Mechanical Properties - Stresses & Strains

Types of Deformation : Elasic Plastic Anelastic

Elastic deformation is defined as instantaneous recoverable deformation Hooke's law : For tensile loading, =E

where is stress defined as the load per unit area : = P/Ao, N/m2, Pa l and strain is given by the change in length per unit length = l , % o The proportional constant E is the Young's modulus or modulus of Elasticity : E ~ 10x106 psi [68.9 GPa] for metals [varying from 10x106 psi for Al, 30x106 for Fe and 59x106 for W]. Poisson's Ratio [] : ratio of lateral contraction to longitudinal elongation = - x / z = - y / z [for isotropic materials]; in general, ~ 0.3 Thus the total contractile strains is less than the expansion along the tensile axis thereby resulting in a slight increase in the volume of the material under stress this is known as Elastic Dilation . Modulus Of Rigidity or Shear Modulus [G] : G = / ; G is the shear modulus and is related to E and , G = E / 2(1+ ). Bulk Modulus [] : the change in volume to the original volume is proportional to the hydrostatic pressure [hyd] : V/V = hyd , where is the compressibility . The inverse of the compressibility is the bulk modulus [] : = 1/ . is also related to E and : = E / 3(1-2 ) = 2G(1+ ) / 3(1-2 ).

Thus one can evaluate the various elastic moduli from one or more experimentally evaluated constants. Note that the elastic moduli are related to the interatomic bonding and thus decrease [slightly] with increasing temperature. Any change in the crystal structure, for example following a phase change [polymorphism], one notes a distinct change in the elastic moduli.

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Stress - Strain Curve

Nominal (engineering) P l S=A ,e= l o o Proportional limit (PL) Yield strength (Sy) 0.2% offset; (SLY) Tensile strength (TS or UTS or SUTS) Fracture strength (SF) Uniform elongation (eu) Total elongation (ductility) (et or ef in 2 ) Necking strain (en = et - eu) Reduction in area (ductility) (RA)

Definitions vs

True P l = A , = ln (l )
o

= S (1+e) & = ln (1+e) true Yield stress (y) 0.2% offset true Tensile strength (TS or UTS or UTS) true Fracture strength (F) true Uniform strain (u) true Total elongation (ductility) (t or ef in 2 ) true Necking strain (n = t - u) Volume is conserved Aolo = Al

Volume increases (Elastic Dilation)

Energy to fracture Elastic ( = E ) Plastic ( = K n ) Resilience (Uel = 2E )

2

units (J/m )

n+1 Toughness (J = K n+1 )

KL Murty

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MAT 450

 - curves
smooth (SSs & fcc) with yield point (steels & bcc)

Rate Effects
Plastic deformation is rate dependent
d ln D)=A D m, m = SRS = ( (generally at high temperatures) : f( ) T, d ln

m ~ 0 at low temperatures m et Group Work : vs

m|max = 1

n eu

left of the instructor : (1) Derive relation between and S : right of the instructor : (2) Derive relation between and e : all (3) Show that u= n

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Concept of Stress

lim F A 0 A

Force extended on reference section by remaining sections body in equilibrium

Normal and Shear Stresses N = A

F cos F sin x= y=

shear = = A

recall RSS (RSS) :

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Stress - Strain Relationships Elastic Behavior

F , Force is a vector (1st rank tensor) while ij should be specified with 2 directions : plane normal and force direction acts on plane perpendicular to i along j direction

Sign Convention (Fig. 2.2)

z z zy yz y yx y

zx

Tension : +ive Compression : -ve ij (or ij) is +ive if both i and j are +ive or ive
ij (or ij ) is - ive if one of i and j is - ive

xx = yx zx

xz yz no net moment ij = ji or only 6 components or zz x xy xz xx xy xz = xy yy yz ; book notation y yz xz yz zz z Values of ij depend on the choice of reference axes (see 2-D example 2.3) xy yy zy

{can determine these components using tensor transformations, Mohr circle, etc.} First, we look at 3 important examples of Stress States 1. Plane Stress (p.20) 2. Hydrostatic & Deviatoric Stresses (p.46) 3. Principal Stresses (various sections such as 2.14)
KL Murty page 5 MAT 450

