133. Lopez et.al vs.

Pan Am, 16 SCRA 431 Facts: Then Senate Pro Tempore Lopez boo e! 1st class t"c ets #rom To $o to San Franc"sco. %e &as travel"n' &"th &"#e, !a('hter an! son)"n)la&. *n +a$ ,4, 1-6., the$ arr"ve! "n To $o onl$ to !"scover that the$ no lon'er ha! 1st class accommo!at"ons. The$ too #l"'ht (n!er protest /ca(se Senator ha! sche!(le! meet"n' an! &"#e ha! chec )(p at +a$o cl"n"c 0ama'es cla"me! 1 breach o# contract "n ba! #a"th 2ss(e: 3*4 the$ can recover moral !ama'es %5L0: 6es, ba! #a"th e7"ste! Rat"o: 18 ,,,.: moral !ama'es are recoverable "n breach o# contracts &here the !e#en!ant acte! #ra(!(lentl$ or "n ba! #a"th ,8 9a!'es o# 9a! Fa"th a8 5mplo$ee %erranz cancelle! reservat"ono# Lopez: to'ether &"th that o# the R(#"nos onl$ the R(#"nos cancelle! b8 0esp"te no&le!'e that reserv at"ons have been cancelle!, &hen lopez part$ calle! "n to con#"rm, the$ ass(re! them o# 1st class accommo!at"ons 38 S(ch &"ll#(l non)!"sclos(re o# the cancellat"on or pretense that the reservat"ons o# the pla"nt"##s stoo! "s the #actor to &h"ch "s attr"b(table the breach o# the res(lt"n' contract 48 2t "s h(m"l"at"n' to be compelle! to travel as s(ch, contrar$ to &hat "s r"'ht#(ll$ to be e7pecte! #rom the contract(al (n!erta "n' +oral !ama'es s(sta"ne! b$ Senator: ) soc"al h(m"l"at"on, &o(n!e! #eel"n's, mental an'("sh )senator s"$a e e )P 1.., ... 3"#e: !"scom#ort s(sta"ne! "n to(r"st class #or 13 ho(rs ;ph$s"cal s(##er"n' P<., ... !a('hter=h(sban!: P,<, ... #or soc"al h(m"l"at"on lose o# prest"'e> 134. ?(l(eta vs Pan Am, 43 SCRA 3-@ Facts: Aperson:s case1 Ra#ael ?(l(eta, &"th h"s &"#e B !a('hter &ere passen'ers aboar! #l"'ht 4o. C41),3 #rom %onol(l( to +an"la. Plane ha! 3. m"n(te stop)over "n 3a e "slan! &here the$ Dpassen'ers8 &ere allo&e! to !"sembar . +r. ?(l(eta !"sembar e! so he co(l! rel"eve h"msel# b(t #o(n! CR #(ll o# sol!"ers so he &ent to beachEhmm Fl"'ht &as !ela$e!. %e &as later #o(n!. F 6o( people almost ma!e me m"ss $o(r #l"'ht. 6o( have a !e#ect"ve anno(nc"n' s$stem an! 2 &as not pa'e!.G A&a$Ea&a$E later as e! to open the"r ba's Aalle'e!l$ another person, &h"ch the$ DPan Am8 &ere never able to "!ent"#$ ment"one! someth"n' abo(t a bomb1. H. S"ton, a"rport mana'er, o##loa!e! +r. ?(l(eta b(t allo&e! &"#e an! !a('hter to cont"n(e &"th #l"'ht. 2ss(e: non moral !ama'es ma$ be recovere!. %5L0: 6es Rat"o: 18 ,1: An$ person &ho &"ll#(ll$ ca(ses lose or "nI(r$ to another "n a manner that "s contrar$ to morals, 'oo! c(stoms or p(bl"c pol"c$ shall compensate the latter #or the !ama'e. ,8 ,,1@: +oral !ama'es "ncl(!e ph$s"cal s(##er"n' mental an'("sh, #r"'ht, ser"o(s an7"et$, besm"rche! rep(tat"on, &o(n!e! #eel"n's, moral shoc , soc"al h(m"l"at"on an! s"m"lar "nI(r$. Tho('h "ncabale o# pec(n"ar$ comp(tat"on, moral !ama'es ma$ be recovere! "# the$ are the pro7"mate res(lt o# the !e#en!ant:s &ron'#(l act=om"ss"on. a8 r(!e recept"on Dcapta"n: 3hat "n the hell !o $o( th"n $o( are>8 b8 ab(s"ve lan'(a'e=scorn#(l re#erence: mon e$s c8 (n#r"en!l$ att"t(!e, ('l$ stares, (n "n! remar s rece"ve!

!8 arb"trar$=h"'h)han!e! !ec"s"on o# leav"n' h"m at "slan! e8 &"#e s(##ere! nervo(s brea !o&n beca(se o# the embarrassment, "ns(lts, h(m"l"at"ons. 38 Contract bet&een carr"er "nvolves spec"al B pec(l"ar obl"'at"ons an! !(t"es. There:s a prom"se an! !(t$ o# protect"on an! co(rteo(s treatment 48 Contract o# a"r carr"a'e 'enerates a relat"on atten!e! &"th a p(bl"c !(t$. 4e'lect or mal#easance o# carr"er:s emplo$ees nat(rall$ co(l! '"ve 'ro(n! #or an act"on #or !ama'es 1 + <..T D he contr"b(te! to 'rav"t$8 13<. 6(t( vs. man"la 5lectr"c, , SCRA 33@ Facts: +eralco Ja"me &ent to 6(t( :s ho(se an! tol! ma"! that he &ante! to enter prem"ses to chec meter. 6(t( tol! h"m that meter &as o(ts"!e. Later, electr"c"t$ &as c(t o## an! &hen 6(t( as e! h"m &hat the tro(ble &as, he repl"e! &"th another K(est"on: 3h$ she &as pa$"n' onl$ <.L o# b"lls. 6(t( tho('ht Ja"me came to #"7 her !e#ect"ve meter &h"ch she ha! reporte! to +eralco:s collectors b(t Ja"me tol! her that she &as steal"n' electr"c c(rrent (s"n' b$ (s"n' a I(mper. F"le! case #or slan!er vs. Ja"me conv"cte! +eralco #"le! #or the#t 1 !"sm"sse! 2ss(e: +oral !ama'es %el!: 6es Rat"o: 3h"le moral !ama'es are "ncapable o# pec(n"ar$ est"mat"on, the$ are ma!e recoverable, "# the$ are the pro7"mate res(lt o# the !e#en!ant:s &ron'#(l act or om"ss"onM an! s"nce these !ama'es a##ect a''r"eve! part$:s moral #eel"n's an! personal pr"!e, F these sho(l! be &e"'he! "n the !eterm"nat"on o# the "n!emn"t$.G 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ba! #a"th %5L0: no reall$ b(t F at the ver$ least, the #acts o# case sho& the appellant !"! "t &"th rec less ne'l"'ence Rat"o: 1. &hen 6(t( reporte! "nc"!ent, compan$ sho&e! (n&"ll"n'ness to enterta"n N sa"! the$ &o(l! onl$ "# Ja"me &o(l! be conv"cte! "n slan!er case ,. then #"le! compla"nt #or the#tO )mot"vate! p(rel$ b$ mal"ce an! "ll)&"ll an! as a retal"ator$ meas(re #or c"v"l a7n #"le! b$ pla"nt"## ) #"le! case onl$ 4 mos a#ter s(ppose! !"scover$ thereo# ,<.tho()e7orb"tant ,<,... +0 )mental an'("sh b$ reason o# #alse "mp(tat"on ) besm"rche! rep, r"!"c(le, h(m"l"at"on ) personal c"rcs an! rep(tat"on cons"!ere! 136. S"me7 S"me7, en'a'e! "n e7portat"on o# #oo! pro!(cts, !epos"te! 1..tho( &"th 9an . Later "ss(e! chec s a'a"nst acco(nt. 9o(nce!. 9an "nvest"'at"on: amt not cre!"te! to acco(nt an! &as "mm!tl$ rect"#"e! +0 at ,.tho( 1. "n"t"al carelessness o# ban , a''ravate! b$ lac o# promt"t(#e "n repa"r"n' error I(st"#"es a&ar! ,. +P a&ar!e! not to penal"ze b(t to compensate pla"nt"## #or "nI(r"es 3. Corpo: no +0 e7cept &hen "t has 'oo! rep( that "s !ebase!, res(lt"n' "n "ts soc"al h(m"lat"on 4. !ama'es s(##ere! cre!"t l"ne cancelle! or!ers not acte! (pon pen!"n' rece"pt o# pa$ment rep(tat"on tarn"she! stan!"n' "n b"z com re!(ce! prest"'e as rel"able !ebtor !"m"n"she!

13@. ma'ban(a 6 pet"t"oners &ere share tenant o# !e#en!ants. 0e#en!ants !"verte! #ree #lo& o# &ater #rom lots &h"ch ca(se! lan! to !r$ (p. 0e# then as e! them to vacate areas #or the$ co(l! no lon'er plant &"tho(t &ater. +0 65S 1. ,,1- perm"ts a&ar! #or +0 #or acts (n!er ,1 F an$ person &ho &"ll#(ll$ ca(ses loss or "nI(r$ to another "n a manner contrar$ to $a!a $a!aG ,. obv"o(s the$ &ere !en"e! %,. so the$ &o(l! vacate lan!. 13C Tan Hoepe +asa ha! been PT4R:s tenant #or 1. $ears. %e &rote as "n' #or convers"on o# share tenanc$ relat"on to one o# leasehol!, appl"e! #or convers"on, a(thor"ze!. P5TR #"le! 6 cr"m casesO +0 65S 1. (n#o(n!e! s(ccess"ve compla"nts even &"tho(t oral test"mon"es prove e7"stence o# #act(al bas"s #or +0 ,. s(##ere! h(m"l"at"on o# "ncarcerat"on 3. mot"ve: harassment an! embarrassment an! retal"ator$ meas(re #or convers"on a&ar! 13-. For! Facts: P"rl slappe! another '"rl !(r"n' elect"on. +0 65S 1. ,,1-: an$ person &ho &"ll#(ll$ ca(ses loss or "nI(r$ to another "n a manner contrar$ to 77G ,. slap "s (nla&#(l a''ress"on 3. #ace person"#"es one:s !"'n"t$ an! slapp"n' "t "s a personal a##ront 4. cons"!er"n' pos"t"on an! #act that "t &as elect"on !a$, noth"n' b(t shame, h(m"l"at"on an! !"shonor &o(l! have been heape! (pon her b$ the "n!"'n"t"es she ha! to s(##er. <tho( 141. ba'(mba$an Fam"l$ &ent to &atch concert an! &a"ter sp"lle! !r"n s on &"#e 4* +0 1. embarrassment "s not the mental an'("sh contemplate! "n ,,1@ #or &h"ch +0 can be recovere! ,. mental s(##er"n': !"stress or ser"o(s pa"n !"st"n'("she! #rom anno$ance, re'ret, or ve7at"on 14,. Q!a !e me!"na AvarK(e &as !r"v"n' Ieepne$ &h"ch smashe! "nto +5RALC* post res(lt"n' "n passen'er +e!"na:s !eath. At that t"me, Cresenc"a ha! not acK("re! approval #rom PR9 serv"ce comm"ss"on #or the sale o# Ieepne$. Abso(lte o&ner &as Rosar"o. 4* A40 1. (ntenable s"nce A40 cannot co)e7"st &"th compensator$ !ama'es ,. 40:s p(rpose "s to v"n!"cate or reco'n"ze r"'ht that has been v"olate!, "n or!er to precl(!e #(rther contest thereon, an! not #or the p(rpose o# "n!emn"#$"n' pla"nt"## #or an$ loss s(##ere! b$ h"m 3. Ct:s a&ar! o# compensator$=e7emplar$ !ama'es are "n themselves I(!"c"al reco'n"t"on that pla"nt"##:s r"'ht &as v"olate!. 143. 4orth&est

respon!ent, then Comm"ss"oner o# P(bl"c %"'h&a$s, boar!e! plane &"th 1st class t"c et to To $o. 2n * "na&a, he &as compelle! to trans#er to to(r"st. 40 a&ar!e! 1. val"! s"nce CT !"! not 'rant A, +, 5 !ama'es spec"al reasons to I(st"#$ a&ar! a. pos"t"on b. no e7planat"on &h$ h"s t"c et &as mar e! as &a"tl"ste! c. &as ma!e to pa$ 1st class !. no e7planat"on &h$ other person ha! better r"'ht thereto 144. Co'eo A cert o# p(bl"c conven"ence &as "ss(e! "n #avor o# LS to pl$ CC ro(te. LS "ss(e! resol(t"on a!opt"n' 9an!era s$stem &here coop members &ere allo&e! to K(e(e #or passen'ers at path&a$ "n e7chan'e #or ,. pesos Assoc. respon!e! b$ #orm"n' h(man barr"ca!e an! too over operat"ons #or 1. !a$s 40 a&ar!e! 3*4 respon!ent (s(rpe! prop r"'ht o# respon!ent 65S Cert o# P(bl"c conven"ence "s propert$ an! P(bl"c Serv"ce La&: can be sol! beca(se "t has cons"!erable mater"al val(e an! a val(able assetScannot be ta en &"tho(t !(e process o# la& Assoc thr( barr"ca!e v"olate! r"'ht o# LS to operate serv"ces. ,,,,: !ama'es "n ever$ case &here an$ propert$ r"'ht has been "nva!e! 14<. Araneta Araneta, "mport=e7port '($, "ss(e! T<.. chec &h"ch &as later !"shonore!Sacco(nt close!. 9an apolo'"ze! an! rect"#"e! error b(t , s"m"lar "nc"!ents happene! a'a"n. T0 a&ar!e! 1. o "n cases &here !e#"n"te proo# o# pec(n"ar$ loss cannot be o##ere! b(t Ct "s conv"nce that there has been s(ch a loss e7ample: "nI(r$ to commerc"al cre!"t or to 'oo!&"ll o# #"rm here: he &as a merchant o# lon' stan!"n' an! 'oo! rep(tat"on 146: 4PC 4PC bo('ht st(## #rom 2nternat"onal Commo!"t"es thr( rep, 4ATL merchan!"s"n' Corp. Contract: nonpa$ment)))L0 at a rate o# ,=< o# 1L o# #(ll contract pr"ce #or 1st 3. !a$s o# !e#a(lt an! 4=< o# 1L #or ever$ !a$ therea#ter S(ppl"er #a"le! to !el"ver !(e to "nab"l"t$ to sec(re sh"pp"n' space. L0 a&ar!e! 1. "# a'ree! (pon the same sho(l! be en#orce! "nstea! o# a&ar!"n' onl$ nom"nal !ams ,. 4PC s(##ere!: no pro!(ct"on o# #ert"l"ze! coz s(l#(r not !el"vere!

14@. S"n'son 1. bro('ht a7n to recover act(al=compens !ams pl(s certa"n amo(nt o# att$:s #ees. 50 also cla"me! b(t amt not spec"#"e!. 50 a&ar!e! even "# not alle'e!. 1. amo(nt nee! not be prove! becoz "ts !eterm"nat"on !epen!s (pon C0 that ma$ be a&ar!e! ,. merel$ "nc"!ental or !epen!ent (pon A0=C0 14C. san +"'(el Franc"sco +a'no, C"t$ Treas(rer, se"ze! !el"ver$ tr(c s o# S+ &h"ch &ere lev"e! a'a"nst !(e to #a"l(re to pa$ ta7. S+ #"le! case #or !ama'es +a'no #"le! co(ntercla"m #or moral an! e7emplar$ 4o e7emplar$)mere #"n!"n' that alle'at"ons "n compla"nt &ere not tr(e an! that m"sta e "n "nst"t(t"n' act"on vs. &ron' part$S!o not I(st"#$ a&ar! Panc"#"c an! +(nsa$ac: ema"le! b$ +J or JP

Ra!"o Comm RCP2 transm"tte! con!olence ms' "n hap" b!a$ car! place! "n 7mas 'ram envelope. Accepte! or!er b(t !"! not tell pla"nt"##: no more appropr"ate soc"al envelopes 50 ma$ be a&ar!e! to a''r"eve! part$) 'ross ne'l"'ence= careless const"t(te &anton m"scon!(ctS I(st"#"es a&ar! 1<3. People vs escano 4 separate cr"m act"ons #or esta#a &ere #"le!. Conso #or Io"nt tr"al Rpon #"n!"n' that o##en!e! part"es see to en#orce c"vl l"ab"l"t"es b$ &a$ o# A0, respo I(!'e or!ere! cler to reK("re pa$ment o# #"l"n' #ees. F"l"n' #ees not reK("re!. ) 3here c"v"l a7n "s "nst"t(te! to'ether &"th cr"m a7n, the A0 cla"me! are not "ncl(!e! "n the comp(tat"on o# #"l"n' #ees. ) are to be pa"! onl$ "# other "tems o# !ama'es are alle'e! "n the compla"nt="n#o or "# the$ are not so alle'e!, shall const"t(te a #"rst l"en on I(!'ment 1<4. Peneral 2n#o #or l"bel alle'e! 1..+ &orth o# A+5 !ama'es. 0 alle'at"ons &ere not "ncl(!e! "n "n#o so co)acc(se! ra"se! "ss(e o# non)pa$ment o# !oc et #ees. 4o nee! #or !oc et #ees. ) &hen amo(nt o# !ama'es "s not alle'e!, the correspon!"n' #"l"n' #ees nee! not be pa"! an! shall s"mpl$ const"t(te a 1st l"en on a I(!'ment, e7cept "n a&ar! #or act(al !ama'es. ) onl$ &hen the amt o# !ama'es, other than act(al, "s alle'e! "n he compla"nt="n#o that correspon!"n' #"l"n' #ees shall be pa"! b$ *P (pon #"l"n' thereo# "n co(rt #or tr"al @. U(as")!el"ct(al l"ab"l"t$ &here there are contract relat"ons

Case C: S"n'son vs 9P2, ,3 SCRA 111@ 4at(re: Appeal #rom J(!'ment o# the CF2, +an"la Facts: S"n'son &as on the !e#en!ants "n a c"v"l case that or!ere! them to pa$ the s(m o# 1.<,<3-.<6 to Ph"l"pp"ne +"ll"n' Co. As soon as the I(!'ment became #"nal an! e7ec(tor$, co(rt serve! a &r"t o# 'arn"shment (pon 9P2)"nso#ar as Q"lla)Abr"lle:s cre!"ts a'a"nst ban &ere concerne!. 9an "ncl(!e! S"n'son:s acco(nt an! latter !"scovere! th"s &hen 9+ Plass Serv"ce tol! h"m that the chec he "ss(e! &as not honore! b$ ban becoz "t ha! been 'arn"she!. 9an "mme!"atel$ rect"#"e! m"sta e, res(lt"n' "n the temporar$ #ree"n' o# the acco(nt o# the pla"nt"##. S"n'son #"le! act"on: #or !ama'es "n conseK(ence o# sa"! "lle'al #reez"n' o# acco(nt. Lo&er co(rt !ec"!e! that pla"nt"##s cannot recover (pon bas"s o# K(as")!el"ct beca(se relat"on bet&een part"es &as contract(al. 2ss(e: 3*4 e7"stence o# contract bars comm"ss"on o# tort b$ one a'a"nst the other an! the conseK(ent recover$ o# !ama'es there#or. %el!: 4* Rat"o: The e7"stence o# a contract bet&een part"es !oes not bar the comm"ss"on o# a tort b$ one a'a"nst the other an! the conseK(ent"al recover$ o# !ama'es there#or. Case -: A"r France vs Carrascoso, 1C SCRA 1<< 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or rev"e& b$ cert"orar" o# a !ec"s"on o# the CA Facts: Ra#ael Carrascoso &as one o# the 4C F"l"p"no p"l'r"ms &ho le#t +an"la #or Lo(r!es. %e ha! a #"rst class ro(n! tr"p t"c et #rom +an"la to Rome. %o&ever, &hen the plane &as "n 9an' o , the +ana'er #orce! h"m to vacate h"s #"rst class seat beca(se a &h"te man ha! a better r"'ht to the seat. Carrascoso #"le! compla"nt #or !ama'es. 2ss(e: 3*4 !ama'es ma$ be recovere! on the bas"s o# the e7p(ls"on %el!: 6es Rat"o: The contract o# a"r carr"a'e 'enerates a relat"on atten!e! &"th p(bl"c !(t$. Passen'ers sho(l! be protecte! an! "ns(re! a pleasant tr"p. 3ron'#(l e7p(ls"on "s a v"olat"on o# p(bl"c !(t$ b$ the a"r carr"er) a K(as" !el"ct. 0ama'es are proper. !o(bt 3*4 t"c et &as con#"rme! as #"rst class "s "mmater"al as cla"m "s base! on the &ron'#(l e7p(ls"on "tsel# Case 1.: C"t$ o# +an"la vs 2AC, 1@- SCRA 4,C 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or cert"orar" to rev"e& the !ec"s"on an! the resol(t"on o# the CA. Facts: 3"#e o# !ecease! Q"venc"o Sto 0om"n'o Sr. &as 'rante! a lease #or a !(rat"on o# <. $ears DJ(ne 6, 1-@1) J(ne 6, ,.,18 on a lan! "n the 4orth Cemeter$. Sr. &as b(r"e! "n sa"! lot. %o&ever, "n 1-@<, c"t$ o##"c"als or!ere! the e7h(mat"on an! removal o# the rema"ns o# sr. #rom sa"! lot an! sa"! lot &as lease! to another #am"l$, alle'e!l$ "n accor!ance &"th A!m"n *r!er 4o. <, Ser"es o# 1-@<. 3"#e &as shoc e! an! enra'e! Dmalaman'O8 2ss(e: 3*4 operat"ons o# p(bl"c cemeter$ are 'overnmental or propr"etar$ #(nct"on %el!: Propr"etar$ Rat"o: 2n the absence o# spec"al la&s, 4orth Cemeter$ "s a patr"mon"al propert$ create! b$ resol(t"on o# +(n"c"pal 9oar!. *&ne! there#or "n "ts propr"etar$ or pr"vate character C"t$ entere! "nto contract o# lease) e7erc"se o# propr"etar$ #(nct"ons, c"t$ ma$ then s(e an! be s(e!

C"t$ "s l"able #or the tort(o(s act comm"tte! b$ "ts a'ents to ver"#$ an! chec the !(rat"on o# contract o# lease.

2nter#erence &"th Contracts Case 11: P"lchr"st vs C(!!$, ,- Ph"l <4, 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# the CF2, 2lo"lo Facts: C(!!$, o&ner o# the #"lm, ?"'omar, entere! "nto a contract &"th P"lchr"st, to rent the #"lm #or a &ee at 1,<, start"n' +a$ ,6. 9e#ore sa"! !ate, C(!!$ ret(rne! mone$ to P"lchr"st an! tol! h"m that 5speIo an! h"s partner &o(l! rent #"lm #or 3<.. Co(rt "ss(e! man!ator$ "nI(nct"on or!er"n' C(!!$ to !el"ver #"lm to P"lchr"st an! an e7 parte prel"m "nI(nct"on restra"n"n' 5speIo an! partner #rom rece"v"n' an! e7h"b"t"n' #"lm (nt"l #(rther or!ers #rom co(rt 2ss(e: 3*4 5speIo an! partner &ere l"able #or "nter#er"n' &"th the contract bet&een P"lchr"st an! C(!!$, the$ not no&"n' the "!ent"t$ o# one o# the contract"n' part"es %el!: 6es Rat"o: mere r"'ht to compete co(l! not I(st"#$ appellants "n "ntent"onall$ "n!(c"n' C(!!$ to ta e a&a$ P"lchr"st:s contract(al r"'hts l"ab"l"t$ ar"ses #rom (nla&#(l acts an! no #rom contract(al obl"'at"ons, as the$ &ere (n!er no s(ch obl"'at"ons to "n!(ce C(!!$ to v"olate h"s contract &"th P"lchr"st 1314, CC: An$ 3r! person &ho "n!(ces another to v"olate h"s contract shall be l"able #or !ama'es to the other contract"n' part$. B. Basic elements of quasi-delictual liability 1. The act or om"ss"on "n the breach o# a le'al !(t$ Art"cle ,1@6. 3hoever b$ act or om"ss"on ca(ses !ama'e to another, there be"n' #a(lt or ne'l"'ence, "s obl"'e! to pa$ #or the !ama'e !one. S(ch #a(lt or ne'l"'ence, "# there "s no pre)e7"st"n' contract(al relat"on bet&een the part"es "s calle! a K(as")!el"ct an! "s 'overne! b$ the prov"s"ons o# th"s Chapter. Ra es vs APBP Co., @ Ph"l 3<4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# CF2, +an"la Facts: Pla"nt"##:s le' &as bro en an! &as event(all$ amp(tate! beca(se o# an "nc"!ent at the compan$:s $ar!. The han!car:s trac sa''e!, t"e bro e, ra"ls sl"! o## an! ca('ht pla"nt"## Dor someth"n: l" e that8. Ca(se: !"slo!'"n' o# the crossp"ece or p"l"n' (n!er the str"n'er b$ the &ater o# the ba$ ra"se! b$ recent t$phoon. Pla"nt"## no& char'es !e#en!ant &"th ne'l"'ence breach o# !(t$ on "ts part "n #a"l"n' to properl$ sec(re loa! o# "ron to veh"cles or to s "ll#(ll$ b("l! tram&a$ b$ ma"nta"n"n', "nspect"n' an! repa"r"n' "t. p. 3@3. Contr"b(tor$ ne'l"'ence The ne'l"'ence o# "nI(re! person !oes not operate as a bar to recover$ b(t onl$ "n re!(ct"on o# the !ama'es he ma$ cla"m.

