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pif;ay;xm;onf/ ,if;oabFmjzifh rEav;?
&efuek (f '*H)k tacgufacguf pke?f qefum ig;?
ykpeG ?f iyd? ig;ajcmufrsm; 0,f,q
l ufoiG ;f
&onf/yoDvrl sK;d OD;bd;k nGeo
Yf nf eef;awmf
odYk oGi;f &ef t0wftxnfEiS hf zefxnf? rSef
xnf? toH;k taqmifrsm;udk tdE,
d Edik if H
umvuwm;NrdKUESifhbHkabNrdKUrsm;odkY oGm;
a&muf0,f,u
l m qufoiG ;f &onf/ tif;0
yoDrS qif;oufol OD;bd;k nGe\
Yf orD;rSm pdef
ukeo
f nf t&D;oef[
Y k xdak cwfu vlord sm;
cJo
h nf/
yoDE,
G f toH;k awmfcH pderf rcsKrd mS eef;
awmfu vdktyforQ pdefbD;? pdefem;uyf?
pdeb
f ,uf? pdev
f ufaumuf? pdev
f ufpyG ?f
pdefMu,foD;paom pdefxnftrsKd;rsKd;udk
yef;xdrq
f &mrsm;ESihf tuGi;f ? tcs?D txnf
jyKvkyfqufoGif;&onf/ pdefrrcsKdonf
Mumoyaw;aeYwikd ;f vlrsK;d ? bmom ra&G;
qef(oH;k wif;tdw)f wpftw
d u
f ek af tmif vSL
'gef;cJo
h nf[k zwfrI w
S o
f m;&onf/
yoDvrl sK;d xJrS ausmufuek o
f nf OD;
a&To;D ? OD;ESp?f OD;a,mwdo
Yk nf rif;wke;f rif;
w&m;Bu;D \ ausmuft0,fawmf? ta&mif;
awmfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ausmufa&mif;&m
wGifbk&ifrif;jrwfbufrSyGpJ m;tjzpf aqmif
&Guaf y;&onf/ rd;k ukwaf usmufrsm;udk pdppf
0,f,v
l suftdE,
d Edik if H umvuwm;NrKd UESihf
bHb
k ikd Nf rKd Ursm;odYk oGm;a&mufa&mif;csay;&

