the composition of the interstellar medium that formed our Sun. 43
The ATC seeks to advance the state of the art in aerospace technology by utilizing domain expertise in an array of technical disciplines, in conjunction with a cooperative interdisciplinary approach, to address the ongoing needs of our customers. These technical solutions provide vital support to national security, space exploration and environmental awareness, and make fundamental contributions to our body of scientific knowledge.
Mission Solutions The ATC draws on its heritage, expertise and resources in spacecraft buses, ground systems and test facilities to provide solutions for both small and large missions. We build instruments as mission systems and supply the total mission packagesfrom developing initial concepts to processing the resulting data. As the technology center for Lockheed Martin, we follow common practices and procedures for a smooth transition between the company and our customers.
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Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Advanced Technology Center 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 atc.communications@lmco.com