HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY (ECH4413)

WEEK 1 HYDROLOGY (Introduction)

PowerPoint Slides by MOHAMAD SHAKRI

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To introduce what hydrology is about in general.

To learn about analysis of precipitation, especially rainfall which is

more relevant to this country.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Students will understand what hydrology is about and why it is important in our lives. Students will be exposed to the hydrological cycle and the hydrological processes happening in the cycle. Students will know what a watershed is. Students will be introduced to the different types of precipitation/rain that can occur and the equipment used to measure the precipitation/rain. Students will know some of the guidelines to installing the rainfall measuring equipment. Students will learn how to analyse rainfall/precipitation in terms of missing data and mean areal precipitation.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY
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Hydrology means the science of water, its properties and different manifestation on and below the surface of the earth, the science that deals with occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earths atmosphere It concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water occurring below the earths surface in the pores of soils and rocks Hydrology can be divided into surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY
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Surface water hydrology: tackles the area between the atmosphere and surface of the earth Groundwater hydrology: tackles the subsurface portion of earth. Engineering hydrology deal with The estimation of water resources The study of processes such as precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and their interaction The study of problems such as floods and droughts and strategies to combat them

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY
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Water occurs on the earth in all its three states in various degrees of motion Liquid Solid Gaseous Continuous process of water movement in various forms, phases and places between atmosphere, the land and the oceans Sun driven process whereby water is transported from natural water bodies to atmosphere to land and back to water bodies
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Last Updated:10 December 2013

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

By Milewski in http://vickimilewski.com/watercycle.html
Last Updated:10 December 2013 LMS SEGi education group 8

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

The Hydrological Cycle is the movement of water from surface water, groundwater, and vegetation to the atmosphere and back to the Earth in the form of precipitation. 4 most important processes in the hydrologic cycle: Precipitation Evaporation & Transpiration Surface Runoff / Stream Flow Groundwater Flow

Last Updated:10 December 2013

LMS SEGi education group

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

Precipitation: Any form of water that fall from the atmosphere (rain, snow, hail, etc). Evaporation: A proses where water from the Earths surface is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration: A proses where water from plants is released to the atmosphere. Surface Runoff: Water flow on the Earths surface that will find its way to lower grounds (rivers, etc). Groundwater Flow: Flow of water that occurs beneath the Earths surface.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AS A MASS BALANCE/ WATER BUDGET

All elements in the hydrological cycle are interdependent. To estimate surface water volumes, an equation using the elements in the hydrological cycle has been developed. To accounting of water for a particular catchment, region or even the whole world. The equation is elementary but useful. A control volume must be stated initially. Volume units are used & time is fixed.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AS A MASS BALANCE/ WATER BUDGET

Change in mass storage = volume inflow vome outflow:

S VI V0 S ( I O)t S S 0 S I

S P ( E T G R)

If there is no change in storage in a given time, then:

R PL

Runoff coefficient: C R/ P

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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COMMONLY USED QUANTITY

QUANTITY
Length
Mass Time

SYMBOL SI UNIT
L
M t

m
kg s
0C

Temperature
Volume of Precipitation Rate of Precipitation

T
P i

mm mm/hr

Effective Rainfall
Infiltration Rate Velocity Area Volume Flowrate/Discharge Concentration
Last Updated:10 December 2013 LMS SEGi education group

R
f v A V Q C

mm
mm/hr m/s m2 m3 m3/s mg/L
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WHAT IS A WATERSHED?

a.k.a. Drainage Basin / Catchment Area Def. 1: An area having a common outlet for its surface runoff. Def. 2: A natural unit of land upon which water from precipitation or any storage collects in a channel and flows downhill to a common outlet. River Basin: embraces a much larger area from the river mouth to many upstream watersheds. Watershed Boundary / Drainage Divide: This delineates the boundary, usually based on a topographic map.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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WHAT IS A WATERSHED?

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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REFERENCES

Wilson, EM 1990, Engineering Hydrology, 4th Edition, Palgrave, Hampshire.

Wanielista, M, Kersten, R, Eaglin, R 1997, Hydrology:

Water Quality and Quality Control, 2nd Edition, John

Wiley & Sons, New York.

Last Updated:10 December 2013

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