Data Conditioning and Reprocessing

Sometimes it is necessary to consider reprocessing of the seismic dataset in order to improve the signal-to noise ratio. Sometimes a complete new reshoot of a whole 3D survey can be a valid option.

Processing parameters should be chosen in such a way that they optimise the end results. For this purpose first the raw and processed CDP gathers are compared. The mute function can be changed, which means that the CDP gather is only used between a certain offset and time range.

Vector filtering is an option when multicomponent data is involved in full wave acquisition and processing. It uses vertical and radial trace pairs.

Fourier and Radon Transform

Shot-generated noise and multiples are often drastically suppressed by FK filtering. This technique does incorporate a Fourier Transform that brings the data with the normal T X reference axis into the FK domain. Amplitude and phase spectra describe the data characteristics in the FK domain. The sine waveform for a frequency fx is described by: Sine function = Ax cos ( 2fxt - x ) Ax = maximum amplitude of fx function, x = phase.

F-K Filter

Sometimes it is handy to apply a Radon transform to bring the data to the TauP domain. The Tau stands for intercept time and P for the slowness parameter of the ray. In the TauP domain sometimes the noise can be removed more easily.

Dip Move Out

A Dip-corrected Move Out or DMO step is useful in areas with rather steep dips.

Deconvolution
Wavelet deconvolution is often done to focus (or sharpen) the seismic data and it change minimumphase data into a zero-phase response. This deconvolution step tends to shorten seismic response from a reflector and tries to re-position the maximum energy of the wavelet on the velocity/density interface.

1. Wiener or Least Squares Filter 2. Predictive Deconvolution

Enhancement in the Seismic Reflection Techniques Seismic interpretation has improved a lot during the last decade. It is illustrated by the shapes of the contours on various depth maps from the same investigation area in time

The use of microelectronic mechanical system sensors (MEMS) help to improve the sensitivity, the dynamic range and reduce the noise. Imaging software and 3D visualisation (e.g. GoCadTM and VoxelgeoTM) provides a better feel for the mapped surfaces.

Ray tracing and map migration (e.g. PetrocaemTM and GeomigTM) results in more reliable depth contour maps. Depth migration (e.g. GeovistaTM) puts depth maps directly at the interpreters disposal. It uses a better defined velocity model of the subsurface and also allows the processing algorithms to work more efficiently. Geostatistical methods (e.g. SigmaviewTM) allow to quantify uncertainties in the interpretational method.

Important new techniques are 3D visualisation and classification of seismic attributes. VoxelgeoTM and ER MapperTM provides sophisticated methods to do 3D pixel displays of seismic data. SRCattributeTM lets the interpreter calculate loads of seismic attributes. Many of these attributes are not very complementary to the conventional ones; but they provide a new view on the same data. They are sometimes difficult to interpret and their additional value to the prospect evaluation efforts is rather subjective.

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Teknik Fuzzy Logic Multi Attribute Mapping Time-Lapse Seismic Data Multi Component Acquisition and Processing