Earth's Atmosphere

Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere

Vertical structure of the Earth's Atmosphere

Troposphere
The Troposphere starts at the ground or sea and reaches up to 10 - 12 km height. It is the troposphere where most weather phenomena like cloud formation take place. Physically it is characterized by a continuous decrease of temperature with increasing height. The uppor boundary of the troposphere is called tropopause. The height of the tropopause is very dependent on geographical latitude and season. Troposphere has it's maxmum height in tropical regions. At the polar regions, the tropopause is located at about 8 km height. The troposphere contains about 80 % of the mass of the atmosphere and also contains almost all of water of the atmosphere. In it's lowest layer of about 1 to 2.5 km, the planetray boundary layer (PBL), the influence of Earth's surface causes heavy variances of meteorologic parameters like temprature, wind and humidy. In the higher regions of the tropopause, temperature is about -60 C. At this heights, relatively small bands with very high wind speeds (up to 500 km/h), the jet streams, occur. In this regions very important processes take place that cause vertical splitting, decomposition and new formation of the tropopause.

Stratosphere

Ozone concentration in the atmosphere The stratosphere lies above the troposphere at 12 - 50 km. It is characterized by an increase of ozone with a maximum ozone concentration at ybout 30 km of height. Temperature also increases with height and reaches 0 c at about 50 km. This increase is mainly caused by the ozone that absorbs the UV radiation of the sun. Doing this, the ozone layer is of essential important for the life on Earth. The stratosphere is almost without clouds because the transport of water vapour from the troposphere into the stratosphere is very limited because of the extremely low temperatures in the tropopause. The stratosphere may be devided into a lower stratosphere with a constant temperature of about -56 C and a upper stratosphere above 20 km of height. In the upper stratosphere, temperature increases to about 0 C from radiation absorption. Because of the increasing temperature with increasing height (like inversion weather condition) there is only very limited vertical movement. Almost 99 % of the mass of the atmosphere is located within the lower 30 km.

Mesosphere
The mesosphere (50 - 85 km) is charaterized by a continuous decrease of temperature. It reaches it minimum with almost -100 C at about 80 km of height. This also is the upper boundary of the mesosphere.

Thermosphere

In the thermosphere (85 - 500 km) no temperatures but only emittances may be measured because of the very low densitiy of particles.

Exosphere
The exosphere (> 500 km) starts depending on definition at 500 - 1000 km of height. Here, pressure is so low that it can already be called vacuum.

Other Possibilites of Structuring the Atmosphere

The structure as explained above is based on temperature gradients in the atmosphere. But there are other ways of structuring the atmosphere. Looking at the degree of ionization of the atmosphere is can be separated into a neutrosphere that reaches from the Earth's surface to about 80 km of height. In this layer, almost no ionized particles are found. From 80 km to about 1000 km the atmosphere is called ionosphere and above is the protonosphere. Above the stratosphere (> about 60 km), there is no ozone that can absorb the radiation of the sun, why there is a high degree of ionization that can be separated in characteristic layers. Ionosphere may be separated into D (80 - 100 km), E (about 100 km) and F-layers (F1: 150 - 250 km; F2: 250 - 500 km). These layers play important roles for communications engineering since radio waves (short waves) are reflected by these layers. In higher regions like the exosphere only ionized hydrogen atoms (protons) are found, why this layer may be called protonosphere. The composition of the atmosphere is another possible way of differentiation. The lower atmosphere is mostly well stirred and therefor called homosphere. In the homosphere, most of the mass of the atmosphere is found, being more than 100 000 fold more than in the whole upper part of the atmosphere. Above about 80 to 100 km of height, there is a separation by molecular weight. Molecules with higher weights are found lower, the lighter molecules higher. This region is called heterosphere. Finally the friction between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface can be used for differentiation. Doing so, the peplosphere is distinguished from the free atmosphere. The peplosphere reaches up to about 2 km of height, depending on the orography (term used to describe undulations on the surface of the Earth). The term planetary boundary layer (PBL) is much better known for this layer of the atmosphere.

Composition of the Atmosphere

The atmospheric air of the Earth is a mixture of gases with the main components being: nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. It further contains traces of the other inert gases helium, neon, krypton and xenon. Up to a height of about 20 km, almost always water vapour in heavily changing concentrations (up to 4 % of volume) is found. Mean composition of dry air in the troposphere nitrogen oxygen argon carbon dioxide neon helium methane krypton xenon hydrogen dinitrogen monoxid carbon monoxide* volume content in ppm (parts per % million)
78,08 20,95 0,934 0,035 0,0018 0,0005 0,00017 0,0001 0,000009 0,00005 0,00003 0,00002 350 18 5 1,7 1 0,09 0,5 0,3 0,2 780 800 209 500 9 340

* carbon monoxide shows periodic changes> Additionally, the atmosphere contains traces of sulfur- and nitrogen compounds (sulfur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide), ozone, organic halogen compounds and radicals produces in the atmosphere. The atmosphere also contains solid and liquid particles of different nature and origin as airborne particles, dust and aerosoles. As already mentioned, the atmosphere contains up to 4 % of water in all states of aggregation. Up to 80 % of all water in the atmosphere is found in heights up to 3000 m. In the stratosphere, only 1 - 10 ppb (parts per billion) water is found. Despite this relatively small amounts, water plays an important role in the atmosphere. By phase transformations between gaseous, liquid and solid it is involved in energy transformation and transport and weather formation. Because of its ability to absorb infrared radiation it plays an important role for the warming of the atmosphere.

Functions of the Atmosphere

Protection of all life from hazardous or deadly radiation from space (filter for UV- and xrays from sun). Letting pass the vitally important sunlight to the surface of the continents and oceans (energy source). Protections from rapid colling at night and heating at day.

Makes possible a mean temperature on Earth's surface of +15 C instead of -18 C as would be without atmosphere. Transport of energy (warmth of air that can be felt and latent warmth of water vapour) from the equatorial regions to medium and higher latitudes. Transport of water vapour through dynamic processes of general air circulation that determines precipitation. Storage of huge amounts of nitrogen (important for plants). Reservoir for carbon dioxide and oxygen. Is part of different vital cycles of matter. Dissipation and decomposition (oxidation, reaction with radicals, photolysis) of natural and anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Protection from smaller meteorites that burn up by heating from the friction when entering the Earth's atmosphere and can not reach the surface.

Thickness of the atmosphere compared to the radius of the Earth. (Credit: NASA)
List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This list identifies the military aircraft which are currently being operated or have formerly been operated by the Malaysian Armed Forces. Contents

1 Royal Malaysian Air Force 2 Malaysian Army Aviation 3 Royal Malaysian Navy 4 Former aircraft 5 Gallery

6 References 7 External links

Royal Malaysian Air Force See also: Royal Malaysian Air Force Aircraft Photo Role Versions Inventory[1
]

Notes

Combat Aircraft Total - 62 An advanced version of all Su-30 family and highly specialised version for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.[2][3] Only 10 out of 18 [6] airworthy due to lack of spare parts. Will be retired in 2015. The replacement for MiG-29 is currently narrowed down to 4 types of aircraft (Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Saab JAS 39 Gripen)[7][8][9] Capable of, and intended for multirole missions at sea and maritime interdiction. Operable at night/in all weather. Being used as a fighterbomber. Provides support for MIG-29 and SU-30 MKM.

Sukhoi Su30MKM

Multirole Aircraft

Su18 30MKM

Mikoyan MiG-29

Air superiority fighter, MiG-29N 10[4][5] Interceptor aircraft

Boeing F/A18 Hornet

All weather multi-role fighter

F/A-18D 8

BAE Hawk

Light attack aircraft

Mk.208

13[4]

F-5E Northrop F5 Tiger II Reconnaissanc e RF-5 Transport Aircraft/Aerial refueling/Patrol Total - 41 13

[4]

Active Reserve Interceptor/Reconnaissanc e

Airbus A400M

Long range Military transport

A400M

4 on order. Will receive first batch in 2015.[10]

Tactical transport Lockheed C130 Hercules

C-130H

10[4] Tactical airlift, maritime patrol and aerial refueling. C-130MP is can be reconfigured into tactical airlift.

Maritime patrol

C-130MP 1[4]

KC-130T 4[4] Aerial refueling CN-235220M2 VIP

VIP transport CASA CN235

Light military transport

CN-235220M

Military transport for army airborne (PAC) and humanitarian uses.

Beechcraft Super King Air

Maritime B200T patrol aircraft

4[4]

Equipped with tactical command system, one master search radar and one forward looking infrared system.

Cessna 402

Light transport 402B aircraft

10[4]

Boeing Business Jet

VIP transport

BBJ1(737 1 -700)

Used for the Prime Minister and/or Deputy Prime Minister.

Bombardier Global Express

VIP transport

BD700

Airbus 319

VIP transport

PMB/RMAF

Dassault Falcon 900

VIP transport

900B

Fokker F28 Fellowship

VIP transport

F28-1000 1 ( stored )

Trainer Aircraft Total - 100 MB339AM Aermacchi MB-339 Training aircraft MB339CM 8 6 lost in accident. Replaced by 8 new MB-339CM.

BAE Hawk

Training aircraft

Mk.108

6[4]

Mikoyan MiG-29

Training aircraft

MiG29NUB

Northrop F5 Tiger II

Operational conversion unit

F-5F

PC-7 Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer Training aircraft

30[4]

PC-7 Mk 17[4] II

MD3-160 Aerotiga

Training aircraft

Unknown 20

Arospatial e Alouette III

Training helicopter

SA316B/SA- 13 319B

Total of 26 received (not including 7 SA-316Bs transferred from Republic of Singapore Air Force in 1978/9), 10 transferred to Malaysian Army Aviation and 20 involved in crash and emergency landing in various incident.

UAV Total - 9

ScanEagle

Reconnaissanc e UAV

Coastal surveillance

Yabhon Aludra

Reconnaissanc e UAV

Coastal surveillance

CTRM Eagle ARV

Reconnaissanc e UAV

Reconnaissance UAV

Helicopter and Non Fixed wing Aircraft Total - 49 8 of 12 delivered. More orders to come to replace the aging fleet of S61A-4 Nuri.[11][12][13] Multipurpose transport. Utility helicopter- Carrying troops, supplies, rations & humanitarian aid. To be upgraded[14] with new engine, gearbox and rotor blade. Some units will possibly be handed to Malaysian Army Aviation[15]

Eurocopter EC 725

Combat Search Super and Rescue Cougar / 12 (CSAR) Caracal

Sikorsky S61 Sea King

Transport S61A-4 (Multipurpose) Nuri

30

Agusta A109

Multipurpose A109C

Stored to be reverse engineered.

Sikorsky S70 Black Hawk

VIP transport

S-70

VIP transport.

Sikorsky SH3 Sea King

VIP transport

AS-61N1 2

VIP transport.

Malaysian Army Aviation See also: Malaysian Army Aircraft Photo Role Versions Inventory Notes Used for observation. A109LOH version armed with 20mm gun and/or rockets for area suppression missions[17]

Agusta A109

Multipurpose helicopter

A109LOH[16] 11

Royal Malaysian Navy See also: Royal Malaysian Navy Aircraft Photo Role Versions Inventory Notes

Eurocopter Fennec

Surface Surveillance

(AS555)

Westland Lynx

Anti-Surface Warfare

Super Lynx 6 Mk.100

It is equipped with the MBDA Sea Skua antiship missile.

Former aircraft

Type Bell 47 Canadair CL-41 Tutor CAC Sabre De Havilland DHC-4 Caribou Douglas A-4 Skyhawk Grumman HU-16 Albatross Handley Page Dart Herald Hawker Siddeley HS125 Percival Provost Scottish Aviation Bulldog Scottish Aviation Pioneer Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer Westland Wasp De Havilland Heron De Havilland Dove

Variant Bell 47G CL-41G Tebuan Sabre Mk. 32 DHC-4A

Description Light observation helicopter Light Strike Fighter - ex-RAAF aircraft delivered 1969 to 1972 Medium Transport

A-4PTM and TA-4PTM Strike HU-16B Utility Transport VIP Transport T51 Trainer Trainer Light transport Light transport Naval helicopter VIP Transport VIP Transport

MASkargo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search MASkargo

IATA MH Founded Hubs Fleet size Destinations Parent company Headquarters

ICAO MAS

Callsign MALAYSIAN

1972 Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL) Penang International Airport (PEN) 6 11 Malaysia Airlines Advanced Cargo Centre Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia Shahari Sulaiman (Managing Director)[1] http://www.maskargo.com

Key people Website

MASkargo or Malaysia Airlines Kargo (Malaysia Airlines Cargo Sdn. Bhd.) is a cargo airline with its head office in the Advanced Cargo Centre (ACC) on the grounds of Kuala Lumpur International Airport (WMKK/KUL) in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.[2][3] It is a cargo division of its parent company Malaysia Airlines that operates scheduled, charter air cargo services as well as airport to seaport cargo logistics via ground transportation.[4] Its tagline is Keeps Business Moving.