Plane Stress (p. 20)

- stresses are zero in one of the primary directions (or 2-D stress state) Examples : 1. Thin sheet with loaded in the plane (stresses are zero along the thickness direction) 2. Pressurized thin cylinder (stresses along r or thickness direction are zero for cylinders when wall-thickess is about 1/10th of diameter) : =
Pr Pr , z = with r 0 t 2t

Principal Stresses (p. 22)

Principal Planes are the planes on which maximum normal stresses act with no shear stresses
and these stresses are the Principal Stresses

Designate 1 , 2 , 3 implies no shear stresses or ij = ij ij Proof is clear from Mohrs circle representation (see text Fig.2.6) for 2-D
3 Note : max = 1 2

Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Stresses (p. 46)

Total stress tensor can be divided into two components (Fig. 2-18) Hydrostatic or mean stress tensor (m) involving only pure tension or compression
' & Deviatoric stress tensor ( ij ) representing pure shear with no normal components

m =

kk 1 + 2 + 3 = 3 3

1 ' ij = ij + ij kk 3

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Example on Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Stresses

80 20 50 a. Find the hydrostatic part of the stresses. Given the stress state: ij = 20 40 30 , b. Find the deviatoric part of the stresses. 50 30 50
Ans. (a) ij
hyd

1 1 = m ij = 3 (11+22+33) ij where m = 3 (80 -40 +50) = 30 so that

hyd ij

30 =0 0

0 30 0

0 . 30
0

dev (b) By definition, ij

hyd = ij - ij

80 20 50 30 0 0 50 20 -50 = 20 40 30 - 0 30 0 = 20 -70 30 50 30 50 0 0 30 -50 30 20

dev

Note that the mean hydrostatic stress for ij

= (11 +22 +33 ) = 0, as expected.

dev

dev

dev

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Principal Stresses (p. 22)

Principal Planes are the planes on which maximum normal stresses act with no shear stresses and these stresses are the Principal Stresses Designate 1 , 2 , 3 implies no shear stresses or ij = ij ij
Proof is clear from Mohrs circle representation (see text Fig.2.6) for 2-D

For 3-D such an analogy is not useful and these are determined from the roots of of the determinant (cubic in ) : 11 12 13
21 31 22 32 23 33
where Is are invariants of the stress tensor (Eqs. on p.28 of Text) : I1 = (11 + 22 + 33) 2 2 2 I2 = -(1122+2233+3311-12 -23 -31 ) I3 = 112233+2122331-1123 -2231 -3312
2 2 2

= 0

Expand the determinant A

0 = 3 - (11 + 22 + 33) 2 + 2 2 2 (1122+2233+3311-12 -23 -31 ) (112233+2122331-1123 -2231 -3312 )

2 2 2

3 I12 I2 3 = 0

[text - x,y,z 1,2,3]

(a) Uniaxial stress

(b) Biaxial stress

1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(c) Hydrostatic pressure :

(d) Pure shear

Special Stress States

KL Murty page 8 MAT 450

Normal and Shear Stresses on a Given Plane [Cut-Surface Method]

Given ij in reference system 1 2 3 ; is the unit vector normal to the plane = n n1 n2 n3 is the unit vector in the plane = m m1 m2 m3 N = normal stress along n = shear stress along m
1
2 2 . m = 0; n 1 Note : n + n2 2 + n 3 = 1 and m1 + m2 + m3 = 1 2 2 2

ij m

= note : if n = 1, 2, 5 n where
12 + 2 2 + 5 2 =

1 , 30

2 , 30

5 30
2

is a unit vector n
2 2

30 so that n1 + n2 + n3 = 1.