onf/yoDvrl sK;d rkeaYf wmfacgif;OD;&Guo

f nf
rif;ESpq
f ufwikd f eef;awmftwGuf rkeaYf wmf
acgif; trIukd xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf/ 12 axG rkeYf
trsK;d rsK;d udk wynfrh sm;ESihf tjcm;zdak xmif
av;OD;wdu
Yk OD;&Gux
f H yd&Yk Ny;D OD;&Guu
f eef;
wGi;f odYk qufoiG ;f &onf/ OD;&Gux
f w
H iG f rkeYf
vkyo
f m; 100 ausm&f NSd y;D rkerYf sm;aMumfavSmf
&ef rif;w&m;Bu;D u OD;&Gut
f m; tif;bJ &yf
uGuu
f kd ay;xm;onf/
aiGwu
kd af wmf t&m&dSOD;cifonfvnf;
yoDvrl sK;d jzpfNy;D ol<u,frif; OD;pHaysm\
f om;
Bu;D jzpfonf/ oDaygrif;vufxufwiG f aiG
wdkufpma&;b0rS aiGwdkufawmf t&m&dS
tjzpf wk;d jri x
hf rf;&Gucf &hJ onf/ toH;k awmf
pma&; OD;uif;rSm yoDvrl sK;d yif jzpfonf/
bk&ifEiS hf rdz&k m;tay: tvGeo
f pm&do
S l jzpf
aersKd;rif;xif&mZmbGJU csD;ajrmufcH&
onf/
jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf urefav;onf
awmfrsm;ESifh ,if;tquftET,frsm;tm;
ud,
k &f aH wmf? tdrzf efapmif?h xD;awmfr;kd ? ,yf
awmfuikd ?f a0gawmfxrf; paom bk&ift
h eD;
uyfwm0efrsm; xrf;&Guaf pjcif;ESihf rEav;
r[mrkeb
d &k m;Bu;D rS a&T? aiG? &wemrsm;udk
aeY? napmifMh uyf&ef pE&w
D yfzUJG wm0efay;
cJjh cif;rSm vlrsK;d ? bmom rcGjJ cm;bJ opm&do
S ?l
t&nftcsi;f &do
S w
l u
Ykd kda&G;aumufceft
Y yfchJ
jcif;jzpfaMumif; pHerlem,lz,
G f awGU&d&S ay
onf/jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; tBudKacwfESifh
vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D p acwfww
Ykd iG f jrefrmrGwf
pvifac: yoDE,
G f wdik ;f &if;om;wdt
Yk m; wm
0efay;tyfc&hJ m yifvpkH mcsKyw
f iG f Adv
k cf sKy\
f
tyg;awmfNrJ xrf;aqmif&olEiS hf ynma&;
0efBu;D wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; Adv
k cf sKyEf iS hf
wuG usq;kH cJ&h aom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif
Bu;D rsm;wGif yg0ifco
hJ l q&mBu;D OD;&mZmwf
wdrYk mS pHerlem om"ursm; jzpfayonf/
a&S; tpOftvm jynfjrefrmwGif Nird ;f
csr;f pGm twlwuGaexdik ?f nDnmpGm wdik ;f
jynftusKd;aqmif? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
twlwuG wdu
k yf 0JG if? aoG;ajruscMhJ uaom
bmomrwl? vlrsK;d rwl? wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k
at;twl yltrQ cHpm;cJMh uygvsuf ,aeY
wdik ;f jynfEikd if aH &; tajymif;tvJwiG f Edik if H
a&;t& b,folaoao iawrmNyD;a&m
pdwx
f m;ESihf ud,
k u
f sK;d &SmMuaom rsuEf mS zH;k
pGyf vltkyfpkwpfpk\ aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmfrI
aMumifh jynfot
l csKUd em;a,mifum y#dyu
rsm;wGif a&maESmyg0ifaeMuonfrS vGepf mG
pdwrf csr;f ajrzh ,
G &f m jzpfayonf/
Edik if aH wmf jynfot
l m;vH;k vHNk cKH at;
csr;f pGm rSw
D if;aexdik cf iG u
hf kd rIqw
d jf zpfum
[efw
Y m;aESmif,
h u
S af eMuonfrmS tawG;
tac:? todtvdrm ? ,Ofaus;rI acgif;yg;ol
tcsKUd &daS ejcif;jzpfonf/ Edik if aH wmfukd cspf
vQif pdw"f mwfawG jyKjyifMuygpd/Yk
/

22

jynfolYa&;&m

jrefrmwpfEikd if v
H ;kH MunfnKd
av;pm;Ny;D urmuyg av;pm;onfh
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ kyyf rkH sm;jzifh aiGpuL
rsm;\ wefz;kd toD;oD;wGif ,cif
acwftqufqufutwdik ;f jyef
vnftpm;xd;k xkwaf 0ay;&ef tqdk
udk oCFe;f uRe;f rJqEe,frS jynfoYl
vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,fOD;ode;f nGeYf
wifoiG ;f cJo
h nht
f qdu
k kd A[db
k Pf
'kw,
d Ou| a':cifapmOD;u jrefrm
Edik if w
H iG f aiGpuLtopfrsm; xyfrH
xkwaf 0rnft
h csed w
f iG f Edik if aHh cgif;
aqmifrsm;? Edik if \
H xif&mS ;aom
taqmufttHkrsm;? Icif;txdrf;
trSwyf rkH sm;ponfwu
Ykd kdtajctae
tcsed t
f cgESihf vdu
k af vsmnDaxG&Sd
rnfyh rkH sm;tm; tpd;k &tzGUJ \ oabm
wlncD sujf zifh xkwaf 0oGm;rnfjzpf
aMumif; jyefvnfajzMum;cJo
h nf/
a&S;,cifEpS rf sm;pGmu toH;k
jyKcMhJ uaom aiGpuLrsm;ay:wGif
xif&Sm;onfh EdkifiHhacgif;aqmif
rsm;\ kyyf u
kH kd du
k Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0cJMh u
Ny;D ,ck vuf&Sd toH;k jyKaeaom aiG
puLrsm;ay:&dS kyyf rkH sm;rSm wd&pmef
kyyf rkH sm;jzpfNy;D
vuf&t
Sd csed x
f d
toH;k jyKvsu&f o
Sd nf/
jynfot
l rsm;uvnf; vuf
&dStoH;k jyKaeaom aiGpuLrsm;ay:&dS
wd&pmefyk yf rkH sm; ae&mwGif xif&mS ;
onfEh ikd if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm;\ kyyf kH
rsm;om &daS pcsiMf uNy;D aemufxyf
xyfrH u
kd Ef ydS rf nfh aiGpuLrsm;ay:
wGif Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifyk yf kH du
k Ef ydS f
rnft
h ay: xGuaf y:vmonfh jynf
olrsm;\toHukd azmfjyay;vdu
k &f
ygonf/