L"ab"l"t$ o# 5mplo$er to 3or er ar"ses o(t o# contract(al relat"ons bet&een them, re'(late! b$ 11.1 D*l! CC8 th"s contract b"n!s emplo$er to prov"!e sa#e appl"ances #or (se o# emplo$ees Can'co vs +an"la Ra"lroa! Co., s(pra L"l"(s vs +an"la Ra"lroa!, <- Ph"l @<C 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# CF2, +an"la Facts: Pla"nt"## &as !r"v"n' the"r St(!eba er at 1-),< m"=hr to 'o s"'htsee"n' "n Pa'sanIan, La'(na. 3"th h"m &ere h"s &"#e an! 4)$ear)ol! !a('hter. %e &as ent"rel$ (nacK(a"nte! &"th the con!"t"ons o# the roa! an! ha! no no&le!'e o# the e7"stence o# a ra"lroa! cross"n' at 0a$ap Dv"e& &as obstr(cte! b$ ho(ses, trees an! shr(bs. At abo(t @)C meters #rom cross"n', pla"nt"## sa& an a(tor(c par e! on le#t s"!e o# roa! &"th people al"'ht"n' #rom "t. %e so(n!e! h"s horn #or the people to 'et o(t o# the &a$. Locomot"ve 4o. @13 str(c the"r car r"'ht "n the center. All o# them 'ot "nI(re!. Dmalaman'O8 2ss(e: 3*4 +an"la Ra"lroa! "s l"able #or !ama'es !(e to breach o# le'al !(t$ %el!: 65S, #or "ts ne'l"'ence an! the ne'l"'ence o# "ts emplo$ees Rat"o: The !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$, &h"ch the la& reK("res "n or!er to avo"! !ama'e, "s not con#"ne! to the care#(l an! pr(!ent select"on o# s(bor!"nates or emplo$ees b(t "ncl(!es "nspect"on o# the"r &or an! s(perv"s"on o# the !"schar'e o# the"r !(t"es. no semaphore at cross"n' "n 0a$ap to serve as &arn"n' o# "ts e7"stence "n or!er that the$ m"'ht ta e the necessar$ preca(t"ons be#ore cross"n' ra"lroa! #la'man an! s&"tchman &ere not at h"s post en'"neer !"! not ta e necessar$ preca(t"ons even a#ter he ne& o# #la'man:s an! s&"tchman:s absence: !"! not slac en spee! an! !"! not cont"n(o(sl$ r"n' bell an! blo& &h"stle 6ama!a vs. +an"la Ra"lroa!, 33 Ph"l C 4at(re: Appeal #rom 3 I(!'ments o# the CF2, +an"la. Cross#"el! an! 0el Rosar"o, JJ. Facts: Pla"nt"##s am! 3 other compan"ons h"re! a ta7"cab #rom 9achrach Para'e an! Ta7"cab Co #or a tr"p to Cav"te Q"eIo. *n the"r &a$ bac , &h"le cross"n' the trac s o# !e#en!ant ra"lroa! "n San J(an, m(n"c"pal"t$ o# Cav"te Q"eIo, the a(tomob"le &as str(c b$ a tra"n an! the pla"nt"##s "nI(re!. 2ss(e: 3*4 ta7"cab compan$ #(ll$ !"schar'e! "ts !(t$ &hen "t #(rn"she! a s("table car an! selecte! a !r"ver &ho ha! <)6 $ears e7per"ence %el!: 4* Rat"o: !(t$ not onl$ to #(rn"sh a s("table an! proper car an! select competent operator b(t also to s(perv"se an!, &here necessar$, "nstr(ct h"m properl$ s(perv"s"on an! "nstr(ct"on "ncl(!es prom(l'at"on o# proper r(les an! re'(lat"ons an! the #orm(lat"on an! p(bl"cat"on o# proper "nstr(ct"ons #or the"r '("!ance "n cases &here s(ch r(les are re'(lat"ons are necessar$ c(stom o# !r"ver to approach an! pass over ra"lroa! cross"n's &"tho(t lessen"n' spee! an! other s(ch preca(t"ons

pres"!ent o# compan$ even test"#"e! that none o# "ts !r"vers &ere acc(stome! to stop or even re!(ce spee! or ta e an$ preca(t"on "n approach"n' an! pass"n' over the ra"lroa! cross"n's, no matter o# &hat nat(re, (nless the$ here /the s"'nal o# the car: Ds$emps, (mam"n pa an' 'a'o8

0el Rosar"o vs +an"la 5lectr"c Co., <@ Ph"l 4@C 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# CF2, +an"la Facts: Jose 4o'(era not"ce! that an electr"c &"re "n 0"mas)Alan' Street &as b(rn"n' an! "ts connect"ons smo "n'. %e as e! one Jose Soco to report the s"t(at"on to the +alabon stat"on o# the +an"la 5lectr"c Compan$. +s' &as transm"tte! at ,:,< pm. At 4 pm, &"re st"ll &asn:t #"7e! an! Alberto !el Rosar"o, - $ears ol!, to(che! the &"re, 'ot electroc(te!, an! !"e! (pon reach"n' St. L( e:s. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as an act=om"ss"on "n breach o# le'al !(t$ %el!: 6es Rat"o: !ela$ "n leav"n' the !an'er (n'(ar!e! so lon' a#ter the "n#ormat"on o# the tro(ble &as rece"ve! const"t(te! ne'l"'ence o# the part o# Compan$ Apparent Contr"b(tor$ 4e'l"'ence o# Ch"l!: 0"! not rel"eve compan$ o# respons"b"l"t$, o&"n' to the ch"l!:s "mmat(re $ears an! nat(ral c(r"os"t$ to !o someth"n' o(t o# the or!"nar$ 0el Pra!o vs +an"la 5lectr"c Compan$, <, Ph"l -.. 4at(re: Appeal #rom I(!'ment o# the CF2, +an"la Facts: 2'nac"o !el Pra!o:s r"'ht #oot &as ca('ht an! cr(she! b$ car no. @4 an! ha! to be amp(tate! the #ollo&"n' !a$. %e &as r(nn"n' across the street to catch the car b(t be#ore h"s pos"t"on ha! become sec(re, an! even be#ore h"s ra"se! r"'ht #oot ha! reache! the plat#orm, the motorman appl"e! the po&er an! the car 'ave a sl"'ht l(rch #or&ar!. Pla"nt"##:s #oot sl"ppe! an! h"s han! &as Ier e! loose #rom the han!post an! he #ell to the 'ro(n!. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as breach o# le'al !(t$ %el!: 6es Rat"o: Altho('h motorman &as not bo(n! to stop to let the pla"nt"## on, "t &as h"s !(t$ to !o no act that &o(l! have the e##ect o# "ncreas"n' the pla"nt"##:s per"l &h"le he &as attempt"n' to boar! the car. Premat(re accelerat"on o# car &as breach o# th"s !(t$. 0(t$ o# carr"er e7ten!s to persons boar!"n' the cars as &ell as al"'ht"n' there#rom. Pla"nt"##:s ne'l"'ence "n attempt"n' o boar! mov"n' car &as not the pro7"mate ca(se o# the "nI(r$. 0"rect an! pro7"mate ca(se &as the premat(re accelerat"on. Ast(!"llo vs +an"la 5lectr"c C*, << Ph"l 4,@ 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# the CF2, +an"la Facts: J(an Ast(!"llo met h"s !eath thro('h electroc(t"on, &hen he place! h"s r"'ht han! on a &"re connecte! &"th an electr"c pole s"t(ate! near Santa L(c"a Pate, 2ntram(ros. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as breach o# le'al !(t$ %el!: 65S Rat"o: Pole &as locate! close eno('h to p(bl"c place so that a person, b$ reach"n' h"s arm o(t the #(ll len'th, &o(l! be able to ta e hol! o# one o# the &"res

C"t$ 5n'"neer: even "# &"re &as tr"ple bra"! &eather proo# t$pe, "# to(che! b$ a person, &o(l! en!an'er l"#e o# that person b$ electroc(t"on Compl"ance &"th a #ranch"se, or!"nance, or a stat(te "s not concl(s"ve proo# that there &as no ne'l"'ence. The #(l#"llment o# the con!"t"ons !oes not ren!er (nnecessar$ other preca(t"ons reK("re! b$ or!"nar$ care.

2. Fault or negligence 1173. The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time and of the place. When negligence shows bad faith, the provision of Article 1171 and !1, par , shall apply.

2# the la& or contract !oes not state the !"l"'ence &h"ch 2 to be observe! "n the per#ormance, that &h"ch "s e7pecte! o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$ shall be reK("re!. 11@1. Respons"b"l"t$ ar"s"n' #rom #ra(! "s !eman!able "n all obl"'at"ons. An$ &a"ver o# an act"on #or #(t(re #ra(! "s vo"!. !1, par . "n case of fraud, bad faith, malice or wanton attitude, the obligor shall be responsible for all damages which may be reasonably attributed to the non#performance of the obligation. 3r"'ht vs +an"la 5lectr"c Co., ,C Ph"l 1,, 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# the CF2, +an"la Facts: Pla"nt"## !rove home "n a calesa. 3h"le cross"n' the trac s to enter h"s prem"ses, the horse st(mble!, leape! #or&ar! an! #ell, ca(s"n' veh"cle to str" e one o# the ra"ls &"th 'reat #orce. Pla"nt"## &as thro&n #rom the veh"cle an! ca(se! the "nI(r"es compla"ne! o#. Pla"nt"## &as !r(n !(r"n' that t"me. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ne'l"'ence on part o# compan$ %el!: 6es Rat"o: a cons"!erable port"on o# the t"es &ere above the level o# the street mere "nto7"cat"on "s not ne'l"'ence nor !oes the mere #act o# "nto7"cat"on establ"sh a &ant o# or!"nar$ care 2# person:s con!(ct "s character"ze! b$ a proper !e'ree o# care an! pr(!ence, "t "s "mmater"al &hether he "s !r(n or sober. Corl"ss vs +an"la Ra"lroa! Compan$ 4at(re: 0"rect Appeal #rom a !ec"s"on o# the CF2, Pampan'a Facts: Ralph Corl"ss, Jr., ,1, &as !r"v"n' a Ieep on h"s &a$ bac to Clar A"r Force 9ase. The Ieep coll"!e! &"th a locomot"ve o# +an"la Ra"lroa! Compan$. The cross"n' bars &ere not p(t !o&n an! no '(ar! &as at the 'ateho(se &hen the acc"!ent happene!. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ne'l"'ence %el!: 6es, on pla"nt"##:s part Rat"o:

4e'l"'ence "s &ant o# care reK("re! b$ the c"rc(mstances. 5ven "# crossbars &ere not p(t !o&n an! that there &as no '(ar!, pla"nt"## st"ll ha! the !(t$ to stop h"s Ieep to avo"! coll"s"on an! that the ma"n &"tness o# the !e#en!ant)appellee, &ho !rove the en'"ne, &as not K(al"#"e! to !o so at the t"me o# the acc"!ent. Pla"nt"## &as s(##"c"entl$ &arne! Dlocomot"ve ha! blo&n "ts s"ren or &h"stle8

Rmal" vs 9acan", 6- SCRA ,63 4at(re: Pet"t"oner #or cert"orar" to rev"e& the !ec"s"on o# the CF2, Pan'as"nan. 9acan", J. Facts: 0(r"n' a storm, the transm"ss"on l"ne o# the Alcala 5lectr"c Plant &ere blo&n !o&n an! #ell on the electr"c &"re. 3"re &as c(t, one en! o# &h"ch &as le#t han'"n' on the post an! other #ell to the 'ro(n! (n!er the #allen banana plants. The #ollo&"n' morn"n', barr"o capta"n sa& bro en &"re an! &arne! people not to 'o near &"re. %e also sa& C"rpr"ano 9al!omero, laborer at the plant, an! tol! latter abo(t the &"re b(t 9al!omero sa"! he co(l! not !o "t. 2nstea!, he &as 'o"n' to loo #or a l"neman to !o "t. Later, +an(el Sa$nes, 3 $ears an! C months ol!, chance! (pon the place, to(che! the &"re, an! 'ot electroc(te! an! s(bseK(entl$ !"e!. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ne'l"'ence %el!: 6es, 5lectr"c plant Rat"o: !"!n:t bother to remove banana plants &h"ch pose! 'reat !an'er to the electr"c post s(pport"n' the electr"c &"res (pon no&"n' poss"ble !an'er !(e to e##ects o# storm, the$ !"! not c(t o## #rom plant the #lo& o# electr"c"t$ 9al!omero !"! not ta e necessar$ preca(t"on to prevent an$bo!$ #rom approach"n' the l"ve &"re Compan$:s l"ab"l"t$ #or "nI(r$ ca(se! b$ h"s emplo$ees: ne'l"'ence "s !e#"ne! "n par 4, ,1C.: The o&ner an! mana'er o# an establ"shment or enterpr"se are l" e&"se respons"ble #or !ama'es ca(se! b$ the emplo$ees "n the serv"ce o# the branches "n &h"ch the latter are emplo$e! or on the occas"ons, o# the"r #(nct"ons. Contributory negligence ,1@-. 3hen the pla"nt"##:s o&n ne'l"'ence &as the "mme!"ate an! pro7"mate ca(se o# h"s "nI(r$, he cannot recover !ama'es. 9(t "# h"s ne'l"'ence &as onl$ contr"b(tor$, the "mme!"ate an! pro7"mate ca(se o# the "nI(r$ be"n' the !e#en!ant:s lac o# !(e care, the pla"nt"## ma$ recover !ama'es, b(t the co(rts shall m"t"'ate the !ama'es to be a&ar!e!. Ra es vs APBP Co, s(pra Last Clear Chance P"cart vs. Sm"th, 3@ Ph"l C.4at(re: Facts: Pla"nt"## P"cart &as r"!"n' a pon$ on a br"!'e. See"n' an a(tomob"le ahea!, he "mproperl$ p(lle! h"s horse over to the ra"l"n' on the r"'ht. The !r"ver o# the a(tomob"le, ho&ever '("!e! h"s car to&ar! the pla"nt"## &"tho(t !"m"n(t"on o# spee! (nt"l he &as onl$ a #e& #eet a&a$. %e then t(rne! to the r"'ht b(t passe! so closel$ to the horse that the latter be"n' #r"'htene!, I(mpe! aro(n! an! &as "lle! b$ the pass"n' car. P"cart &as thro&n o## the horse an! s(##ere! cont(s"ons. 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ne'l"'ence

%el!: 6es, pla"nt"## &as on the &ron' s"!e o# br"!'e !e#en!ant "s also l"able (n!er !octr"ne o# last clear chance Rat"o: 0e#en!ant "s also l"able as he ha! the #a"r opport(n"t$ to avo"! the acc"!ent a#ter he real"ze! the s"t(at"on create! b$ the ne'l"'ence o# the pla"nt"## co(l! b$ no means then place h"msel# "n a pos"t"on o# 'reater sa#et$. Control o# s"t(at"on ha! passe! to !e#en!ant an! "t &as h"s !(t$ to br"n' h"s car to an "mme!"ate stop, or See"n' that there &ere no other persons on the br"!'e, to ta e the other s"!e an! pass s(##"c"entl$ #ar a&a$ #rom the horse to avo"! the !an'er o# coll"s"on Test: Con!(ct "s sa"! to be ne'l"'ent &hen a pr(!ent man "n the pos"t"on o# the tort#easor &o(l! have #oreseen that an e##ect harm#(l to another &as s(##"c"entl$ probable to &arrant h"s #ore'o"n' the con!(ct or '(ar!"n' a'a"nst "ts conseK(ences. Phoen"7 Constr(ct"on vs 2AC, 14C SCRA 3<3 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or rev"e& o# the !ec"s"on o# the 2AC Facts: Leonar!o 0"on"s"o &as on h"s &a$ #rom a coc ta"ls)an!)!"nner meet"n' &"th h"s boss D!rove a Qol s&a'en8. 3h"le he &as procee!"n' !o&n the 'eneral Lac(na Street, he cla"me! that h"s hea!l"'hts s(!!enl$ #a"le! an! &hen he s&"tche! them to br"'ht, he sa& a For! !(mp tr(c par e! on the r"'ht han! s"!e o# the street. 0(mptr(c &as par e! as e& an! no l"'hts or an$ so)calle! earl$ &arn"n' re#lector !ev"ces &ere set an$&here near the tr(c . To avo"! coll"s"on, he s&erve! h"s car to the le#t b(t "t &as too late an! h"s car smashe! "nto the !(mp tr(c . 2ss(e: 3*4 there &as ne'l"'ence %el!: 6es pr"mar$ #or Phoen"7 Contr"b(tor$ #or car !r"ver Rat"o: 5mplo$er:s #a"l(re to e7erc"se v"'"lance over "ts emplo$ee "s ev"!ent #rom the "mproper par "n' o# the tr(c on the street at n"'ht alon' emplo$ee:s res"!ence 0octr"ne o# last clear chance !oes not seem to have a role to pla$ "n a I(r"s!"ct"on &here the common la& concept o# contr"b(tor$ ne'l"'ence as an absol(te bar to recover$ b$ the pla"nt"##, has "tsel# been reIecte!, as "t has been "n ,1@- o# CC. Plan People:s L(mber an! %ar!&are vs 4LRC 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or cert"orar" to rev"e& the I(!'ment o# the CA. Facts: 5n'"neer Cal"bo &as !r"v"n' Ieep o&ne! b$ 9acnotan Consol"!ate! 2n!(str"es, 2nc. 3"th h"m &ere Roranes an! Patos. At abo(t <- $ar!s a#ter cross"n' the br"!'e, a car'o tr(c #rom the oppos"te !"rect"on coll"!e! &"th the Ieep. Cal"bo &as "lle! &h"le h"s compan"ons s(sta"ne! "nI(r"es. Tr(c :s !r"ver &as (nh(rt. 3"tnesses: Ieep &as z"'za''"n' beca(se !r"ver &as !r(n .

2ss(e: 3*4 Cal"bo ha! the last clear chance to avo"! the acc"!ent %el!: 6es Rat"o: 3h"le st"ll 3. meters a&a$ #rom tr(c , b$ stopp"n' "n h"s t(rn or s&erv"n' h"s Ieep a&a$ #rom the tr(c , &"ther o# &h"ch he ha! s(##"c"ent t"me to !o &h"le r(nn"n' at a spee! o# onl$ 3. m=hr. Jeep !r"ver:s !(t$ &as to se"ze the opport(n"t$ o# avo"!ance, not merel$ to e7pect tr(c to s&erve an! leave h"m a clear path. Dalso, tr(c &as &"th"n "ts o&n lane an! !r"ver ha! alrea!$ appl"e! bra es8 9(stamante vs CA, 1-3 SCRA 6.3 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or cert"orar" to rev"e& the !ec"s"on o# the CA Facts: 0r"ver Pravel an! san! tr(c +ontes"ano +az!a passen'er b(s S(s(l"n

*&ner 0el P"lar +a't"ba$ an! Serra!o

Tr(c an! b(s coll"!e!. The #ront le#t s"!e port"on o# the bo!$ o# the tr(c s"!es&"pe! the le#t s"!e&all o# the passen'er b(s, r"pp"n' o## the sa"! &all #rom the !r"ver:s sear to the last rear seat. Several passen'ers o# the b(s &ere thro&n o(t an! !"e! as a res(lt o# the"r "nI(r"es.

3h"le tr(c &as abo(t 3. meters a&a$, b(s !r"ver sa& the tr(c :s #ront &heels &"''l"n' an! he also observe! that tr(c &as hea!"n' to&ar!s h"s lane. Th"n "n' that tr(c !r"ver &as I(st Io "n', b(s !r"ver sh"#te! #rom 4th to 3r! 'ear so he co(l! overta e a H(bota han! tractor. 3h"le "n the process o# overta "n' tractor, the , veh"cles s"!es&"pe! each other.

2ss(e: 3*4 !octr"ne o# last clear chance appl"es to the case at bar %el!: 4o Rat"o: case "s not a s("t bet&een the o&ners an! !r"vers o# coll"!"n' veh"cles b(t a s("t bro('ht b$ the he"rs o# the !ecease! passen'ers a'a"nst both o&ners an! !r"vers o# the veh"cles. Co(rt #o(n! tr(c !r"ver ne'l"'ent: - &as r(nn"n' #ast - roa! &as !escen!"n' - veh"cle &as an ol! 1-4@ car'o tr(c &hose #ront &heels &ere alrea!$ &"''l"n' Co(rt also #o(n! b(s !r"ver ne'l"'ent: ) sho(l! have stoppe! b(s pr s&erve! "t to the s"!e o# the roa! even !o&n to "ts sho(l!er +cHee vs 2AC, ,11 SCRA <1@ 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or rev"e& #rom the resol(t"on o# the then 2AC Facts: 0r"ver Car'o tr(c R(ben Palan' For! escort Jose Hoh

*&ner Ta$a' an! +analo

To avo"! h"tt"n' , bo$s &ho s(!!enl$ !arte! #rom the r"'ht s"!e o# the roa! an! "nto the lane o# the car, Jose Hoh ble& the horn o# h"s car, s&erve! to the le#t an! entere! the lane o# the tr(c . %e attempte! to ret(rn to h"s lane b(t be#ore he co(l! !o so, he alrea!$ coll"!e! &"th the car'o tr(c . )Tr(c an! For! coll"!e! "n P(lon' P(lo 9r"!'e alon' +acArth(r %"'h&a$. 3 people "n the For! escort !"e! "ncl(!"n' the !r"ver, Jose Hoh.) 2ss(e: 3*4 Hoh &as ne'l"'ent %el!: 4*, emer'enc$ r(le appl"es

Rat"o: emer'enc$ r(le: one &ho s(!!enl$ #"n!s h"msel# "n a place o# !an'er, an! "s reK("re! to act &"tho(t t"e to cons"!er the best means that ma$ be a!opte! to avo"! the "mpen!"n' !an'er, "n not '("lt$ o# ne'l"'ence, "# he #a"ls to a!opt &hat s(bseK(entl$ an! (pon re#lect"on ma$ appear to have been a better metho!, (nless the emer'enc$ "n &h"ch he #"n!s h"msel# "s bro('ht b$ h"s o&n ne'l"'ence - Hoh a!opte! best means to avo"! h"tt"n' the , bo$s car'o tr(c !r"ver ha! last clear chance to avo"! the acc"!ent (pon see"n' that car ha! entere! h"s lane to avo"! the bo$s, tr(c !r"ver !"! not re!(ce "ts spee! be#ore the act(al "mpact o# coll"s"on. Car !r"ver ha! '"ven emer'enc$ s"'nals #or tr(c to slo& !o&n so that car co(l! 'o bac to "ts lane !r"v"n' at 4C m=hr on a 3. m=hr br"!'e - ,1C<, a person !r"v"n' a veh"cle "s pres(me! ne'l"'ent "# at the t"me o# the m"shap, he &as v"olat"n' an$ tra##"c re'(lat"on Presumed negligence ,1C4. 24 motor veh"cle m"shaps, the o&ner "s sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th h"s !r"ver, "# the #ormer, &ho &as "n the veh"cle, co(l! have, b$ the (se o# !(e !"l"'ence, prevente! the m"s#ort(ne. 2t "s !"sp(tabl$ pres(me! that a !r"ver &as ne'l"'ent, "# he ha! been #o(n! '("lt$ o# rec less !r"v"n' or v"olat"n' tra##"c re'(lat"ons at least t&"ce &"th"n the ne7t prece!"n' , moths. "f the owner was not on the motor vehicle, the provisions of Article 1$! are applicable. 1$!. The owners and managers of an establishment or enterprise are li%ewise responsible for damages caused by their employees in the service of the branches in which the latter are employed or on occasion of their functions. ,1C<. Rnless there "s proo# to the contrar$, "t "s pres(me! that a person !r"v"n' a motor veh"cle has been ne'l"'ent "# at the t"me o# the m"shap, he &as v"olat"n' an$ tra##"c re'(lat"on. 1$$. There is prima facie presumption of negligence on the part of the defendant if the death or in&ury results from his possession of dangerous weapons or substances, such as firearms and poison, e'cept when the possession or use thereof is indispensable in his occupation or business. 17(). "n case of death of or in&uries to passengers, common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless they prove that they observed e'traordinary diligence as prescribed in 1733 and 17((. 1733. *ommon carriers, from the nature of their business and for reasons of public policy, are bound to observe e'traordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods and for the safety of the passengers transported by them, according to all the circumstances of each case. +uch e'traordinary diligence is vigilance over the goods further e'pressed in 173,, 173(, and 17,( nos. (, ), 7 while the e'traordinary diligence for the safety of the passengers is further set forth in 17(( and 17(). 17((. A common carrier is bound to carry the passengers safely as far as human care and foresight can provide, using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with a due regard for all the circumstances.

Tea'(e vs. Fernan!ez, <1 SCRA 1C1 4at(re: Appeal #rom !ec"s"on o# CA Facts:

The Real"st"c 2nst"t(te &as a vocat"onal school #or ha"r an! bea(t$ c(lt(re. 2t &as o&ne! an! operate! b$ +erce!es Tea'(e. The ,n! #loor o# the b("l!"n' ha! onl$ 1 sta"r&a$, o# abo(t 1.< meters "n &"!th. Sect"on 4-1 o# the Rev"se! *r!"nances o# the C"t$ o# +an"la prov"!e! that #or a b("l!"n' s(ch as the one &here the "nst"t(te &as, at least , (nobstr(cte! sta"r&a$s o# not less than 1 meter an! ,. cm "n &"!th sho(l! be constr(cte!. *n *ct ,4, 1-<<, a #"re bro e o(t "n a store #or s(rpl(s mater"als locate! 1. meters a&a$ #rom "nst"t(te, across the street. Altho('h no part o# the P"l)Arm" b("l!"n' ca('ht #"re, 4 st(!ents &ere #o(n! !ea! an! several others "nI(re! on acco(nt o# the pan"c &h"ch ens(e! an! the s(bseK(ent stampe!e. 2ss(e: 3*4 ne'l"'ence co(l! be pres(me! "n the case at bar %el!: 65S Rat"o: &hen the stan!ar! o# care "s #"7e! b$ la&, #a"l(re to con#orm to s(ch stan!ar! "s ne'l"'ence, ne'l"'ence per se or ne'l"'ence "n an! o# "tsel#, "n the absence o# a le'al e7c(se. 0eath o# Lo(r!es Fernan!ez &as !(e to the 'ross ne'l"'ence o# the !e#en!ant &ho #a"le! to e7erc"se !(e care an! !"l"'ence #or the sa#et$ o# "ts st(!ents "n not prov"!"n' the b("l!"n' &"th a!eK(ate #"re e7"ts an! "n not pract"c"n' #"re !r"ll e7erc"ses to avo"! the stampe!e, as"!e #rom the #act that the !e#en!ant !"! not have a perm"t to (se b("l!"n' as a schoolho(se. Res ipsa loquitur (the thing spea s for itself! A#r"ca vs Calte7, 16 SCRA 44C 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or rev"e& b$ cert"orar" o# a !ec"s"on o# the CA Facts: 3h"le Lean!ro Flores &as trans#err"n' 'asol"ne #rom a tan tr(c "nto the (n!er'ro(n! tan o# Calte7, an (n no&n person l"'hte! a c"'arette an! thre& the b(rn"n' match st"c near the ma"n valve o# the (n!er'ro(n! tan . F"re bro e o(t, sprea! to an! b(rne! several ne"'hbor"n' ho(ses, "ncl(!"n' personal propert"es an! e##ects "ns"!e them. 2ss(e: 3*4 the !octr"ne o# res "psa loK("t(r appl"es to the case at bar %el!: 6es Rat"o: res "psa loK("t(r: &here the th"n' &h"ch ca(se! the "nI(r$ compla"ne! o# "s sho&n to be (n!er the mana'ement o# the !e#en!ant or h"s servants an! the acc"!ent "s s(ch as "n the or!"nar$ co(rse o# th"n's !oes not happen "# those &ho have "ts mana'ement or control (se proper care, "t a##or!s reasonable ev"!ence, "n the absence o# e7planat"on b$ the !e#en!ant, that the acc"!ent arose #rom &ant o# care. 2nc"!ent happene! beca(se o# &ant o# care on Calte7: part. stat"on &as locate! "n a ver$ b(s$ !"str"ct near the *brero mar et &here "t "s common to see people smo "n' or l"'ht"n' a c"'arette concrete &alls D#"re &all8 &ere onl$ , V meters h"'h an! co(l! not avo"! #lames #rom leap"n' over "t "n case o# #"re stat"on also ho(se! a 'ara'e an! repa"r shop)overcro&!"n' Rep(bl"c vs L(zon Steve!or"n' Co., ,1 SCRA ,@4at(re: Appeal #rom a !ec"s"on o# the CF2, +an"la Facts: Dobl"con case /to. So>>> +a$ natatan!aan pa ba ta$on' case !(n> 8 9ar'e o&ne! b$ L(zon Steve!or"n' &as be"n' to&e! !o&n the Pas"' R"ver b$ t('boats /ban'(s: an! /9arbero.: 9ar'e ramme! a'a"nst one o# the &oo!en p"les o# the 4a'tahan ba"le$ br"!'e, smash"n' posts an! ca(s"n' br"!'e to l"st.

R"ver at the t"me &as s&ollen an! c(rrent s&"#t on acco(nt o# a heav$ !o&npo(r. 2ss(e: 3*4 !octr"ne o# res "psa loK("t(r appl"es to the case at bar %el!: 6es Rat"o: The (n(s(al event that the bar'e, an "mmovable an! stat"onar$ obIect, e7cl(s"vel$ controlle! b$ appellant, ramme! the br"!'e s(pports ra"ses a pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'ence on the part o# the appellant or "ts emplo$ees mann"n' the bar'e or the t('s that to&e! "t. 2n the or!"nar$ co(rse o# events, s(ch a th"n' !oes not happen "# proper care "s (se!. F.F. Cr(z vs CA, 164 SCRA @31 4at(re: Pet"t"on to rev"e& the !ec"s"on o# the CA Facts: Pre'or"o +able repeate!l$ approache! 5r"c Cr(z to reK(est that a #"re&all be constr(cte! bet&een shop an! pr"vate respon!ent:s res"!ence. ReK(est #ell on !ea# ears. F"re bro e o(t "n pet"t"oner:s shop an! both shop an! ho(se &ere raze! to the 'ro(n!. 2ss(e: 3*4 !octr"ne o# res "psa loK("t(r appl"es to the case at bar %el!: 6es Rat"o: #(rn"t(re man(#act(r"n' shop conta"ne! comb(st"ble mater"als s(ch as &oo! ch"ps, sa&!(st, pa"nt, varn"sh an! #(el an! l(br"cants #"re&all sho(l! have been constr(cte! as reK("re! b$ c"t$ or!"nance #"re co(l! have been ca(se! b$ a heate! motor or a l"t c"'arette &or ers somet"mes smo e! "ns"!e shop La$('an vs 2AC, 16@ SCRA 363 4at(re: Pet"t"on #or cert"orar" to rev"e& the !ec"s"on o# the then 2AC. Qeloso, J. Facts: Pla"nt"## an! compan"on &ee repa"r"n' the t"re o# the"r car'o tr(c &h"ch &as par e! alon' the r"'ht s"!e o# the 4at"onal %"'h&a$. 0e#en!ant:s tr(c b(mpe! the pla"nt"## an! latter &as "nI(re! an! hosp"tal"ze!. 2ss(e: 3on !octr"ne o# res "psa loK("t(r appl"es to the case at bar %el!: 4* Res "psa loK("t(r D9lac :s8: a r(le o# ev"!ence &hereb$ ne'l"'ence o# alle'e! &ron'!oer ma$ be "n#erre! #rom mere #act that acc"!ent happene! prov"!e! character acc"!ent an! c"rc(mstances atten!"n' "t lea! reasonabl$ to bel"e# that "n absence "# ne'l"'ence "t &o(l! not have occ(rre! an! that th"n' &h"ch ca(se! "nI(r$ "s sho&n to have been (n!er mana'ement an! control o# alle'e! &ron'!oer. Rat"o: !octr"ne can be "nvo e! &hen an! onl$ &hen, (n!er the c"rc(mstance "nvolve!, !"rect ev"!ence "s absent an! not rea!"l$ ava"lable 5v"!ence on recor! !"scloses that: 3 or 4 meters #rom rear o# par e! tr(c , a l"'hte! erosene lamp &as place! !e#en!ant !"! not chec veh"cle be#ore he too "t on the roa! an! th(s &as not able to !"scover that the bra e #l("! p"pe on the r"'ht &as c(t

"ssumption of ris

A#"al!a vs %"sole 4at(re: Appeal #rom a I(!'ment o# the CF2, 2lo"lo Facts: A#"al!a &as emplo$e! as careta er o# !e#en!ant spo(ses: carabaos.