Contents

1 History 2 Destinations 3 Fleet 4 MASkargo Products and Services o 4.1 I-PORT

4.2 i-secure 4.3 Animal Hotel (AVI) 4.4 Priority Business Centre 4.5 Perishable centre 5 Formula One 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links

o o o o

History
The company was established in 1972 to handle the delivery of cargo around the world via Malaysia Airlines' global network of routes. Back then, MASkargo handled 30,000 tonnes of cargo.[5] It became a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines in April 1997 with two Boeing 747-200F freighters from the parent company. It has 1,092 employees (as at March 2007).[3] Now, at the new cargo facility located in the Advanced Cargo Centre (ACC) KLIA, MASkargo have the capacity to serve customer's cargo needs of up to a million tonnes.[5]

Destinations

MASkargo Boeing 747-200F

MASkargo Boeing 747-200F, registration TF-ATX, operated by Air Atlanta Icelandic

MASkargo Boeing 747-400F, registration 9M-MPS in their previous livery MASkargo provides freighter services to the following (as of November 2013):[6]

Australia o Sydney - Sydney Airport Azerbaijan o Baku - Heydar Aliev International Airport China o Guangzhou - Baiyun International Airport o Shanghai - Pudong International Airport Hong Kong o Hong Kong International Airport India o Chennai - Chennai International Airport Indonesia o Jakarta - Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Germany o Frankfurt - Frankfurt Airport Japan o Tokyo - Narita International Airport Malaysia o Kuala Lumpur - Kuala Lumpur International Airport Hub o Kota Kinabalu - Kota Kinabalu International Airport o Kuching - Kuching International Airport o Labuan - Labuan Airport o Penang - Penang International Airport Netherlands o Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Philippines o Manila - Ninoy Aquino International Airport Sri Lanka o Colombo - Bandaranaike International Airport Taiwan o Taipei - Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Thailand o Bangkok - Suvarnabhumi Airport

United Arab Emirates o Sharjah - Sharjah International Airport Vietnam o Ho Chi Minh City - Tn Sn Nht International Airport

Fleet

A MASkargo Airbus A330-200F on short final to Suvarnabhumi Airport in 2012. MASkargo operate the following at November 2013, it also offers belly space capacity on Malaysia Airlines aircraft. MASkargo fleet[7] Type Airbus A330-200F Boeing 747-400F Total In service Orders 4 2 6 0 0 0 Cargo Capacity Notes (kg) MD LD LD3 BULK (kg) 22 30 8 9 2 2 1,500 1,200 67,000 120,000 Cargo

MASkargo Products and Services

I-PORT
With MASkargo's recent an airport within a seaport plan, the company has extended its services to Port Klang, a major seaport in Peninsular Malaysia. A designated air-zone has been established in Port Klang to facilitate this. A collaboration with MASkargo and Port Klang Terminal Operators, the I-port aims to promote Port Klang/KLIA as the load centre for sea and air traffic in the region. Kuala Lumpur's location on the main flight routes of Asia is a fact worth mentioning as are the low operation costs.[8] The I-port sees a hassle-free transfer of cargo from the seaport in Port Klang to MASkargo's Advanced Cargo Centre. This service ensures an efficient customs declaration any additional documentation as all sea- to- air shipment from the seaports are sealed by the Customs Department, and loaded on to MASkargo's scheduled trucks for outbound destinations through

KLIA. Cargo space and flights for the intended airport of destinations are pre-booked by forwarding agents at the MASkargo Air-Zone online handling office, known as "XPQ", situated within the port's Northport Container Yard Terminal. With the introduction of AFTA beginning January 2003, the movement of cargo within the region is expected to increase substantially. IPORT is listed in the Malaysian Guinness Book of Records as the first service of its kind in Malaysia.[8] Scheduled truck flight services, from i-PORTS to airports:[9] Route KUL - ZJT ZJT - KUL KUL - XPQ XPQ - KUL Frequency 1 x daily 1 x daily 2 x daily 2 x daily

i-secure
i-secure is a new airport-to-airport logistics facility from MASkargo. Designed for all vulnerable cargo requiring high security service every step of the way, from point of acceptance to point of delivery. Cargo under this service will be stored in a permanent-surveillance area prior to being transported. Types of cargo supported by i-secure include semi-conductor products, consumer electronics, cameras, CD-ROM, computers, watches, and pharmaceutical items. The new isecure service from MASkargo caters specifically for priority and secure cargo shipments. isecure is currently available at Malaysia Airlines stations worldwide.[10] i-secure benefits include:

Security arrangements at airport of origin, transit and destination. Service standard for guaranteed smooth cargo clearance Priority uplift gets your cargo released and shipped faster Utmost care during cargo inspection and handling Cargo storage in a permanent-surveillance areas.

Animal Hotel (AVI)

Opened in 1998, the same year KLIA (Kuala Lumpur International Airport) began operations, the MASkargo Animal Hotel started as a centre catering to inbound animal shipments for staging and delivery. This changed on 15 June 2004 when the Animal Hotel became a one-stop-centre. The activities included import, export and transshipment delivery and payment. Only then did it transform into a 6-star facility. The MASkargo Animal Hotel is reputed to be one of the best in the world.[11] The MASkargo Animal Hotel has over 1,297 sq m of space. The animals and pets are given ample space to roam before their flight of upon arrival.[12] The MASkargo Animal Hotel is the sole Animal Hotel in Asia, and one of three in the world.[13] The facility caters to animals such as

horses, tigers, fishes, birds, reptiles and elephants. The animals are under the care of the MASkargo team of experienced handlers, and are provided with constant supervision, from acceptance to delivery during the transit.[12] The facility is open 24 hours daily. An on-call veterinarian is available. The MASkargo Animal Hotel places emphasis on comfort, safety and hygiene.[12]

Priority Business Centre

MASkargo's Priority Business Centre is designed to serve by-invitation only customers. Initiated by MASkargo as a first of its kind in the air cargo industry, PBC is open 24 hours a day. The facility is located at Core 2 Ground Floor of MASkargo's Advanced Cargo Centre in KLIA and is staffed by a team of supervisors and officers.[14]

Perishable centre
A perishable centre was set up by MASkargo to ensure that perishable cargo remains well preserved; the one-stop centre takes care of the acceptance and delivery of the perishable cargo under one roof. MASkargo provides an unbroken cool chain" for optimum cooling conditions. Cargo is moved as soon as possible to cold rooms where up to 16 units of ULD may be stored. By doing so, the freshness of the cargo is ensured.[15]

Formula One
MASkargo is also the second official cargo airline and logistics of Formula One only for annual Malaysian Grand Prix.

Kuala Lumpur International Airport

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Kuala Lumpur International Airport (disambiguation).

Kuala Lumpur International Airport Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur

The KLIA control tower and part of the airport IATA: KUL ICAO: WMKK Summary Airport type Owner Operator Serves Location Public Government of Malaysia Malaysia Airports (Sepang) Sdn Bhd Klang Valley Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia

AirAsia AirAsia X Malaysia Airlines Malindo Air MASkargo

Hub for

Elevation AMSL

71 ft / 21 m 024444N

Coordinates

1014235ECoordinates:

024444N 1014235E
Website www.klia.com.my Map

KUL/WMKK
Location in Peninsular Malaysia

Runways Length Direction ft 14L/32R 14R/32L 14,764 13,780 m 4,500 4,200 Statistics (2012) Passenger movements 39,887,866 Concrete Concrete Surface

Airfreight movements in tonnes 673,107 Aircraft movements 283,352

Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) (IATA: KUL, ICAO: WMKK) is Malaysia's main international airport and is also one of the major airports of South East Asia serving the Greater Klang Valley conurbation. Built at a cost of US$3.5 billion[1] in Sepang district of Selangor, it is located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) from the city centre of Kuala Lumpur. The airport can currently handle 40 million passengers and 1.2 million tonnes of cargo a year. In 2010, it handled 34,087,636 passengers; in 2011 it handled 669,849 metric tonnes of cargo. It was ranked the 9th busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, and is the 4th busiest international airport in Asia. It was ranked the 19th busiest airport by cargo traffic in 2010.[2] The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports (MAHB) Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines, MASkargo, AirAsia, AirAsia X, Malindo Air and Department of Civil Aviation (DCA).

Contents

1 History o 1.1 Background o 1.2 Current Site o 1.3 Grand Opening o 1.4 Inauguration 2 Runways 3 Operations and infrastructure 4 Terminals o 4.1 Main terminal building and contact pier o 4.2 Satellite terminal A o 4.3 Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) o 4.4 KL City Air Terminal 5 Airlines and destinations o 5.1 Passenger o 5.2 Cargo 6 Statistics o 6.1 Annual Passenger Numbers o 6.2 Busiest International Routes o 6.3 Countries With Most Passengers 7 Ground transportation o 7.1 Inter-terminal transportation o 7.2 Between LCCT (Low Cost Carrier Terminal) to KLIA (Main Terminal Building) o 7.3 External connections 7.3.1 Rail o 7.4 Taxis and limousine o 7.5 Bus 7.5.1 From Main Terminal Building-KLIA Bus Station 7.5.1.1 Long distance buses outside of Klang Valley area 7.5.2 From Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) 8 Expansion and developments o 8.1 Plans o 8.2 Temporary Low Cost Carrier Terminal o 8.3 KLIA2 o 8.4 A380 Upgrades 9 Accidents and incidents 10 Gallery 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

History

Background

KLIA main entrance from the side

KLIA Main terminal architecture The ground breaking ceremony for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) took place on 1 June 1993[citation needed] when the government decided that the existing Kuala Lumpur International Airport, officially then known as Subang International Airport (now Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport) could not handle future demand. The 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia's Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad instigated the project as part of the development of the Multimedia Super Corridor a grand development plan for the nation. Upon KLIA's completion, Subang International Airport's Terminal 1 building was demolished. Malaysia Airports agreed to redevelop the remaining Terminal 3 to create Subang International Airport a specialist airport for turboprop and charter planes surrounded by a residential area and a business park. The IATA airport code KUL was inherited from Subang International Airport, which currently handles only turboprop aircraft, general aviation and military aircraft. Subsequently, Subang International Airport's IATA code was changed to SZB.

Current Site
The airport's site spans 100 square kilometres (25,000 acres)2,[1] of former agricultural land and is one of the world's largest airport sites. An ambitious three-phase development plan anticipates KLIA to have five runways and two terminals each with two satellite terminals.[3] Phase One involved the construction of the main terminal and one satellite terminal, giving a capacity of 25

million passengers, and two full service runways. The Phase One airport had sixty contact piers, twenty remote parking bays with eighty aircraft parking positions, four maintenance hangars and fire stations. Phase Two, designed to increase capacity to 35 million passengers per year is largely complete. Phase Three is anticipated to increase capacity to 100 million passengers per year.[3]

Grand Opening
Kuala Lumpur International Airport was officially inaugurated by the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Duli Yang Maha Mulia Almarhum Tuanku Ja'afar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman on 27 June 1998 at 20:30 MST, a week ahead of Hong Kong International Airport and in time for the 1998 Commonwealth Games. The first domestic arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1263 from Kuantan (Kuantan Airport) at 07:10 MST. The first international arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH188 from Mal International Airport at 07:30 MST. The first domestic departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1432 to Langkawi (Langkawi International Airport) at 07:20 MST; the first international departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH84 to Beijing (Beijing Capital International Airport) at 09:00 MST.[4]

Inauguration

Inside the main terminal building.

The Jungle boardwalk, a recreational walk path located at the centre core of the KLIA satellite terminal. The inauguration of the airport was marked with problems. Aerobridge and bay allocation systems broke down, queues built up throughout the airport and baggage handling broke down. Bags were lost and there were waits of over five hours.[5] Most of these issues were remedied

eventually, though baggage handling system was plagued with problems until it was put up for a complete replacement tender in 2007. The airport suffered greatly reduced traffic with the general reduction in economic activity brought about by the East Asian financial crisis, SARS, bird flu epidemic (Avian flu), the global financial crisis and the swine flu pandemic. 1998 saw a reduction of passenger numbers as some airlines, including All Nippon Airways, British Airways, Lufthansa (later reinstated) and Northwest Airlines, terminated their loss making services to KLIA. KLIA's first full year of operations in 1999, in its Phase One manifestation (capacity of 25 million passengers per year), saw only 13.2 million passengers.[6] Passenger numbers eventually increased to 21.1 million in 2004 and 23.2 million in 2005 though short of the originally estimated 25 million passengers per year by 2003.