1. Find the stress vector ( S ) {the stress vector : the vector force per unit area acting on the cut }: S = . n
S1 11 S = 2 21 S3 31
12 22 32 13 n1 3 23 n2 Si = ik nk ; i.e. S1=11n1+12n2+13n3 ; etc. k=1 33 n3
n cut plane S

= S1 n1 + S2 n2 + S3 n3 2. N and follow as : N = S . n = S1 m1 + S2 m2 + S3 m3 = S .m and max occurs when n, S and m are in the same plane, or from Fig. | S |2 = + max
m

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Normal and Shear Stresses on a Given Plane [Cut-Surface Method]

8 2 5 A stress state in a given reference frame is (MPa): ij = 2 4 3 5 3 6 Assume that the stresses are independent of position (uniform stress state). A plane "cut" is made through the body such that the normal to the cut is n =!2, 2, -2. a. What is the normal stress N on the plane ? b. What is the shear stress along the direction m = 0, 1, 1 in the plane ? c. What is the maximum shear stress in the plane (consider all directions in the plane)?

EXAMPLE

Answer : 2 = n , 10

2 -2 , 10 10

= 0, and m

1 1 , . 2 2

1 [8 ( 2 ) + 2 (2) + (-5) (-2)] = 8 MPa, 10 Similarly, S2 = -3.53 MPa and S3 = -4.13 MPa. 1 [8 ( 2 ) + (-3.53) (2) + (-4.13) (-2)] = 3.96 MPa (a) N = S1n1+S2n2+S3n3 = 10 S1=11n1 + 12n2 + 13n3 = = S1 m1 + S2 m2 + S3 m3 = (b) = S . m
1 [8 (0) + (-3.53) (1) + (-4.13) (1)] = - 5.42 MPa. 2

direction note: - sign means the shear stress acts in the - m , the maximum (c) To find the maximum shear stress in the plane : Since = S . m will occur when these 2 vectors are coplanar (containing n projection of S along m also) - see Fig. below: | S |2 =S1 +S2 + S3 = (8)2 + (-4.13)2 + (-5.42)2 = 93.5. From the figure, note that | S |2 = + max or max =
2 | S |2 - = 93.5 - (3.96)2 = 2 2
2 2 2

n cut plane S

8.82 MPa.
m
KL Murty page 10 MAT 450

Example : Stress Tensor Transformations

10 5 0 Given ij = 5 20 0 wrt x,y,z axes. 0 0 0

z, z' -x y' -y 45 o x x' 45 o y

New axes (x',y',z') are rotated 45 around z-axis. ' Need to find ij . ij '

= aik ajn kn

' a. Calculate xy . x' ij : y' z' x y o 45o 45 135o 45o 90o 90o z 90o 90o 0o =
1 (2 1 + (2 1 )(10) + 2 1 )(5) + 2 1 ( 2 1 ( 2 1 )(5) + 0 2 1 )(20) + 0 2

' xy = axx ayxxx + axx ayyxy + axx ayzxz + axy ayxyx + axy ayyyy + axy ayzyz + axz ayxzx + axz ayyzy + axZ ayzzz

+ = 5 MPa

+ 0

' ' b. Show that x = 20 MPa and y = 10 MPa.

20 5 0 ' ' Thus ij = 5 10 0 . Note that x + y = x + y (= 30 MPa) 0 0 0

'

KL Murty

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MAT 450

Example 2 : Same

as above but in 2-D for a general case

x', y' rotation by x y 90- ij : x' | y' | 90+

cos aij =
y y yx xy A xy yx x x

y' y

sin cos

sin
x x'

y'
B A

x'

' ' xy (or xy) = axx ayx xx + axx ayy xy + axy ayx yx + axy ayy yy = - sin cos xx + cosy xy - siny xy + sin cos yy yy - xx sin2 + xy cos2 Eq. 2.7 = 2 ' x + y x - y Similarly find x = 2 + 2 cos2 + xy sin2 (Eq 2.5) and ' x + y x - y y = 2 - 2 cos2 - xy sin2 ( Eq 2.6) & Fig. 2.4 shows variation of these 3 stresses with . ' ' Note : x + y = x + y as should be since I1 is invariant i.e., sum of normal stresses on mutually perpendicular planes is invariant. same thing can be done using Mohr's circle representation (easier for 2-D case) 2xy ' If xy = 0, principal planes and stresses: tan2 = (Eq. 2.8) x - y
whereas maximum shear stresses when tan2 = x - y (Eq.2.10) & max given by Eq. 2.11. 2xy

KL Murty

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MAT 450