3h"le ten!"n' the an"mals, he &as 'ore! b$ one o# them an! later !"e! as a conseK(ence o# h"s "nI(r"es.

Pla"nt"## see s to hol! !e#en!ants l"able (n!er 1-.<: The possessor of an animal, or the one who uses the same, is liable for any damages it may cause, even if such animal should escapre from him or stray away.

This liability shall cease only in case the damage should arise from force ma&eure or from fault of the person who may have suffered it.

2ss(e: 3*4 !e#en!ant spo(ses are l"able %el!: 4* Rat"o: stat(te re#ers to possessor or (ser o# an"mal possessor or (ser has the c(sto!$ an! control o# the an"mal an! "s there#ore the one "n appos"t"on to prevent "t #rom ca(s"n' !ama'e. *ne o# the r"s s o# the careta er:s occ(pat"on &h"ch he ha! vol(ntar"l$ ass(me! an! #or &h"ch he m(st ta e the conseK(ences

#R$"L%& ' (C)"RR% J(l$ 31, 1-<@ F"C$*+ 3h"le !r"v"n' h"s emplo$er:s car, 5stan!a str(c a ch"l!, ca(s"n' ph$s"cal "nI(r"es to the latter.

 ConseK(entl$, a cr"m"nal case #or Sl"'ht Ph$s"cal 2nI(r"es Thro('h Rec less 2mpr(!ence &as #"le! a'a"nst 5stan!a. %e plea!e! '("lt$ to the char'e an! &as s(bseK(entl$ conv"cte!. The ch"l!:s #ather, pla"nt"## *rtal"z, #"le! a compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst 5stan!a:s emplo$er, !e#en!ant 5charr". %**,(+ 3on *rtal"z:s compla"nt has s(##"c"ent ca(se o# act"on a'a"nst 5charr" as emplo$er o# 5stan!a )(L-+ 65S Art"cle ,1C. states that -mployers shall be liable for the damages caused by their employees and household helpers acting within their scope of their assigned tas%s, even though the former are not engaged in any business or industry. Art"cle ,1C4 prov"!es that "f the owner was not in the motor vehicle, the provisions of Article 1$! applies. %av"n' "n v"e& the above prov"s"ons o# la&, the compla"nt o# *rtal"z:s conta"ne! a s(##"c"ent ca(se o# act"on. The content"on o# 5charr" that there sho(l! be alle'at"on "n the compla"nt that Fthe !e#en!ant &as en'a'e! "n some "n! o# "n!(str$ an! that emplo$ee comm"tte! the cr"me "n the !"schar'e o# h"s !(t"es "n connect"on &"th the "n!(str$,G "s (ntenable "n v"e& o# Art"cle ,1C.: -mployers shall be liable for the damages caused by their employees ... even though the former are not engaged in any business or industry. L" e&"se, the content"on o# 5charr" that pla"nt"## sho(l! have reserve! the c"v"l act"on "s (ntenable "n v"e& o# Art"cle 33: "n cases of physical in&uries, a civil action for damages entirely separate and distinct from the criminal action, may be brought by the in&ured party. +uch civil action shall proceed independently of the criminal prosecution ''' Order of dismissal of lower court revoked. C,%*#. ' .#R$#. / )"RR%*#. C#. *ctober 14, 1-3. F"C$*+ A tr(c o&ne! b$ a certa"n Anton"o *ra &as on "ts &a$ to Santa +esa carr$"n' lar'e p"eces o# l(mber belon'"n' to 4orton B %arr"son Co. The !r"ver, &ho &as &"th t&o other people D9"no$a an! 9a(t"staM all 3 o# them are belo& 1C8, (pon not"c"n' that the l(mber ha! become loosene!, stoppe! the tr(c #or the p(rpose o# rearran'"n' "t. %o&ever, be#ore "t co(l! be rearran'e!, some lar'e p"eces o# l(mber #ell #rom the tr(c an! p"nne! beneath "t a @)$ear ol! bo$ &ho &as pass"n' b$. The bo$ !"e! "nstantl$. The !r"ver an! h"s compan"on "n the tr(c &ere char'e! &"th the cr"me o# hom"c"!e thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence to &h"ch the$ plea!e! '("lt$. S(bseK(entl$, a compla"nt #or !ama'es &as #"le!. SC &o(l! later con#"rm #rom test"mon$ that: 1. the tr(c "n K(est"on &as o&ne! b$ Anton"o *ra ,. that the l(mber &as o&ne! b$ 4orton B %arr"son Co.

3. that *ra ha! re'(larl$ rente! o(t h"s tr(c to 4orton B %arr"son Co. #or the p(rpose o# transport"n' the latter:s l(mber 4. that *ra &as also emplo$e! b$ 4orton B %arr"son Co. as capataz D#oreman8 an! that "t &as h"s !(t$ as s(ch emplo$ee to !"rect the loa!"n' an! transportat"on o# l(mber <. that the !r"ver o# the tr(c an! h"s compan"ons &ere also "n the emplo$ o# 4orton B %arr"son, b(t the$ &ere not the men &ho &ere !"recte! b$ *ra to loa! the l(mber on the tr(c CF2 absolve! 4orton B %arr"son #rom the compla"nt &h"ch alle'e! that the !eath o# the bo$ &as ca(se! b$ "ts ne'l"'ence. %**,(+ 3on 4orton B %arr"son sho(l! be hel! respons"ble )(L-+ 65S 2t "s ev"!ent that *ra &as a contractor an! emplo$ee at the same t"me o# 4orton B %arr"son Co. %o&ever, he "s not an "n!epen!ent contractor. S(ch !"st"nct"on "s "mportant beca(se 4orton B %arr"son Co, as an emplo$er o# *ra, reta"ne! the po&er o# !"rect"n' an! controll"n' h"s &or . As an emplo$ee o# 4orton, *ra &as char'e! &"th the !(t$ o# !"rect"n' the loa!"n' an! transportat"on o# the l(mber. An! "t &as the ne'l"'ence "n loa!"n' the l(mber an! the (se o# m"nors on the tr(c &h"ch ca(se! the !eath o# the bo$. For h"s ne'l"'ence, !e#en!ant 4orton B %arr"son Co. "s also respons"ble #or the !eath. Judgment reversed. DmeIo mah"rap "nt"n!"h"n an' s$llo'"sm n' !ec"s"on8 0illareal1 concurs Conc(rs &"th the res(lt b(t the case at bar "s 'overne! b$ the prov"s"ons o# Art"cle ,. "n connect"on &"th Art"cle 1@ o# the Penal Co!e an! Art"cle 1.-, o# the CC, an! not b$ Art. 1-., B 1-.3. *ra &as a #oreman o# the !e#en!ants 4orton an! %arr"son #or the loa!"n' an! (nloa!"n' o# the"r l(mber the #all"n' o# &h"ch ca(se! the !eath o# the bo$. As s(ch #oreman, *ra &as the a'ent or emplo$ee o# 4orton B %arr"son. 2n the per#ormance o# h"s !(t"es as #oreman, he (se! the serv"ces o# 9a(t"sta an! 9"no$a #or the loa!"n' an! (nloa!"n' o# sa"! l(mber, th(s ma "n' them his employees "n s(ch &or , an! conseK(entl$ the emplo$ees o# 4orton an! %arr"son thro('h h"m. S"nce there &as a cr"m"nal compla"nt #"le!, an! s(##"c"ent alle'at"on "n the present act"on that 9a(t"sta an! 9"no$a comm"tte! the cr"me o# hom"c"!e thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence, 4orton B %arr"son are there#ore c"v"ll$ l"able #or the cr"me o# hom"c"!e thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence comm"tte! b$ these , emplo$ees. C)%." "%RL%.(* L$- ' C#,R$ #F "PP("L* +a$ 1C, 1--. F"C$*+ Jose Pa's"b"'an p(rchase! a plane t"c et #or a +an"la)Ta"pe")%on' on')+an"la #l"'ht #rom the Transa"re Travel A'enc$.

 The sa"! a'enc$ contacte! Ph"l"pp"ne A"rl"nes &h"ch at that t"me &as a sales an! t"c et"n' a'ent o# Ch"na A"rl"nes. PAL, thro('h "ts t"c et"n' a'ent Roberto 5sp"r"t(, "ss(e! to Pa's"b"'an the plane t"c et &h"ch sho&e! that the latter ha! been boo e! at the J(ne 1., 1-6C <:,. P+ #l"'ht o# Ch"na A"rl"nes, !epart"n' #rom +an"la #or Ta"pe". 3hen Pa'"s"b"'an sho&e! (p at the a"rport an ho(r be#ore the s(ppose! sche!(le! t"me o# !epart(re, he &as "n#orme! that the CAL plane he &as s(ppose! to ta e #or Ta"pe" ha! le#t at 1.:,. A+ that !a$. The PAL emplo$ees then ma!e appropr"ate arran'ements so that he co(l! ta e the PAL:s #l"'ht to Ta"pe" the ## !a$. Pa's"b"'an too the re)sche!(le! #l"'ht. A #e& months a#ter, he #"le! a compla"nt #or moral !ama'es an! attorne$:s #ees a'a"nst PAL. %e alle'e! that 5sp"r"t( ha! been 'rossl$ ne'l"'ent "n h"s !(t"es, as a res(lt o# &h"ch he s(##ere! besm"rche! rep(tat"on, embarrasment, +A, 3F an! S4, thereb$ &arrant"n' a&ar! #or moral !ama'es. 2n "ts !e#ense, PAL alle'e! that: 1. the !epart(re t"me "n!"cate! on Pa's"b"'an:s plane t"c et &as #(rn"she! an! con#"rme! b$ Ch"na A"rl"nes ,. that Ch"na A"rl"nes !"! not "n#orm the "ss("n' PAL branch o# the rev"se! t"metable o# CAL #l"'hts PAL asserte! a cross)cla"m a'a"nst CAL. Ch"na A"rl"nes, #or "ts part, averre! 1. that all a"rl"nes, "ncl(!"n' PAL, &ere "n#orme! o# the rev"se! sche!(le o# #l"'hts ,. that not"ces o# these rev"se! s e! &ere #(rn"she! to all sales a'ent 3. that the "ss("n' PAL branch ha! "n #act been "ss("n' an! sell"n' t"c ets base! on the rev"se! t"me s e! CAL also asserte! a cross cla"m a'a"nst PAL. TC #o(n! PAL an! Roberto 5sp"r"t( Io"ntl$ an! severall$ l"able b$ &a$ o# e7emplar$ !ama'es. 2t !"! not a&ar! moral !ama'es. CAL &as e7onerate!. CA r(le! o(t cla"m #or moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es. 2t a&ar!e! nom"nal !ama'es. %**,(+ 3ho sho(l! be hel! l"able )(L-+ PAL With respect to CAL . . . SC note! that Pa's"b"'an has opte! to see re!ress b$ p(rs("n' t&o reme!"es at the same t"me, that "s, to en#orce the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ o# CAL #or breach o# contract an!, l" e&"se, to recover #rom PAL an! 5sp"r"t( #or tort or c(lpa aK("l"ana. 2n v"e& o# the proscr"pt"on a'a"nst !o(ble recover$, SC !eeme! "t &"se to !eterm"ne the tr(e nat(re o# the act"on "nst"t(te! b$ Pa's"b"'an. Accor!"n' to SC, a per(sal o# the compla"nt o# Pa'"sb"'an &"ll !"sclose that the alle'at"ons there"n ma e o(t a case #or a K(as")!el"ct. %a! Pa'"s"b"'an "nten!e! to ma"nta"n an act"on base! on breach o# contract, he co(l! have s(e! CAL alone cons"!er"n' that PAL "s not a real part$ to the contract.

 2t "s th(s ev"!ent that &hen Pa's"b"'an sense! that he cannot hol! CAL l"able on a K(as")!el"ct, he ma!e a !eto(r on appeal, b$ cla"m"n' that h"s act"on a'a"nst CAL "s base! on breach o# contract o# carr"a'e. SC !"! not allo& Pa's"b"'an to chan'e h"s theor$ at th"s sta'e beca(se "t &o(l! be (n#a"r #or CAL as "t &o(l! have no opport(n"t$ to present #(rther ev"!ence mater"al to the ne& theor$. 9(t there "s no bas"s to hol! CAL l"able on a K(as")!el"ct. CA e7onerate! CAL o# an$ l"ab"l"t$ #or #a(lt or ne'l"'ence. With respect to PAL and Espiritu . . . PAL:s ma"n !e#ense "s that "s onl$ an a'ent. As a 'eneral propos"t"on, an a'ent &ho !(l$ acts as s(ch "s not personall$ l"able to 3r! persons. %o&ever, there are a!m"tte! e7cept"ons, as "n th"s case &here the a'ent "s be"n' s(e! #or !ama'es ar"s"n' #rom a tort comm"tte! b$ h"s emplo$ee. 24 an act"on prem"se! on the emplo$ee:s ne'l"'ence, &hereb$ Pa's"b"'an see s recover$ #or the !ama'es #rom both PAL an! 5sp"r"t( &"tho(t K(al"#"cat"on, &hat "s so('ht to be "mpose! "s the !"rect an! pr"mar$ l"ab"l"t$ o# PAL as an emplo$er. 3hen an "nI(r$ "s ca(se! b$ the ne'l"'ence o# an emplo$ee, there "nstantl$ ar"ses a pres(mpt"on o# la& that there &as ne'l"'ence on the part o# the emplo$er. Th"s pres(mpt"on, ho&ever, ma$ be reb(tte! b$ a clear sho&"n' on the part o# the emplo$er that "t has e7erc"se! the care an! !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ "n the select"on an! s(perv"s"on o# h"s emplo$ee. PAL #a"le! to overcome s(ch pres(mpt"on. As #o(n! b$ CA, PAL &as !(l$ "n#orme! o# CAL:s rev"se! s e!, an! "n #act, PAL ha! been "ss("n' an! sell"n' t"c et base! on sa"! rev"se! t"me s e!. For h"s ne'l"'ence, 5sp"r"t( "s pr"mar"l$ l"able to Pa'"sb"'an (n!er Art"cle ,1@6 o# the CC. For the #a"l(re o# PAL to reb(t the le'al pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'ence, "t "s also pr"mar"l$ l"able (n!er Art"cle ,1C. o# CC. Rn!er Art"cle ,1C., all that "s reK("re! "s that the emplo$ee, b$ h"s ne'l"'ene, comm"tte! a K(as")!el"ct &h"ch ca(se! !ama'e to another, an! th"s s(##"ces to hol! the emplo$er pr"mar"l$ an! sol"!ar"l$ l"able #or the tort"o(s act o# the emplo$ee. PAL, ho&ever, can !eman! #rom 5sp"r"t( re"mb(rsement o# the amo(nt &h"ch "t &"ll have to pa$ the o##en!e! part$:s cla"m. Decision modified. F%L"2(R C)R%*$%". %.*$%$,$( ' %"C A('(st 1@, 1--, F"C$*+ F(ntecha &as a &or "n' st(!ent, be"n' a part)t"me Ian"tor an! scholar o# F"lamer Chr"st"an 2nst"t(te. *ne !a$, F(ntecha, &ho alrea!$ ha! a st(!ent:s !r"ver:s l"cense, reK(este! +asa, the school !r"ver an! son o# the school pres"!ent, to allo& h"m to !r"ve the school veh"cle. Assent"n' to the reK(est, +asa stoppe! the veh"cle he &as !r"v"n' an! allo&e! F(ntecha to ta e over beh"n! the &heel. %o&ever, a#ter ne'ot"at"n' a sharp !an'ero(s c(rb, F(ntecha came (pon a #ast mov"n' tr(c so that he ha! to s&erve to the r"'ht to avo"! a coll"s"on. Rpon s&erv"n', the$ b(mpe! a pe!estr"an &al "n' "n h"s lane. The pe!estr"an !"e! !(e to the acc"!ent. %**,(+ 3on F"lamer Chr"st"an 2nst"t(te sho(l! be hel! l"able

)(L-+ 65S F"rst "t sho(l! be note! that !r"v"n' the veh"cle to an! #rom the ho(se o# the school pres"!ent &ere both Allan an! F(ntecha res"!e "s an act "n #(rtherance o# the "nterest o# the pet"t"oner)school. The school Ieep ha! to be bro('ht home so that the school !r"ver can (se "t to #etch st(!ents "n the morn"n' o# the ne7t school !a$. Th(s, "n learn"n' ho& to !r"ve &h"le ta "n' the veh"cle home "n the !"rect"on o# Allan:s home, F(ntecha !e#"n"tel$ &as not hav"n' a Io$ r"!e or #or enIo$ment, b(t (lt"matel$, #or the serv"ce #or &h"ch the Ieep &as "nten!e! b$ the pet"t"oner school. DSchool pres"!ent ha! no&le!'e o# F(ntecha:s !es"re to learn ho& to !r"ve.8 Co(rt "s th(s constra"ne! to concl(!e that the act o# F(ntecha "n ta "n' over the steer"n' &heel &as one !one #or an! "n behal# o# h"s emplo$er #or &h"ch act the school cannot !en$ an$ respons"b"l"t$ b$ ar'("n' that "t &as !one be$on! the scope o# h"s Ian"tor"al !(t"es. The #act that F(ntecha &as not the school !r"ver !oes not rel"eve the school #rom the b(r!en o# reb(tt"n' the pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'ence on "ts part. 2t "s s(##"c"ent that the act o# !r"v"n' at the t"me o# the "nc"!ent &as #or the bene#"t o# the school. Pet"t"oner school has #a"le! to sho& that "t e7erc"se! !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$. Pet"t"oner has not sho&n that "t has set #orth r(les an! '("!el"nes as &o(l! proh"b"t an$ one o# "ts emplo$ees #rom ta "n' control over "ts veh"cles "# one "s not the o##"c"al !r"ver or proh"b"t"n' the a(thor"ze! !r"ver #rom lett"n' an$one than h"m to !r"ve the veh"cle. F(rthermore, school ha! #a"le! to sho& that "t "mpose sanct"ons or &arne! "ts emplo$ees a'a"nst the (se o# "ts veh"cles b$ persons other than the !r"ver. Th(s, F"lamer has an obl"'at"on to pa$ !ama'es #or "nI(r$ ar"s"n' #rom the (ns "lle! manner b$ &h"ch F(ntecha !rove the veh"cle s"nce the la& "mposes (pon the emplo$ers v"car"o(s l"ab"l"t$ #or acts or om"ss"ons o# "ts emplo$ees. The l"ab"l"t$ o# the emplo$er, (n!er Art"cle ,1C., "s pr"mar$ an! sol"!ar$. %o&ever, the emplo$er shall have reco(rse a'a"nst the ne'l"'ent emplo$ee #or &hatever !ama'es are pa"! to the he"rs o# the pla"nt"##. On La or Code!s "ule # The cla(se F&"th"n the scope o# the"r ass"'ne! tas sG D#o(n! "n CC8 #or p(rposes o# ra"s"n' the pres(mpt"on o# l"ab"l"t$ o# an emplo$er, "ncl(!es an$ act !one b$ an emplo$ee, "n #(rtherance o# the "nterests o# the emplo$er or #or the acco(nt o# the emplo$e at the t"me o# the "n#l"ct"on o# the "nI(r$ or !ama'e 5ven "# someho&, the emplo$ee !r"v"n' the veh"cle !er"ve! some bene#"t #rom the act, the e7"stence o# a pres(mpt"ve l"ab"l"t$ o# the emplo$er "s !eterm"ne! b$ ans&er"n' the K(est"on o# &hether or not the servant &as at the t"me o# the acc"!ent per#orm"n' an$ act "n #(rtherance o# h"s master:s b(s"ness. R(le W, &h"ch prov"!es #or the e7cl(s"on o# &or "n' scholars "n the emplo$ment covera'e an! on &h"ch the pet"t"oner "s anchor"n' "ts !e#ense, "s merel$ a '("!e to the en#orcement o# the s(bstant"ve la& on labor. 2t "s not the !ec"s"ve la& "n a c"v"l s("t #or !ama'e "nst"t(te! b$ an "nI(re! person !(r"n' a veh"c(lar acc"!ent a'a"nst a &or "n' st(!ent o# a school an! a'a"nst the school "tsel#. Present case !oes not "nvolve a labor !"sp(te. An "mplement"n' r(le on labor cannot be (se! b$ an emplo$er s a sh"el! to avo"! l"ab"l"t$ (n!er the s(bstant"ve prov"s"ons o# the CC.

$otion granted.

-,"0%$ ' C#,R$ #F "PP("L* +a$ 1C, 1-CF"C$*+ The Ieep be"n' !r"ven b$ !e#en!ant Sab"n"ano coll"!e! &"th another Ieep, &h"ch ha! then , passen'ers on "t. As a res(lt o# the coll"s"on the passen'ers o# the other Ieep s(##ere! "nI(r$ an! the a(tomob"le "tsel# ha! to be repa"re! beca(se o# the e7tens"ve !ama'e. A case &as #"le! a'a"nst Sab"n"ano as !r"ver an! a'a"nst 0(av"t as o&ner o# the Ieep. 0(av"t a!m"tte! o&nersh"p o# the Ieep b(t !en"e! that Sab"n"ano &as h"s emplo$ee. Sab"n"ano h"msel# a!m"tte! that he too 0(av"t:s Ieep #rom the 'ara'e &"tho(t consent or a(thor"t$ o# the o&ner. %e test"#"e! #(rther that 0(av"t even #"le! char'es a'a"nst h"m #or the#t o# the Ieep, b(t &h"ch 0(av"t !"! not p(sh thro('h as the parents o# Sab"n"ano apolo'"ze! to 0(av"t on h"s behal#. TC #o(n! Sab"n"ano ne'l"'ent "n !r"v"n' the veh"cle b(t absolve! 0(av"t on the 'ro(n! that there &as no emplo$er)emplo$ee relat"onsh"p bet&een them, an! that #ormer too the veh"cle &"tho(t consent or a(thor"t$ o# the latter. CA hel! the t&o o# them Io"ntl$ an! severall$ l"able. %**,(+ 3on the o&ner o# a pr"vate veh"cle &h"ch #"'(re! "n an acc"!ent can be hel! l"able (n!er Art"cle ,1C. o# the CC &hen the sa"! veh"cle &as ne"ther !r"ven b$ an emplo$ee o# the o&ner nor ta en &"th the consent o# the latter. )(L-+ 4* 2n /uquillo v 0ayot D1-3-8, SC r(le! that an o&ner o# a veh"cle cannot be hel! l"able #or an acc"!ent "nvolv"n' a veh"cle "# the same &as !r"ven &"tho(t h"s consent or no&le!'e an! b$ a person not emplo$e! b$ h"m. Th"s r(l"n' "s st"ll relevant an! appl"cable, an! hence, m(st be (phel!. CA:s rel"ance on the cases o# -re1o v 2epte an! 3argas v 4angcay "s m"splace! an! cannot be s(sta"ne!. 2n -re1o v 2epte case, !e#en!ant Jepte &as hel! l"able #or the !eath o# 5rezo even "# he &as not reall$ the o&ner o# the tr(c that "lle! the latter beca(se he represente! h"msel# as "ts o&ner to the +otor Qeh"cles *##"ce an! ha! "t re'"stere! (n!er h"s nameM he &as th(s estoppe! #rom later on !en$"n' s(ch representat"on. 2n 3argas, Qar'as sol! her Ieepne$ to a 3r! person, b(t she !"! not s(rren!er to the +otor Qeh"cles *##"ce the correspon!"n' AC plates. So &hen the Ieepne$ later on #"'(re! "n an acc"!ent, she &as hel! l"able b$ the co(rt. hol!"n' that the operator o# recor! cont"n(es to be the operator o# veh"cle "n contemplat"on o# la&, as re'ar!s the p(bl"c an! 3r! persons.