Runways
Kuala Lumpur International Airport has two parallel runways, located 2 kilometers from each other, which are designed for simultaneous take-offs and landings . The first is 4,500 61 m (14,764 200 ft). The second runway is 4,200 60 m (13,780 197 ft).

Operations and infrastructure

Main article: Operations and Infrastructure of Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Infrastructure Passenger terminal buildings
(After LCCT Totals Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays (current) Relocation) 514,694 m 40 million passengers 46 (aerobridge) 68 (contact) 21 (remote)
2

692,627 m 70 million passengers LCCT Relocation Plan yet to be unveiled

Main Terminal Building 1 & Contact Pier Opened Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays 20 (aerobridge) 23 (remote) Satellite Terminal A Opened Floor area 27 June 1998 (operational) 143,404 m2 27 June 1998 (operational) 336,000 m2 5 million passengers per annum

Handling capacity Parking bays

20 million passengers per annum

26 (aerobridge) 15 (remote) Low Cost Carrier Terminal

Opened Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays

23 March 2006 (operational) 35,290 m2 15 million

30

KLIA2 Opening on 2 May 2014 Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays 68 242,000 m2 45 million

[7]

Bunga Raya Complex Opened Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays 1 27 June 1998 (official)

KLIA features a number of modern design features that assist in efficient operation of the airport. It is one of the first Asia Pacific airports to become 100% Bar Coded Boarding Pass capable.[8] AirAsia, a Malaysian passenger airline;[9] MASkargo, a cargo airline;[10] and Malaysia Airports, the Malaysian Airports operator and manager; are headquartered on the property of KLIA.[11] Malaysia Airlines operates its Flight Management Building at KLIA.[12]

Terminals
The Passenger Terminal Complex (PTC) was built with an emphasis on allowing natural light into the building. Thus, there is a huge expanse of glass throughout the building, and the spectacular roof has cut-outs for natural light to filter in. The PTC comprises three buildings the Main Terminal Building, the Satellite Building and the Contact Pier. Besides the 80-room hotel at the Satellite Building, there is a 450-room 5-star Pan Pacific KLIA hotel a 10-minute (indoor) walk away. Shopping spots are available in an area encompassing 85,000 square metres. Currently, the retail space at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport stands at 67,000 square

metres (720,000 sq ft). The airport operator plans to increase the retail space to 105,300 square metres (1,133,000 sq ft), an 62.2% increase in retail space.[citation needed] As there are international flights operating out from the airport, therefore terminals of the airport are equipped with immigration processing facilities and security scanning for all passengers including domestic passengers. The Satellite terminal handles most of the international flights, while the main terminal building's contact pier handles domestic traffic, regional international flights and international flights routed to other hubs within Malaysia. Malaysia Airlines operate from both terminals, where main terminal building's contact pier is their preferred terminal for domestic flights. Conversely, low cost carries such as AirAsia Group of Airlines, Tigerairand Cebu Pacific operates domestic and international flights out of the low cost carrier terminal.[13] The initial passenger growth was below average due to Asian Financial Crisis and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and the airport failed to reach its target capacity of 25 million passengers per annum (before the inclusion of low cost carrier terminal) by 2004. However, the recovery of Malaysia's economy boosted Kuala Lumpur International Airport's passenger movements, and the airport saw significant growth in traffic, hitting the 25 million passenger mark in 2007. In January 2008, the airport saw a growth of 8.3% in aircraft movements and 7.7% in passenger traffic to 2.17 million in January 2008 from 2.02 million in the same period last year.[14]

Main terminal building and contact pier

Malaysia Airlines at Contact Pier The Main terminal building or Terminal 1 is located in between the two runways. The floor area of the terminal covers 390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft) and the building consists of 39 square roof units, which enables future expansion of the building. There are a total of 216 check-in counters, located in 6 different islands, identified by the letters A M (excluding I). Multi check-in services are available, designed for the use of all passengers arriving, departing or in transit. On 2 February 2007, Malaysia Airports introduces 12 integrated self check-in kiosks (CUSS) for passengers. The first airline to use that system is KLM.[15] A further 24 kiosks will be added later by the airport operator[16][17] The contact pier is the rectangular-shaped terminal that is connected to the Main Terminal Building. It serves as the domestic terminal for Malaysia Airlines. Some international flights are handled there as well. Previously it used to cater to low-cost carriers' passengers. At the north

side of the pier, it can only accommodate narrow-bodied aircraft. In contrast, the south side of the contact pier can accommodate Boeing 737 and Boeing 747 or similar sized aircraft.[citation
needed]

There were plans to increase and maximize the Main Terminal Building's and Contact Pier's retail area however, the plan was postponed due to Visit Malaysia Year 2007.[18] The gates in Main Terminal Building's contact pier has alphabet prefix of A and B for domestic flights, which is accessible from domestic departures on Level 3 where passengers descend after security check, and G and H for international flights. Basically Gates G & H are sharing the same boarding lounge as Gates A & B, where after boarding and secondary security check (before boarding aircraft)passengers descend into the same boarding lounge with the doors for "A & B" on level 3 sealed off for international flights. For domestic flights, the stairs to access "G & H" are sealed off instead.

Satellite terminal A

Interior of the Satellite Terminal The 176,000 square metres (1,890,000 sq ft) satellite building accommodates international flights departing and arriving at KLIA. Passengers have to travel to the satellite building via the Aerotrain. There is a wide array of duty-free shops and prestige brand boutiques in the satellite building. This includes international brands such as Burberry, Harrods, Montblanc, Salvatore Ferragamo and recently, Mango has opened its first boutique at an airport in the Asian region.[citation needed] Among all international labels available within the terminal, some boutiques such as Harrods are only available in the airport. A number of restaurants and international airlines' lounges are available as well as an Airside Transit Hotel. Within the terminal, wireless internet (Wifi) is provided free of charge. The terminal also has prayer rooms, showers and massage service. Various lounge areas are provided, some including

children's play areas and movie lounge, broadcasting movie and sport channels.[19] The terminal also features a natural rainforest in the middle of the terminal, exhibiting the Malaysian forests.

Palm trees in the satellite building

Satellite building near the Aerotrain Under Malaysia Airports Berhad retail optimisation plan, the retail space in satellite terminal A will be further optimized to increase its revenue derived from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts to 50% by year 2010 which currently stands at 35%. Some notable improvements that will be seen after the refurbishments will be the Jungle Boardwalk which will be the first of its kind in the world and larger mezzanine floor to accommodate F&B outlets and viewing galleries.[20] The gates in Satellite Terminal A have the prefix C.The Satellite A terminal has 27 boarding gates altogether.

Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT)

KLIA Low Cost Carrier Terminal

international departure waiting lounge in LCCT before the 2008 expansion The Low cost carrier terminal (LCCT) was opened at Kuala Lumpur International Airport to cater for the growing number of users of low cost airlines, especially the passengers of Malaysia's "no-frills" airline, AirAsia. Prior to its operation as a terminal for low cost airlines, the LCCT was used for cargo purposes. The 36,000 square metres (390,000 sq ft) terminal is designed and built to suit the low cost carrier business model that requires only basic terminal amenities. As requested by the low cost airline, the terminal does not provide aerobridges. Nor are there transfer facilities like those found at the main terminal. As there is no rail link with the main terminal, passengers who need to make transfers need to clear immigration, collect their luggage, clear customs, make their way to the main terminal and re-checkin with their respective airline. LCCT is located on the opposite side of the apron from the Main Terminal Building, near the air cargo area. LCCT is about 2 km from the Main Terminal Building in direct distance, but by road is about 16 km. The current Low Cost Carrier Terminal is a temporary solution for the increasing demand of nofrills airline passengers. Therefore, Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad has plans to build a new permanent LCC terminal which can accommodate 45 million passengers per year.[21] In the meantime, the airport operator decided to expand the current terminal to keep up with the increasing demand. The new arrival hall was first open on 15 December 2008.[22] This airport was the first airport to have separation between normal carriers and low cost carrier. The terminal is due to be replaced by a new low cost carrier terminal, klia2, whose opening has been postponed several times due to various reasons. The operator has not given a new date when the terminal is expected to be operational.[23] The gates in LCCT have letter prefix of P for domestic departures and T for international departures. However this is not always followed depending on aircraft parking position and there are temporary immigration booths in domestic departure gates.

KL City Air Terminal

KL City Air Terminal, sometimes known as Kuala Lumpur City Air Terminal or KL CAT located at KL Sentral is a virtual extension of KL International Airport where city check-in

services are provided. KL City Air Terminal is recognized by International Air Transport Association which carries IATA designation XKL. Currently there are only 4 airlines providing city check-in services, they are Cathay Pacific, Emirates Airline, Malaysia Airlines and Royal Brunei Airlines. However, the situation is due to be changed as 10 SITA's AirportConnect CUTE (Common Use Terminal Equipment) were installed on 10 check-in desks in KL CAT that enables all airlines to offer city check-in service for their passengers.[24] Apart from providing check-in services, the virtual terminal operator, Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd which operates KLIA Express is planning to roll out baggage check-out service in January 2008 whereby passengers only collect their baggage and declare taxable items in Kuala Lumpur City Air Terminal.[25]

Airlines and destinations

A Malaysia Airlines Airbus A380 taxiing out for departure

KLM Boeing 747-400 getting airborne from Kuala Lumpur International Airport

A Lufthansa Airbus A340-600 on final approach to KLIA

Qatar Airways Airbus A300-600 upon arrival to KLIA

An Etihad Airways Boeing 777-300 lifting up from Kuala Lumpur International Airport

Air China Boeing 757-200 taxiing after arrival

A Japan Airlines Boeing 767-300 clearing for departure

A SriLankan Airlines Airbus A340-300 upon arrival to Kuala Lumpur International Airport

An Air India Express Boeing 737-800 taxiing out, with China Southern Airlines Airbus A319 on the foreground

Vietnam Airlines Airbus A321-300 leaving Kuala Lumpur International Airport

An Uzbekistan Airways Airbus A310-200 preparing for departure

Passenger
Airlines Air Astana Destinations Almaty Terminal Satellite

Airlines Air France Air India Express Air Koryo Air Mauritius

Destinations Paris-Charles de Gaulle Chennai Seasonal: Pyongyang MauritiusNote 1 Alor Setar, Balikpapan, Banda Aceh, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bandung, Bangkok-Don Mueang, Bangalore, Bintulu, Chiang Mai, Chennai, Denpasar, Guangzhou, Guilin, Hanoi, Hat Yai, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Johor Bahru, Kochi, Kolkata, Kota Bharu, Kota Kinabalu, Krabi, Kuala Terengganu, Kuching, Kunming, Labuan, Langkawi, Lombok, Macau, Makassar, Medan, Miri, Nanning, Padang, Palembang, Pekanbaru, Penang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Sandakan, Semarang, Shenzhen, Sibu, Siem Reap, Singapore, Solo, Surabaya, Surat Thani, Tawau, Tiruchirapalli, Vientiane, Yangon, Yogyakarta Adelaide, Beijing-Capital, Busan, Chengdu, Colombo, Gold Coast, Hangzhou, Jeddah, Kathmandu, Mal, Melbourne, Nagoya-Centrair (begins 17 March 2014),[26] Osaka-Kansai, Perth, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Haneda Cebu (begins 1 December 2013),[27] Manila Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Koh Samui Dhaka Hong Kong Manila Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Taipei-Taoyuan Shanghai-Pudong Guangzhou Charter Service Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cairo Dubai, Melbourne Addis Ababa, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi Abu Dhabi Taipei-Taoyuan Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta Bandung, Denpasar, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Makassar, Medan,

Terminal Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite

AirAsia

LCCT

AirAsia X AirAsia Zest Bangkok Airways Biman Bangladesh Airlines Cathay Pacific Cebu Pacific China Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Eaglexpress EgyptAir Emirates Ethiopian Airlines Etihad Airways EVA Air Garuda Indonesia Indonesia

LCCT LCCT Satellite Satellite Satellite LCCT Satellite Satellite Satellite Main Satellite Satellite Satelitte Satellite Satellite Satellite LCCT

Airlines AirAsia Iran Air Iraqi Airways Japan Airlines Jetstar Asia Airways KLM Korean Air Kuwait Airways Lion Air Lufthansa Mahan Air Malaysia Airlines