r0if;0if;cdik (f arSmb
f ND rKd U)
uRerf wdYk wefz;kd xm; oH;k pGaJ e
wJh ydu
k q
f aH wGrmS Edik if ahH cgif;aqmif
awGyHkeJY jyefvnfdkufESdyfawmhr,f
qdkawmh 0rf;omwmaygh/ tcku
ydkufqHawGrSm wd&pmefyHkawGeJYqdk
awmhbk&m;rSmuyfvLS xm;&ifawmif
t&ifAv
kd cf sKyyf kH ydu
k q
f aH wGe,
YJ OS &f if
pdwx
f rJ mS wpfrsK;d Bu;D yJ/ aemufNy;D
ydu
k q
f aH wGrmS Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifBu;D
awG&JU yHkawGeJYqdk ydkNyD;wefzdk;xm;
odr;f qnf;Mur,fxifw,f/ t&if
u uRerf awmif Adv
k cf sKyyf ykH gwJh ydu
k f

t wJG ( 1 ) ? t rS wf ( 4 8 )
w e *F a EG ? 2 4 ? Edk 0if b m ? 2 0 1 3

qHawG odr;f xm;wm &dw

S ,f/ Edik if Hh
acgif;aqmifBu;D awG&UJ yHu
k kd ydu
k q
f H
awGrmS
du
k Ef ydS x
f m;wJt
h wGuf
uav;oli,fawGu ar;&ifvnf;
vlBu;D rdbawGtaeJY b,fo?l b,f
0g bmvkycf w
hJ ,fqw
kd m ajymjyvdYk
&wmaygh/ acwfvil ,fawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;uvnf; Adv
k cf sKyaf tmif
qef;avmufyJ odMuwmrsm;w,f/
usef xif&Sm;wJh vlyk*Kdvfqdk odyf
rodMuawmhb;l / bmyJjzpfjzpf tck
vdk wd&pmefyHkawGeJYpm&if EdkifiHh
acgif;aqmifBuD;awG&JU yHkeJYydkufqH

awG xkwfa0wm ydkNyD;t"dym,f

&drS mS yg/
ukad usmpf ;kd rd;k
(Munfjh rifwikd f NrKd Ue,f)
aiGpuLay:rSm EdkifiHhacgif;
aqmifawG&UJ yHak wGeYJdu
k Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0
r,fqw
kd m aumif;ygw,f/ tckvkd
rsKd; wd&pmefyHkawGeJY xkwfa0r,fh
tpm; acgif;aqmifBu;D awG&UJ yHak wG
eJY xkwfa0wmu ydkNyD; *kPf,lzdkY
aumif;ygw,f/ olwu
Ykd v
kd nf; *kPf
jyKovdyk gyJ/ Edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;rSm
vnf; olwdkYMunfndKav;pm;&wJh

EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifBuD;? orkdif;0if
txifu& taqmufttHk yHBk u;D
awGeYJ xkwaf 0Muwmyg/ wd&pmef
yHak wGeYJ aiGpuL xkwaf 0wmawmh
&Sm;ygw,f/ ydu
k q
f q
H w
kd mu wpf
Edik if v
H ;kH ? jynfow
l pf&yfv;kH u oH;k pGJ
MuwmjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfolYukd,f
pm;jyK BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uwJh vl
yk*Kd vaf wG&UJ yHek YJ xkwaf 0wmu ydNk y;D
rSeu
f efygw,f/ t&ifuqdk Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;? q&mpH? ocifz;kd vSBu;D
wdYk yHak wGeYJ du
k Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0cJw
h hJ aiG
puLqdk MunfhwmeJY awmfawmf
usuo
f a&&dyS gw,f/ vuf&Sd tajc
taeawGt&awmh rwwfEdkifay
r,fh aiGpuLawGudk wd&pmefyakH wG
eJY xkwfa0wm uRefawmfuawmh
rESpo
f ufygbl;/
OD;jrifah t;(A[ef;NrKd Ue,f)
Adv
k cf sKyf yk yf ykH gwJhaiGpuLawG
xkwfr,fqdkawmh 0rf;om;p&myJ/
tpwke;f u oH;k wJah iGpuLawGay:
rSmu xif&mS ;wJh Edik if ahH cgif;aqmif
yHak wGcsn;f yJ/ ig;usyw
f ef? 10 wef ?
45 usyfwef ? 90 wefwdkYawGrSm
dkufESdyfxm;wmu EdkifiHhacgif;
aqmifawGcsn;f yJ/ tckvuf&o
Sd ;kH ae
wJh ydu
k q
f aH wGu tukev
f ;kH wd&pmef
yHkawGcsnf;yJ/ tckvdk topfxyf
du
k rf ,fh aiGpuLay:rSm Adv
k cf sKyyf kH
awG jyefvnfu
kd Ef ydS Nf y;D xkwrf ,fqkd
wmudak wmh vH;k 0axmufcyH gw,f/
vlwikd ;f vnf; 'Dvkd u
kd Ef ydS x
f m;wJh yHk
awGuykd J arQmv
f ifah eMuwmyg/
a':a0(oCFe;f uRe;f NrKd Ue,f)
Adv
k cf sKyyf ekH YJ ydu
k q
f aH wG jyef
xkwfa0awmhr,fqdkwm t&rf;
aumif;ygw,f/ tckacwf uav;