 The c"rc(mstances o# the above cases are ent"rel$ !"##erent #rom those "n the present case. %ere"n pet"t"oner !oes not !en$ o&nersh"p o# veh"cle b(t !en"es hav"n' emplo$e! or a(thor"ze! the !r"ver Sab"n"ano. The Ieep &as v"rt(all$ stolen #rom the pet"t"oner:s 'ara'e. Decision and resolution annulled and set aside. -,L"3 ' C#,R$ #F "PP("L* Apr"l 3, 1--< F"C$*+ 3h"le 9en"'no Torz(ela &as on !(t$ as sec(r"t$ '(ar! o# F9"' 9an' sa Alaban'G, he shot an! "lle! Att$. 4apoleon 0(la$ a#ter an altercat"on occ(rre! bet&een them "n the prem"ses o# sa"! establ"shment. The he"rs o# 0(la$ #"le! a compla"nt #or !ama'es (n!er Art"cle ,1@6 a'a"nst Torz(ela an! Sa#e'(ar! 2nvest"'at"on an! Sec("rt$ Co., 2nc. an!=or S(per'(ar! Sec(r"t$ Corp, alle'e! emplo$ers o# !e#en!ant Torz(ela. 2n the compla"nt, Sa#e'(ar! an! S(per'(ar! &ere "mplea!e! as alternat"ve !e#e!ants #or, &h"le Sa#e'(ar! appears to be the emplo$er o# Torz(ela, S(per'(ar! "mpl"e!l$ ac no&le!'e! respons"b"l"t$ #or h"s acts b$ e7ten!"n' s$mpath"es to the pla"nt"##s. +ean&h"le, an 2n#ormat"on char'"n' Torz(ela &"th hom"c"!e &as #"le! &"th RTC +a at". S(per'(ar!=Sa#e'(ar! alle'e! that a compla"nt o# pet"t"oner #or !ama'es base! on ne'l"'ence (n!er Art"cle ,1@6 cannot l"e beca(se sa"! art"cle "s appl"cable onl$ to K(as")o##enses. The$ alle'e! that Torz(ela:s act o# shoot"n' &as comm"tte! &"th !el"berate "ntent D!olo8, an! he acte! be$on! the scope o# h"s !(t$. Rpon mot"on, TC I(!'e !"sm"sse! the compla"nt a'a"nst the alternat"ve !e#en!ants on the 'ro(n! that the compla"nt !"! not state #acts necessar$ to const"t(te a K(as")!el"ct s"nce "t !oes not ment"on an$ ne'l"'ence on the part o# Torz(ela. %**,(+ 3on pet"t"oner can s(sta"n a val"! ca(se o# act"on (n!er Art"cle ,1@6 a'a"nst the emplo$er o# Torz(ela )(L-+ 65S 2t "s (n!"sp(te! that 9en"'no Torz(ela "s be"n' prosec(te! #or hom"c"!e #or the #atal shoot"n' o# 0(la$. R(le 111 o# the R(les on Cr"m"nal Proce!(re prov"!es that +ection 1. When a criminal action is instituted, the civil action for the recovery of civil liability is impliedly instituted with the criminal action, unless the offended party waives the civil action, reserves his right to institute it separately or institutes the civil action prior to the criminal action. 2t "s &ell)settle! that the #"l"n' o# an "n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on be#ore the prosec(t"on "n the cr"m"nal act"on presents ev"!ence "s even #ar better than a compl"ance &"th the reK("rement o# an e7press reservat"on. Th"s "s prec"sel$ &hat the pet"t"oners opte! to !o "n th"s case. %o&ever, the pr"vate respon!ents oppose! the c"v"l act"on on the 'ro(n! that the same "s #o(n!e! on a !el"ct an! not on a K(as")!el"ct as the shoot"n' &as not atten!e! b$ ne'l"'ence. 3hat "s then the nat(re o# pet"t"oner:s act"on> Contrar$ to the theor$ o# pr"vate respon!ents, there "s no I(st"#"cat"on #or l"m"t"n' the scope o# Art"cle ,1@6 o# the CC to acts or om"ss"ons res(lt"n' #rom ne'l"'ence. 3ell)entrenche! "s the !octr"ne that

Art"cle ,1@6 covers not onl$ acts comm"tte! &"th ne'l"'ence, b(t also acts &h"ch are vol(ntar$ an! "ntent"onal D+ee -lcano v 5ill 6 Andamo v "A*7 An!, as ar'(e! b$ pet"t"oners, Torz(ela:s act o# shoot"n' 0(la$ "s also act"onable (n!er Art"cle 33 o# the CC beca(se the term Fph$s"cal "nI(r"esG #o(n! there"n has alrea!$ been constr(e! to "ncl(!e bo!"l$ "nI(r"es ca(s"n' !eath 8*apuno v 9epsico7 2n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on ma$ be #"le! (n!er Art"cle 33 so lon' as the cr"me "s not the res(lt o# cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence, as "n the "nstant case. 2t hav"n' been establ"she! that the "nstant act"on "s not e7)!el"cto, pet"t"oners ma$ procee! !"rectl$ a'a"nst Torz(ela an! the pr"vate respon!ents. 9eca(se o# the pr"nc"ple o# v"car"o(s respons"b"l"t$, "t "s "nc(mbent (pon Sa#e'(ar! an!=or S(per'(ar! to prove that the$ e7erc"se! the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ "n the select"on an! s(perv"s"on o# the"r emplo$ee. The pet"t"oner:s compla"nt s(##"c"entl$ alle'e! an act"onable breach on the part o# Torz(ela an! S(per'(ar! an!=or Sa#e'(ar!. 9RT 3*4 the shoot"n' &as atten!e! b$ ne'l"'ence or act(all$ !one &"th"n the scope o# Torz(ela:s !(t"esM 3*4 S(per'(ar! an!=or Sa#e'(ar! #a"le! to e7erc"se !(e !"l"'ence are matters that sho(l! be resolve! a#ter tr"al on mer"ts. Case remanded to "%C for trial on merits. -( L(#. BR#4(R"5( C# %.C ' C" Febr(ar$ ,C, 1-6, F"C$*+ An'el"ne Steen s(##ere! "nI(r"es as a res(lt o# the coll"s"on bet&een the passen'er Ieepne$ she &as r"!"n' an! the car'o tr(c o&ne! b$ 0e Leon 9ro era'e an! rec lessl$ !r"ven b$ "ts emplo$ee, L(na. L(na ha! been prosec(te! an! conv"cte! o# the cr"me o# hom"c"!e &"th ph$s"cal "nI(r"es thr( rec less "mpr(!ence. The !r"ver o# the passen'er Ieepne$ &as acK("tte!. 2n th"s cr"m"nal act"on, L(na reserve! her r"'ht to #"le a separate c"v"l act"on. She event(all$ #"le! an act"on #or recover$ o# moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es a'a"nst L(na an! 0e Leon 9ro era'e. To prove L(na:s ne'l"'ence, she presente! the I(!'ment o# conv"ct"on TC hel! the , sol"!ar"l$ l"able. CA a##"rme!. At the appellate co(rt, 0e Leon cla"me! that: 1. compla"nt "s not clear &hether she &as s("n' #or !ama'es res(lt"n' #rom K(as")!el"ct or #or c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ ar"s"n' #rom cr"me, s"nce the averments are more character"st"c o# an act"on o# the latter nat(re ,. I(!'ment o# conv"ct"on "na!m"ss"ble as ev"!ence o# a K(as")!el"ct 3. L(na &as not "n the !"schar'e o# h"s !(t"es at the t"me o# the acc"!ent 4. "t cannot be hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th L(na %**,(+ 3hat "s the nat(re o# Steen:s ca(se o# act"on: K(as")!el"ct or !el"ct )(L-+ U(as")!el"ct Steen:s compla"nt "s base! on K(as")!el"ct. 1. She alle'e! that she s(##ere! "nI(r"es beca(se o# L(na:s carelessness an! "mpr(!ence ,. She averre! that there e7"sts an emplo$er)emplo$ee relat"onsh"p bet&een L(na an! 0e Leon

S"nce there "s the averment "n 4o. ,, there "s a clear statement o# a r"'ht o# act"on (n!er Art"cle ,1C. o# the CC. Compla"nt !oes not, an! !"! not have to alle'e that 0e Leon !"! not e7erc"se !(e !"l"'ence "n choos"n' an! s(perv"s"n' L(na, beca(se th"s "s a matter o# !e#ense. At an$ rate, &hatever !o(bts as to the nat(re o# Steen:s act"on are resolve! b$ her pra$er that the , be hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able. 4ot&"thstan!"n' the presentat"on o# the I(!'ment o# conv"ct"on, "t "s clear that Steen !"! not base her s("t on cr"m"nal conv"ct"on. The ment"on o# cr"m"nal conv"ct"on merel$ ten!e! to s(pport her cla"m that L(na ha! been rec lessl$ ne'l"'ent "n !r"v"n' the tr(c , &h"ch ca(se! her "nI(r"es. Steen !"! not have to &a"t #or the term"nat"on o# the cr"m"nal procee!"n' or to reserve "n the same her r"'ht to #"le a separate c"v"l act"on. She &a"te! #or the res(lts o# the cr"m"nal act"on beca(se she &ante! to be s(re &h"ch !r"ver an! respect"ve emplo$er she co(l! r"'htl$ s(e, s"nce both L(na an! the !r"ver o# the Ieep &ere prosec(te!. An! she reserve! beca(se other&"se, the co(rt "n the cr"m"nal procee!"n' &o(l! have a&ar!e! her "n!emn"t$, s"nce the c"v"l act"on #or recover$ o# c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ "s !eeme! "nst"t(te! &"th the cr"m"nal act"on. The reservat"on "n the cr"m"nal act"on !oes not precl(!e a s(bseK(ent act"on base! on a K(as")!el"ct. 2t cannot be "n#erre! there#rom that Steen ha! chosen to #"le the ver$ c"v"l act"on she ha! reserve!. At an$ rate, "t "s obv"o(s that 0e Leon (n!erstoo! that "t &as be"n' hel! l"able (n!er the CC beca(se o# "ts a##"rmat"ve !e#ense that "t e7erc"se! the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ ) a !e#ense ava"lable onl$ to emplo$er be"n' s(e! (n!er a K(as")!el"ct. 3as L("na "n the per#ormance o# h"s !(t"es at the t"me o# the coll"s"on> %e test"#"e! that on the !a$ o# the acc"!ent he &as "nstr(cte! to 'o to the prov"nce. Reason #or h"s ret(rn to +an"la "s not clear, b(t "t !oes not appear that he &as on erran! o# h"s o&n. 2n the absence o# !eterm"nat"ve proo# that there &as a cessat"on or s(spens"on o# h"s serv"ce, 0e Leon m(st st"ll be hel! l"able s"nce "t #a"le! to prove e7erc"se o# !(e !"l"'ence. 4ote: that o&ner o# veh"cle m(st also be "n the veh"cle at the t"me o# the acc"!ent re#ers to o&ners o# veh"cles not "ncl(!e! "n the terms o# Art. ,1C. as Fo&ners o# an establ"shment or enterpr"se.G Judgment affirmed.

B")%" ' L%$#.6," ".- L(3.(* +arch 3., 1-1, F"C$*+ Fa(sta L"tonI(a p(rchase! an a(tomob"le an! later t(rne! "t over to 2nternat"onal 'ara'e, &h"ch "s o&ne! an! mana'e! b$ h"s son Ramon Ram"rez. As part o# the !a"l$ operat"ons o# h"s b(s"ness, Ram"rez rente! the a(tomob"le !onate! b$ h"s mother to +ar"ano Le$nes. Ram"rez also s(ppl"e! Le$nes a cha(##e(r an! a mach"n"st #or the p(rpose o# conve$"n' to an! #rom 9ala$an an! T($.

 3h"le "n 9ala$an, the a(tomob"le re#(se! to obe$ the !"rect"on o# the !r"ver "n t(rn"n' a corner !(e to a !e#ect "n the steer"n' 'ear. As a conseK(ence, "t ramme! "nto the &all o# a ho(se a'a"nst &h"ch the !a('hter o# pla"nt"## 9ah"a &as lean"n' at the t"me. The a(tomob"le cr(she! the ch"l! to !eath. 9ah"a then #"le! an act"on a'a"nst the Fa(sta D!onor o# a(to8, an! Le$nes,(n!er &ho &as !"rect"n' an! controll"n' the operat"on o# the a(tomob"le at the t"me o# the acc"!ent. Ram"rez &as not ma!e a part$. TC #o(n! Le$nes l"able b(t !"sm"sse! compla"t a'a"nst Fa(sta. %**,(+ 3ho sho(l! be hel! respons"ble )(L-+ SC op"ne! that the act"on as to Fa(sta &as properl$ !"sm"sse!. Altho('h the mother p(rchase! the a(tomob"le, she t(rne! "t over to the 'ara'e o# her son #or (se there"n. The establ"shment belon'e! to the son, Ram"rez, an! he ha! the #(ll mana'ement an! control o# "t an! rece"ve! all the pro#"ts there#rom. 2t appears that Fa(sta &as not a&are o# the contract &"th Le$nes. 3h"le she ma$ have been "n one sense the o&ner o# the mach"ne, that #act !oes not, (n!er the other #acts o# the case, ma e her respons"ble #or the res(lts o# the acc"!ent. The I(!'ment a'a"nst Le$nes m(st be reverse! an! the compla"nt a'a"nst h"m m(st be !"sm"sse!. 3h"le "s ma$ be sa"! that, at the t"me o# the acc"!ent, the cha(##e(r &ho &as !r"v"n' the a(to &as a servant o# Le$nes, "n as m(ch as the pro#"ts !er"ve! #rom the tr"ps o# the a(to belon'e! to h"m an! the a(to &as operate! (n!er h"s !"rect"on, nevertheless, th"s #act "s not concl(s"ve "n ma "n' h"m respons"ble #or the ne'l"'ence o# the cha(##e(r or #or the !e#ects "n the a(to "tsel#. Rn!er Art"cle 1-.3 o# the CC Dno& Art"cle ,1@68, , th"n's are apparent: 1. pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'ence on the part o# the emplo$er &henever there "s an "nI(r$ ca(se! b$ the ne'l"'ence emplo$ee ,. pres(mpt"on "s I(r"s tant(m an! ma$ be reb(tte!. 2n the "nstant case, the !eath o# the ch"l! ca(se! b$ a !e#ect "n the steer"n' 'ear "mme!"atel$ ra"se! the pres(mpt"on that Le$nes &as ne'l"'ence "n select"n' a !e#ect"ve a(tomob"le or "n h"s #a"l(re to ma"nta"n "t "n 'oo! con!"t"on a#ter select"on. As to select"on, SC #o(n! that !e#en!ant ha! e7erc"se! !(e !"l"'ence &hen he obta"ne! the mach"ne #rom a rep(table 'ara'e, &h"ch so #ar as appeare! "n 'oo! con!"t"on. The &or men &ere l" e&"se selecte! #rom a stan!ar! 'ara'e, &ere !(l$ l"cense!, an! apparentl$ thoro('hl$ competent. The mach"ne ha! been (se! b(t a #e& ho(rs &hen the acc"!ent occ(rre! an! "t "s clear #rom the ev"!ence that the !e#en!ant ha! no not"ce, e"ther act(al or constr(ct"ve o# the !e#ect"ve con!"t"on o# the steer"n' 'ear. S(##"c"ent t"me ha! not elapse! to reK("re an e7am"nat"on o# the mach"ne b$ the !e#en!ant as a part o# h"s !(t$ o# "nspect"on an! s(perv"s"on. 3h"le "t !oes not appear that the !e#en!ant #orm(late! r(les an! re'(lat"ons #or the '("!ance o# the !r"vers an! 'ave them proper "nstr(ct"ons !es"'ne! #or the protect"on o# the p(bl"c an! the passen'ers, the ev"!ence sho&s that the !eath o# the ch"l! &as not ca(se! b$ a #a"l(re to prom(l'ate r(les an! re'(lat"ons. 2t &as ca(se! b$ a !e#ect "n the mach"ne as to &h"ch the !e#en!ant has sho&n h"msel# #ree #rom respons"b"l"t$. 2($R# 2".%L" $R".*%$ C#RP ' C" J(ne ,1, 1--3

F"C$*+ 4en"ta C(sto!"o &as a pa$"n' passen'er o# a p(bl"c (t"l"t$ Ieepne$, then !r"ven b$ Caleba' an! o&ne! b$ Lama$o, &hen "t coll"!e! &"th a b(s !r"ven b$ Leonar!o an! o&ne! b$ the +etro +an"la Trans"t Corp D++TC8. The coll"s"on happene! a#ter #a"l(re o# both veh"cles to slo& !o&n or blo& the"r horns &hen the$ &ere s"m(ltaneo(sl$ approach"n' the same "ntersect"on "n Ta'("'. As a res(lt o# the coll"s"on, C(sto!"o s(##ere! ph$s"cal "nI(r"es. Ass"ste! b$ her parents, s"nce she &as st"ll a m"nor, she #"le! a compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst the !r"vers o# the a(tomob"les an! the"r respect"ve emplo$ers. At the tr"al co(rt, ++TC presente! "ts tra"n"n' o##"cer an! "ts transport s(perv"sor &ho respect"vel$ test"#"e! that: 1. "t &as not onl$ care#(l an! !"l"'ent "n choos"n' an! screen"n' appl"cants #or Iob open"n's, ,. b(t &as also str"ct an! !"l"'ent "n s(perv"s"n' "ts emplo$ees, a. b$ see"n' to "t that "ts emplo$ees &ere "n proper (n"#orms, b. br"e#e! "n tra##"c r(les an! re'(lat"ons be#ore the start o# !(t$, an! c. that "t chec e! "ts emplo$ees to !eterm"ne 3*4 the$ &ere pos"t"ve #or alcohol an! !. that the$ #ollo&e! other r(les an! re'(lat"ons o# the 9(rea( o# Lan! Transportat"on an! o# the compan$. TC #o(n! both !r"vers conc(rrentl$ ne'l"'ent. As Io"nt tort#easors, both !r"vers, as &ell as Lama$o Do&ner o# the Ieepne$8 &ere hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able #or !ama'es s(sta"ne! b$ C(sto!"o. ++TC &as absolve! on the 'ro(n! that "t e7erc"se! !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ "n select"n' an! s(perv"s"n' "ts emplo$ees. CA mo!"#"e! TC:s !ec"s"on b$ hol!"n' ++TC sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th the other !e#en!ants on the 'ro(n! that the test"mon"es o# the tra"n"n' o##"cer an! transport s(perv"sor &ere not eno('h to overcome the pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'enceM the$ &ere not able to present an$ ev"!ence that "ts !r"ver has compl"e! &"th all the clearances an! tra"n"n's, an! ev"!ence as to the alle'e! &r"tten '("!el"nes o# the compan$. %**,(+ 0"! ++TC e7erc"se !(e !"l"'ence. Sho(l! "t be hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th the other !e#en!ants )(L-+ 4o Concl(s"on o# CA "s more #"rml$ 'ro(n!e! on I(r"spr(!ence an! ampl$ s(pporte! b$ ev"!ence o# recor! than that o# TC. 2t "s proce!(rall$ reK("re! #or each part$ "n case to prove h"s o&n a##"rmat"ve assert"on b$ the !e'ree o# ev"!ence reK("re! b$ la&. S(ch part$ m(st present all ava"lable ev"!ence at h"s !"sposal "n the manner that ma$ be necessar$ to b(ttress h"s cla"m. 2n the "nstant case, "nasm(ch as the &"tnesses: Dtra"n"n' s(perv"sor an! transport s(perv"sor8 !&elt on mere 'eneral"t"es, the$ cannot be cons"!ere! as s(##"c"entl$ pers(as"ve proo# that ++TC observe! !(e !"l"'ence "n the select"on an! s(perv"s"on o# emplo$ees. ++TC sho(l! have presente! other ev"!ence, obIect or !oc(mentar$, to b(ttress an apparentl$ b"ase! test"mon$. 0eclarat"ons are not eno('h. %ence, ++TC #ell short o# the reK("re! ev"!ent"ar$ K(ant(m as &o(l! conv"nc"n'l$ an! (n!o(bte!l$ prove "ts !"l"'ence.

 3"th the alle'at"on an! s(bseK(ent proo# o# ne'l"'ence a'a"nst the !e#en!ant !r"ver an! o# an emplo$er)emplo$ee relat"onsh"p bet&een h"m an! ++TC "n th"s "nstance, the case "s (n!o(bte!l$ base! on a K(as")!el"ct (n!er Art"cle ,1C.. As hel! "n :utierre1 v :utierre1, &here the "nI(r$ "s !(e to the conc(rrent ne'l"'ence o# the !r"vers o# the coll"!"n' veh"cles, the !r"vers an! o&ners o# the sa"! veh"cles shall be pr"mar"l$, !"rectl$ an! sol"!ar"l$ l"able #or !ama'es an! "t "s "mmater"al that one act"on "s base! on K(as")!el"ct an! the other on c(lpa contract(al, as the sol"!ar"t$ o# the obl"'at"on "s I(st"#"e! b$ the ver$ nat(re thereo#. Judgment of CA affirmed. $$%C solidaril& lia le.

5,$%(RR(& ' C" 4ovember ,-, 1-@6 F"C$*+ 9en"'no P(t"errez &as a&ar!e! b$ the 9(rea( o# P(bl"c 3or s the contract to constr(ct a !ra"na'e "n +an"la. %e en'a'e! 0om"n'o 9al"sala as proIect en'"neer. Rn!er the s(perv"s"on o# 9al"sal"sa, the &or ers o# P(t"errez !(' (p a street b$ means o# crane. The earth an! the m(! !"' (p &ere scoope! b$ the crane an! !(mpe! a'a"nst the e7ter"or s"!e o# the a!obe stone o# A. +ab"n" 5lementar$ School alon' the street. 3hen the p"le o# earth an! m(! reache! the he"'ht o# the #ence, the crane:s steel scooper &as (se! to press them !o&n. 9eca(se o# the heav$ stress th(s place! on the #ence, a port"on o# "t 'ave &a$ an! collapse!. 3hen the a!obe &all collapse!, a school ch"l! &ho &as then pla$"n' "ns"!e the school 'ro(n!s, &as h"t an! p"nne! !o&n b$ the #all"n' !ebr"s o# the &all. She &as b(r"e! (n!erneath an! event(all$ !"e!. The parents o# the ch"l! #"le! a s("t #or act(al, moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es a'a"nst P(t"errez an! 9al"sal"sa. TC or!ere! the , Io"ntl$ an! severall$ to pa$ the parents o# the !ecease! moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es, act(al e7penses, attorne$:s #ees an! costs o# s("t. CA a##"rme! I(!'ment. %**,(+ Are !e#en!ants l"able #or moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es. )(L-+ 65S 5mplo$er)emplo$ee relat"onsh"p e7"ste! bet&een the them an! the crane operators: 1. the contract bet&een the 'overnment an! P(t"errez st"p(late! that the contractor &o(l! #(rn"sh h"msel# h"s o&n labor plant. ,. the crane operator &as act(all$ operat"n' an! mana'"n' the heav$ eK("pment "n the constr(ct"on s"te o# the !e#en!ants "n connect"on &"th the"r constr(ct"on Iob 3. !e#ense o# alle'e! non)e7"stence o# s(ch relat"onsh"p cannot be ra"se! #or the #"rst t"me on appeal. SC K(ote! &"th approval the bas"s o# TC:s a&ar! #or moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es. ;egligence of defendants has been clearly established by evidence. "ndeed, no evidence is necessary to show that defendants were negligent in the performance of their obligation.

They ought to have %nown that it was not the right thing to do#to pile up the big volume of earth against the wall, which was fragile, being made only of adobe held together by mortar and w<out reinforcements. The collapse, therefore, could be reasonably e'pected by any person of ordinary prudence, if not intelligence. They should have foreseen the danger but they failed to ta%e the necessary precautions. =or this omission on their part, they should be held responsible for moral and e'emplary damages. >ore so with respect to :utierre1 so that other contractors similarly situated will be more careful. Judgment affirmed. 7"L$(R *2%$) / C# 's C"-7"LL"-(R FACTS: *n A('. 3.,1-,6, steamer %elen C, o&ne! b$ Ca!&alla!er, comman!e! b$ Capt. +"'(el Lasa str(c the &har# o# 3alter Sm"th at the port o# *l(tan'a, ?amboan'a, "n the co(rse o# "ts mane(vers. The &har# &as part"all$ !emol"she! an! the t"mber p"le! on "t &ere thro&n "nto the &ater. TC hel! that Ca!&alla!er &as not l"able s"nce the part"al !emol"t"on &as !(e to the e7cess"ve &e"'ht o# t"mber p"le! an! ba! con!"t"ons o# p"les s(pport"n' the &har#. The &har# &as ol!. The steamsh"p sl"'htl$ str(c the &har# b(t not &"th s(ch #orce s"nce "t &as !"##"c(lt #or her to str" e "t &"th s(ch #orce. TC ho&ever !"! not ma e an$ !e#"n"te #"n!"n's on the ne'l"'ence o# the capta"n. 3S "n#ers that there &as ne'l"'ence on the part o# the capta"n o# sh"p an! that the "mpact o# the sh"p &"th the &har# &as !(e to the e7cess"ve #orce &"th &h"ch the capta"n or!ere! the &"nches to &or . 2SSR5: 3*4 Ca!&alla!er as o&ner o# the steamsh"p "s l"able #or the !ama'es ca(se! b$ sa"! steamsh"p %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: Th"s case !eals &"th an obl"'at"on ar"s"n' #rom c(lpa aK("l"ana or ne'l"'ence an! m(st be !ec"!e! "n accor!ance &"th Art 1-.,)1-.3. T&o th"n's are apparent #rom Art 1-.3: 1. 3hen an "nI(r$ "s ca(se! b$ the ne'l"'ence o# a servant or emplo$ee, there "nstantl$ ar"ses a pres(mpt"on o# la& that there &as ne'l"'ence on the part o# the master or emplo$er e"ther "n the select"on o# the servant or emplo$ee or "n s(perv"s"on over h"m a#ter select"on or both. 2. Th"s pres(mpt"on "s &uris tantum an! not &uris et de &ure an! conseK(entl$ ma$ be reb(tte!. 2n Art. 1-.3: X*&ners or !"rectors o# an$ establ"shment or b(s"ness are "n the same &a$ l"able #or an$ !ama'es ca(se! b$ the"r emplo$ees &h"le en'a'e! "n the branch o# the serv"ce "n &h"ch emplo$e! or on the occas"on o# the per#ormance o# the"r !(t"es. X777X Xthe l"ab"l"t$ "mpose! "n th"s art"cle shall cease "n case the persons s(bIect thereto prove that the$ e7erc"se! all the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$ to prevent the !ama'eX 2n th"s case, Ca!&alla!er prove! that the Capt. Lasa an! all o##"cers o# %elen C &ere !(l$ l"cense! to hol! the"r pos"t"ons &hen the &har# collapse!, an! the$ &ere chosen #or the"r rep(te! s "ll "n !"rect"n' an! nav"'at"n' the %elen C sa#el$, care#(ll$ an! e##"c"entl$. Th(s the pres(mpt"on o# l"ab"l"t$ a'a"nst the !e#en!ant ha! been overcome b$ the e7erc"se o# !"l"'ence an! car o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$ "n select"n' Capt. Lasa. Ca!&alla!er "s th(s absolve! #rom all l"ab"l"t$. #.5 's 2($R#P#L%$". 7"$(R -%*$R%C$ FACTS: +etropol"tan 3ater 0"str"ct o&ns an! operates 3 s&"mm"n' pools "n 9alara, UC. 2n J(l$ <, 1-<,, 0om"na!or *n', 14, &ent &"th h"s bros to the pool. 9et&een 4:4.)4:4<, some bo$s not"ce! h"m s&"mm"n' (n!er&ater #or a lon' t"me. The l"#e'(ar! +an(el AbaYo &as then "n#orme! an! he "mme!"atel$ I(mpe! an! retr"eve! the apparentl$ l"#eless bo!$ o# *n' #rom the bottom. The$ e7erte! e##orts to rev"ve h"m b(t the bo$ !"e!.