Destinations Surabaya Tehran-Imam Khomeini Baghdad Tokyo-Narita Singapore

Terminal Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite

Malaysia Airlines

Malaysia Airlines

Malindo Air

Malindo Air Myanmar Airways International Nepal Airlines Oman Air Pakistan International Airlines Philippine Airlines Philippine

Amsterdam, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta Satellite Seoul-Incheon Satellite Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Kuwait Satellite Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta Satellite Note 2 Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi (ends 29 March 2014), Frankfurt Satellite Tehran-Imam Khomeini Satellite Alor Star, Bintulu, Johor Bahru, Kota Bharu, Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan, Main Kuala Terengganu, Kuching, Labuan, Langkawi, Miri, Penang, (Gates ASandakan, Sibu, Tawau B) Adelaide, Amsterdam, Auckland, Beijing-Capital, Brisbane, Denpasar, Dubai, Delhi, Dhaka, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Istanbul-Atatrk, Jeddah, Satellite London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Mumbai, Osaka-Kansai, (Gates C) Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Tokyo-Narita Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Colombo, Darwin, Delhi, Denpasar, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh Main City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Kathmandu, (Gates GKochi, Kunming, Mal, Manila, Medan, Mumbai, Phnom Penh, Phuket, H) Siem Reap, Singapore, Taipei-Taoyuan, Yangon, Xiamen Note 3 Main Bintulu (begins 17 February 2014), Johor Bahru , Kota Kinabalu, (Gates AKuching, Langkawi, Penang, Sibu B) Main Denpasar, Dhaka, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Chittagong (begins 2 January (Gates G[28] 2014) H) Yangon Kathmandu Muscat Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar Manila Manila Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite

Airlines Airlines operated by PAL Express Qatar Airways Regent Airways Royal Brunei Airlines Royal Jordanian Saudia Shanghai Airlines operated for China Eastern Airlines SilkAir Singapore Airlines SriLankan Airlines Thai AirAsia Thai Airways International Thai Lion Air Tigerair Tigerair Mandala Turkish Airlines United Airways Uzbekistan Airways Vietnam Airlines Xiamen Airlines Yemenia

Destinations

Terminal

Doha, Phuket Dhaka Bandar Seri Begawan Amman-Queen Alia, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh

Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite

Shanghai-Pudong

Satellite

Singapore Singapore Colombo Bangkok-Don Mueang Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi Bangkok-Don Mueang (begins 04 December 2013)[29] Singapore Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Surabaya Istanbul-Atatrk Dhaka Tashkent Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City Fuzhou, Xiamen Dubai, Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta, Sana'a

Satellite Satellite Satellite LCCT Satellite Satellite LCCT LCCT Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite

^Note 1 Air Mauritius does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. ^Note 2 Lufthansa will not have traffic rights to transport passenger solely between Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta. ^Note 3 Malaysia Airlines regional/international flights using narrow body aircraft depart from Main Terminal Gates G/H which is actually the upper floor of Gates A/B after immigration. However this was revised when equipment in different dates are varies and change by time to time.

[show]

Domestic destinations
[show]

International destinations Cargo

Airlines Cargolux China Airlines Cargo FedEx Express Hong Kong Airlines Korean Air Cargo Destinations Baku, Chennai, Luxembourg, Singapore Chennai, Luxembourg, Penang, Taipei-Taoyuan Cebu, Guangzhou, Penang, Singapore, Tokyo-Narita Hong Kong Seoul-Incheon, Penang Amsterdam, Baku, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, ColomboBandaranaike, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Labuan, Manila, Medan, Penang, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharjah, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita
[30]

Terminal Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo

MASkargo

Cargo

Anchorage, Bangalore, Chennai, Hong Kong, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Transmile Johor Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Luik, Malmo, Manila, Medan, Air Services Mumbai, Nagoya, Osaka-Kansai, Penang, Riverside, Shanghai-Pudong, Shenzhen, Singapore, Tokyo-Narita, Taipei-Taoyuan Shenzhen, Osaka, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Seoul, Taipei, Manila, Bangkok, UPS Airlines Mumbai, Anchorage, Los Angeles, Louisville, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Miami, New York, Vancouver, Toronto [31]

Cargo

Cargo

Statistics
Annual Passenger Numbers
Operational statistics of Kuala Lumpur International Airport[32] Year Passenger movements Aircraft movements Cargo handled (tonnes) 1998 6,524,405 64,123 156,641 1999 13,172,635 116,589 417,068 2000 14,732,876 109,925 510,594 2001 14,538,831 113,590 440,864 2002 16,398,230 127,952 527,124

Operational statistics of Kuala Lumpur International Airport[32] Year Passenger movements Aircraft movements Cargo handled (tonnes) 2003 17,454,564 139,590 586,195 2004 21,058,572 165,115 651,747 2005 23,213,926 182,537 653,654 2006 24,129,748 183,869 672,888 2007 26,453,379 193,710 644,100 2008 27,529,355 211,228 649,077 2009 29,682,093 226,751 584,559 2010 34,087,636 245,650 674,902 2011 37,704,510 269,509 669,849 2012 39,887,866 283,352 673,107

Busiest International Routes

Busiest international routes to and from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (2012)[33] % Change Rank Airport Passengers handled 2011 / 12 1 Singapore 3,110,166 5.6 2 Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta 1,843,397 18.8 3 Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi 1,454,245 1.1 4 Hong Kong 1,309,000 0.5 5 Denpasar 782,861 1.5 6 Ho Chi Minh City 733,523 12.0 7 Taipei-Taoyuan 695,284 6.2 8 Melbourne 635,105 7.7 9 Dubai 631,210 2.6 10 Guangzhou 608,533 2.1 11 Medan 585,430 10.3 12 Phuket 574,935 10.6 13 Seoul-Incheon 565,936 9.0 14 Surabaya 521,061 5.5 15 Sydney 506,610 32.8 16 London-Heathrow 486,427 12.2 17 Chennai 478,506 8.1 18 Perth 466,457 3.7 19 Dhaka 446,024 17.0 20 Manila 423,905 31.7 21 Colombo 403,358 20.6 22 Amsterdam 389,849 1.8 23 Beijing-Capital 389,567 58.1

Busiest international routes to and from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (2012)[33] % Change Rank Airport Passengers handled 2011 / 12 24 Shanghai-Pudong 381,174 0.8 25 Doha 358,643 43.5 26 Bandung 335,766 6.6 27 Tokyo-Narita 318,357 8.8 28 Jeddah 311,508 11.5 29 Bandar Seri Begawan 310,709 7.3 30 Phnom Penh 293,236 11.4

Countries With Most Passengers

Countries with maximum passengers to/from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (2012)[33] Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Country/Region Indonesia Singapore Thailand China Australia India Hong Kong Vietnam United Arab Emirates Japan Taiwan South Korea Philippines Passengers handled 4,805,197 3,110,166 2,622,500 2,250,302 2,025,133 1,471,248 1,309,000 1,067,586 874,802 728,955 712,258 565,936 556,291 % Change 2011 / 12 9.8 5.6 15.2 4.3 3.0 10.9 0.5 17.5 11.7 46.8 5.0 9.0 34.5

Countries with maximum passengers to/from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (2012)[33] Rank 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Country/Region United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Bangladesh Cambodia Sri Lanka Netherlands Qatar Passengers handled 525,637 460,235 446,024 423,888 403,358 389,849 358,643 % Change 2011 / 12 10.9 11.9 17.0 11.0 20.6 1.8 43.5

Ground transportation
Inter-terminal transportation

Aerotrain station in Satellite Building The main terminal and its satellite are well connected by an automated people mover (called Aerotrain). Each 250-person capacity train can transport 3,000 passengers per hour in each direction at up to 56 km/h (35 mph). These three-car driverless trains run every five minutes on elevated rail and under the taxiways. The journey takes under two minutes. The Aerotrain is completely automated and shuttles passengers between the main terminal building and satellite building. There are many benefits that the Aerotrain offers such as the short journey time, simplicity and fail-safe operation, and resistance against breakdown. The train system uses pneumatic rubber-typed wheels to provide comfort for the passengers riding on the train. The Tracked Transit System (TTS) connects to two stations. One station is in the center of the contact

piers International level and one that is close to the center of the satellite terminals departure/arrival level. The TTS transports passengers over an elevated guideway that is 4,219 feet. It travels under the taxiways between the main terminal and satellite buildings. The Aerotrain operates between three to five-minute intervals between terminal buildings. The total round trip time takes five minutes and five seconds with a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour. There are two three-car trains that are able to handle 5,805 passengers per hour each direction. Each train-car has a maximum capacity of 83 passengers. Automatic train control manages the operation of the entire Aerotrain system. They are in control of vehicle speeds, headways, stops and door opening in stations. They are able to integrate all functions that enhance the reliability and performance of the systems[34]

Between LCCT (Low Cost Carrier Terminal) to KLIA (Main Terminal Building)
There is no "air-side" transit between the LCCT and the Main Terminal Building. All passengers have to clear Immigration and Customs upon arrival at the LCCT before proceeding to the Main Terminal Building to re-check in for flights and vice versa. Airport Liner: (Bus service) Provides bus service from LCCT to KLIA. For passengers who wish to continue journey to Nilai Komuter station, this is the same bus that you have to take, with a change of buses at KLIA. This bus awaits passengers at the 3rd taxi lane from the terminal, not with the other buses.

External connections
Rail Main articles: KLIA Express, KLIA Transit, KLIA ERL station, KL Sentral Kuala Lumpur International Airport can be reached by the KLIA Express and the KLIA Transit train services. KLIA Express provides a non-stop express train service to the KL City Air Terminal (KL CAT) which has an IATA designation XKL, part of the Kuala Lumpur Sentral transportation hub in Kuala Lumpur. The non-stop trip between Kuala Lumpur and KLIA is 57 kilometers and takes exactly 28 minutes. Passengers departing from KL CAT can check in their luggage for flights on Emirates, Cathay Pacific, Royal Brunei Airlines and Malaysia Airlines. Whereas KLIA Transit is a high-speed commuter train service linking Kuala Lumpur Sentral, and the Kuala Lumpur International Airport ERL station. It shares the same tracks as the KLIA Express but with stops at three intermediate stations. Check-in facilities are not available at KLIA Transit stations. Passengers to/from Low Cost Carrier Terminal can reach KLIA ERL station by boarding the Feeder Bus provided,such as Skybus and Aerobus.

Taxis and limousine

Airport taxis or airport limousines are provided by Airport Limo. The taxis and limousines are readily available at the Taxi and Limousine counters. They run from airport itself to destinations in Klang Valley and Greater Klang Valley. The fares are to be paid at the counter and are

charged according to the destinations' zone. A surcharge is applied for services between 12 am to 5 am

Bus
Both public and private buses connect KLIA to several points in Kuala Lumpur and beyond. From Main Terminal Building-KLIA Bus Station All buses to the Main Terminal Building go to "KLIA Bus Station" which is located at the basement in Carpark C. It is accessible by going to Level 2 and proceeding to the carpark entrance/walkway to the Hotel and taking a dedicated escalator/stairs down. (Elevators are also available) It has its own convenience store, cafe, toilets as well as bus ticketing counters which resemble common long-distance bus ticketing counters throughout Malaysia.[35] Airport Coach: (May be known as "Express Coach")

To KL Sentral

Airport Liner:

To LCCT To Nilai Komuter station (passengers from LCCT are required to "transit" in KLIA Bus Station without having to buy a new ticket, if they have paid for their journey from LCCT to Nilai Komuter Station)

Cityliner

To Banting Town Bus Station

Star Shuttle

To Pudu Sentral To Jalan Ipoh (North of KL City)

Long distance buses outside of Klang Valley area

YoYo Bus

[36]

To Ipoh (also calls at LCCT) To Johor Bahru

From Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT)

All buses to LCCT depart from an open-air "bus park" at the end of the terminal, towards a big food court except for "Airport Liner" (to KLIA-Main Terminal Building and Nilai Komuter and the "ERL shuttle bus" which ferries passengers to Salak Tinggi ERL Station Skybus:

To KL Sentral To Bandar Utama

Aerobus:

To KL Sentral. To Genting Highlands.