awGu q&mpHw?Ykd ocifz;kd vSwq

Ykd kd
pmxJrmS yJ awGUzl;Muwm/ oifwhJ ESpf
yJrSwrf Md uw,f/aemufarhomG ;a&m/
tckvkd xif&mS ;wJh Edik if ahH cgif;aqmif
yHak wGeYJ ydu
k q
f x
H w
k rf ,fq&kd if
uav;awG&UJ rsupf x
d rJ mS a&m ? pdwf
xJrmS yg Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifyakH wGeYJ
&if;ES;D Ny;D tNrw
J rf; rSwrf ad eygvdrhf
r,f/ ud,
k u
f ,
kd w
f ikd f oH;k aewJh aiG
puLay:rSm ud,
k Ehf ikd if &H UJ xif&mS ;wJh
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyHkawGeJY dkufESdyf
xkwaf 0xm;wJh ydu
k q
f u
H kd oH;k &wm
*kP,
f zl Ykd aumif;ygw,f/
OD;cifarmif(tif;pdeNf rKd Ue,f)
Adv
k cf sKyyf ekH YJ aiGpuLawG xkwf
r,fqw
kd muawmh 0rf;omp&m udp
yJav/ [d;k t&ifwek ;f u Edik if ahH cgif;
aqmifyHkawGeJY ydkufqHawGawmif
wcsKUd qdk tjrwfwEd;k eJY odr;f xm;wk;H /
bmyJjzpfjzpfav Edik if ahH cgif;aqmif
awG&JU kyfyHkawGeJY aiGpuLtopf
du
k Ef ydS rf ,fqw
kd muawmh t&rf;udk
aumif;ygw,f/ jzpfvnf; jzpfoifh
ygw,f/ tJ'grS aemufval wGu ig
wdYk Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifyykH gvm;qdNk y;D
tNrw
J rf; trSw&f aerSm/
o&zD
(tvGww
f ef;owif;axmuf)
aumif;wmaygh/ tJ'v
D kd ydu
k f
qHawGxw
k &f if Edik if t
H wGuf tusK;d
jyKwhJolawGukdaemifvmaemufom;
rsK;d qufopfawGyg odrkH ubJ vuf
&dv
S il ,fawGutp odwmaygh/ tJ'D
vdk rxkwcf v
hJ Ykd Adv
k cf sKyf b,forl eS ;f
rod? OD;&mZwf b,forl eS ;f rodwhJ
vlawG trsm;BuD;yJ/ txl;ojzifh
ynma&; rzGUH NzKd ;wJah e&mrSm ydak wmif
qd;k ao;w,f/
cdik cf idk ?f PT

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t wJG ( 1 ) ? t rS wf ( 4 8 )
w e *F a EG ? 2 4 ? Edk 0if b m ? 2 0 1 3