2SSR5: 3*4 the !eath o# the *n' can be attr"b(te! to the ne'l"'ence o# !e#en!ant an!=or "ts emplo$ees so as to ent"tle pla"nt"## to recover !ama'es. %5L0: 4* RAT2*: The spo(ses *n' &ho &ere cla"m"n' #or !ama'es ha! the b(r!en o# prov"n' that the !ama'e "s ca(se! b$ the #a(lt or ne'l"'ence o# +30 or one o# "ts emplo$ees an! &ere not able to !o so. The operator o# s&"mm"n' pools &"ll not be hel! l"able #or the !ro&n"n' or !eath o# a patron "# sa"! operator ha! e7erc"se! !(e !"l"'ence "n the select"on o# an! s(perv"s"on over, "ts emplo$ees an! that "t ha! observe! the !"l"'ence reK("re! b$ la& (n!er the c"rc(mstances ) "n that "t ha! ta en all necessar$ preca(t"ons to avo"! !an'er to the l"ves o# "ts patrons or prevent acc"!ent &h"ch ma$ ca(se the"r !eath. 2n th"s case, there "s s(##"c"ent ev"!ence to sho& that +30 ha! ta en all necessar$ preca(t"ons: 1. S&"mm"n' pools are eK("ppe! &"th r"n' b(o$, to$ roo#, to&"n' l"ne, o7$'en res(sc"tator an! #"rst a"! me!"c"ne "t. ,. 9ottom o# pool "s pa"nte! &= blac colors to "ns(re clear v"s"b"l"t$. 3. R(les an! re'(lat"ons 'overn"n' (se o# pools are on !"spla$ at consp"c(o(s places. 4. 6 tra"ne! an! pro#"c"ent l"#e'(ar!s &ere emplo$e! an! are on !(t$ t&o at a t"me. <. A male n(rse an! san"tar$ "nspector &ere emplo$e!. 6. There "s a cl"n"c prov"!e! &"th o7$'en res(sc"tator. @. Sec(r"t$ '(ar!s are al&a$s ava"lable. The emplo$ees o# +30 also !"! ever$th"n' poss"ble to br"n' the bo$ to l"#e. AbaYo 'ave h"m man(al art"#"c"al resp"rator, the n(rse an! san"tar$ "nspector "nIecte! camphorate! o"l an! appl"e! o7$'en res(sc"tator, a !octor &as sent #or. All o# these sho& that +30 has !one &hat "s h(manl$ poss"ble (n!er the c"rc(mstances to restore l"#e to *n' an! #or that reason "t "s (n#a"r to hol! "t l"able #or h"s !eath. Lastl$, the 0octr"ne o# last clear chance can never appl$ &here the part$ char'e! "s reK("re! to act "nstantaneo(sl$ an! "# the "nI(r$ cannot be avo"!e! b$ the appl"cat"on o# all means at han! a#ter the per"l "s an! sho(l! have been !"scovere!. *$. FR".C%* )%5) *C)##L 's C" FACTS: Fer!"nan! Cast"llo, 2)C o# St. Franc"s %"'h School Io"ne! a p"cn"c o# 1)9 an! 1)C at Talaan 9each Sar"a$a U(ezon. *n #emale teacher &as apparentl$ !ro&n"n' an! some st(!ents came to her resc(e. Fer!"nan! !"e! as a res(lt. The parents #"le! compla"nt a'a"nst the school an! the teachers conten!"n' that the !eath o# the"r son &as !(e to the #a"l(re o# pet"t"oners to e7erc"se proper !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$. TC #o(n! 6 teachers l"able b(t !"sm"sse! the case a'a"nst the school, pr"nc"pal an! one teacher. CA #o(n! school an! pr"nc"pal l"able &"th the teachers. 2SSR5: 3*4 Art ,1C. "n relat"on to Art. ,1@6 "s appl"cable to the case at bar %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: 9e#ore the emplo$er ma$ be hel! l"able #or the ne'l"'ence o# h"s emplo$ee (n!er Art ,1C., the act or om"ss"on &h"ch ca(se! the !ama'e m(st have occ(rre! &h"le the emplo$ee &as "n the per#ormance o# h"s ass"'ne! tas . 2n the case at bar, the teachers =pet"t"oners &ere not "n the per#ormance o# the"r act(al tas . The "nc"!ent happene! not &"th"n school prem"ses, not on a school !a$ an! &h"le the teachers an! st(!ents &ere hol!"n' a p(rel$ pr"vate a##a"r. S(ch p"cn"c ha! no perm"t #rom the school hea! or the pr"nc"pal s"nce "t &as not a school sanct"one! act"v"t$. 2t &as also not an e7tra)c(rr"c(lar act"v"t$. 2n a!!"t"on, the ne'l"'ence attr"b(te! to the teachers &as not proven. The class a!v"ser o# 1)C !"! her best an! e7erc"se! !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ to prevent an$ (nto&ar! "nc"!ent or !ama'e to all st(!ents &ho Io"ne! the p"cn"c as ev"!ence! b$:

1. "nv"t"n' , P.5. teachers an! sco(t masters &ho have no&le!'e #"rst a"! appl"cat"on an! s&"mm"n'. ,. l"#e savers &ere espec"all$ bro('ht b$ the teachers "n case o# emer'enc$. 3. 9oth P.5. teachers !"! all &hat "s h(manel$ poss"ble to save the ch"l!. 02SS54T: Pa!"lla The pres(mpt"on "n Art ,1C. "s not concl(s"ve an! sho(l! be overcome onl$ b$ clear an! conv"nc"n' ev"!ence that the o&ner or mana'er e7erc"se! the care an! !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$ "n the select"on an! s(perv"s"on o# the emplo$ees ca(s"n' the "nI(r$ or !ama'e. 2n th"s case, the pr"nc"pal ne& o# the p"cn"c, &as "n #act "nv"te!, b(t !"! noth"n' abo(t "t. Pr"nc"pal sho(l! have ta en appropr"ate meas(res to ens(re the sa#et$ o# h"s st(!ents. %"s s"lence an! ne'l"'ence "n per#orm"n' h"s role as pr"nc"pal hea! o# the school m(st be constr(e! as an "mpl"e! consent o# the act"v"t$. Pa!"lla a'rees &"th CA that no proo# &as presente! to absolve the mana'er=pr"nc"pal. B(L%&"R 's BR"&"* FACTS: Pe!ro 9al"zar, operator o# Samar 57press Trans"t, #"le! a compla"nt a'a"nst Forenc"o 9razas, et al. %e cla"ms that !(e to the"r 'ross ne'l"'ence "n not prov"!"n' the #err$boat &"th sa#et$ !ev"ces, one o# h"s a(totr(c s &h"le be"n' transporte!, #ell "nto the r"ver an! &as s(bmer'e! #or 3. hrs. As a conseK(ence, he s(##ere! act(al an! moral !ama'es. The !e#en!ants &ere be"n' s(e! "n the"r capac"t$ as emplo$ees o# 9(rea( o# P(bl"c %"'h&a$s. 9razas #"le! mot"on to !"smm"ss cla"m"n' that the pla"nt"## has no ca(se o# act"on a'a"nst them beca(se the$ are be"n' s(e! "n the"r o##"c"al capac"t"es an! there#or the cla"m #or !ama'es sho(l! be !"recte! a'a"nst the State. TC !"sm"sse! the compla"nt. 2SSR5: 3*4 !"sm"ssal o# case &as correct %5L0: 4o. Rat"o: Altho('h Art. ,1C. CC prov"!es #or the l"ab"l"t$ o# an emplo$er #or the tort"o(s acts o# h"s emplo$ees, th"s !oes not e7empt the emplo$ees #rom personal l"ab"l"t$, espec"all$ "# there are no persons hav"n' !"rect s(perv"s"on over them, or "# there "s proo# o# the e7"stence o# ne'l"'ence on the"r part. So the "nI(re! part$ can br"n' an act"on !"rectl$ a'a"nst the a(thor o# the ne'l"'ent act or om"ss"on, altho('h he ma$ s(e as Io"nt !e#en!ants s(ch a(thor an! the person respons"ble #or h"m. The #act that the !(t"es an! pos"t"ons o# !e#en!ants &ere "n!"cate! !oes not mean that the$ are be"n' s(e! "n the"r o##"c"al capac"t"es, espec"all$ as the present act"on "s not one a'a"nst the 'overnment. C"*$%L(8 %.-,*$R%"L C#RP 's 0"*9,(& FACTS: *n A('. ,C, 1-CC, aro(n! 1:3.), am, Romeo QasK(ez &as !r"v"n' h"s motorc$cle aro(n! the *smeYa Rot(n!a "n the normal #lo& an! coll"!e! &"th the compan$ p"c )(p !r"ven b$ 9enIam"n Aba! &ho &as 'o"n' a'a"nst the #lo& o# the the tra##"c "n the same Rot(n!a. QasK(ez !"e! at the hosp"tal on Sept. <, 1-CC. Aba! s"'ne! an ac no&le!'ement o# Respons"ble part$ &here"n he &o(l! pa$ all the e7penses. QasK(ez parents commence! an act"on #or !ama'es a'a"nst Aba! an! Cast"le7. TC hel! that both m(st pa$ Io"ntl$ an! sol"!ar"l$. CA a##"rme! b(t hel! that the l"ab"l"t$ o# Cast"le7 "s onl$ v"car"o(s an! not sol"!ar$. 2SSR5: 3*4 an emplo$er ma$ be hel! v"car"o(sl$ Ds(bs"!"ar"l$8 l"able #or the !eath res(lt"n' #rom the ne'l"'ent operat"on b$ a mana'er"al emplo$ee o# a compan$)"ss(e! veh"cle %5L0: 4*

RAT2*: Art ,1C. par < sa$s that 3*4 en'a'e! "n an$ b(s"ness or "n!(str$, an emplo$er "s l"able #or the torts comm"tte! b$ empl$ees &"th"n the scope o# h"s ass"'ne! tas s. 9(t "t "s necessar$ to #"rst establ"sh the emplo$ee)emplo$er rel:nsh"p. Then the pla"nt"## m(st sho&, to hol! empl$er l"able, that the emplo$ee &as act"n' &"th"n the scope o# h"s ass"'ne! tas &hen the tort compla"ne! o# &as comm"tte!. 2t "s onl$ then that the emplo$er can "nterpose the !e#ense o# !(e !"l"'ence "n the select"on an! s(perv"s"on o# "ts emplo$ee. 2n the case at bar, "t "s (n!"sp(te! that Aba! &as pro!(ct"on mana'er o# Cast"le7. At the n"'ht o# the "nc"!ent, he !"! some overt"me &or at pet"t"oner:s o##"ce. Therea#ter he &ent to a resta(rant at a place no&n as a Fhaven #or prost"t(tes, p"mps,an! !r(' p(shers an! a!!"ctsG The Co(rt #"n!s that Aba! &as en'a'e! "n a##a"rs o# h"s o&n Dhad a woman in the car with him not young enough to call him /addy??8 or &as carr$"n' o(t a personal p(rpose not "n l"ne &"th h"s !(t"es at the t"me he #"'(re! "n a veh"c(lar acc"!ent. 2t &as , am an! &a$ be$on! normal &or "n' ho(rs. %"s overt"me ha! en!e!. S"nce there "s a pa(c"t$ Dscarc"t$, "ns(##"c"enc$8 o# ev"!ence that Aba! &as act"n' &"th"n the scope o# the #(nct"ons entr(ste! to h"m, Cast"le7 ha! no !(t$ to sho& that "t e7erc"se! the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ "n prov"!"n' Aba! &"th a serv"ce veh"cle. Th(s, I(st"ce an! eK("t$ reK("re that Cast"le7 be rel"eve! o# v"car"o(s l"ab"l"t$ #or the conseK(ences o# the ne'l"'ence o# Aba! "n !r"v"n' "ts veh"cle. State 2(RR%$ 's 5#0:$ #F P)%L. %*L".FACTS: +err"t, r"!"n' on a motorc$cle at a spee! o# 1.)1, m"=hr, coll"!e! &"th an amb(lance o# the Peneral %osp"tal &h"ch t(rne! s(!!enl$ an! (ne7pecte!l$ &"tho(t hav"n' so(n!e! an$ &h"stle or horn +err"t &as severel$ "nI(re!. %"s con!"t"on ha! (n!er'one !eprec"at"on an! h"s e##"c"enc$ as a contractor &as a##ecte!. TC hel! that Pov:t "s l"able #or !ama'es s(sta"ne! b$ pla"nt"## even "# the coll"s"on &as !(e to the ne'l"'ence o# cha(##e(r. 2SSR5: 3*4 Pov:t ma$ be hel! l"able "n th"s case %5L0: 4* RAT2*: Art 1-.3, par < o# *l! CC states that: @The +tate is liable in this sense when it acts through a special agent but not when the damage should have been caused by the official to whom properly it pertained to do the act performed, in which case the provisions of the preceding article shall be applicableA Th(s, the respons"b"l"t$ o# the State "s l"m"te! b$ Art 1-.3 to the case &here"n "t acts thro('h a spec"al a'ent &ho, "n represent"n' the state an! be"n' bo(n! to act as an a'ent thereo#, e7ec(tes the tr(st con#"!e! to h"m. Spec"al a'ent "s one &ho rece"ves a !e#"n"te an! #"7e! or!er or comm"ss"on, #ore"'n to the e7erc"se o# the !(t"es o# h"s o##"ce "# he "s a spec"al o##"c"al. Art. 1-.3 !oes not appl$ to e7ec(t"ve a'ent &ho "s an emplo$ee o# the act"ve a!m"n"strat"on an! &ho on h"s o&n respons"b"l"t$ per#orms the #(nct"ons &h"ch are "nherent an! nat(rall$ perta"n to h"s o##"ce &h"ch are re'(late! b$ la& an! re'(lat"ons. The cha(##e(r o# the amb(lance o# the Peneral %osp"tal &as not a spec"al a'ent th(s the Pov:t "s not l"able. R#*($( 0 ",-%$#R 5(.(R"L FACTS: 2ns"!e the b("l!"n' (se! b$ 5mer'enc$ Control A!m"n"strat"on as a bodega "n &h"ch o"l an! 'asol"ne &ere store!, Jose Fra$no "'n"te! h"s c"'arette)l"'hter near a <)'allon !r(m "nto &h"ch 'asol"ne &as be"n' !ra"ne!. A #"re er(pte! b(rn"n' the bo!e'a as &ell as ne"'hbor"n' ho(ses "ncl(!"n' the ho(se an! personal propert$ o# Rosete.

The stor"n' o# 'asol"ne an! other comb(st"ble mater"als reK("res the sec(r"n' o# l"cense an! perm"t an! 5CA &as not 'rante! s(ch perm"t. 2SSR5: 3*4 Pov:t "s l"able #or the !ama'es ca(se! b$ the #"re %5L0: 4* RAT2*: Art 1-.3 par < appl"es "n th"s case @The +tate is liable in this sense when it acts through a special agent but not when the damage should have been caused by the official to whom properly it pertained to do the actA performed, in which case the provisions of the preceding article shall be applicableA There &as no sho&"n' that &hatever ne'l"'ence ma$ be "mp(te! to 5CA &as !one b$ a spec"al a'ent. The o##"cers o# 5CA !"! not act as spec"al a'ents o# 'overnment &"th"n the mean"n' "n Art 1-.3 &hen the$ store! 'asol"ne "n the &areho(se o# 5CA. Th(s the Pov:t "s not l"able. 02SS54T: Per#ecto, J 5CA "s a spec"al a'ent o# the Pov:t s"nce "t &as or'an"ze! b$ the 'ov:t #or the same s(bstant"al p(rpose as Ph"l Rel"e# an! Rehab"l"tat"on p(rposes. All persons an! ent"t"es act"n' b$ comm"ss"on o# the 'ov:t s(ch as 'overnmental enterpr"ses an! other or'ans o# the 'ov:t create! #or act"v"t"es or!"nar"l$ o# (n'overnmental nat(re, are spec"al a'ents. Th(s, the 'overnment "s l"able #or the !ama'es ca(se! b$ 5CA. P"L"F#8 's PR#0%.C( #F %L#C#* .#R$( FACTS: Sabas Torralba &as emplo$e! as !r"ver o# Prov"nc"al Pov:t o# 2locos 4orte !eta"le! to the *##"ce o# 0"str"ct 5n'"nner. 3h"le !r"v"n' h"s tr(c "n compl"ance &"th h"s !(t"es, he ran over Proceto Pala#o7 "ll"n' h"m. Pala#o7 &as conv"cte! o# hom"c"!e thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence. %e"rs ba'an procee!"n's #or !ama'es a'a"nst prov"nc"al 'ov:t. 2SSR5: 3*4 Prov:l Pov:t "s l"able %5L0: 4* RAT2*: To attach l"ab"l"t$ to the state, a !eclarat"on m(st be ma!e that Torralba &as a spec"al a'ent &"th"n the scope o# Art 1-.3 par <. 9(t th"s pr"nc"ple appl"es onl$ to the 2ns(lar Pov:t as !"st"n'("she! #rom prov:l or m(n"c"pal 'ov:ts. The he"rs o# Pala#o7 "nvo e! the !octr"ne o# respondeat superior, that the master shall ans&er, as "ll(strate! "n +en!oza case concern"n' l"ab"l"t$ o# m(n"c"pal corporat"ons #or ne'l"'ent acts o# "ts emplo$ees. +en!oza hel! that "# the ne'l"'ent emplo$ee &as en'a'e! "n the per#ormance o# 'overnmental !(t"es as !"st"n'("she! #rom propr"etar$ or b(s"ness #(nct"ons, the 'overnment "s not l"able. The constr(ct"on or ma"ntenance o# roa!s "n &h"ch the !r"ver &or e! at the t"me o# the acc"!ent "s a!m"tte!l$ 'overnmental act"v"t"es. %ence, Pov:t "s not l"able. R(P,BL%C 's P"L"C%# FACTS: *rt"z "nst"t(te! act"on a'a"nst %an!on' 2rr"'at"on Assoc"at"on to recover possess"on o# lan! &h"ch %2A alle'e!l$ entere! an! occ(p"e! at the "n!(cement o# 2rr"'at"on Serv"ce Rn"t, an a'enc$ (n!er the 0ept. o# P(bl"c 3or s an! Comm(n"cat"ons.

A &r"t o# e7ec(t"on an! or!er o# 'arn"shment &as serve! a'a"nst the !epos"ts an! tr(st #(n!s o# 2SR to pa$ #or the !ama'es to *rt"z .CA (phel! on the bas"s that 2SR "s en'a'e! "n the pr"vate b(s"ness o# p(rchase an! sale o# "rr"'at"on p(mps. 2SSR5: 3*4 State or "ts #(n! can be ma!e l"able #or !ama'es %5L0 : 4* RAT2*: The 2SR l"ab"l"t$ "n "n!(c"n' %2A to "nva!e an! occ(p$ lan! o# *rt"z arose #rom torts an! not #rom contract. 2t "s a &ell)entrenche! r(le "n th"s I(r"s!"ct"on that embo!"e! "n Art ,1C. o# CC that the State "s onl$ l"able #or torts ca(se! b$ "ts spec"al a'ents espec"all$ comm"ss"one! to carr$ o(t the acts compla"ne! o# o(ts"!e o# s(ch a'ent:s re'(lar !(t"es. There be"n' no proo# that the ma "n' o# the tort(o(s "n!(cement &as a(thor"ze!, ne"ther the state nor "ts #(n!s can be ma!e l"able. *ther "ss(es: 5ven "# the l"ab"l"t$ o# the state ha! been I(!"c"all$ ascerta"ne!, the state "s at l"bert$ to !eterm"ne #or "tsel# &hether to pa$ the I(!'ment or not. Th(s e7ec(t"on cannot "ss(e on a I(!'ment a'a"nst the state. Fontan"lla v +al"aman D1-4 SCRA 4C68 Facts: 42A !r"ver Parc"a b(mpe! a b"c$cle r"!!en b$ pet"t"oners: son an! 0el"'o. The son !"es beca(se o# "nI(r"es s(sta"ne! #rom the acc"!ent. The SC hel! that 42A &as ne'l"'ent "n the s(perv"s"on o# Parc"a an! &as there#ore l"able (n!er Art ,1C.D68 CC "n relat"on to Art ,1@6 CC. %ence, th"s mot"on #or recons"!erat"on. SolPen, rel$"n' on P0 <<, an! An'at R"ver 2rr"'at"on S$stem, et al v An'at R"ver &or ers: Rn"on, ar'(es that 42A !oes not per#orm solel$ propr"etar$ #(nct"ons b(t "s an a'enc$ o# 'overnment tas e! &"th 'overnmental #(nct"ons, an! "s there#ore not l"able #or the tort"o(s act o# Parc"a, &ho &as not "ts spec"al a'ent. 2ss(e: 3hether 42A ma$ be hel! l"able #or !ama'es ca(se! b$ the ne'l"'ent acts o# "ts emplo$ees %el!: 3(* 42A &as create! #or the p(rpose o# Fconstr(ct"n', "mprov"n', rehab"l"tat"n', an! a!m"n"ster"n' all nat"onal "rr"'at"on s$stems "n the Ph"l"pp"nes, "ncl(!"n' all comm(nal an! p(mp "rr"'at"on proIects.G The state an! the comm(n"t$ as a &hole are lar'el$ bene#"te! b$ the serv"ces the a'enc$ ren!ers, b(t these #(nct"ons are onl$ incidental to the principal aim o# the a'enc$, &h"ch "s the "rr"'at"on o# lan!s. 42A "s a 'overnment a'enc$ 'ested ;ith a corporate personality separate and distinct #rom the 'overnment DSec 1, RA 36.18, th(s "s 'overne! b$ the Corporat"on La&. Rn!er Sec ,, P0 <<,, 42A "s allo;ed to collect fees and other charges as ma$ be necessar$ to cover the cost o# operat"on, ma"ntenance, an! "ns(rance an! to recover the cost o# constr(ct"on, etc. 42A ma$ also sue and be sued "n co(rt. 2t "s a(thor"ze! to e<ercise the po;ers of a corporation (n!er the Corporat"on La&, "nso#ar as the$ are not "ncons"stent &"th the prov"s"ons o# the 42A charter. R5C*4 054250 32T% F24AL2T6 +erca!o v CA D1.C Ph"l 4148 Facts: +an(el, Jr. an! A('(sto K(arrele! over a p"to'o. As a res(lt, A('(sto &o(n!e! +an(el, Jr. on the r"'ht chee &"th a p"ece o# razor. A('(sto &as the a''ressor. The "nc"!ent occ(rre! "n Lo(r!es Cathol"c School, &here both &ere classmates. CA hol!s C"r"aco, A('(sto:s #ather an! here"n pet"t"oner, l"able #or moral !ama'es an! e7penses #or the "nI(r$ "n#l"cte! b$ h"s son. %ence, th"s pet"t"on.

Pet"t"oner ar'(es that the teacher or hea! o# the school sho(l! be hel! l"able beca(se the "nc"!ent too place "n a Cathol"c School, &"tho(t the #ather:s #a(lt. 2ss(e: 3hether teachers or hea! o# the school can be hel! l"able (n!er Art ,1C. %el!: 4* Art ,1C., last par: Lastl$, teachers or hea!s o# establ"shments o# arts an! tra!es shall be l"able #or !ama'es ca(se! b$ the"r p(p"ls an! st(!ents or apprent"ces, so lon' as the$ rema"n "n the"r c(sto!$. The prov"s"on onl$ appl"es to an "nst"t(t"on o# arts an! tra!es, an! not to an$ aca!em"c e!(cat"onal "nst"t(t"on D57con!e v Cap(no8. FSo lon' as the$ rema"n "n the"r c(sto!$,G seems to contemplate a s"t(at"on &here a pupil li'es and boards ;ith the teacher, s(ch that the control1 direction1 and influence o# the latter s(perse!es that o# the parents. The l"ab"l"t$ #or tort(o(s acts o# the st(!ent passes #rom the parent to the teacher. S(ch a s"t(at"on !oes not e7"st "n the case at bar s"nce the st(!ents 'o home to the"r parents a#ter class. 0ec"s"on reverse! ) pet"t"oner not l"able #or moral !ama'es Pal"soc v 9r"llantes D41 SCRA <4C8 Facts: Pal"soc an! 0a##on &ere classmates at the +an"la Techn"cal 2nst"t(te D+T28, a non)aca!em"c "nst"t(t"on. 3h"le 0a##on &as &or "n' on a mach"ne at the school:s laborator$, he remar e! that Pal"soc &as act"n' l" e a #oreman. Pal"soc sl"'htl$ slappe! 0a##on "n the #ace. The latter retal"ate! &"th a barra'e o# blo&s ca(s"n' Pal"soc to retreat. 3h"le retreat"n', Pal"soc st(mble! on an en'"ne bloc an! #ell (nconsc"o(s. %e !"e! therea#ter. The ca(se o# !eath &as "nternal "nI(r"es Fprobabl$ ca(se! b$ stron' #"st blo&s.G 0a##on &as o# le'al a'e at the t"me o# the "nc"!ent, hence the parents &ere not l"able (n!er Art ,1C.. The tr"al co(rt #o(n! 0a##on '("lt$ #or K(as")!el"ct D3h$ not a #elon$>8, b(t absolve! the !e#en!ants) o##"c"als o# +T2, c"t"n' the r(l"n' "n +erca!o v CA. 2ss(e: 3hether !e#en!ants)school o##"c"als are Io"ntl$ an! severall$ l"able as tort#easors %el!: 65S Qalenton Dhea!8 an! U("b(le Dteacher8 are l"able #or !ama'es (n!er Art ,1C. CC. 9r"llantes "s not l"able as be"n' a member o# the school:s boar! o# !"rectors. School hea!s an! teachers, to a certa"n e7tent, stan! in loco parentis to st(!ents &ho rema"n "n the"r c(sto!$. C(sto!$, as (se! "n Art ,1C., means the protecti'e and super'isory custody that the school an! "ts hea!s an! teachers e7erc"se over the"r st(!ents #or as long as they are in attendance "n the school, "ncl(!"n' recess t"me. The bas"s o# the pres(mpt"on o# ne'l"'ence "n Art ,1C. "s some culpa in 'igilando that the parents, teachers, etc. are s(ppose! to have "nc(rre! "n the e7erc"se o# the"r a(thor"t$. 3here the parent places the ch"l! (n!er the c(sto!$ o# the teacher, the latter, an! not the parent, sho(l! be the one respons"ble #or the tort(o(s act o# the ch"l!. J(!'ment mo!"#"e! ) 0a##on, Qalenton, an! U("b(le are Io"ntl$ an! severall$ l"able

0"ssent D+a al"ntal8 The s"ze o# enrollment o# e!(cat"onal "nst"t(t"ons ma es "t h"'hl$ (nreal"st"c to cons"!er st(!ents as F"n the c(sto!$G o# teachers or school hea!s merel$ #rom the #act o# enrollment an! class atten!ance, (nless the latter can prove !(e !"l"'ence. The restr"ct"ve "nterpretat"on o# Art ,1C. "n +erca!o sho(l! be ma"nta"ne!.

Rn!er Art ,1C., parents are respons"ble #or the tort"o(s acts o# the"r m"nor ch"l!ren &ho l"ve "n the"r compan$. S"nce the bas"s o# l"ab"l"t$ o# teachers an! school hea!s "s "n loco parent"s, the sa"! prov"s"on sho(l! be appl"e! b$ analo'$, ".e. Fso lon' as the$ rema"n "n the"r c(sto!$G sho(l! be eK(ate! &"th F&ho l"ve "n the"r compan$M an! school hea!s an! teachers sho(l! not be respons"ble #or !ama'es ca(se! b$ ch"l!ren &ho are no lon'er m"nors. Ama!ora v CA D16. scra 31<8 Facts: Pabl"n' 0a##on shot classmate Al#re!o Ama!ora "n the a(!"tor"(m o# Cole'"o !e San Jose. %e &as conv"cte! o# hom"c"!e thr( rec less "mpr(!ence. Al#re!o:s parents #"le! a c"v"l act"on to recover !ama'es a'a"nst CSJ, "ts rector, the h"'h school pr"nc"pal, the !ean o# bo$s, an! the ph$s"cs teacher, to'ether &"th Pabl"n' an! t&o other st(!ents. The CF2 #o(n! the school o##"c"als l"able #or !ama'es. The CA, ho&ever, reverse! the CF2 !ec"s"on beca(se: 18 Art ,1C. &as not appl"cable s"nce CSJ &as not a school o# arts an! tra!esM ,8 the st(!ents &ere not "n the c(sto!$ o# the school at the t"me o# the "nc"!ent s"nce the semester ha! alrea!$ en!e!M 38 there &as no clear "!ent"#"cat"on o# the '(nM an! 48 the !e#en!ants ha! e7erc"se! the necessar$ !"l"'ence "n prevent"n' the "nI(r$. 2n th"s pet"t"on #or cert"orar", pet"t"oners conten! that Al#re!o &ent to school to #"n"sh h"s ph$s"cs e7per"ment as a prereK("s"te #or 'ra!(at"onM hence, he &as (n!er the c(sto!$ o# the pr"vate respon!ents. The pr"vate respon!ents, on the other han!, conten! that Al#re!o &ent to school to s(bm"t h"s ph$s"cs e7per"mentM hence, he &as no lon'er (n!er the"r c(sto!$ s"nce the semester ha! alrea!$ en!e!. 2ss(e: 18 3hether Art ,1C. appl"es to establ"shments &h"ch are techn"call$ not schools o# arts an! tra!es ,8 3hether pr"vate respon!ents are l"able #or !ama'es (n!er Art ,1C. %el!: 18 65S "rt 2=>? applies to all schools, aca!em"c as &ell as non)aca!em"c. Teachers, "n 'eneral, shall be l"able #or the acts o# the"r st(!ents e7cept &here the school "s techn"cal "n nat(re, "n &h"ch case "t "s the hea! thereo# &ho shall be ans&erable. Follo&"n' the cannon o# re!!en!o s"n'(la s"n'(l"s, FteachersG sho(l! appl$ to the &or!s Fp(p"ls an! st(!entsG an! Fhea!s o# establ"shments o# arts an! tra!esG to the &or! Fapprent"ces.G ,8 4* The same v"'"lance "s e7pecte! #rom the teacher over h"s st(!ents, re'ar!less o# the nat(re o# the school &here he "s teach"n'. The "nI(r$ s(bIect o# l"ab"l"t$ "s ca(se! b$ the st(!ent an! not b$ the school or an$ o# "ts personnel an! eK("pment. 2t ma$ be "n#l"cte! b$ an$ st(!ent re'ar!less o# the school &here he "s re'"stere!. The st(!ent "s (n!er the c(sto!$ o# school a(thor"t"es as lon' as he "s under the control and influence of the school and ;ithin its premises, &hether the semester has alrea!$ be'(n or has alrea!$ en!e!. As lon' as "t can be sho&n that the st(!ent "s "n the school "n the p(rs("t o# a le'"t"mate st(!ent obIect"ve, "n the e7erc"se o# a le'"t"mate st(!ent r"'ht, an! even "n the enIo$ment o# a le'"t"mate st(!ent pr"v"le'e, the respons"b"l"t$ o# the school cont"n(es. The teacher)"n)char'e "s l"able #or h"s st(!ents: torts as he "s !es"'nate! to e7erc"se s(perv"s"on over them. +oreover, the teacher "s l"able re'ar!less o# the st(!ent:s a'e. 2n th"s case, none o# the pr"vate respon!ents &ere hel! l"able. The rector, !ean o# bo$s, an! h"'h school pr"nc"pal cannot be hel! l"able beca(se the$ &ere not teachers)"n)char'e. The ph$s"cs teacher &as not ne'l"'ent. The school cannot be hel! !"rectl$ l"able s"nce Art ,1C. onl$ spea s o# teacher or hea! o# the school o# arts an! tra!es. P5T2T2*4 054250 ) sorr$ na lan'

PART2AL 02SS54T D+elenc"o)%errera8 Restr"ct"ve mean"n' '"ven to FteacherG as Fteacher)"n)char'eG contravenes the concept o# s(bst"t(te parental a(thor"t$. School ma$ be hel! l"able as an emplo$er #or !ama'es ca(se! b$ the"r emplo$ees (n!er Art ,1C.. Salvosa v 2AC D166 SCRA ,@48 Facts: J"mm$ Abon &as the !(l$ appo"nte! armorer o# the 9a'("o Colle'es Fo(n!at"on R*TC. %e rece"ve! h"s appo"ntment #rom the AFP, &ho also pa$s h"s salar$ an! '"ves h"m or!ers. %e &as also a commerce st(!ent o# the same school. *n that #ate#(l n"'ht o# 3 +arch 1-@@, Abon shot #ello& st(!ent 4apoleon Castro "n 9CF:s par "n' space. Castro !"e! an! Abon &as conv"cte! o# hom"c"!e. Castro:s he"rs s(e Abon, 9CF, an! "ts o##"cers #or !ama'es. The tr"al co(rt hel! Abon, 9CF, an! 9en Salvosa D9CF Pres8 l"able #or !ama'es. The 2AC a##"rme! the !ec"s"on &"th mo!"#"cat"on. %ence, th"s pet"t"on. 2AC r(le! that the shoot"n' "nc"!ent occ(rre! at abo(t !"sm"ssal t"me, an! &as there#ore &"th"n the Frecess t"meG re#erre! to "n Pal"soc v 9r"llantes. 2ss(e: 3hether pet"t"oner can be hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th Abon #or !ama'es (n!er Art ,1C. %el!: 4* C(sto!$ re#ers to protect"ve an! s(perv"sor$ c(sto!$ that the school an! "ts hea!s an! teachers e7erc"se over "ts st(!ents as lon' as the$ are "n atten!ance "n the school, "ncl(!"n' recess t"me. Becess, as embrace! "n the phrase at attendance in the school, "s a temporary ad@ournment of school acti'ities &here the st(!ent rema"ns &"th"n call o# h"s mentor an! "s not perm"tte! to leave the school prem"ses, or the area &"th"n &h"ch the school act"v"t$ "s con!(cte!. 9$ "ts nat(re, "t does not include dismissal. The mere #act o# be"n' enrolle! or be"n' "n the prem"ses o# the school &"tho(t more !oes not const"t(te attending school or being in the protective and supervisory custody o# the school, as contemplate! "n the la&. Abon cannot be cons"!ere! to have been at attendance in the school , or "n the c(sto!$ o# 9CF, &hen he shot Castro. There#ore, the pet"t"oners cannot be hel! sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th Abon #or !ama'es (n!er Art ,1C.. R5Q5RS50 ) pet"t"oners are not sol"!ar"l$ l"able 6lar!e v AK("no D163 scra 6-@8 Facts: Pet"t"oners "n th"s case are the parents o# 4ovel"to 6lar!e, &ho !"e! as a res(lt o# "nI(r"es s(##ere! a#ter be"n' cr(she! b$ a h('e bo(l!er. 4ovel"to &as amon' 1C st(!ents, a'e! ten to eleven, reK(este! b$ the"r teacher, here"n pr"vate respon!ent, 5!'ar!o AK("no to help !"' a hole bes"!e a one)ton concrete bloc &here the sa"! bloc ma$ be b(r"e!. 3hen the hole &as !eep eno('h to accommo!ate the bloc , AK("no &ent to see 9anez &ho &as abo(t 3.m a&a$. %e le#t the bo$s to level the so"l aro(n! the hole, an! alle'e!l$ tol! them not to to(ch the stone. A #e& m"n(tes a#ter he le#t, the bo$s I(mpe! "nto the p"t. *ne o# them I(mpe! on top o# the concrete bloc ca(s"n' "t to sl"!e to&ar!s the p"t:s open"n'. The concrete bloc p"nne! 6lar!e be#ore he co(l! 'et o(t. Pet"t"oners: s("t &as !"sm"sse! b$ the lo&er co(rt #or the ## reasons: 18 !"''"n' &as "n l"ne &"th 3or 5!M ,8 AK("no e7erc"se! (tmost !"l"'enceM an! 38 6lar!e:s !eath &as !(e to h"s o&n rec less "mpr(!ence. The CA a##"rme! the lo&er co(rt:s !ec"s"on. %ence, th"s pet"t"on. 2ss(e: 3hether respon!ents are l"able #or !ama'es: AK("no #or ne'l"'ence (n!er Art ,1@6, an! Sor"ano Dthe school pr"nc"pal8 as hea! o# school (n!er Art ,1C.