Jetbus:

To Terminal Bersepadu Selatan, Bandar Tasik Selatan

Expansion and developments

Plans

KLIA Aeropolis Masterplan Under the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport Masterplan, a new runway and a new satellite building will be constructed to accommodate the increasing number of passengers. The airport Phase 2 development plan is to handle 40 million ( 5 Million) passengers per year by 2008 with the expansion of low cost carrier terminal. For phase 3, the airport will expand to handle 75 million ( 35 million) passengers per annum with the construction of a new satellite terminal and replacement of current low cost carrier terminal with a new low cost carrier terminal that will be capable of handling 30 million passengers alone. Under Phase 4, the airport will be capable to handle 100 million passengers per annum by 2020.[citation needed] With the slight modification of the masterplan, the future Terminal 2's satellite terminal will be combined into one satellite terminal. The expansion of Terminal 2's satellite terminal will be exactly the same as Terminal 1's satellite terminal, where initially the satellite terminal will have four arms, and another four arms when the terminal reached its capacity. There is sufficient land

and capacity to develop facilities to handle up to 100 million passengers a year, five runways by the year 2020 and two mega-terminals, each linked with satellite terminals.[3] The airport's vicinity will include hiking trails for jet-lagged travelers, golf courses, convention center, a theme park, a shopping center, hotels, and a wetlands nature preserve. Sepang International Circuit, which hosts Formula One, A1 Grand Prix, Super GT, IndyCar Series and MotoGP races, is also nearby. There has also been a proposal for a monorail link to the F1 circuit. The development plan is due to be ready by April 2008.[37]

[show]Summary of Kuala Lumpur International Airport Masterplan

Temporary Low Cost Carrier Terminal

With an increasing number of passengers using the 'Low Cost Carrier Terminal '(LCCT), MAHB approved an expansion beginning early 2007 to accommodate more passengers as the current LCCT is nearly at full capacity. The expansion of LCCT also shows the support for launch of Malaysia's first long haul low cost carrier, AirAsia X by making the terminal able to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft that are used by AirAsia X[38] However, the Low Cost Carrier Terminal is a temporary solution for budget travellers, MAHB submitted a proposal to the Transport Ministry to build a new, permanent LCC hub in between the main terminal building and satellite building A to replace the present Low Cost Carrier terminal.[39] The airport operator has announced that the construction works for the extension of LCCT will begin in March 2008 and expected to complete by December 2008. The capacity for the LCCT will increase from 10 million passengers a year to 15 million passengers a year. A proposal for a more permanent building to house a new LCCT has been submitted and expected to have a capacity for 30 million passengers a year. It is also expected that the new LCCT will be completed by April 2012.[40] It is expected that the current LCCT will be converted into a cargo hub once the new terminal is completed.[41] The RM124 million LCCT expansion project tender was won by Fajarbaru Builder Group Bhd and construction work is expected to begin March 2008.[42] The new international arrival hall was opened on 15 December 2008 with expectation that the rest of the wing will be fully operational by March 2009.[22] The international departure hall was finally open on 18 March 2009 which expanded the handling capacity from 600 passengers at one time to 3200 passengers.[43]

KLIA2

Artist's impression of 'KLIA 2', the new KLIA expansion that set to replace the current Low cost carrier terminal. KLIA2 is the latest extension of KLIA and will replace the current low cost carrier terminal. Despite original plans to locate the new terminal north of the main KLIA terminal (KLIA North) it is currently under construction at KLIA West.[44] Completion of the terminal has been revised four times, with the original date set at April 2010.[45] The third opening date was announced by Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak, who requested the new terminal be opened on June 28, 2013 to coincide with the opening date of the main terminal, June 28, 1998.[46] The current opening date for KLIA2 is set at May 2, 2014.[47] When the terminal is completed KLIA2 will be the largest low cost carrier terminal in the South East Asian region with a total area of 257,000 square meters. There will be a total of 68 aircraft parking bays with departure gates for each parking bay, allowing the new terminal to cater up to 45 million passengers annually. There will also be a third runaway which is located 2.2 km from the second runaway.[48] An extension of the Express Rail Link to klia2 is under construction and is expected to open at the same time as the terminal. It involves a 2.14 km line extension.[49] On 15 July 2010, the was announced that Bina Puri with partner UEM Construction has won the tender to build the terminal for MYR 997.23 million. Construction works is expected to complete within 20 months.[50]

A380 Upgrades
The operator of Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad, had spent about RM135 million (approx US$39 million) to upgrade facilities at the KL International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang to accommodate the Airbus A380. Upgrading works started on 3 April 2006, and was completed by 28 May 2007. Works include the provision of shoulders on both sides of the two existing runways of 15 meters as well as the taxiways, building additional aerobridges at the three departure halls, namely C17, C27 and C37, and enhancing the mezzanine lounges for upper deck passengers of the aircraft at the departure halls. Emirates operates flights to Kuala Lumpur with the Airbus A380 commenced on 1 January 2012.[51] Malaysia Airlines also started its A380 services from Kuala Lumpur to London on 1 July 2012.[51]

Accidents and incidents

In 2001, a Saudia Boeing 747 aircraft suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while being taxied from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured. 14 July 2007 An aerobridge suddenly shifted downwards, damaging the door of a Malaysia Airlines Airbus A330 bound for Beijing. The aerobridge was not occupied at the time, and no passengers or crew were injured.[52] 15 October 2007 A Palestinian national managed to hide in the landing nose gear of flight SQ119, from KLIA to Changi Airport, Singapore. He was discovered in Singapore as he fell 2.4 meters from the nose wheel after landing. Despite the cold, thin air during

flight, the man survived but was apprehended in Singapore. KLIA authorities have yet to find the cause of the security breach.[53] 9 April 2008 Armed robbers shot six people in a three-minute heist and walked away with RM 3.5 million in cash. The incident happened at 7.30 pm at Door 8 when two moneychangers and two security guards walking towards the gate were ambushed by six men from a BMW vehicle. Victims were seriously injured but in stable condition.[54] 9 January 2009 A small fire broke out in the LCC terminal, shutting down the terminal for two hours and delaying 20 flights. The fire was caused by a welding spark in the construction area of the terminal.[55] 3 March 2011 56 flights at the KL International Airport KLIA were delayed after a bomb, believed to be from World War II, was found at the site of the KLIA2 construction site.

World's busiest airport

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The definition of the world's busiest airport has been specified by the Airports Council International in Geneva, Switzerland.[1] The ACI defines and measures the following three types of airport traffic:

Passenger traffic: total passengers emplaned and deplaned, passengers in transit counted once[2] Cargo traffic: loaded and unloaded freight and mail in metric tonnes[3] Traffic movements: landings and take-offs of aircraft[4]

Contents

1 Busiest airports 2 Historical claims 3 Non-standard claims 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Busiest airports
The following airports make claims based on objective volume measures that are defined above:

HartsfieldJackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, United States: Largest number of passengers annually (1998present);[5]

Most aircraft movements annually (19992000, 2005present);[6] In 2007, Hartsfield again set the world's record for most aircraft movements in one year with 994,346.[7]

Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Most cargo traffic by weight annually (2010-present).[8]

Airports of London combined, London, United Kingdom Largest number of passengers annually in all city airports combined (2010).[9]

London Heathrow Airport, United Kingdom Largest number of international passengers annually (2004present).[10]

Historical claims

Chicago Midway International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, United States In the late 1940s, Chicago Midway was the busiest airport in the United States by total aircraft operations i.e., including every training aircraft practicing take-offs and landings.[11] New York LaGuardia had the most airline operations and passengers until the early 1950s, when Chicago became the busiest airport in the United States by any criterion. Before World War II, Chicago Midway was the origin or destination of one in four U.S. airline flights,[12] although a 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows more airline flights scheduled at Newark than at Chicago.[citation needed]

Memphis International Airport, Memphis, Tennessee, United States As the home of Fedex Express, Memphis had the largest cargo operations worldwide from 1993 to 2009. It remains the busiest cargo airport in the US and the Western Hemisphere.[citation needed]

Non-standard claims

Wittman Regional Airport, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States The world's busiest airport by traffic movements during the seven-day EAA AirVenture Oshkosh event. 25,000 traffic movements are handled in a week during the yearly event,[13] and air traffic controllers are picked by a competitive selection process to handle this traffic. During the event, a banner reading "WORLD'S BUSIEST CONTROL TOWER" is hung from the control tower.

Gatwick Airport, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the centre of Crawley, West Sussex, United Kingdom (approximately 45.7 km (28.4 mi) south of Central London).[14]

Gatwick has the world's busiest single-use runway. It does have two runways on site but the close proximity of the two and the length and lack of guidance for the second means that only one is used.[15] It is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow.[16] The DCA is established as an agency under the Ministry of Transport (MOT) Malaysia to provide safe, efficient and orderly flow of air transportation, and to regulate aviation activities in Malaysia. The rapid expansion of Malaysias aviation and air transport industries is largely due to the pragmatic approach taken by DCA in ensuring compliance to standards and recommended practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Our website is designed to be informative for the industry players and the public to access information on the aviation industry. It is hoped that the website will be of great help.

Malaysia Airlines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Malaysia Airlines Sistem Penerbangan Malaysia

IATA MH Founded Commenced operations Hubs

ICAO MAS

Callsign MALAYSIAN

1 May 1947 (66 years ago) (as Malayan Airways) 1 October 1972 (41 years ago)

Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kota Kinabalu International Secondary hubs Airport Enrich Frequent-flyer Grads program Airport lounge Alliance Subsidiaries Golden Lounge Oneworld[1] Firefly MASwings

MASkargo

100 61 exl. code-share and subsidiaries` Journeys Are Made by the People Company slogan You Travel With Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad Parent company (Government Holding Company) Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Headquarters Subang, Selangor, Malaysia Tan Sri Md Nor Yusof (Chairman) Ahmad Jauhari Yahya (Managing Director) Key people Mohd. Rashdan Mohd. Yusof (Resign) [2] MYR 13.76 billion (2012)[3] Revenue MYR -430.7 million (2012)[3] Net income www.malaysiaairlines.com Website Fleet size Destinations Malaysia Airlines (MAS) (Malay: Sistem Penerbangan Malaysia; Chinese: ; pinyin: Malixya Hngkng Gngs, abbreviated ) MYX: 3786 is the flag carrier of Malaysia. Malaysia Airlines (MAS) operates flights from its home base, Kuala Lumpur International Airport and with a secondary hub at Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. The airline has its headquarters on the grounds of Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor, in Greater Kuala Lumpur it is the 1st Oneworld member to not be sponsored by International Airlines Group and British Airways instead it's Oneworld sponsor is Qantas. Malaysia Airlines operates flights in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Middle East and on the Kangaroo Route between Europe and Australasia. It operates transpacific flights from Kuala Lumpur to Los Angeles, via Tokyo. Apart from the airline the group also includes aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO),[4] and aircraft handling. Malaysia Airlines has two airline subsidiaries: Firefly and MASwings. Firefly operates scheduled flights from its two home bases Penang International Airport and Subang International Airport. The airline focuses on tertiary cities. MASwings focuses on inter-Borneo flights. Malaysia Airlines has a freighter fleet operated by MASKargo, which manages freighter flights and aircraft cargo-hold capacity for all Malaysia Airlines' passenger flights. MASCharter is another subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines, operating charter flights using Malaysia Airlines' aircraft. After recovering from past losses, Malaysia Airlines is keen on merger and acquisition (M&A) activities: particularly airlines in the Asia Pacific region.[5] Malaysia Airlines was ranked second with score 88 in Aviation Week's Top Performing Companies which measures financial viability of an airline.[6]

Contents

1 History o 1.1 Malayan Aviation History o 1.2 Beginnings o 1.3 Incorporation o 1.4 Expansion o 1.5 First period of unprofitability o 1.6 Second period of unprofitability o 1.7 Recovery from unprofitability o 1.8 Third unprofitability o 1.9 Business Turnaround Plan 2 Corporate information o 2.1 Head office o 2.2 Subsidiaries o 2.3 Financial highlights o 2.4 Branding 2.4.1 Corporate image 2.4.1.1 Malaysia Airlines cabin staff 2.4.2 Corporate logo o 2.5 Alliance o 2.6 MHbuddy social networking service 3 Destinations o 3.1 A380 Milestones o 3.2 Codeshare agreements 4 Fleet 5 Services o 5.1 Airport lounge o 5.2 Cabin 5.2.1 First Class 5.2.2 Business Class 5.2.3 Economy Class 5.2.4 'Baby ban' and 'Child-free zone' o 5.3 In-flight entertainment 6 Frequent-flyer programs o 6.1 Enrich by Malaysia Airlines o 6.2 Grads 7 Accidents and incidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

History
In 1987, Malaysia Airlines commenced operations after the airline changed its name from

Malaysian Airline System. The airline began in 1947 as Malayan Airways, being renamed Malaysian Airways after Malaysia gained independence. After that, it changed its name once more to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines and thereafter ceased its operation. It was then divided into Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines.

An Airspeed Consul, the first aircraft type operated by Malayan Airways.