jrefrmEkid if &H UJ ordik ;f udck &pfou&mZf

1044 ckESpfu pcJhw,fvdkY NAdwdoQ ynm
&SifBuD;rsm;jzpfMuwJh rpwm[maA;eJY
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f rf;jyKcMhJ uygw,f/
1044 &JUa&SUydkif;umvrsm;udkawmh
orkdif;taxmuftxm; cdkifvHkpGmjyqdk&ef
tcuftcJ&SdwmaMumifh ordkif;0iftjzpf
pmwifjcif;rjyKEidk v
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tquawmh jrefrmtp waumif;u[k
a<u;aMumfum AdEd;k NrKd Ua[mif;? [efvif;
NrdKUa[mif;? oa&acw&mNrdKUa[mif;wdkYudk
oufaojyKum c&pfEpS f 500 ausmu
f wnf;
u pcJhw,fvdkY ,lqcJhMuw,f/ ysLonf
jrefrm? jrefrmonfysL[laom cH,cl suu
f kd
ESv;kH ydu
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wdkY[m oa&acw&mjynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJh
w,fvdkYvnf; taxmuftxm;jyqdkcJhyg
w,f/
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acwf 1044 upcJw
h ,fq&kd if 1885 Ed0k if
bm 28 &uftxdukd &mZ0ifumvvdYk qdMk u
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rsm; [m jynfov
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d J
&Sib
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pD;yGm;rsm;omjzpfvrYkd Ykd jynfov
l x
l &k UJ Ekid if H
a&;orkid ;f xJ qGrJ xnfo
h ifyh gbl;/ 1886 rS
1906 ckEpS f tESpf 20 twGi;f rSmjzpfay:cJh
wJh rif;om;NrdKUpm; ppfol&Jaumif;rsm; OD;
aqmifcw
hJ hJawmfveS af &;rsm;udv
k nf; rcHcsif
pdwef YJ x<uykeu
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vlx&k UJ Ekid if aH &;ordik ;f xJrmS crf;crf;em;em;
xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyvdpk w
d rf &Syd gbl;/
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f rfbaD t Ak'
bmomuvsmP,k0toif;Bu;D ay:ayguf
vmNy;D 1948ckEpS f vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
umv42ESpw
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f idk fvIy&f mS ;ke;f uefrBI u;D udk
awmh jynfov
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l &k UJ Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rI? awmf
vSerf BI u;D taeeJY wcrf;wem;azmfjyvdyk g
w,f/1906 ckESpfrS 1920 jynfhESpftxd
0kid t
f rfbaD tacwf&,fvYkdydik ;f jcm;owfrw
S f
csiyf gw,f/0kid t
f rfbaD t acwfrmS Ekid if aH &;
t& &Si;f &Si;f jywfjywf vkyaf qmifEidk jf cif;r&Sd
cJah yr,fh jrefrmwpfrsK;d om;vH;k udk trsK;d om;
a&;pdw"f mwfE;kd Mum;vmatmif taumif;
qH;k vkyaf qmifay;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f/ 1911 ckEpS f
ar 7&ufrmS yxruGezf &ifu
h kd usi;f yEkid cf hJ
w,f/ 1914ckESpfrSm 'kwd,uGefz&ifhudk
usif;ycJhw,f/ wwd,uGefz&ifhudkawmh
1915 ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;rSm usi;f yEkid cf w
hJ ,f/
1916ckESpf a&mufawmh [oFmwNrdKUrSm
ajymif;vJusi;f ycJw
h ,f/ pwkwu
eG zf &ifNh y;D
awmh ysOf;rem;NrdKUrSm yOruGefz&ifhudk
ajymif;a&TU usi;f ycJw
h ,f/ tJ'ED pS u
f 1917
ckEpS jf zpfw,f/ 1918 ckEpS rf mS awmh armfv
NrKd iNf rKd UrSm q|ruGezf &ifhudkajymif;a&TUusi;f y
cJw
h ,f/ owr uGezf &ifu
h akd wmh ykord Nf rKd UrSm
usi;f yNy;D t|rtBurd u
f eG zf &ifu
h kd jynfNrKd U
rSm ajymif;a&TUusi;f ycJyh gw,f/ 'DEpS u
f 1920
jynfhESpfyg/0kdiftrfbDatuae *sDpDbDat
jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; 0HomEktoif;csKyf
Bu;D &,fvYkdtrnfajymif;usi;f yEkid cf yhJ gw,f/
tJ'v
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34

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k Ef ydS yf kH
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tjynf&h adS Mumif;? vuf&dS ESihf vGecf ahJ omumvuvnf;
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azsmfajza&;

t wJG ( 1 ) ? t rS wf ( 4 8 )
w e *F a EG ? 2 4 ? Edk 0if b m ? 2 0 1 3

35

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yHrk eS Mf unfh v
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taqmufttHrk sm;aom &efuek Nf rKd Uordik ;f
0if taqmufttHrk sm;odv
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vnf y wf a vh & S d M u&m ,if ; ord k i f ; 0if
taqmuf t tH k j ywd k u f r sm;ud k avh v m
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rif;wke;f rif;wd\
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0ifa&mufcsed w
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jyoxm;onf/

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k cf sKyjf ywdu
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k rf mS A[ef;
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xif&mS ;&Spd Ofu toH;k jyKcahJ om t0wftpm;

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yef;csu
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