%el!: AK("no ) 65S, Sor"ano ) 4* Sor"ano "s not l"able s"nce he "s the hea! o# an aca!em"c "nst"t(t"on. *nl$ hea!s o# schools o# arts an! tra!es are l"able #or torts comm"tte! b$ the"r st(!ents DAma!ora v CA8. AK("no:s ne'l"'ent act o# leav"n' h"s st(!ents "n s(ch a !an'ero(s s"te "s the pro7"mate ca(se o# 6lar!e:s !eath. %e le#t the ch"l!ren to level the so"l aro(n! the e7cavat"on &hen "t &as so apparent that the h('e stone &as on the br"n o# #all"n'. %e &ent to an area &here he &o(l! not be able to chec on the ch"l!ren:s sa#et$, an! le#t the ch"l!ren close to the e7cavat"on, an obv"o(sl$ attract"ve n("sance. 4at(ral #or the ch"l!ren to pla$ aro(n! The bo(l!er #all"n' "nto the p"t &as a nat(ral conseK(ence o# "ts &e"'ht an! the loose so"l A teacher in loco parentis sho(l! ma e s(re that the ch"l!ren are protecte! #rom all harm &h"le "n h"s compan$. 2n th"s case, pet"t"oner &as clearl$ ne'l"'ent "n h"s !(t$. P5T2T2*4 PRA4T50 ) AK("no pa$s !ama'es PS9A v CA D,.< SCRA @,-8 Facts: Carl"tos 9a(t"sta, a st(!ent o# PS9A, &as stabbe! "n the school:s prem"ses b$ o(ts"!ers. %e !"es, prompt"n' h"s parents to #"le an act"on #or !ama'es a'a"nst PS9A. PS9A #"les a mot"on to !"sm"ss ar'("n' that "t "s be$on! the amb"t o# Art ,1C. s"nce "t "s an aca!em"c "nst"t(t"on. The lo&er co(rt !en"e! the"r mot"on to !"sm"ss. The"r mot"on #or recon &as also !en"e!. The CA a##"rme! the lo&er co(rt:s !ec"s"on b$ c"t"n' the Pal"soc r(l"n' that Art ,1C. "s appl"cable to all "n!s o# e!(cat"onal "nst"t(t"ons. %ence, th"s pet"t"on. 2ss(e: 3hether PS9A can be hel! l"able #or !ama'es %el!: 65S Art ,1C. !oes not appl$ s"nce the persons &ho ca(se! the "nI(r$ &ere not st(!ents o# PS9A, #or &hose acts the school co(l! be ma!e l"able. There "s a contract(al relat"on that e7"sts bet&een aca!em"c "nst"t(t"ons an! st(!ents enrolle! there"n. The aca!em"c "nst"t(t"on (n!erta es to prov"!e the st(!ent &"th e!(cat"on. There "s also an "mpl"c"t obl"'at"on o# prov"!"n' st(!ents &"th an atmosphere con!(c"ve to learn"n', ".e. prov"!e the proper sec(r"t$ meas(res. 9eca(se o# th"s contract(al obl"'at"on, the r(les on K(as")!el"ct !o not reall$ 'overn. A contract(al relat"on "s a con!"t"on s"ne K(a on to the school:s l"ab"l"t$ #or ne'l"'ence, (nless the ne'l"'ence occ(rs "n ba! #a"th. Pet"t"on !en"e! Sol"man, Jr v T(ason D,.- scra 4@8 Facts: +a7"mo Sol"man, Jr., a st(!ent o# Rep(bl"c Central Colle'es, &as shot "n the prem"ses o# RCC b$ sec(r"t$ '(ar! J"mm$ Solomon. %e #"le! a c"v"l compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst RCC, RL sec(r"t$ A'enc$, an! Solomon. RCC #"le! a mot"on to !"sm"ss ar'("n' that "t cannot be hel! l"able beca(se: 18 "t "s not the emplo$er o# SolomonM an! ,8 Art ,1C. !oes not appl$ beca(se Solomon "s not a st(!ent o# RCC. The RTC 'rante! the mot"on to !"sm"ss, an! !en"e! pet"t"oner:s mot"on #or recon. %ence, th"s pet"t"on. 2ss(e: 3hether RCC can be hel! l"able #or !ama'es %el!: 65S Art ,1C. !oes not appl$ beca(se Solomon "s not an emplo$ee or st(!ent o# RCC. As a 'eneral r(le, a cl"ent or c(stomer o# a sec(r"t$ a'enc$ has no han! "n select"n' the '(ar!s that &"ll be ass"'ne! to "t. The !(t$ to observe !(e !"l"'ence "n select"n' the '(ar!s cannot, "n the or!"nar$ co(rse o# events,

be !eman!e! #rom the cl"ent. 2nstr(ct"ons '"ven b$ the cl"ent to the '(ar! are no more than reK(ests commonl$ env"sa'e! "n the contract o# serv"ces &"th the a'enc$. Respon!ent I(!'e &as "n ser"o(s error &hen he !"sm"sse! the act"on on the 'ro(n!s that Sol"man:s onl$ ca(se o# act"on &as Art ,1C.. J(!'e sho(l! have allo&e! pet"t"oner to prove acts that const"t(te a breach o# obl"'at"on e' contractu or e' lege on the part o# RCC. Pet"t"on 'rante! ) case reman!e! to RTC #or #(rther procee!"n's ,. e##ect o# acK("ttal Art. ,-. 3hen the acc(se! "n a cr"m"nal prosec(t"on "s acK("tte! on the 'ro(n! that h"s '("lt has not been prove! be$on! reasonable !o(bt, a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es #or the same act or om"ss"on ma$ be "nst"t(te!. S(ch act"on reK("res onl$ a prepon!erance o# ev"!ence. Rpon mot"on o# the !e#en!ant, the co(rt ma$ reK("re the pla"nt"## to #"le a bon! to ans&er #or !ama'es "n case the compla"nt sho(l! be #o(n! to be mal"c"o(s. Jarant"lla vs CA P5T2T2*4 to rev"e& !ec"s"on o# CA Facts: Jose H(an S"n' s"!es&"pe! b$ a Qol s&a'en 9eetle !r"ven b$ Jarant"lla, res(lt"n' to ph$s"cal "nI(r"es Jarant"lla accor!"n'l$ shar'e! &"th ser"o(s ph$s"cal "nI(r"es thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence H(an S"n' !"! not reserve r"'ht to "nst"t(te a separate c"v"l act"on an! he "ntervene! "n the prosec(t"on o# sa"! cr"m case thro('h a pr"vate prosec(tor. Pet"t"oner Jarant"lla acK("tte! on Freasonable !o(btG S(bseK(entl$, S"n' #"le! C"v"l Case #or !ama'es "nvolv"n' the same s(bIect matter an! act "n prev"o(s cr"m case. 2ss(e: 3*4 H(an S"n' can #"le a separate act"on #or C"v"l L"ab"l"t$ ar"s"n' #rom the same act or om"ss"on &here"n Jarant"lla &as acK("tte! "n the cr"m"nal act"on on reasonable !o(bt an! no c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ &as a!I(!"cate! or a&ar!e! "n the I(!'ment o# acK("ttal. %el!: 6es 2# the acc(se! "n a cr"m"nal prosec(t"on "s acK("tte! on the 'ro(n! that h"s '("lt has not been proven be$on! reasonable !o(bt, a c"v"l act"on #or the same act or om"ss"on ma$ be "nst"t(te!. )) 2t "s allo&e! (n!er Art"cle ,- o# the C"v"l Co!e. Another relevant !octr"ne '"ven b$ I(r"spr(!ence: 2# the co(rt #a"ls to ma e an$ prono(ncement, #avorable or (n#avorable, as to the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ o# the acc(se!, then th"s amo(nts to a reservat"on o# the r"'ht to have the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ l"t"'ate! an! !eterm"ne! "n a separate act"on. The r(les no&here prov"!e that "# a co(rt #a"ls to !eterm"ne the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ "t becomes no lon'er en#orceable. There "s also pers(as"ve lo'"c "n the v"e& that the acK("ttal o# the acc(se! #oreclose! the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ base! on Art"cle 1.. RPC. 2# there "s an acK("ttal, then the ca(sat"ve act or om"ss"on becomes !"veste! o# "ts penal element an! becomes "n e##ect a K(as")!el"ct. .the alle'at"ons o# the compla"nt b$ H(an S"n' s(pports an! "s const"t(t"ve o# a case #or K(as")!el"ct. 3r"t pra$e! #or 0en"e!. People vs. R"tter 3. preI(!"c"al K(est"ons Art. 36. Pre)I(!"c"al K(est"ons &h"ch m(st be !ec"!e! be#ore an$ cr"m"nal prosec(t"on ma$ be "nst"t(te! or ma$ procee!, shall be 'overne! b$ r(les o# co(rt &h"ch the S(preme Co(rt shall prom(l'ate an! &h"ch shall not be "n con#l"ct &"th the prov"s"ons o# th"s Co!e. ?apanta vs +ontesa *R2P24AL ACT2*4 "n the SC. Proh"b"t"on

Facts: +a$ 1-<C: *l"mp"a 6co #"le! "n CF2 o# 9(lacan cr"m case o# 9"'am$ a'a"nst ?apanta, as he contracte! marr"a'e &"th her &hen he &as st"ll val"!l$ marr"e! to a certa"n 5strella P(ar"n. J(ne 1-<C: ?apanta #"le! "n CF2 o# Pampan'a a c"v"l case a'a"nst 6co, #or the ann(lment o# the"r marr"a'e on the 'ro(n! o# !(ress, #orce an! "nt"m"!at"on. 6co #"le! mot"on to !"sm"ss b(t !en"e!. Sept 1-<C: ?apanta #"le! mot"on "n cr"m case o# 9"'am$ to s(spen! procee!"n's there"n on the 'ro(n! that the !eterm"nat"on o# the "ss(e "nvolve! "n c"v"l case &as a pre@udicial question. +t"on !en"e!, an! +t"on #or Recon !en"e!. A#ter plea!"n' not '("lt$ "n cr"m case, #"le! th"s act"on "n SC. 2ss(e: 3*4 cr"m case sho(l! be s(spen!e! = 3*4 there &as a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. %el!: 6es 2# there ar"ses an "ss(e=K(est"on "n a case, the resol(t"on o# &h"ch "s a lo'"cal antece!ent o# the "ss(e "nvolve! there"n, an! the co'n"zance o# &h"ch perta"ns to another tr"b(nal, then there "s a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. There "s a preI(!"c"al K(est"on "n the case at bar. As seen "n the r(le, a preI(!"c"al K(est"on has t&o elements: D18K(est"on m(st be !eterm"nat"ve o# the case be#ore the co(rt an! D,8 I(r"s!"ct"on to tr$ the same m(st be lo!'e! "n another co(rt. %ere, !eterm"nat"on o# #orce &"ll prove that h"s act o# contract"n' a secon! marr"a'e &h"le there &as a s(bs"st"n' one &as "nvol(ntar$. *n the secon! element, the ann(lment case &as #"le! "n Pampan'a. 3r"t pra$e! #or 'rante!. +erce! vs 0"ez *R2P24AL Act"on "n the S(preme Co(rt. Cert"orar" &"th proh"b"t"on. Facts: Jan 1-<C: Ab(n!"o +erce! #"le! a compla"nt #or ann(lment o# h"s secon! marr"a'e &"th 5l"zabeth Ceasar, alle'"n' that: - her relat"ves #orce!, threatene!, an! "nt"m"!ate! h"m "nto s"'n"n' an a##"!av"t to the e##ect that he an! L"z ha! been l"v"n' to'ether as h(sban! an! &"#e #or over < $rs.M that th"s a##"!av"t &as (se! "n sec(r"n' the"r marr"a'e o# e7cept"onal character, &=o nee! #or a marr"a'e l"censeM that he &as #orce! "nto marr$"n' L"z be#ore +(n"c"pal J(!'e Dl(c $ '($ 8 - "mme!"atel$ le#t L"z a#ter marr"a'e an! never l"ve! &"th her - he &as as e! to ret(rn to Ceb( b(t re#(se!, scare! he m"'ht be #orce! to l"ve &"th L"z Feb 1-<C: 5l"zabeth Ceasar #"le! cr"m compla"nt #or b"'am$ a'a"nst +erce!, as he &as prev"o(sl$ marr"e! to a 5(#roc"na Tan. +erce! #"le! mot"on hol! tr"al o# cr"m case +ot"on 0en"e!. 2ss(e: 3*4 act"on to ann(l marr"a'e "s a preI(!"c"al K(est"on "n a prosec(t"on to 9"'am$. %el!: 6es. 2# there ar"ses an "ss(e=K(est"on "n a case, the resol(t"on o# &h"ch "s a lo'"cal antece!ent o# the "ss(e "nvolve! there"n, an! the co'n"zance o# &h"ch perta"ns to another tr"b(nal, then there "s a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. 3"tho(t the element o# consent, a marr"a'e &o(l! be "lle'al an! vo"!. 9(t the K(est"on o# "nval"!"t$ can not be !ec"!e! "n the cr"m"nal act"on #or 9"'am$ b(t "n a c"v"l act"on #or ann(lment. S"nce D18 the val"!"t$ o# the marr"a'e cannot be !eterm"ne! "n the cr"m"nal case an! D,8 s"nce prosec(t"on #or b"'am$ !oes not l"e (nless the elements o# a val"! secon! marr"a'e appears, "t "s necessar$ then that a !ec"s"on "n a c"v"l act"on to the e##ect that the secon! marr"a'e conta"ns all the essent"als o# a val"! marr"a'e m(st #"rst be sec(re!. SC a!!s that the pr"nc"ple o# preI(!"c"al K(est"on "s to be appl"e! even "# there "s onl$ one co(rt be#ore &h"ch the c"v"l act"on an! the cr"m"nal act"on are to be l"t"'ate!. Pet"t"on 'rante!.

Ppl vs Ara'on APP5AL #rom the or!er o# the CF2 o# Ceb( Facts: Ara'on char'e! "n the CF2 o# Ceb( &"th the cr"me o# 9"'am$ #or hav"n' contracte! marr"a'e &= 5#"'en"a Palomer &hen h"s marr"a'e &"th +art"na Po!"nez &as st"ll s(bs"st"n'. 3h"le case pen!"n', Palomer #"le! "n same CF2 o# Ceb( a c"v"l case to ann(l her marr"a'e &"th Ara'on s"nce the latter #orce! her to marr$ h"m thro('h #orce, threats, an! "nt"m"!at"on o# bo!"l$ harm. Ara'on: #"le! mot"on "n cr"m case to !"sm"ss sa"! case on the 'ro(n! that the c"v"l act"on #or ann(lment o# the secon! marr"a'e "s a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. Tr"al co(rt !en"e!. 2ss(e: 3*4 s(ch const"t(tes a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. %el!: 4o. Ara'on can not (se h"s o&n mal#easance to !e#eat the act"on base! on h"s cr"m"nal act. The c"v"l act"on !oes not !ec"!e that !e#en!ant)appellant Ara'on !"! not enter the marr"a'e a'a"nst h"s &"ll an! consent, beca(se the compla"nt !oes not alle'e that he &as the v"ct"m o# #orce an! "nt"m"!at"onM "t !oes not !eterm"ne the e7"stence o# an$ o# the elements o# the char'e o# 9"'am$. A !ec"s"on thereon "s not essent"al to the !eterm"nat"on o# the cr"m"nal char'e. Th(s, "t "s not a preI(!"c"al K(est"on. Also, !apat na')mot"on #or recon m(na s" Ara'on *r!er appeale! #rom a##"rme!.

R(le 111 Dsee R*C8 %R+A4 R5LAT2*4S A. 9as"c pr"nc"plesM ab(se o# r"'ht Art. 1-. 5ver$ person m(st, "n the e7erc"se o# h"s r"'hts an! "n the per#ormance o# h"s !(t"es, act &"th I(st"ce, '"ve ever$one h"s !(e, an! observe honest$ an! 'oo! #a"th. Art. ,.. 5ver$ person &ho, contrar$ to la&, &"l#(ll$ or ne'l"'entl$ ca(ses !ama'e to another, shall "n!emn"#$ the latter #or the same. Art. ,1. An$ person &ho &"l#(ll$ ca(ses loss or "nI(r$ to another "n a manner that "s contrar$ to morals, 'oo! c(stoms or p(bl"c pol"c$ shall compensate the latter #or the !ama'e. Pe vs Pe Pla"nt"##s bro('ht th"s act"on be#ore the Co(rt o# F"rst 2nstance o# +an"la to recover moral, compensator$, e7emplar$ an! correct"ve !ama'es "n the amo(nt o# P-4,......, e7cl(s"ve o# attorne$Zs #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on. Pla"nt"##s are the parents, brothers an! s"sters o# one Lol"ta Pe, ,4 $ears ol! an! (nmarr"e! 0e#en!ant Al#onso Pe "s a marr"e! man an! &or s as a'ent o# La Perla C"'ar an! C"'arette Factor$. %e sta$e! "n the to&n o# Pasan, +ar"n!(K(e, "n connect"on &"th occ(pat"on. Lol"ta &as sta$"n' &"th her parents "n the same to&n. 0e#en!ant &as an a!opte! son o# a Ch"naman name! Pe 9eco, a collateral relat"ve o# Lol"taZs #ather. 9eca(se o# s(ch #act an! the s"m"lar"t$ "n the"r #am"l$ name, !e#en!ant became close to the pla"nt"##s &ho re'ar!e! h"m as a member o# the"r #am"l$. Somet"me "n 1-<,, !e#en!ant #reK(ente! the ho(se o# Lol"ta ))to teach h"m ho& to pra$ the rosar$ D$an an' st$le8 The t&o event(all$ #ell "n love &"th each other. Starte! the"r clan!est"ne love a##a"r. R(mors reache! Lol"ta:s parents, #orb"!!en to see each other. 5ven #"le! !eportat"on procee!"n's a'a"nst !e#en!ant. The a##a"r cont"n(e! nonetheless.

Somet"me "n Apr"l, 1-<@, Lol"ta &as sta$"n' &"th her brothers an! s"sters at the"r res"!ence at <4) 9 5spaYa 57tens"on, U(ezon C"t$. *n Apr"l 14, 1-<@, Lol"ta !"sappeare! #rom sa"! ho(se. Fo(n! : note on a cr(mple! p"ece o# paper "ns"!e Lol"taZs apara!or )) a letter o# !e#en!ant to Lol"ta The !"sappearance o# Lol"ta &as reporte! to the pol"ce a(thor"t"es an! the 492 b(t (p to the present there "s no ne&s or trace o# her &hereabo(ts. 0e#ense: 'rant"n' that the #acts alle'e! &ere tr(e, the$ !o not const"t(te a val"! ca(se o# act"on. tr"al co(rt: Compla"nt not act"onable)) #a"le! to prove that !e#en!ant !el"beratel$ an! "n ba! #a"th tr"e! to &"n Lol"taZs a##ect"on. X2n the absence o# proo# on th"s po"nt, the co(rt ma$ not pres(me that "t &as the !e#en!ant &ho !el"beratel$ "n!(ce! s(ch relat"onsh"pG

2ss(e: 3*4 !ama'es sho(l! be 'rante!. %el!: 6es The c"rc(mstances (n!er &h"ch !e#en!ant tr"e! to &"n Lol"taZs a##ect"on cannot lea! to an$ other concl(s"on than that "t &as he &ho, thr( an "n'en"o(s scheme or tr"c er$, se!(ce! the latter to the e7tent o# ma "n' her #all "n love &"th h"m. Th"s "s sho&n b$ the #act that !e#en!ant #reK(ente! the ho(se o# Lol"ta on the prete7t that he &ante! her to teach h"m ho& to pra$ the rosar$. %e &as #orb"!!en to see Lol"ta, b(t nevertheless proce!e! &"th the love a##a"r. 2n!ee!, no other concl(s"on can be !ra&n #rom th"s cha"n o# events than that !e#en!ant not onl$ !el"beratel$, b(t thro('h a clever strate'$, s(ccee!e! "n &"nn"n' the a##ect"on an! love o# Lol"ta to the e7tent o# hav"n' "ll"c"t relat"ons &"th her. The &ron' he has ca(se! her an! her #am"l$ "s "n!ee! "mmeas(rable cons"!er"n' the #act that he "s a marr"e! man. Qer"l$, he has comm"tte! an "nI(r$ to Lol"taZs #am"l$ "n a manner contrar$ to morals, 'oo! c(stoms an! p(bl"c pol"c$ as contemplate! "n Art"cle ,1 o# the ne& C"v"l Co!e. 0ama'es a&ar!e!: P<,...... as !ama'es an! P,,<..... as attorne$Zs #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on.

%ermos"s"ma vs CA P5T2T2*4 #or rev"e& b$ cert"orar" Facts: Sole!a! Cab"'as an Franc"sco %ermos"s"ma &ere s&eeathearts be#ore. H" o "mpre'nate! Sole!a! "n a boat cab"n D+=Q 5scaYo, to &h"ch H" o &as apprent"ce p"lot8.. prom"se! to marr$ her, b(t then marr"e! Roman"ta Perez. Sole!a! Cab"'as #"le! &"th CF2 o# Ceb( a compla"nt #or D18 the ac no&le!'ement o# her ch"l!, Chr"s %ermos"s"ma as nat(ral ch"l! o# Franc"sco %ermos"s"ma, as &ell as D,8 #or s(pport o# sa"! ch"l! an! D38 !ama'es #or breach o# prom"se. Franc"sco a!m"tte! patern"t$ an! &"ll"n'ness to s(pport, 9RT !en"e! ever prom"s"n' Sole!a! marr"a'e. CF2 or!ere! pa$ment o# P 4,<.. #or act(al an! compensator$ !ama'es, P<,... as moral !ama'es, an! P<.. as attorne$:s #ees, as"!e #rom s(pport to ch"l! DP3. = month8. CA a##"rme!, even "ncreas"n' the act(al an! moral !ama'es. There &as se!(ct"on an! there#ore l"able #or moral !ama'es. 2ss(e: 3*4 moral !ama'es are recoverable #or breach o# prom"se to marr$. %el!: 4o S$K("a case: Act"on #or breach o# prom"se to marr$ has no stan!"n' "n the c"v"l la&, apart #rom the r"'ht to recover mone$ or propert$ a!vance! (pon the #a"th o# s(ch prom"se. SC !oes not #"n! H" o morall$ '("lt$ o# se!(ct"on beca(se the CF2 "tsel# #o(n! that compla"nant Fs(rren!ere! hersel#G to pet"t"oner beca(se, Fover&helme! b$ her love #or h"mG she F&ante! to b"n!G h"m Fb$ hav"n' a #r("t o# the"r en'a'ement even be#ore the$ ha! the bene#"t o# cler'$G. 3assmer vs Qal!ez Facts: Franc"so Qelez an! 9eatr"z 3assmer !ec"!e! to 'et marr"e! on September 4, 1-<4.

T&o !a$s be#ore the &e!!"n', Franc"sco le#t a note #or h"s br"!e)to)be: 3"ll have to postpone &e!!"n')+$ mother opposes "t. Am leav"n' on the Conva"r to!a$. The ne7t !a$, he sent her the ##. tele'ram: 4*T%24P C%A4P50 R5ST ASSRR50 R5TRR424P Q5R6 S**4 AP*L*P2?5 +A+A PAPA L*Q5 PAH24P 9eatr"z s(e! #or !ama'es b(t Qelez cla"me! that: h"s #a"l(re to marr$ pla"nt"## &as !(e to #ort("to(s event an! c"rc(mstances be$on! h"s control that breach o# prom"se to marr$ "s not an act"onable &ron'.