Malayan Aviation History

Scheduled air passenger and mail services in Malaya commenced in 1937 when Wearne's Air Service (WAS) commenced operating services between Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Penang. Wearne's Air Service was started by two Australian brothers, Theodore and Charles Wearnes.[7] The service commenced as a thrice weekly flight between Singapore and Penang The first flight, using an 8-seater de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapide took place on 28 June 1937[8] This inaugural flight departed Singapore from the then brand-new Kallang Airport which had just opened earlier in the same month on 12 June[9] Later a second D.H.89A enabled the expansion to daily services as well as the addition of Ipoh as a destination. The WAS services ceased with the onset of the Second World War Japanese occupation of Malaya and Singapore.

Beginnings

An MSA Boeing 707 at Zrich-Kloten Airport. (1972) An initiative[10] by the Alfred Holt's Liverpool-based Ocean Steamship Company, in partnership with the Straits Steamship Company[11] and Imperial Airways, resulted in the incorporation in Singapore on 12 October 1937, Malayan Airways Limited (MAL). But the first paying passengers could be welcomed on board only some 10 years later. After the war, MAL was restructured to include just the partnership of Straits Steamship and Ocean Steamship. The airline's first flight was a charter flight from the British Straits Settlement of Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, on 2 April 1947, using an Airspeed Consul twin-engined aircraft.[12] This inaugural

flight on the "Raja Udang",[13] with only five passengers, departed Singapore's Kallang Airport and was bound for Kuala Lumpur's Sungai Besi Airport. Weekly scheduled flights quickly followed from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh and Penang from 1 May 1947 with the same aircraft type.[14] The airline continued to expand during the rest of the 1940s and 1950s, as other British Commonwealth airlines (such as BOAC and Qantas Empire Airways) provided technical assistance, as well as assistance in joining IATA. By 1955, Malayan Airways' fleet had grown to include a large number of Douglas DC-3s, and went public in 1957. Other aircraft operated in the first two decades included the Douglas DC-4 Skymaster, the Vickers Viscount, the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, the Bristol Britannia, the De Havilland Comet 4 and the Fokker F27. Over the next few years, the airline expanded rapidly, boosted by post-war air travel demand when flying became more than a privilege for the rich and famous. By 12 April 1960, the airline was operating Douglas DC-3s, Super Constellations and Viscounts on new routes from Singapore to Hong Kong, and from Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok via Penang. Flights were also introduced from Singapore to cities in the Borneo Territories, including Brunei, Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), Kuching, Sandakan and Sibu. In 1957, the airline became a state-run stock corporation. With the delivery of an 84-seat Bristol Britannia in 1960, the airline launched its first long-haul international flight, to Hong Kong. When Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the airline's name was changed, from "Malayan Airways" to "Malaysian Airlines" (though still abbreviated to MAS). MAS also took over Borneo Airways. In 1966, following Singapore's separation from the federation, the airline's name was changed again, to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA). The next year saw a rapid expansion in the airline's fleet and routes, including the purchase of MSA's first Boeing aircraft: the Boeing 707s, as well as completion of a new high-rise headquarters in Singapore. Boeing 737s were added to the fleet soon afterward.

Incorporation

Boeing 737-200 of MAS at Brunei International Airport in 1987. The differing needs of the two shareholders, however, led to the break-up of the airline just 6 years later. The Singapore government preferred to develop the airline's international routes, while the Malaysian government had no choice but to develop the domestic network first before going regional and eventually international. MSA ceased operations in 1972, with its assets split between two new airlines; Malaysian Airline System (MAS), and Singapore Airlines. With the Singapore government determined to develop Singapore Airlines' international routes,

it took the entire fleet of seven Boeing 707s and five Boeing 737s, which would allow it to continue servicing its regional and long-haul international routes. Since most of MSA's international routes were flown out of Singapore, the majority of international routes were in the hands of Singapore Airlines. In addition, MSA's headquarters, which was located in Singapore, became the headquarters of that airline. The initials MSA were well regarded as an airline icon, and both carriers tried to use them. Malaysian went for MAS by just transposing the last two letters and choosing the name Malaysian Airline System, while Singapore originally proposed the name Mercury Singapore Airlines to keep the MSA initials, but changed its mind and went for SIA instead. Acronyms for airline names later became less fashionable, and both carriers then moved on to their descriptive names.

Expansion
Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, in millions

Year 1975 1979 1981 1990 1995 2000

Source:Air Transport World

Traffic 1633 2825 4290 11909 22558 37939

Malaysia Airlines DC-10-30, a backbone for the medium-long haul expansion of the airline from 1976 to March 2000. Malaysian Airline System took all domestic routes within Malaysia and international routes out of that country, as well as the remaining fleet of Fokker F27's. It began flights on 1 October 1972 and soon expanded, including introducing flights from Kuala Lumpur to London. In that year MAS operated flights to more than 34 regional destinations and six international services. In 1976, after receiving its DC-10-30 aircraft, MAS scheduled flights reached Europe, with initial flights from Kuala Lumpur to Amsterdam, Paris and Frankfurt. An economic boom in Malaysia during the 1980s spurred growth at Malaysia Airlines. By the

end of the decade MAS was flying to 47 overseas destinations, including eight European destinations, seven Oceania destinations, and United States destinations of Los Angeles and Honolulu. In 1993 Malaysia Airlines reached South America when the airline received its Boeing 747 aircraft. MAS became the first airline in Southeast Asia to serve South America via its flights to Buenos Aires, Argentina. Malaysia Airlines also flew to Mexico City between 1994 and 1998 with fifth-freedom rights to carry passengers between Mexico City and Los Angeles, en route to Kuala Lumpur.

First period of unprofitability

Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, the airline suffered losses of as much as RM 260 million after earning a record-breaking RM319 million profit in the financial year 1996/1997. The airline then introduced measures to bring its P&L back into the black. For the financial year 1999/2000, the airline cut its losses from RM700 million in the year 1998/1999 to RM259 million. However, the airline plunged into further losses in the following year, amounting to RM417 million in FY2000/2001 and RM836 million in FY2001/2002. With these losses, the airline cut many unprofitable routes, such as Brussels, Darwin, Honolulu, Madrid, Munich and Vancouver. The airline recovered from its losses in the year 2002/2003. It achieved its then-highest profit in the year 2003/2004, totaling RM461 million.

Second period of unprofitability

Regional services flown by Fokker F50s, such as this one, were once operated at a substantial loss. In the year 2005, Malaysia Airlines reported a loss of RM1.3 billion. Revenue for the financial period was up by 10.3% or RM826.9 million, compared to the same period for 2004, driven by a 10.2% growth in passenger traffic. International passenger revenue increased by RM457.6 million or 8.4%, to RM5.9 billion, while cargo revenue decreased by RM64.1 million or 4.2%, to RM1.5 billion. Costs increased by 28.8% or RM2.3 billion, amounting to a total of RM 10.3 billion, primarily due to escalating fuel prices. Other cost increases included staff costs, handling and landing fees, aircraft maintenance and overhaul charges, Widespread Assets Unbundling (WAU) charges and leases.[15]

The Government of Malaysia appointed Idris Jala as the new CEO on 1 December 2005, to execute changes in operations and corporate culture. Several weaknesses in airline operations were identified as the causes of the RM1.3 billion loss. These included esclating fuel prices, increased maintenance and repair costs, staff costs, low yield per available seat kilometre ("ASK") via poor yield management and an inefficient route network. Under the leadership of Idris Jala, Malaysia Airlines launched its Business Turnaround Plan in 2006, developed using the Government-linked company (GLC) Transformation Manual as a guide. The most substantial factor in the losses was fuel costs. For the period, the total fuel cost was RM3.5 billion, representing a 40.4% increase compared to the same period in 2004. Total fuel cost increases comprised RM977.8 million due to higher fuel prices and another RM157.6[15] million due to additional consumption. In the third quarter, fuel costs were RM1.26 billion, compared to the RM1.01 billion in the corresponding period in 2004, resulting in a 24.6% increase or RM249.3 million.[15] Another factor for the losses was poor revenue management. MAS substantially lagged its peers on yield. Some of this gap was due to differences in traffic mix,[16] with less business traffic to and from Malaysia than to and from Singapore, but much of it was due to weaknesses in pricing and revenue management, sales and distribution, brand presence in foreign markets, and alliance base. Malaysia Airlines has one of the lowest labour costs per ASK at USD0.41, compared to other airlines such as Cathay Pacific and Singapore Airlines at USD0.59 and USD0.60[16] respectively. However, despite low labour costs, the ratio of ASK revenue to this cost was, at 2.8, much lower than Singapore Airlines, where the ratio is 5.0, and slightly higher than Thai International Airways[16] There are other factors listed in the Business Turnaround Plan of Malaysia Airlines, all leading to the net loss of RM1.3 billion in the year 2005.

Recovery from unprofitability

Under the various initiatives, launched together with the Business Turnaround Plan, Malaysia Airlines switched from losses to profitability between FY2006 and FY2007. When the Business Turnaround Plan came to an end, the airline posted a record profit of 851 million Ringgit (265 million dollars) in 2007, ending a series of losses since 2005. The result exceeded the target of RM300 Million by 184%.[17] Route rationalising was one of the major contributors to the airline's return to profitability. Malaysia Airlines pared its domestic routes from 114 to 22, and also cancelled virtually all unprofitable international routes (such as Kuala Lumpur-Manchester, that required a 140% load factor to break even). Apart from that, Malaysia Airlines also rescheduled all of its flight timings and changed its operations model from point to point services to hub and spoke services. Additionally, the airline started Project Omega and Project Alpha to improve the company's network and revenue management. Emphasis has been placed on six areas: pricing, revenue management, network scheduling, opening storefronts, low season strategy and distribution management.

Malaysia Airlines has been involved in discussions for new aircraft purchases, using its cash surplus of 5.3 billion Ringgit to eventually purchase 55 narrow-body aircraft and 55 wide-body aircraft.[18] Despite these achievements, critics continue to deride the carrier for lagging behind its competitors in the region. This notion is not helped by the fact Malaysia Airlines has not made substantial investments in customer service, especially compared to Thai Airways or Singapore Airlines. On 22 December 2009, Malaysia Airlines announced the purchase of 15 new Airbus A330 aircraft, with options for another 10. Expected to be delivered between 2011 and 2016, they are intended to operate on medium-haul routes to eastern Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. The airline's plans are to run Airbus A380 planes, which will be introduced into service in 2012, on long-haul routes, A330s on medium-haul routes, and Boeing 737 aircraft on short-haul routes. Under this plan, it is unclear where Boeing wide-bodies currently in the fleet would fall.[19]

Third unprofitability
In 2011, Malaysia Airlines recorded a stunning net loss of RM2.52 billion due to rising fuel costs and mismanagement which was the largest in its company history. The company ceased operations to Surabaya, Karachi, Dubai, Dammam and Johannesburg in January, and ceased flights to Cape Town, Buenos Aires as well as Rome in February.

Business Turnaround Plan

On 28 February 2013, Ahmad Jauhari Yahya, the group Chief Executive Officer, reported a net profit of RM51.4mil for the fourth quarter, reversing the net loss of RM1.3bil a year earlier. MAS' improved financial performance last year was mainly attributable to its route rationalization programme, which saw an overall 6% reduction in available seat kilometre (ASK). This was matched by a marginal 2% reduction in revenue to RM13.76bil in 2012 and seat factor holding at 74.7%. The reduced ASK also helped MAS register a corresponding 13% decrease in expenditure.[20]

Corporate information
Malaysia Airlines is listed on the stock exchange of Bursa Malaysia under the name Malaysian Airline System Berhad. The airline suffered high losses over the years due to poor management and fuel price increases. As a result of financial restructuring (Widespread Asset Unbundling)[15] in 2002, led by BinaFikir, Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad became its parent company, incorporated in 2002, in exchange for assuming the airline's long-term liabilities. On the operational side, the Government of Malaysia appointed Idris Jala as the new CEO on 1 December 2005, to execute changes in operations and corporate culture. Under his leadership, Malaysia Airlines unveiled its Business Turnaround Plan (BTP) in February, 2006, which identified low yield, an inefficient network and low productivity (overstaffing). The airline headquarters building in downtown Kuala Lumpur was sold.[citation needed] The new corporate headquarters is now at the MAS Complex on the grounds of Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in

Subang, Selangor.[21]

Boeing 747-400 9M-MPD of Malaysia Airlines in the special "Hibiscus" livery, taking off at Heathrow Airport. Following the Widespread Asset Unbundling (WAU) restructuring of Malaysia Airlines, Malaysian Government investment arm and holding company, Khazanah Nasional's subsidiary, Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad[22] is the majority shareholder with a 52.0% stake.[22] After Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad, the second-largest shareholder is Khazanah Nasional, which holds 17.33% of the shares. Minority shareholders include Employees Provident Fund Board (10.72%), Amanah Raya Nominees (Tempatan) Sdn Bhd (5.69%), State Financial Secretary Sarawak (2.71%), foreign shareholders (5.13%)[22] and Warisan Harta Sabah (2.4%). It has 19,546 employees (as of March, 2007).[23] The Malaysian government reported that the government's holding company, Khazanah Nasional is keen on selling shares of Malaysia Airlines to remain globally competitive in an industry which is fast-consolidating.[5]

Head office
The airline has its headquarters and registered office on the third floor of Administration Building A at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor, in Greater Kuala Lumpur.[24] The head office is located near Terminal 3 of the airport.[25] Previously the airline headquarters were on the third floor of the MAS Administrative Complex at Subang Airport,[26][27] in Subang.[25] Prior to the construction of the Kuala Lumpur MAS headquarters, the airline rented space in the UMBC headquarters.[28] The airline had a permanent corporate headquarters in the Bangunan MAS,[29] a 34-36 story[25][28] building it owned along Jalan Sultan Ismail,[28] in the Golden Triangle.[25] The airline occupied 20 stories in the building.[25] The building was built for RM88mil. In 2005 The Star said that the building was "reported to be worth between RM300mil and RM350mil".[28] At one time before 2005 the airline chaiperson, Raja Tun Mohar, made an oral promise to Tun Abdul Razak of the Government of Malaysia that the airline would not sell its headquarters.[28] The airline had 600 employees in the building.[25] In 2006,[25] the airline moved its head office from the Kuala Lumpur building to the former headquarters in Subang,[25] in order to reduce inefficiencies and generate cash.[30] Channel News Asia stated that the airline had been "forced" to sell the former headquarters.[31] Idris Jala, the managing director, said that the sale could net RM3bil. In the event it did not, the airline would

try to rent out the floors it occupied. The first phase was scheduled to occur from January to March of that year, with the chairperson, executive director, managing director, company secretary, corporate communication officer, and finance communication officer moving to the Subang facility. In June 2006, Phase II was planned as a move for the distribution, marketing, and sales divisions of the company, to Administration Block Three.[25] Around 2007 Permodalan Nasional Bhd purchased Bangunan MAS from the airline. The new owners planned to remodel the building, by installing a five star hotel apartment block and upgrade the offices to Grade A++.[32] The airline planned to relocate its headquarters from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport to Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang, Selangor in Greater Kuala Lumpur in February 2012.[33]

Subsidiaries
Main article: Malaysia Airlines Subsidiaries Malaysia Airlines has diversified into related industries and sectors, including aircraft ground handling, aircraft leasing, aviation engineering, air catering, and tour operator operations. It has also restructured itself by spinning-off operational units as fully owned subsidiaries, to maintain its core business as a passenger airline. Malaysia Airlines has over 20 subsidiaries, with 13 of them fully owned by Malaysia Airlines.[34] Some of the subsidiaries include: Company Malaysia Airlines Cargo Sdn. Bhd GE Engine Services Malaysia MASwings Sdn. Bhd. Firefly Sdn. Bhd. MAS Aerotechnologies Sdn Bhd MAS Golden Holidays Sdn Bhd Malaysian Aerospace Engineering Sdn Bhd MAS Academy Sdn Bhd Abacus Distribution Systems (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd Type Principal activities Incorporated in Malaysia Group's Equity Shareholding 100% 30% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 80%

Subsidiary Cargo

Joint Engine Overhaul Malaysia Venture Subsidiary Airline Malaysia Subsidiary Airline Malaysia Subsidiary MRO Subsidiary Tour operator Subsidiary Engineering Subsidiary Flight school Computer Subsidiary reservation system Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia

Taj Madras Air Catering Limited MAS Catering (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd LSG Sky Chefs

Associate

Catering

India Malaysia

20% 60% 30%

Subsidiary Catering Associate

Holding company Malaysia

Financial highlights
Malaysia Airlines experienced its worst loss in FY2005, with RM1.25 billion losses. Since then, the Business Turnaround Plan was introduced to revive the airline, in the year 2006. At the end of the airline's turnaround program, in financial year 2007, Malaysia Airlines gained RM851 million net profit: a swing of RM987 million compared to RM134 million in losses in FY2006, marking the national carriers highest-ever profit in its 60-year history. The achievement was recognised as the worlds best airline-turnaround story in 2007, with Malaysia Airlines being awarded the Phoenix award by Penton Media's Air Transport World: the leading monthly magazine covering the global airline industry.[35] Malaysia Airlines Financial Highlights.[36] Year ended/(Quarter Ended) 31 December 2002 31 December 2003 31 December 2004 31 December 2005 31 December 2006 31 December 2007 31 December 2008 31 December 2009 31 December 2010 31 December 2011 31 December 2012 Profit/(Loss) Revenue Expenditure after Tax (RM (RM '000) (RM '000) '000) 8,864,385 8,872,391 8,780,820 8,591,157 11,364,309 11,046,764 9,181,338 10,434,634 13,489,549 13,841,607 15,288,640 14,460,299 15,503,714 15,259,027 12,782,086 12,288,980 12,978,396 13,409,127 13,653,894 16,197,154 13,286,612 14,117,447 336,531 461,143 326,07 (1,251,603) (133,737) 852,743 245,697 493,106 237,346 (2,521,325) (430,738) Shareholders Fund (RM '000) 2,562,841 3,023,984 3,318,732 2,009,857 1,873,452 3,934,893 4,186,000 747,596 3,395,266 1,093,198 2,123,144 EPS after tax (cents) 38.7 36.8 26.0 (100.20) (10.90) 58.05 14.62 28.64 7.2 (75.5) (12.9)

Branding
From the late 1990s up to 2007, Malaysia Airlines used the Going Beyond Expectations slogan to brand itself internationally. With the rollout of the Business Transformation Plan in 2008,[37] the CEO of Malaysia Airlines rejected the idea of using MH's network or certain other features as its new branding strategy.[38] Instead, the new branding strategy slogan is MH is Malaysian Hospitality, to emphasise the hospitality of its cabin crew instead of the airline's network and

cabin classes. Corporate image This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) Malaysia Airlines introduced the Sarong Kebaya design on 1 March 1986[39] for female flight attendants. It was designed by the School of Fashion at Mara Institute of Technology (Malay: Institut Teknologi Mara) and later known as Mara University of Technology (Malay: Universiti Teknologi Mara). The batik material depicts the kelarai motif, which is a bamboo weave pattern. It appears in the background in subdued hues of the basic uniform colour. Superimposed on the kelarai motif is a mixture of Malaysian flora, such as the cempaka, jasmine and the leaves of the hibiscus. The geometric Sarawakian motif is used for the lapels of the baju, edges of sleeves and the sarong. On 1 January 1993, the colours of the batik were enhanced to complement the colour of the new uniform. The male flight attendants wear grey colour jackets.[40] The stewardess' Batik uniforms are similar to those of the Singapore Airlines' Singapore Girls, however the shape of the collar is slightly different.
Malaysia Airlines cabin staff

Malaysia Airlines regional cabin staff, the airline received the "World Best Cabin Crew" award by Skytrax in 2011. Colour Code of female flight attendants

Red Sarong Kebaya with yellow flowers with red background are for the Inflight Supervisors Sarong Kebaya with pink flowers are for Chief Stewardesses, Leading Stewardesses and Flight Stewardesses (see difference from the name tag) Sarong Kebaya with magenta flowers are for the ground frontliners

Colour Code of male flight attendants

Grey Coloured Jackets with light grey vest and light blue shirts

Corporate logo The history of the airline started in 1937, when Malayan Airways Limited was registered as a company. Flying operations started in 1947, with the aircraft bearing the symbol of a winged tiger. In 1963, the airline was renamed Malaysian Airways Limited, when the Federation of Malaysia was formed. Subsequently, Borneo Airways Limited was absorbed by Malaysian Airways Limited. In 1965, with the political separation of Singapore from Malaysia, there was continued participation by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore in the airline. In 1967, the company changed its name to Malaysia-Singapore Airline Limited (MSA), which was the joint national air carrier for both countries, and a new logo was introduced. In 1971, Malaysia-Singapore Airline Limited was separated into two airlines, each with its own policies and objectives, leading to the birth of Malaysia's flag carrier, Malaysian Airline System (MAS), on 3 April 1971. The name was chosen because, in abbreviated form, MAS (as in EMAS) in Malay means gold, to symbolise quality service.

A Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER taking off from Zurich Airport A new corporate logo designed by Dato' Johan Ariff was introduced on 15 October 1987, retaining the essence of the moon kite, with a sheared swept-back look.[41] Along with the new corporate logo, a new type style - MALAYSIA, was created. It is italicised to slant parallel with the logo to accentuate speed as well as direction. Within this corporate typestyle, the letters MAS bear red clippings to denote the initials of the statutory name of the airline, Malaysian Airline System (MAS), and were added after the original design was rejected by former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir. The introduction of blue to the original red logo has national significance. The red and blue divides equally in the middle to denote equilibrium. On 8 March 2012, Malaysian Airlines unveiled another rebrand, with a new logo and livery. The red from the previous logo has been replaced entirely by blue colour tones. The kite now faces from left to right, as it did in the original 1971 logo, its tails have been extended and is now entirely in gradient tones from grey to blue. The wordmark has also been modernised, with a new typeface and the word "airlines" is now presented in lowercase.[42]

Alliance
In August 2011, Malaysia Airlines agreed to form an alliance with AirAsia through a share swap.

On 1 February 2013, the airline joined the Oneworld airline alliance, whose members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, and Japan Airlines.[43]

MHbuddy social networking service

In 2011 Malaysia Airlines introduced a social seating plan that allows passengers to pick seatmates before their flight. The plan lets passengers share their social network profiles and photos with other passengers on the same flight. [44]

Destinations
Further information: Malaysia Airlines destinations

A Malaysia Airlines Boeing 737-800 at the KLIA main terminal, with the aircraft denoting with the current livery. Before the introduction of the Business Turnaround Plan, Malaysia Airlines operated 118 domestic routes within Malaysia and 114 international routes across six continents.[16] Malaysia Airlines now flies to 87 destinations across six continents from its primary hub in Kuala Lumpur. It has a particularly strong presence in the Southeast Asia region, which, together with its subsidiary MASWings and Firefly, connects Kuala Lumpur to the most destinations in Borneo Island. Apart from that, the airline has a key role in the Kangaroo Route, on which the airline provides onward connecting flights from main European gateways to major Australian and New Zealand gateways via Kuala Lumpur International Airport, within 5 hours. Malaysia Airlines also operates transpacific flights from Kuala Lumpur to Los Angeles International Airport via Tokyo (previously operated via Taipei. Transatlantic flight from Kuala Lumpur to Newark Liberty International Airport via Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (Newark flights had previously also been routed via Dubai International Airport) were ended in October 2009 due to poor passenger loads. Under the Business Turnaround Plan, numerous routes were axed and frequencies reduced. As of September 2007, Malaysia Airlines flies to 88 destinations. In cooperation with code-share partner airlines, the airline serves more than one hundred destinations worldwide. It was the first airline in Southeast Asia to fly to South Africa, following the demise of apartheid, and the only airline in Southeast Asia that served South America via South Africa until 2012. In 2006, it suspended its routes to Manchester, Vienna, Fukuoka, Chengdu, Nagoya, Xi'an, Cairo, Kolkata, Ahmedabad and Zrich under its Business Turnaround Plan.

Malaysia Airlines also owns its own charter flight division. Malaysia Airlines' charter flights have flown to destinations around the world, such as Guilin, which was previously one of Malaysia Airlines' scheduled destinations, and Christmas Island. Malaysia Airlines has also been the official airline for the Manchester United Asian Tour[45] It also has a substantial Hajj operation. Malaysia Airlines applied for approval to launch 3 weekly Kota Kinabalu Tokyo Haneda service with Boeing 737-800, effective 15 November 2010. After receiving regulatory approval, Malaysia Airlines adjusted its Tokyo operations. All Kuala Lumpur Tokyo traffic departed and arrived in Narita, and Kota Kinabalu Tokyo traffic operated from/to Haneda. The airline ended operations at Tokyo Haneda Airport on 1 February 2012.[46] In 2012, it suspended services to Cape Town, Dubai (serviced resumed in August 2013), Johannesburg, Buenos Aires, Rome, Dammam, Karachi and Surabaya due to unprofitability.[33][47] In addition, the airline also suspended 4 destination: Tokyo, Osaka, Perth and Seoul from Kota Kinabalu. The airline has also reinstated some of Kota Kinabalu's previous routes such as Perth, Osaka and Tokyo operations were shifted to Narita which began on 28 October 2013 (the airline previously operated flights from Kota Kinablau to Haneda). Introduction for Kota Kinabalu to Shanghai-Pudong have also begun, thus effectively reviving Kota Kinabalu status as a hub.