2ss(e: 3*4 there co(l! be an act"on #or !ama'es %el!: 6es, b(t base! on Art"cle ,1 Rat"o: 1. Art"cle ,1 prov"!es: An$ person &ho &"ll#(ll$ ca(ses loss or "nI(r$ to another "n a manner that "s contrar$ to morals, 'oo! c(stoms or p(bl"c pol"c$ shall compensate the latter #or the !ama'e. ,. 0ama'es: "nv"tat"ons &ere pr"nte! an! !"str"b(te! !resses bo('ht matr"mon"al be!O 9r"!al sho&ers an! '"#ts rece"ve! 3. moral !ama'es are recoverable Art"cle ,,1- D1.8: moral !ama'es are recoverable "n the cases ment"one! "n Art"cle ,1 4. e7emplar$ !ama'es base! on ,,3,: !e#en!ant acte! "n &anton, #ra(!(lent, rec less, oppress"ve, or malevolent manner Pashem Shoo at 9a sh vs CA Facts: +ar"lo( Ponzales alle'e! that pet"t"oner co(rte! her somet"me "n A('(st 1-C@ an! prom"se! to marr$ her a#ter the en! o# the school semester o# the same $ear. Pet"t"oner v"s"te! her parents to sec(re the"r approval to the marr"a'e. S(bseK(entl$, pet"t"oner #orce! her to l"ve &"th h"m. Later, pet"t"oner be'an maltreat"n' her an! !(r"n' a con#rontat"on be#ore the baran'a$ capta"n o# P("l"', pet"t"oner rep(!"ate! the"r marr"a'e a'reement an! tol! her that he &as marr"e! to someone "n 9acolo! C"t$. Pet"t"oner !en"e! all alle'at"on an! even alle'e! that Ponzales ha! !ece"ve! h"m b$ steal"n' h"s mone$ an! passport. 2ss(e: 3*4 an act"on #or !ama'es e7"sts %el!: 6es, base! on Art"cle ,1 Rat"o: 1. Art"cle ,1, to'ether &"th Art"cles 1- an! ,., has broa!ene! the scope o# the la& on c"v"l &ron's ,. the bas"s #or the a&ar! &as the #ra(! an! !ece"t beh"n! the prom"se to marr$ an! the &"ll#(l "nI(r$ to her honor an! rep(tat"on she ha! se7 &"th h"m not beca(se o# l(st b(t beca(se o# moral se!(ct"on Fman:s prom"se to marr$ "s the pro7"mate ca(se o# the acceptance o# h"s love h"s representat"on to #(l#"ll that prom"se 2s the pro7"mate ca(se o# the '"v"n' o# hersel# (nto h"m "n a se7(al con'ressG 3. cannot be hel! l"able #or cr"m"nal se!(ct"on beca(se '"rl &as above 1C Qela$o, etc vs Shell see +el:s !"'est. Salamat melOO Facts+

The Commerc"al A"r L"nes, 2nc DCAL28 "s a Ph"l"pp"ne corporat"on en'a'e! "n the a"r transportat"on b(s"ness. The Shell Compan$ o# the Ph"l"pp"ne 2slan!s D!e#en!ant8 "s a corporat"on or'an"ze! "n 5n'lan! an! l"cense! to !o b(s"ness here. CAL2Zs #(el nee!s are s(ppl"e! b$ the !e#en!ant. .C=.6=4C ) CAL2 or'an"ze! a l(ncheon meet"n' to "n#orm all "ts cre!"tors that the compan$ &as "n a state o# "nsolvenc$ an! ha! to stop operat"on. F"tz'eral! represente! the !e#en!ant "n s(ch meet"n'. CAL2Zs total "n!ebte!ness to the !e#en!ant at that t"me &as P1<,,641.6C. CAL2Zs 9oar! o# 0"rectors e7pla"ne! that there &as a propose! sale o# CAL2Zs assets "n #avor o# Ph"l"pp"ne A"r L"nes. CAL2Zs balance sheet &as also presente! to the cre!"tors. The balance sheet "ncl(!e! a C)<4 plane "n the Rn"te! States. 2n the same meet"n', the cre!"tors a'ree! on the ##: 18 That a &or "n' comm"ttee Dcompose! o# three part"es8 shall be create! &h"ch &o(l! s(perv"se the preservat"on o# CAL2Zs assets &h"le the cre!"tors attempte! to a'ree on a #a"r !"str"b(t"on o# s(ch assetsM ,8 That all o# the cre!"tors present sho(l! avo"! present"n' "ts cla"m be#ore an "nsolvenc$ co(rt. 2n case the cre!"tors !o not come to an a'reement, onl$ then can "nsolvenc$ procee!"n's be #"le!. F"tz'eral! &as appo"nte! to represent the cre!"tors "n the &or "n' comm"ttee. .C=.-=4C ) The &or "n' comm"ttee met #or the #"rst t"me to st(!$ the &a$ o# ma "n' a #a"r !"v"s"on o# the assets. *n the ver$ same !a$, the !e#en!ant compan$ ass"'ne! "ts cre!"t a'a"nst CAL2 "n #avor o# Shell *"l Compan$, an Amer"can Corporat"on, #or T@-,44.. The ne7t !a$, the cre!"t &as "ncrease! to TC<.C1.,-. .C=1,=4C ) Shell *"l Compan$ #"le! a compla"nt a'a"nst CAL2 be#ore the S(per"or Co(rt o# Cal"#orn"a #or the collect"on o# the ass"'ne! cre!"t. A &r"t o# attachment &as appl"e! #or an! "ss(e! a'a"nst the C)<4 plane. DAs a res(lt o# th"s &r"t, the procee!s o# the event(al sale o# the plane &o(l! perta"n e7cl(s"vel$ to Shell *"l, "nstea! o# all the cre!"tors8 +ean&h"le, the stoc hol!ers o# CAL2 !ec"!e! to e##ect the sale o# CAL2Zs propert"es to PAL. Shortl$ therea#ter, the 4atZl A"rports Corporat"on D4AC, another cre!"tor o# CAL28 learne! o# the act"on "n the RS, so "t #"le! "ts o&n compla"nt &"th attachment be#ore the CF2 o# +an"la. 1.=.@=4C ) Rpon learn"n' o# the act"on "n the RS, CAL2 #"le! a pet"t"on #or vol(ntar$ "nsolvenc$. The or!er o# "nsolvenc$ &as "ss(e! b$ the co(rt, so the compla"nt o# 4AC &as !"recte! to the "nsolvenc$ co(rt. Qela$o &as appo"nte! ass"'nee o# CAL2 "n the "nsolvenc$ procee!"n's. %e "mme!"atel$ so('ht a &r"t o# "nI(nct"on to restra"n !e#en!ant #rom prosec(t"n' the compla"nt #"le! "n Cal"#orn"a. The co(rt !en"e! the pet"t"on #or "ss(ance o# a &r"t o# "nI(nct"on beca(se a Ph"l. co(rt &o(l! not be "n a pos"t"on to en#orce "ts or!ers a'a"nst Shell *"l Compan$, &h"ch "s an Amer"can corp. o(ts"!e o# the I(r"s!"ct"on o# the Ph"ls. %av"n' #a"le! to restra"n the pro'ress o# the attachment s("t "n Cal"#orn"a, Qela$o no& con#"nes h"s act"on to the recover$ o# !ama'es a'a"nst the !e#en!ant. The lo&er co(rt !"sm"sse! the compla"nt #or !ama'es. %ence, th"s appeal.

%ssue+ 3*4 there &as a betra$al o# tr(st an! con#"!ence on the part o# !e#en!ant compan$ &h"ch can be ma!e the bas"s #or !ama'es.

)eld+ 65S Ratio+ 2t "s obv"o(s that !e#en!ant e##ecte! the trans#er o# "ts cre!"t (pon learn"n' o# the precar"o(s econom"c s"t(at"on o# CAL2. The trans#er ma!e &"tho(t the no&le!'e o# the other cre!"tors &as a shre&! an! s(rpr"se move that enable! !e#en!ant to collect almost all "# not the ent"re amo(nt o# "ts cre!"t. D2n other &or!s, F"tz'eral! an! !e#en!ant compan$ met &"th the other cre!"tors #or the p(rpose o# reach"n' an a'reement #or the #a"r !"stZn o# assets 9RT at the same t"me, "t ha! alrea!$ !"veste! "tsel# o# "ts cre!"t8 The !e#en!ant too a!vanta'e o# "ts no&le!'e that an "nsolvenc$ procee!"n' &as to be "nst"t(te! "# the cre!"tors !"! not a'ree as to the manner o# !"stZn. Th"s "s a clear v"olat"on o# Sec. 3@ o# the "nsolvenc$ La&, &h"ch states that: C"f any person, before the assignment is made, having notice of the commencement of proceedings in insolvency, or having reason to believe that insolvency proceedings are about to be commenced, embe11les or disposes of any money, goods, chattels or effects of the insolvent, he is chargeable therewith, and liable to an action by the assignee for double the value of the property sought to be embe11led or disposed of...C 2n a!!"t"on, Art. ,1 o# the C"v"l Co!e prov"!es that: CAny person who willfully causes loss or in&ury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.C Th"s prov"s"on &as "nten!e! to cover the (ntol! n(mbers o# moral &ron's &h"ch "s "mposs"ble #or h(man #ores"'ht to prov"!e #or spec"#"call$ "n the stat(tes. 4ote: 5ven "# the ne& c"v"l co!e onl$ too e##ect "n 1-<. an! the acts compla"ne! o# too place "n 1-4C, the prov"s"ons o# the ne& c"v"l co!e &o(l! st"ll appl$ p(rs(ant to Art. ,,<3 &h"ch states that: C0ut if a right should be declared for the first time in this *ode, it shall be effective at once, even though the act or event which may give rise thereto may have been done or may have occurred under the prior legislation, provided said new right does not pre&udice or impair any vested or acquired right of the same origin.C %ence, the co(rt hol!s !e#en!ant l"able to pa$ Qela$o Das ass"'nee o# the "nsolvent CAL28 a s(m !o(ble the amo(nt o# the val(e o# the plane at the t"me the cre!"t &as trans#erre!. Da s(m eK(al to the val(e o# the plane as compensator$ !ama'es, an! the same amo(nt as e7emplar$ !ama'es8. S"nce there "s no clear proo# on recor! abo(t the real val(e o# the plane, the val(e shall be !eterm"ne! "n the lo&er co(rt. 4ote: The Co(rt !"! not str"ctl$ appl$ Sec. 3@ o# 2nsolvenc$ La& s"nce &hat the !e#en!ant !"spose! o# &as act(all$ h"s o&n cre!"t an! not an$ propert$ o# the "nsolvent compan$. %o&ever, the e##ect as to the amo(nt o# !ama'es a&ar!e! "s the same. 4*T5: 2n the mot"on #or recon #"le! b$ !e#en!ant, "t &as ar'(e! that the other cre!"tors &ere not preI(!"ce! at all b$ the trans#er o# the cre!"t. %o&ever, the SC bel"e! th"s cla"m b$ e7pla"n"n' that "# no attachment o# the plane &as ma!e, the other cre!"tors &o(l! rece"ve appro7. 4<L o# the"r cla"ms an! not I(st 3.L. 2t "s clear that the other cre!"tors &ere preI(!"ce!.

J(!'ment reverse!. D57emplar$ !ama'es &ere re!(ce! to P,<... a#ter the mot"on #or recon &as #"le!8

Plobe vs +c a$

Facts: Rest"t(to Tob"as &as emplo$e! b$ pet"t"oner as p(rchas"n' a'ent an! a!m"n ass"stant to the en'"neer"n' operat"ons mana'er. Somet"me "n 1-@,, Tob"as reporte! anomal"es "n compan$: #"ct"t"o(s p(rchases an! other #ra(!(lent transact"ons #or &h"ch "t lost several tho(san!s o# pesos. %o&ever, %erbert %en!rr$, 57ec(t"ve Q"ce Pres"!ent an! Peneral +ana'er con#ronte! h"m b$ stat"n' that he &as the n(mber one s(spect an! or!ere! h"m to ta e a #orce! one &ee leave, not to comm(n"cate &"th the o##"ce, to leave h"s table !ra&ers open, an! to leave the o##"ce e$s. 3hen he reporte! bac to &or , %en!r$ calle! h"m a croo an! a s&"n!ler. %e &as also or!ere! to ta e a l"e !etector test an! to s(bm"t spec"mens o# h"s han!&r"t"n', s"'nat(re, an! "n"t"als. Tob"as &as also tol! that a h(n!re! more s("ts can be #"el! a'a"nst h"m. 2nvest"'at"on "nst"t(te! b$ compan$ res(lte! to ##: +an"la pol"ce: cleare! Tob"as o# an$ part"c"pat"on Pr"vate "nvest"'ator: #o(n! h"m '("lt$ b(t also state! that #(rther "nvest"'at"ons &ere to be con!(cte! ++ Pol"ce Ch"e# 0oc(ment 57am"ner: Tob"as not '("lt$. Tob"as passe! l"e !etector test. Compan$ st"ll #"le! 6 cr"m"nal cases, < #or esta#a thr( #als"#"cat"on o# commerc"al !oc(ments an! 1 #or !"scover"n' secrets thr( se"z(re o# correspon!ence. All &ere !"sm"sse! #or "ns(##"c"enc$ o# ev"!ence. 3hen Tob"as so('ht emplo$ment &"th R5T5LC*, %en!r$ &rote compan$ stat"n' that Plobe +ac a$ !"sm"sse! Tob"as !(e to !"shonest$. 2ss(e: 3*4 pet"t"oners are l"able #or !ama'es to pr"vate respon!ent %el!: 6es, Art"cle 1- an! reme!"e! b$ Art"cle ,.. Rat"o: Art. 1-. 5ver$ person m(st, "n the e7erc"se o# h"s r"'hts an! "n the per#ormance o# h"s !(t"es, act &"th I(st"ce, '"ve ever$one h"s !(e, an! observe honest$ an! 'oo! #a"th. Art. ,.. 5ver$ person &ho, contrar$ to la&, &"ll#(ll$ or ne'l"'entl$ ca(ses !ama'e to another, shall "n!emn"#$ the latter #or the same. 1. 5ven "# the$ cla"me! that "t &as the"r r"'ht to !"sm"ss Tob"as, the$ ab(se! the r"'ht that the$ "nvo e, ca(s"n' !ama'e to Tob"as an! #or &h"ch latter m(st be "n!emn"#"e!. ,. The "mp(tat"on o# '("lt &"tho(t bas"s an! the pattern o# harassment !(r"n' the "nvest"'at"ons o# Tob"as trans'ress the stan!ar!s o h(man con!(ct (n!er art"cle 1-. 3. 0amn(m absK(e "nI(r"a: !ama'es or loss &h"ch !oes not const"t(te a v"olat"on o# a le'al r"'ht or amo(nt to a le'al &ron' "s not act"onable 4A to case at bar coz the ab(s"ve manner "n &h"ch the r"'ht to !"sm"ss &as e7erc"se! amo(nte! to a le'al &ron' Albenson vs CA Facts: Albenson !el"vere! m"l! steel plates to P(arantee! 2n!(str"es 2nc. A Pac"#"c 9an "n' Corporat"on Chec &as '"ven an! !ra&n a'a"nst the acco(nt o# 5L 3oo!&or s. S(ch chec &as later !"shonore! #or the reason FAcco(nt Close!.G Compan$ trace! so(rce o# chec an! later !"scovere! that the s"'nat(re belon'e! to one 5('en"o 9altao. Albenson ma!e an e7traI(!"cal !eman! (pon 9altao b(t latter !en"e! that he "ss(e! the chec or that the s"'nat(re &as h"s.

Compan$ #"le! a compla"nt a'a"nst 9altao #or v"olat"on o# 9P ,,. 2t &as later !"scovere! that pr"vate respon!ent ha! son: 5('ene 9altao 222, &ho mana'es the b"z establ"shment, 5L 3oo!&or s. Father #"le! compla"nt #or !ama'es. 2ss(e: 3*4 pet"t"oner "s l"able #or !ama'es %el!: 4* Rat"o: 1. no ab(se o# r"'ht ,. honestl$ bel"ve! that "t &as pr"vate respon!ent &ho "ss(e! chec base! on ## "nK("r"es: S5C recor!s sho&e! that pres"!ent to P(arantee! &as 5('ene 9altao 9an sa"! s"'nat(re belon'e! to 59 59 !"! not !o h"s part "n clar"#$"n' that there &ere "n #act 3 5bs, Jr., Sr. an! the 222. 3. there &as no mal"c"o(s prosec(t"on: there m(st be proo# that: the prosec(t"on &as prompte! b$ a s"n"ster !es"'n to ve7 an! h(m"l"ate a person an! that "t &as "nt"ate! !el"beratel$ b$ !e#en!ant no&"n' that h"s char'es &ere #alse an! 'ro(n!less 5lements o# ab(se o# r"'ht (n!er Art"cle 1-: 1. there "s a le'al r"'ht or !(t$ ,. e7erc"se! "n ba! #a"th 3. #or the sole "ntent o# preI(!"c"n' or "nI(r"n' another 5lements (n!er Art"cle ,1: contra bon(s mores: 1. there "s an act &h"ch "s le'al ,. b(t &h"ch "s contrar$ to morals, 'oo! c(stom, p(bl"c or!er or p(bl"c pol"c$ 3. "t "s !one &"th "ntent to "nI(re 9. RnI(st enr"chment Art. . -very person who through an act of performance by another, or any other means, acquires or comes into possession of something at the e'pense of the latter without &ust or legal ground, shall return the same to him. Art. 3. -ven when an act or event causing damage to anotherDs property was not due to the fault or negligence of the defendant, the latter shall be liable for indemnity if through the act or event he was benefited. Art. 1(,. "f something is received when there is no right to demand it, and it was unduly delivered through mista%e, the obligation to return it arises. 81$E(7 C. Protect"on o# !"sa!vanta'e! Art. ,. "n all contractual, property or other relations, when one of the parties is at a disadvantage on account of his moral dependence, ignorance, indigence, mental wea%ness, tender age or other handicap, the courts must be vigilant for his protection. Art. 133 . When one of the parties is unable to read, or if the contract is in a language not understood by him, and mista%e or fraud is alleged, the person enforcing the contract must show that the terms thereof have been fully e'plained to the former. 8n7 0. *stentat"o(s !"spla$ o# &ealth Art. (. Thoughtless e'travagance in e'penses for pleasure or display during a period of acute public want or emergency may be stopped by order of the courts at the instance of any government or private charitable institution.

5. Respect #or !"'n"t$, personal"t$, pr"vac$ an! peace o# "n! o# another Art. ). -very person shall respect the dignity, personality, privacy and peace of mind of his neighbors and other persons. The following and similar acts, though they may not constitute a criminal offense, shall produce a cause of action for damages, prevention and other reliefF 817 9rying into the privacy of anotherDs residenceF 8 7 >eddling with or disturbing the private life or family relations of anotherG 837 "ntriguing to cause another to be alienated from his friendsG 8,7 3e'ing or humiliating another on account of his religious beliefs, lowly station in life, place of birth, physical defect, or other personal condition. A$er vs Cap(lon' Facts: +TRC9, other 'ovt a'enc"es, an! Pres Ramos approve! the ma "n' o# a #"lm ent"tle! The Fo(r !a$ Revol(t"on. P(rs(ant to th"s, A$er Pro!(ct"ons &rote 5nr"le abo(t #"lm an! enclose! a s$nops"s. 5nr"le repl"e! an! state! that no re#erence &hatsoever sho(l! be ma!e to h"m or an$ member o# h"s #am"l$ m(ch less to an$ matter p(rel$ personal to them. A$er acce!e! an! procee! to #"lm the p"ct(re b(t 5nr"le #"le! Compla"nt &"th Appl"cat"on #or Temporar$ Restra"n"n' *r!er an! 3r"t o# Prel"m 2nI(nct"on stat"n' that pet"t"oner:s pro!(ct"on o# #"lm &"tho(t h"s consent an! over h"s obIect"on const"t(tes a v"olat"on o# h"s r"'ht to pr"vac$. 2ss(e: 3*4 the pro!(ct"on an! #"lm"n' o# p"ct(re const"t(te! an (nla&#(l "ntr(s"on (pon h"s r"'ht to pr"vac$ %el!: 4* Rat"o: 1. #"lm &as not $et complete!, th(s no clear an! present !an'er o# an$ v"olat"on o# an$ r"'ht to pr"vac$ e7"ste! ,. #"lm &as abo(t 50SA revol(t"on an! !oes not relate to the "n!"v"!(al l"#e an! certa"nl$ not to the pr"vate l"#e o# 5nr"le 3. "ntr(s"on "s l"m"te! to &hat "t necessar$ to eep #"lm a tr(th#(l h"stor"cal acco(nt 4. The r"'ht o# pr"vac$ o# a p(bl"c #"'(re "s narro&er than that o# an or!"nar$ c"t"zen. PR9L2C F2PRR5: A person &ho, b$ h"s accompl"shments, #ame, or mo!e o# l"v"n', or b$ a!opt"n' a pro#ess"on or call"n' &h"ch '"ves the p(bl"c a le'"t"mate "nterest "n h" s !o"n's, h"s a##a"rs, an! h"s character has become a p(bl"c persona'e. Tenchavez vs 5scaYo Facts: Q"centa 5scaYo an! Pastor Tenchavez secretl$ 'ot marr"e! be#ore a Cathol"c chapla"n an! planne! to elope. The elopement !"! not mater"al"ze beca(se Q"centa:s mother !"scovere! s(ch marr"a'e. %er parents as e! the a!v"ce o# one Father Re$nes an! s(bseK(entl$ a'ree! to recelebrate the marr"a'e. %o&ever, Q"centa re#(se! to procee! &"th the ceremon$ beca(se a letter #rom the st(!ents o# san Carlos Colle'e !"sclose! that Pastor an! the"r matchma er, Pac"ta 4oel ha! an amoro(s relat"onsh"p. Q"centa le#t #or the States, acK("re! a #ore"'n !"vorce an! marr"e! an Amer"can, R(ssel Leo +oran "n 4eva!a. %(sban! #"el! compla"nt: Qs. Parents: #or hav"n' !"ss(a!e! an! !"sco(ra'e! Q"centa #rom Io"n"n' her h(sban! an! al"enat"n' her a##ect"ons

Qs. Roman Cathol"c Ch(rch: #or hav"n' !ecree! ann(lment Parents #"le! co(ntercla"m #or moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es. 2ss(e: 3*4 there "s an act"on #or al"enat"on o# a##ect"ons a'a"nst parents %el!: 4* Rat"o: 1. no proo# o# mal"ce ,. parents themselves s(''este! that the marr"a'e be celebrate! a'a"n 3. also, Q"centa appeare! to have acte! "n!epen!entl$ an! be"n' o# a'e, she &as ent"tle! to I(!'e &hat &as best #or her an! as that her !ec"s"ons be respecte! T%5R5 3AS A QAL20 +ARR2AP5 bet&een Q"centa an! Pastor: remember personsEsoE Q"centa:s re#(sal to per#orm her &"#el$ !(t"es, an! her !en"al o# consort"(m an! her !esert"on o# h(sban! const"t(te "n la& a &ron' ca(se! thro('h her #a(lt, #or &h"ch the h(sban! "s ent"tle! to the correspon!"n' "n!emn"t$ D,1@68 4<,... !ama'es a&ar!e! to parents !eeme! e7cess"ve: #"l"n' o# s("t na$ have &o(n!e! the"r #eel"n's an! ca(se! an7"et$ b(t th"s has not ser"o(sl$ "nI(re! the"r rep(tat"on or other&"se preI(!"ce! them, la&s("ts hav"n' become a common occ(rrence "n present soc"et$. F. 0erel"ct"on o# !(t$ Art. ,@. An$ person s(##er"n' mater"al or moral loss beca(se a p(bl"c servant or emplo$ee re#(ses or ne'lects, &"tho(t I(st ca(se, to per#orm h"s o##"c"al !(t$ ma$ #"le an act"on #or !ama'es an! other rel"e# a'a"nst he latter, &"tho(t preI(!"ce to an$ !"sc"pl"nar$ a!m"n"strat"ve act"on that ma$ be ta en.

Amaro vs Saman'("t Facts: Jose Amaro &as assa(lte! an! shot near the c"t$ 'overnment b("l!"n' o# S"la$. S(bseK(entl$, the$ &ent to the o##"ce o# the ch"e# o# pol"ce b(t the latter harasse! an! terror"ze! them. 9eca(se o# that "nc"!ent, the$ 'ave (p the"r r"'ht an! "nterest "n the prosec(t"on o# the cr"me. %o&ever, C"t$ +a$or a!v"se! appellee to "nvest"'ate cr"me. 2n#o &as then #"le!. Case "s base! on art"cle ,1 an!=or ,@. 2ss(e: 3*4 ch"e# o# pol"ce &as '("lt$ o# !erel"ct"on o# !(t$ %el!: 6es Rat"o: 1. re#(sal to per#orm o##"c"al !(t$ &"tho(t I(st ca(se '"ves r"se to an act"on #or !ama'es ?(l(eta vs 4"cholas Facts: Pla"nt"## #"le! a compla"nt #or l"bel a'a"nst the prov"nc"al 'overnor o# R"zal an! the sta## members o# Ph"l. Free Press. Prov"nc"al #"scal ren!ere! op"n"on stat"n' that there &as no pr"ma #ac"e case: statements &ere ma!e "n 'oo! #a"th an! #or the sole p(rpose o# serv"n' the best "nterests o# the p(bl"c. F"scal absolve! 'overnor an! sta##. 2ss(e: 3on there &as !erel"ct"on o# !(t$ %el!: 4* Rat"o:

1. re#(sal to prosec(te beca(se o# "ns(##"c"ent ev"!ence "s not re#(sal &"tho(t I(st ca(se to per#orm an o##"c"al !(t$ ,. F"scal "s also (n!er the !(t$ not to prosec(te "# there are "ns(##"c"ent ev"!ence to s(pport a case

PR#0%.C(*1 C%$%(*1 2,.%C%P"L%$%(*

6%2(.(& ' C%$3 #F 2".%L" FACTS: J"menez bo('ht ba'oon' at the Santa Ana p(bl"c mar et at the t"me that "t &as #loo!e! &"th an le)!eep &ater. As he t(rne! aro(n! to 'o home, he steppe! on an (ncovere! open"n' &=c co(l! not be seen beca(se o# !"rt$ ra"n&ater. A !"rt$ an! r(st$ 4)"nch na"l, st(c "ns"!e the (ncovere! open"n', p"erce! h"s le#t le' to a !epth o# 1V "nches. %"s le#t le' s&elle! an! he !evelope! #ever. %e &as con#"ne! #or ,. !a$s, &al e! &=cr(tches #or 1< !a$s an! co(l! not operate h"s school b(ses. %e s(e! C"t$ o# +an"la an! As"at"c 2nte'rate! Corp (n!er &hose a!m"n"strat"on the Sta. Ana ha! been place! b$ v"rt(e o# +ana'ement an! *perat"n' Contract. TC #o(n! #or respon!ent. CA reverse! an! hel! As"atec l"able an! absolve! C"t$ o# +an"la. 2SSR5: 3*4 C"t$ o# +an"la sho(l! be Io"ntl$ an! sol"!ar"l$ l"able &"th As"atec %5L0: 65S RAT2*: 2n the C"t$ o# +an"la v Teot"co case, "t &as hel! that Art 1, Sec 4 o# RA 4.-, &h"ch C"t$ o# +an"la "s "nvo "n' "n th"s case, establ"shes a 'eneral r(le re'(lat"n' the l"ab"l"t$ o# C"t$ *# +an"la &h"le Art ,1C- CC 'overns the l"ab"l"t$ !(e to F!e#ect"ve streets, p(bl"c b("l!"n's an! other p(bl"c &or sG "n part"c(lar an! "s there#ore !ec"s"ve "n th"s case. 2t &as also hel! that #or l"ab"l"t$ (n!er ,1C- to attach, control an! super'ision b$ the prov"nce, c"t$ or m(n"c"pal"t$ over the !e#ect"ve p(bl"c b("l!"n' "n K(est"on "s eno('h. 2t "s not necessar$ that s(ch belon's to s(ch prov"nce, c"t$ or m(n"c"pal"t$. 2n the case at bar, there "s no K(est"on that Sta. Ana p(bl"c mar et rema"ne! (n!er the control o# the C"t$ as ev"!ence! b$: 1. the contract bet As"atec an! C"t$ &h"ch e7pl"c"tl$ states that Fpr"or approvalG o# the C"t$ "s st"ll nee!e! "n the operat"ons. 2. +a$or 9a'ats"n' o# +an"la a!m"tte! s(ch control an! s(perv"s"on "n h"s letter to F"nance Sec. Q"rata 8@The *ity retains the power of supervision and control over its public mar%etsH7 3. C"t$ emplo$e! a mar et master #or the Sta. Ana p(bl"c +ar et &hose pr"mar$ !(t$ "s to ta e !"rect s(perv"s"on an! control o# that part"c(lar p(bl"c mar et 4. Sec. 3. o# Ta7 Co!e FThe treasurer shall e'ercise direct and immediate supervision, administration and control over public mar%etsHG