A380 Milestones

A Malaysia Airlines Airbus A380-841, during a special flight in Farnborough Airshow. In 2003, Malaysia Airlines parent company, Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad, signed a Contract with Airbus to purchase six Airbus A380-800 aircraft. On 7 June 2011, the first A380 for Malaysia Airlines entered into final assembly phase at the Airbus Final Assembly Line in Toulouse, France. On 20 October, the A380 makes its maiden test flight from Toulouse to Hamburg upon completion of the final assembly & system tests. Malaysia Airlines first A380 to arrive in Kuala Lumpur on 19 June 2012. Malaysia Airlines A380 inaugural flight from Kuala Lumpur to London on 1 July 2012. Malaysia Airlines introduced double daily Airbus A380 flights on the London route on 24

November 2012, Paris route is effective daily from 1 March 2013 and Hong Kong route on 1 May 2013.

Codeshare agreements
Malaysia Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

Air Mauritius American Airlines[48] Bangkok Airways [49] Cathay Pacific China Southern Airlines Dragonair Egyptair Etihad Airways Finnair

Firefly Gulf Air Japan Airlines Jet Airways KLM Korean Air Oman Air Philippine Airlines Qatar Airways

Royal Brunei Airlines Royal Jordanian SilkAir Singapore Airlines SriLankan Airlines Thai Airways International Turkish Airlines Uzbekistan Airways

Fleet
Main article: Malaysia Airlines fleet

A Malaysia Airlines Airbus A380, the flagship carrier of the airline.

Malaysia Airlines Airbus A330-300, used primarily for the medium-long haul routes.

A Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER, mainly deployed for the medium and long haul operations.

Malaysia Airlines Boeing 737-800, the regional workhorse fleet. As of October 2013, Malaysia Airlines operates the following aircraft:[50][51] Malaysia Airlines Fleet Aircraft Passengers In Orders/ Service Options F C Y Total Notes All with New Product Features consistent with Airbus A380 and Boeing 737800(MX),(MS)

Airbus A330-300 Airbus A380-800 Boeing 737-400 Boeing 737-800 Boeing 777200ER

12

3/10

0 36 247

283

6 13 15 30

21/10

8 66 420 494[52] 0 16 128 0 16 150 0 16 144 144 166 160 Being phased out. Leased (ML) Replacement of 737-400 To be phased out. 2 Aircraft reserved for Hajj and Charter services. To be replaced with either the Boeing 777X, Boeing 787 Dreamliner or the Airbus A350 XWB.

15

0 35 247

282

MAS Cargo Fleet

Airbus A330200F Boeing 747-400F Total

24/20

N/A

2 100

N/A

Services
Malaysia Airlines operates a fleet of aircraft with two-cabin and three-cabin configurations. The 777-200 fleet has a two-cabin configuration, with Golden Club Class and Economy Class. The Airbus A380 fleet has a three-cabin configuration, also including First Class. The Airbus A330300, Boeing 737-800 and Boeing 737-400 aircraft have a two-cabin configuration.

Airport lounge

Malaysia Airlines' Golden Lounge The Golden Lounge is the airport lounge for Malaysia Airlines First Class, Golden Club Class passengers and Enrich Platinum and Enrich Gold, eligible Oneworld and code-share partner members. The clubs all have open bars and food catering. There are 14 lounges throughout the world, and qualified passengers have full reciprocal privileges at lounges operated by selected partners. The lounge offers various services such as business centres, food catering, slumber rooms and child-care centres.[53] Lounges are maintained at the following airports:

Kuala Lumpur Kota Kinabalu Kuching London Melbourne Penang Perth

Singapore Sydney

In April 2008, the airline launched its new Regional Golden Lounge at the KL International Airport (KLIA) for regional-bound first and business class passengers. With this new lounge, Malaysia Airlines at Kuala Lumpur International Airport now has three lounges: the Satellite Lounge, Domestic Lounge and the Regional Lounge.

Cabin
All of Malaysia Airlines' aircraft have an Economy and a Business Class section. First Class is only present on Airbus A380 aircraft. Babies are banned from first class.[54] First Class First Class is offered only on the Airbus A380 on routes to Hong Kong International Airport, London Heathrow and Paris Charles de Gaulle. Malaysia Airlines offers the widest First Class seats in the sky on its A380 aircraft; the A380 features eight semi-enclosed suites with a 23-inch flat screen television. Business Class Business Class (previously known as Golden Club Class) is available on all of Malaysia Airlines' fleet. The newer business class, introduced in 2005, can only be found on Boeing 777200, which has 35 seats. In 2011, Malaysia Airlines introduced the new business class seats on their brand new Airbus A330-300. While newer regional business class seats were also introduced on the Boeing 737800 to be used on short-medium haul routes such as Kota Kinabalu, Taipei and Manila.[55] Seats made by Recaro within the Business Class cabin of new A330-300 are configured in pairs (2-22) layout, fitted with in-seat power and USB port, as well as new Select 3000i on a 15.4 inches touch screen panel, while the Boeing 737-800 are fitted in pairs (2-2) inclusive of the new Select 3000i and have recline ability. The first Airbus A330-300 carrying the new Regional Business Class was assigned to Kuala Lumpur - Brisbane sector on 20 April 2011.[56] Economy Class Economy Class is available on all of Malaysia Airlines' fleet. Seats feature a pitch of 3334 inches and width of 17-17.25 inches, with footrests (except on 737-400s) on the older aircraft while the newer fleets such as the Airbus A380, Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 737-800 feature seat pitch of 30-32 inches and width of 17-17.5 inches. On the Boeing 777-200, it has a 6.5" personal TV located behind each seat, and a footrest located below the seat in front, the leased 737-800 has no personal TV but overhead TV's located in the aisles of the plane and feature a seat pitch of 29-30 inches. The new A330-300 as well as the new 737-800 all have the new Select 3000i. The Boeing 737-400 has a standard Economy seat. In 2010, Economy Class was

voted the World's Best Economy Class at the 2010 World Airline Awards by Skytrax.[57] 'Baby ban' and 'Child-free zone' Malaysia Airlines has attracted both criticism and praise for its controversial decision to prohibit children from travelling in certain classes or cabins of its aircraft. Infants are not permitted in first class on MAS Airbus A380 due to MAS' decision not to install bassinets in the cabin.[58] Malaysia Airlines Managing Director and CEO Tengku Azmil explained the policy in a Twitter post, saying the airline received complaints from first class passengers that they "spend money on 1st class and can't sleep due to crying infants".[citation needed] MAS subsequently claimed that an upgrade of the first class cabin to fit new seats and an ottoman (which doubles as a visitor seat) meant "there was no facility for positioning bassinets in the First Class of the 747s."[59] However, Azmil later said it was possible for MAS to fit bassinets to the first class sections of its 747-400s "but many people complain about it."[citation
needed]

Malaysia Airlines has also stated that children under the age of 12 may not travel in the 70-seat upper deck economy section of the A380. "The economy seats on upper level will be allocated for business travellers. Passengers accompanying children under 12 years old age will be excluded from booking these seats."[60] MAS says the decision "is to showcase the economy class zone in the main deck, enhanced and designated as a family and children friendly inflight zone. From the perspective of customers travelling with their families, the economy class family-friendly convenience would be a warm welcome. The main deck has more facilities such as toilets (8 for economy configuration of 350 seats) and the dual aerobridge airport facility supporting this deck will also mean a speedier/faster embarkation and disembarkation for this group of passengers." [61]

In-flight entertainment
Select is the in-flight entertainment system of Malaysia Airlines. There are three types of Select: Select 3000i, Select 3000i Portable Media Player and Select Mainscreen. However, the Boeing 737-400 does not have Select Mainscreen or either version of Select 3000i, and does not offer audio video on demand. Select 3000i All Malaysia Airlines Airbus A380, Airbus A330-300(NEW), Boeing 737-800 and 777200ER aircraft are equipped with an Inflight entertainment system, Select 3000i with audio and video in 14 laungages. A touch-screen personal TV is available on board Airbus A380, Airbus A330-300(NEW), Boeing 737-800 and First Class and Business Class on Boeing 777-200ER aircraft. New deliveries of Airbus A330-300(NEW) and Boeing 737-800 (MX,MS) aircraft would carry touch-screen based Select 3000i.

Select 3000i Portable Media Player Select 3000i Portable Media Player The Select 3000i Portable Media Player is provided to Malaysia Airlines' Business Class passengers on selected regional and semi-long-haul Boeing 737-800 (ML) aircraft on North and South Asia routes. It allows passengers a choice of movies, TV shows and sports.[62] Select Mainscreen Used in Economy Class on Boeing 737-800 (ML) regional and semi-long-haul aircraft which features 15-inch dropdown retractable LCD screens are installed at every 4th seat row in the economy class zone of the aircraft. Malaysia Airlines' inflight magazine is named 'Going Places' and is available both on board, and as a freely downloadable application for Apple's iPad.[63]

Frequent-flyer programs
Malaysia Airlines has two frequent-flyer programs: Grads for Students by Malaysia Airlines (Grads) and Enrich by Malaysia Airlines (Enrich). Grads is a frequent-flyer program with benefits designed for students. Enrich by Malaysia Airlines is a frequent flyer program for frequent travellers that comprises a variety of airlines, banks, credit-card issuers, hotels and retailers around the world.

Enrich by Malaysia Airlines

On 30 September 1987, Malaysian Airline System introduced the Esteemed Traveller frequentflyer program. In the early 1990s, Malaysia Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Thai Airways International and Singapore Airlines launched their joint Asian frequent-flyer program: Passages. The joint program was officially dissolved in 1999, and the Enrich frequent-flyer program made its debut

after the split from Passages. Enhanced Enrich On 12 July 2006, Malaysia Airlines introduced its enhanced Enrich frequent-flyer program. The program is now known as Enrich by Malaysia Airlines (Enrich). Member Benefits and Tiers[64] There are four levels of Enrich memberships - Blue, Silver (oneworld Ruby), Gold (oneworld Sapphire) and Platinum (oneworld Emerald). Each offers various privileges including priority check-in, priority standby and extra baggage allowance, amongst others. Miles can be accrued on qualifying Malaysia Airlines services, as well through partners, including airlines, hotels, car rental agencies and credit-card companies. Miles accrued by members allow for redemption for free travel, free upgrades and other complimentary services. Partners Members of Enrich are able to accrue miles on qualifying flights through Malaysia Airlines and Enrich airline partners:[65]

Oneworld Alliance airline partners (effective 1 February 2013) Air France, Alitalia, Delta Air Lines, Etihad Airways, Jet Airways, KLM, SriLankan Airlines, Virgin Atlantic

Non-airline partners[66][67] include:

Hilton Hotels Corporation, InterContinental Hotels Group, Avis Rent a Car System, The Hertz Corporation

Grads
Grads for Students GRADS is Malaysia Airlines' frequent-flyer program for students above 12 years old.

Accidents and incidents

There have been two accidents involving passenger fatalities on Malaysia Airlines, with a total of 134 fatalities:

4 December 1977 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 653, a Boeing 737-200 (9M-MBD) was hijacked and crashed in Tanjung Kupang, Johor, killing all 100 people aboard. It remains the deadliest crash of all time in Malaysia up to this day. 15 September 1995 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133, a Fokker 50 (9M-MGH) crashed during approach in Tawau, Sabah due to pilot error. 34 people were killed.[68]

Other, non-fatal incidents

18 December 1983 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 684, an Airbus A300-B4 (OY-KAA) leased from Scandinavian Airlines crashed 2 km short of the runway in Subang on a flight from Singapore. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written-off.[69] 15 March 2000 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 85, an Airbus A330-300 (9M-MKB) was damaged by a chemical called oxalyl chloride, which leaked from canisters when unloading, causing damage to the fuselage when arrived at KLIA from Beijing. The 5year-old Airbus was sufficiently damaged to be written-off.[70] 1 August 2005 - A Boeing 777-200ER as Malaysia Airlines Flight 124 departed Perth for Kuala Lumpur. Climbing through 38,000 feet a faulty accelerometer caused the aircraft's Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) to command changes of altitude. The flight crew overrode the ADIRU and manually returned to land the aircraft at Perth. Subsequent NTSB investigation led the US FAA to issue emergency airworthiness directive 2005-18-51 on the fly-by-wire software.[71]