2t "s th(s the !(t$ o# the C"t$ to e7erc"se reasonable care to eep the p(bl"c mar et reasonabl$ sa#e #or people #reK(ent"n' the place #or the"r mar et"n' nee!s. *r!"nar$ preca(t"ons co(l! have been ta en !(r"n' 'oo! &eather to m"n"m"ze !an'er to l"#e an! l"mb. The !ra"na'e hole co(l! have been place! (n!er the stalls rather than the passa'e&a$s. The C"t$ sho(l! have seen to "t that the open"n's &ere covere!. 2t &as ev"!ent that the certa"n open"n' &as alrea!$ (ncovere!, an! < months a#ter th"s "nc"!ent "t &as st"ll (ncovere!. There &ere also #"n!"n's that !(r"n' #loo!s, ven!ors &o(l! remove the "ron 'r"lls to hasten the #lo& o# &ater. S(ch acts &ere not proh"b"te! nor penal"ze! b$ the C"t$. 4o &arn"n' s"'n o# "mpen!"n' !an'er &as ev"!ent. Pet"t"oner ha! the r"'ht to ass(me there &ere no open"n's "n the m"!!le o# the passa'e&a$s an! "# an$, that the$ &ere a!eK(atel$ covere!. %a! "t been covere!, pet"t"oner &o(l! not have #allen "nto "t. Th(s the ne'l"'ence o# the C"t$ "s the pro7"mate ca(se o# the "nI(r$ s(##ere!. As"atec an! C"t$$ are Io"nt tort#easors an! are sol"!ar"l$ l"able. PR#PR%($#R* #F B,%L-%.51 F"C$#R3 ($C. 5,%L"$C# ' C%$3 #F -"5,P". FACTS: P"latco, DCo(rt 2nterpreter8 &as abo(t to boar! a tr"c$cle at a s"!e&al &hen at Perez 9lv! &hen she acc"!entall$ #ell "nto a manhole ca(s"n' her r"'ht le' to be #ract(re!. Perez 9lv! "s a 4at"onal Roa! (n!er the control an! s(perv"s"on o# C"t$ o# 0a'(pan. S(ch manhole "s part"all$ covere! b$ a #lo&erpot leav"n' a 'ap"n' hole abo(t , #t lon' an! 1V #eet &"!e. She &as hosp"tal"ze!, operate! on an! con#"ne!. She ha! been !epr"ve! o# "ncome. She s(e! #or !ama'es. 2SSR5: 3*4 Control or s(perv"s"on over a nat"onal roa! b$ the C"t$ o# 0a'(pan e7"sts &h"ch ma es C"t$ l"able (n!er Art ,1C%5L0: 6es. RAT2*: Art ,1C- sa$s : Prov"nces, c"t"es an! m(n"c"pal"t"es shall be l"able #or !ama'es #or the !eath o#, or "nI(r"es, s(##ere! b$, an$ person b$ reason o# the !e#ect"ve con!"t"ons o# roa!s, streets, br"!'es, p(bl"c b("l!"n's, an! other p(bl"c &or s, (n!er the"r control an! s(perv"s"on. Th(s, "t "s not even necessar$ that s(ch !e#ect"ve roa! or street belon's to the C"t$. 2n the case at bar, the control an! s(perv"s"on o# the nat"onal roa! e7"sts an! "s prov"!e! #or "n the charter o# 0a'(pan. 2t prov"!e! that the la$"n' o(t, constr(ct"on an! "mprovement o# streets, aven(es an! alle$s an! s"!e&al s, an! re'(lat"on o# the (se thereo#, ma$ be le'"slate! b$ the +(n"c"pal 9oar!. S(ch control an! s(perv"s"on "s e7erc"se! thro('h the C"t$ 5n'"neer Tan'co, &ho as"!e #rom h"s o##"c"al capac"t$ as C"t$ 5n'"neer, &as also 57 *##"c"o %"'h&a$ 5n'"neer, 57 *##"c"o C"t$ 5n'"neer o# 9(rea( o# P(bl"c 3or s, an! 9("l!"n' *##"c"al an! rece"ve! compensat"on #or these #(nct"ons. The #(nct"on o# s(perv"s"on over streets, p(bl"c b("l!"n's an! p(bl"c &or s, perta"n"n' thro('h the C"t$ 5n'"neer "s co(rse! thro('h a +a"ntenance Foreman an! a +a"ntenance 5n'"neer. Altho('h these t&o o##"c"als are emplo$ees o# the 4at:l Pov:t, the$ are !eta"le! &"th the C"t$ o# 0a'(pan an! hence rece"ve "nstr(ct"on an! s(perv"s"on #rom the c"t$ thro('h the C"t$ 5n'"neer. %ence the C"t$ "s l"able. 2,.%C%P"L%$3 #F *". F(R.".-# ' F%R2( FACTS: A coll"s"on occ(rs "nvolv"n' a passenger @eepney !r"ven b$ 9ala'ot an! o&ne! b$ 4"everras, a gra'el and sand truc !r"ven b$ +anan!e' an! o&ne! b$ QelasK(ez, an! a dump truc !r"ven b$ 9"sl"' an! o&ne! b$ the m(n"c"pal"t$ o# San Fernan!o, La Rn"on. Several passen'ers "ncl(!"n' 9an"Ya, !"e! an! 4 &ere "nI(re!.

%e"rs o# 9an"Ya "nst"t(te! a compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst Ieepne$ o&ner an! !r"ver. The o&ner an! !r"ver o# Ieepne$ #"le! 3r! Part$ compla"nt a'a"nst +(n. o# San Fernan!o an! !r"ver o# !(mp tr(c . S(bseK(entl$, the case &as trans#erre! to 9ranch pres"!e! b$ F"rme. The compla"nt &as amen!e! to "mplea! +(n. o# San Fernan!o an! !(mp tr(c !r"ver as !e#en!ants &ho ra"se! the !e#enses o# lac o# ca(se o# act"on, nons(ab"l"t$ o# the State, ne'l"'ence o# o&ner an! !r"ver o# the Ieepne$ as the pro7"mate ca(se o# coll"s"on. F"rme ren!ere! +(n. o# San Fernan!o an! !(mp tr(c !r"ver l"able Io"ntl$ an! severall$. 2SSR5: 3*4 the respon!ent Co(rt comm"tte! 'rave ab(se o# !"scret"on &hen "t !e#erre! an! #a"le! to resolve the !e#ense o# non)s(ab"l"t$ o# the state %5L0: 65S RAT2*: Rn!er Art WQ2 sec 3 Const" La&, the State ma$ not be s(e! &"tho(t "ts consent. Consent can be "mpl"e! or e7presse!. 57presse! consent ma$ be embo!"e! "n a 'eneral s(ch as Act 4o. 3.3C &h"ch prov"!es #or the stan!"n' consent o# the State to be s(e! "n cases o# mone$ cla"msM or spec"al la& s(ch as "n the +err"tt case. 2mpl"e! consent "s &hen 'ov:t enters "nto b(s"ness contracts !escen!"n' to the level o# the other contract"n' part$ or &hen State #"les a compla"nt open"n' "tsel# to co(nter cla"m. +(n"c"pal Corp. are s(able beca(se the"r charters 'rant them the competence to s(e an! be s(e!. 4evertheless, the$ are not l"able #or the torts comm"tte! b$ them "n the !"schar'e o# 'overnmental #(nct"ons. An! can be hel! ans&erable "# "t "s sho&n that the$ &ere act"n' "n propr"etar$ capac"t$. 2n the case at bar, the !r"ver o# !(mp tr(c &as on h"s &a$ to 4a'("l"an R"ver to 'et a loa! o# san! an! 'ravel #or the repa"r o# San Fernan!o:s m(n"c"pal streets, a 'overnmental #(nct"on. The m(n"c"pal"t$ cannot be hel! l"able #or the torts comm"tte! b$ "ts re'(lar emplo$ee &ho &as then en'a'e! "n the !"schar'e o# 'overnmental #(nct"ons. %ence, the I(!'ment o# F"rme "s reverse!. 5#$(*C# %.0(*$2(.$ C#RP ' C)"$$# FACTS: Plor"a Chatto an! her 1<)$r ol! !a('hter, L"na, &ent to see a mov"e F+other 0earG at S(perama 2, o&ne! b$ Potesco 2nvestment Corp. Plent$ o# people &ere &atch"n' the #"lm so the$ co(l! not #"n! seats at the balcon$ level. %ar!l$ 1. m"ns a#ter enter"n' the theater, the ce"l"n' o# "ts balcon$ collapse!. Pan!emon"(m ens(e! "n the !ar ness o# the theater b(t the t&o &omen &ere able to cra&l the"r &a$ o(t an! &al e! to nearb$ F5R hosp"tal. 9oth &ere treate! #or ph$s"cal "nI(r"es &h"ch &o(l! "ncapac"tate them #or a per"o! o# ,)4 &ee s. 2SSR5: 3*4 Potesco "s l"able %5L0: 6es. RAT2*: 2t "s settle! that the o&ner or propr"etor o# a place o# p(bl"c am(sement impliedly ;arrants that the prem"ses, appl"ances an! am(sement !ev"ces are sa#e #or the p(rpose #or &h"ch the$ are !es"'ne!, the !octr"ne be"n' s(bIect to no other e7cept"on or K(al"#"cat"on than that he !oes not contract a'a"nst (n no&n !e#ects not !"scoverable b$ or!"nar$ or reasonable means. Th"s "mpl"e! &arrant$ has '"ven r"se to the r(le that: 3here a patron o# a theater or other place o# p(bl"c am(sement "s "nI(re!, an! the th"n' that ca(se! the "nI(r$ "s &holl$ an! e7cl(s"vel$ (n!er the control an! mana'ement o# the !e#en!ants, an! the acc"!ent "s s(ch as "n the or!"nar$ co(rse o# events &o(l! not have happene! "# proper care ha! been e7erc"se!, "ts occ(rrence ra"ses a pres(mpt"on or perm"ts o# an "n#erence o# ne'l"'ence on the part o# the !e#en!ant.

Th"s pres(mpt"on &as not overcome b$ Potesco. The co(rt #o(n! that the collapse &as !(e to the constr(ct"on !e#ects an! not force ma&eure as Potesco cla"me!. S(ch !e#ects co(l! have been eas"l$ !"scovere! "# onl$ Potesco e7erc"se! !(e !"l"'ence an! care "n eep"n' an! ma"nta"n"n' the prem"ses. 5ven "# the str(ct(ral !es"'ns &ere approve! an! perm"tte! b$ the C"t$ en'"neer, th"s !oes not prove at all that there &as no !e#ects "n the constr(ct"on. As !"sclose! b$ the test"mon$, there &as no a!eK(ate "nspect"on o# the prem"ses be#ore the !ate o# the acc"!ent. An! ass(m"n' that the ca(se o# the collapse &as !(e to #orce maIe(re, Potesco &o(l! st"ll be l"able beca(se "t &as '("lt$ o# ne'l"'ence.

-%.5C#.5 0* 4"."". 8than%s to 0anwar7 .ature+ Pet"t"on #or rev"e& on Cert"orar" Facts+ 0"n'con' brothers are co)lessees "n the (pper #loor o# the ho(se o&ne! b$ Saenz 9rothers establ"she! the central hotel "n the b("l!"n' &here the$ &ere the mana'ers A '(est, 5ch"varr"a, occ(p"e! room 1. o# the hotel #or P3. per month Hanaans occ(p"e! the lo&er #loor o# the hotel &here the$ establ"she! a bazaar 5ch"varr"a let h"s #a(cet lea &h"le the p"pes o# the hotel &ere (n!er'o"n' repa"rs A b(c et &as place! (n!erneath the lea "n' #a(cet to catch the !r"pp"n' &ater [ the b(c et over#lo&e! 3ater seepe! thro('h the #loor [ the merchan!"se "n the bazaar belo& 'ot &et an! !ama'e! &orth aro(n! P1T Hanaans bro('ht an act"on #or !ama'es a'a"nst the mana'ers Dbrothers 0"n'con'8 an! 5ch"varr"a Dperson &ho let the #a(cet lea 8 CF2 absolve! 1 0"n'con' brother onl$ D as" namata$ na $(n' "sa8 b(t hel! 5ch"varr"a l"able CA reverse! [ hol!"n' 0"n'con' l"able #or the !ama'es %ssue: 3*4 the mana'er can be hel! l"able )eld+ 65S Ratio+ 0"n'con', as a co)lessee an! mana'er o# the hotel has to ans&er #or the !ama'e ca(se! b$ th"n's that thro&n or #all"n' #rom the hotel DArt. 1-1. o# the Co!"'o C"v"l8 5ch"varr"a &as a '(est o# the hotel an! &as the !"rect ca(se o# the !ama'e 9(t 0"n'con' !"! 4*T e7erc"se the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# the #am"l$ %e ne& that the p"pes o# the hotel &ere (n!er repa"r, pres(me! that the '(est 5ch"varr"a &o(l! (se the #a(cet, b(t onl$ prov"!e! a b(c et to !eal &"th the problem o# the lea s 6udgment "ffirmed

A'ELLA(A v $A"A)E +a$ ,-, 1-@4 ."$,R(+ Pet"t"on #or cert"orar" #rom an or!er o# the CF2 o# +"sam"s *cc"!ental F"C$*+

A car'o tr(c !r"ven b$ Franc"sco Abellana ha! a coll"s"on &"th a motor"ze! pe!"cab res(lt"n' "n "nI(r"es to "ts passen'ers. A cr"m"nal case #or ph$s"cal "nI(r"es thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence &as #"le! &"th the C"t$ Co(rt o# *zam"s C"t$ a'a"nst Abellana. %e &as #o(n! '("lt$ as char'e! &"th a&ar! o# !ama'es "n #avor o# the o##en!e! part"es. Abellana appeale! the !ec"s"on &"th the CF2. At th"s sta'e, the o##en!e! part"es #"le! &"th another branch o# CF2 o# +"sam"s *cc"!ental a separate an! "n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es "n connect"on &"th the acc"!ent. 2n s(ch compla"nt #or !ama'es, the alle'e! emplo$er o# Abellana &as "ncl(!e! as !e#en!ant. The !e#en!ants so('ht the !"sm"ssal o# the compla"nt on the 'ro(n! that there &as no reservat"on #or the #"l"n' thereo# "n the C"t$ Co(rt. The$ ar'(e! that "t &as not allo&able at th"s sta'e &here the cr"m"nal case &as alrea!$ on appeal at the CF2. CF2 I(!'e !en"e! the mot"on to !"sm"ss, rat"onal"z"n' that:

1. J(!'ment o# the C"t$ Co(rt on the cr"m"nal case &as vacate! on appeal. Tr"al !e novo &"ll be
con!(cte!. 8A new trial or retrial had in which the whole case is retried as if no trial whatever had been had in the first instance7. ,. 2n v"e& o# the above an! s"nce the co(rt DCF28 has not $et be'(n the tr"al D!e novo8, o##en!e! part"es ma$ e7pressl$ &a"ve "n the CF2 the c"v"l act"on "mpl"e!l$ "nst"t(te! &"th the cr"m"nal act"on an! reserve the"r r"'ht to "nst"t(te a separate act"on. These, the$ !"!. %ence, th"s pet"t"on.

%**,(+ 3*4 pet"t"oners ma$ st"ll #"le a separate c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es cons"!er"n' that the I(!'ment o# conv"ct"on o# lo&er co(rt ha! been vacate! on appeal an! a tr"al !e novo ha! been or!ere! )(L-+ 6es. Sect"on 1 R(le 111 &"th Sect"on @ R(le 1,3. R"$%#+ Pet"t"oners content"on that Sect"on 1 o# R(le 111 means that a separate c"v"l act"on can be #"le! onl$ at the "nst"t(t"on o# the cr"m"nal act"on an! never on appeal to the ne7t h"'her co(rt "s erroneo(s. Above "nterpretat"on "'nores &hat "s so e7pl"c"tl$ prov"!e! "n Sect"on @ o# R(le 1,3: FAn appeale! case shall be tr"e! "n all respects ane& "n the CF2 as "# "t ha! been or"'"nall$ "nst"t(te! "n the co(rt.G Th"s r(le "s s(pporte! b$ a n(mber o# cases: 9eople v *arreon, Andres v Wolfe, *risostomo v /ir. of 9risons, 9eople v 2amisola Also, the restr"ct"ve "nterpretat"on o# pet"t"oners &o(l! '"ve r"se to a ser"o(s const"t(t"onal K(est"on as re'ar!s Art"cle 33 o# the CC: "n cases o# ph$s"cal "nI(r"es, a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es ent"rel$ separate an! "n!epen!ent #rom the cr"m"nal act"on ma$ be bro('ht b$ "nI(re! part$. The 'rant o# po&er to th"s Co(rt (n!er the Const"t(t"on !oes not e7ten! to an$ !"m"n(t"on, "ncrease or mo!"#"cat"on o# s(bstant"ve r"'ht, s(ch as that prov"!e! #or "n Art"cle 33. Co(rt sho(l! avo"! constr("n' a stat(te or le'al norm "n s(ch a manner as &o(l! '"ve r"se to a const"t(t"onal !o(bt.

Lastl$, an$ co(nsel m(st not "'nore the bas"c p(rpose o# l"t"'at"on, &h"ch "s to ass(re part"es I(st"ce acc!' to la&. %e "s not to #all pre$ to the v"ce o# l"teralness.

Petition dismissed. *A+,L% v CA *ctober <, 1--. .ature+ Pet"t"on #or rev"e& o# the !ec"s"on o# the CA F"C$*+ 3h"le !r"v"n' a motorc$cle o&ne! b$ 6a (lt Ph"ls., Larr$ Salva!o, emplo$ee o# same compan$, s"!es&"pe! a < $ear ol! bo$ &ho &as then stan!"n' on a s"!e&al . Jan. 6, 1-C3 )) Salva!o &as char'e! &"th the cr"me o# rec less "mpr(!ence res(lt"n' to sl"'ht ph$s"cal "nI(r"es "n an "n#ormat"on #"le! &"th the C"t$ Co(rt o# +an"la. *ct. 1-, 1-C4 [ A compla"nt #or !ama'es &as #"le! b$ o##en!e! part$ a'a"nst 6a (lt an! Salva!o "n the RTC o# +an"la. +a$ ,6, 1-C- [ RTC ren!ere! !ec"s"on "n the c"v"l case or!er"n' !e#en!ants to pa$ Io"ntl$ an! severall$ the pla"nt"##. 0e#en!ants #"le! a pet"t"on #or cert"orar" "n the CA challen'"n' the I(r"s!"ct"on o# the RTC over sa"! c"v"l case. The$ conten!e! that: 1. a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es cannot be #"le! "n!epen!entl$ o# the cr"m"nal act"on (n!er Art 33, the cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence be"n' &"tho(t mal"ce ,. a separate c"v"l act"on ma$ not be #"le! (nless reservat"on thereo# "s e7pressl$ ma!e CA !"sm"sse! the pet"t"on. +ot"on #or recon !en"e!.

%**,(+ 3*4 a c"v"l act"on "nst"t(te! a#ter the cr"m"nal act"on &as #"le! prosper even "# there &as no reservat"on to #"le a separate c"v"l act"on )(L-+ 6es. Sect"on 1 R(le 111 1-C< R(les o# Cr"m"nal Proce!(re Dn.b.: 1-C< RCP be"n' proce!(ral ma$ appl$ retrospect"vel$ to the present case8 R"$%#+ 2n th"s case, the o##en!e! part$ has not &a"ve! the c"v"l act"on, nor reserve! the r"'ht to "nst"t(te "t separatel$. 4e"ther has the o##en!e! part$ "nst"t(te! the c"v"l act"on pr"or to the cr"m"nal act"on. %o&ever, the c"v"l act"on "n th"s case &as #"le! "n co(rt be#ore the presentat"on o# the ev"!ence #or the prosec(t"on "n the cr"m"nal act"on o# &h"ch the I(!'e pres"!"n' on the cr"m"nal case &as !(l$ "n#orme!, so that "n the !"spos"t"on o# the cr"m"nal act"on no !ama'es &as a&ar!e!. Act(al #"l"n' o# the c"v"l act"on "s even #ar better than a compl"ance &"th the reK("rement o# an e7press reservat"on that sho(l! be ma!e b$ the o##en!e! part$ be#ore the prosec(t"on presents "ts ev"!ence.

A#orec"te! rev"se! r(le reK("r"n' s(ch prev"o(s reservat"on also covers K(as")!el"ct as !e#"ne! (n!er Art ,1@6 ar"s"n' #rom same act or om"ss"on o# the acc(se!, as "n th"s case.

Petition denied. A(DA$O v -AC 4ovember 6, 1--. ."$,R(+ Pet"t"on #or cert"orar", proh"b"t"on an! man!am(s to rev"e& the !ec"s"on o# the then 2AC F"C$*+ The +"ss"onar"es o# *(r La!$ o# La& Salette, 2nc., a rel"'"o(s corporat"on, b("lt, thro('h "ts a'ents, &aterpaths an! contr"vances "ncl(!"n' an art"#"c"al la e, on a parcel o# lan! &h"ch "t o&ne!. %o&ever, sa"! constr(ct"ons alle'e!l$ "n(n!ate! an a!Iacent lan! o&ne! b$ pet"t"oner spo(ses An!amo. The "n(n!at"on alle'e!l$ ca(se! a $o(n' man to !ro&n, !ama'e! pet"t"oners: crops an! plants, &ashe! a&a$ costl$ #ences, en!an'ere! the l"ves o# pet"t"oners an! the"r laborers, amon' other !ama'es. J(l$ 1-C, )) Pet"t"oners then "nst"t(te! a cr"m"nal act"on be#ore the RTC o# Cav"te a'a"nst the o##"cers an! !"rectros o# the corporat"o, #or !estr(ct"on b$ means o# "n(n!at"on (n!er Art 3,< o# RPC. Febr(ar$ ,,, 1-C3 [ Pet"t"oners #"le! a c"v"l #or !ama'es a'a"nst same corporat"on. Apr"l ,6, 1-C4 )) Rpon corporat"on:s mot"on to !"sm"ss or s(spen! the c"v"l act"on, tr"al co(rt "ss(e! an or!er suspending #(rther hear"n's "n the c"v"l case (nt"l a#ter I(!'ment "n the relate! cr"m"nal case. A('(st ,@, 1-C4 [ Rpon mot"on o# corporat"on, tr"al co(rt dismissed the c"v"l case #or lac I(r"s!"ct"on, as the cr"m"nal case &h"ch &as "nst"t(te! ahea! o# the c"v"l case &as st"ll (nresolve!. 2AC a##"rme! !ec"s"on o# TC. +ot"on #or recon !en"e!. o#

%**,(+ 3*4 a corporat"on, &h"ch has b("lt, thro('h "ts a'ents, &aterpaths, &ater con!(ctors an! contr"vances &"th"n "ts lan!, thereb$ ca(s"n' "n(n!at"on an! !ama'e to an a!Iacent lan!, can be hel! c"v"ll$ l"able #or !ama'es (n!er Art"cles ,1@6 an! ,1@@ o# the CC on K(as")!el"cts such that the resulting civil case can proceed independently of the criminal case )(L-+ 6es. R"$%#+ 0"sm"ssal o# the c"v"l case "s erroneo(s cons"!er"n' that "t "s pre!"cate! on a K(as")!el"ct. A care#(l e7am"nat"on o# the pet"t"oners: compla"nt sho&s that the c"v"l act"on "s one (n!er Art"cles ,1@6 an! ,1@@ o# the CC on K(as")!el"cts. All the elements o# a K(as")!el"ct are present: !ama'es s(##ere!, #a(lt or ne'l"'ence o# !e#en!ant an! ca(sal connect"on bet&een the t&o, s(ch that "# proven &o(l! ma e a clear case o# a K(as")!el"ct or c(lpa aK("l"ana. Art"cle ,1@6, &henever "t re#ers to F#a(lt or ne'l"'enceG, covers not onl$ acts Fnot p(n"shable b$ la&G b(t also acts cr"m"nal "n character, &hether "ntent"onal an! vol(ntar$ or ne'l"'ence.

ConseK(entl$, a separate c"v"l act"on l"es a'a"nst the o##en!er "n a cr"m"nal act, &hether or not he "s cr"m"nall$ prosec(te! an! #o(n! '("lt$ or acK("tte!, prov"!e! that the o##en!e! part$ "s not allo&e!, D"# the tort#easor "s act(all$ char'e! also cr"m"nall$8, to recover !ama'es on both scores, an! &o(l! be ent"tle! "n s(ch event(al"t$ onl$ to the b"''er a&ar! o# the t&o, ass(m"n' the a&ar!s ma!e "n the t&o cases var$. 8+ee *astillo v *A7

As hel! b$ the SC "n A1ucena v 9otenciano, "n K(as")!el"cts the c"v"l act"on "s ent"rel$ "n!epen!ent o# the cr"m"nal case acc!' to Art"cles 33 an! ,1@@. To s(bor!"nate the c"v"l act"on contemplate! "n the sa"! art"cles to the res(lt o# the cr"m"nal porsec(t"on [ &hether "t be conv"ct"on or acK("ttal [ &o(l! ren!er mean"n'less the "n!epen!ent character o# the c"v"l act"on an! the clear "nI(nctt"on "n Art"cle 31, that h"s act"on ma$ procee! "n!epen!entl$ o# the cr"m"nal procee!"n's an! re'ar!less o# the res(lt o# the latter.

Decision reversed and set aside.

PAL, 2nc. vs CA, 1--. Facts: 4"canor Pa!"lla &as one o# the 33 persons &ho !"e! &h"le on boar! PAL plane that crashe! on +t. 9aco, +"n!oro on 4ovember ,3, 1-6.. Pa!"lla:s mother, h"s onl$ he"r, #"le! a compla"nt !eman!"n' 6..tho( as act(al an! compensator$ !ama'es, pl(s e7emplar$ !ama'es an! 6.tho( as attorne$:s #ees. Tr"al co(rt base! "ts a&ar! on the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! an! a&ar!e! the ##: 1. 4@@tho(: e7pecte! "ncome ,. 1.tho(: moral !ama'es 3. 1.tho(: attorne$:s #ees 4. an! to pa$ costs PAL "nvo e! RS la& an! cla"me! that "n !eterm"n"n' loss o# earn"n's ar"s"n' #rom !eath, the bas"s sho(l! be the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! *R the bene#"c"ar$, &h"chever "s shorter. 2ss(e: 3*4 the !ecease!:s l"#e e7pectanc$ sho(l! be ma!e the bas"s "n !eterm"n"n' loss o# earn"n's. %el!: 65S, resort to #ore"'n I(r"spr(!ence "s proper onl$ &hen there "s no la& or !ec"s"on ava"lable locall$ to settle controvers$ Rat"o: 1. 1@64 an! ,,.6: a&ar! o# !ama'es #or !eath "s comp(te! on the bas"s o# the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! Art. 1@64. 0ama'es "n cases compr"se! "n th"s Sect"on shall be a&ar!e! "n accor!ance &"th T"tle WQ222 o# th"s 9oo , concern"n' 0ama'es. Art"cle ,,.6 shall also appl$ to the !eath o# a passen'er ca(se! b$ the breach o# contract b$ a common carr"er. Art. ,,.6. The amo(nt o# !ama'es #or !eath ca(se! b$ a cr"me or K(as")!el"ct shall be at least three tho(san! pesos, even tho('h there ma$ have been m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances. 2n a!!"t"on: D18 The !e#en!ant shall be l"able #or the loss of the earning capacity of the deceased , an! the "n!emn"t$ shall be pa"! to the he"rs o# the latterM s(ch "n!emn"t$ shall "n ever$ case be assesse! an!

a&ar!e! b$ the co(rt, (nless the !ecease! on acco(nt o# permanent ph$s"cal !"sab"l"t$ not ca(se! b$ the !e#en!ant, ha! no earn"n' capac"t$ at the t"me o# h"s !eathM D,8 2# the !ecease! &as obl"'e! to gi'e support accor!"n' to the prov"s"ons o# Art"cle ,-1, the rec"p"ent &ho "s not an he"r calle! to the !ece!ent:s "nher"tance b$ the la& o# testate or "ntestate s(ccess"on, ma$ !eman! s(pport #rom the person ca(s"n' the !eath, #or a per"o! not e7cee!"n' #"ve $ears, the e7act !(rat"on to be #"7e! b$ the co(rtM D38 The spo(se, le'"t"mate an! "lle'"t"mate !escen!ants an! ascen!ants o# the !ecease! ma$ !eman! moral damages for mental anguish b$ reason o# the !eath o# the !ecease!. ,. bas"s o# act(al !ama'es proven: mana'er an! a(!"tor o# All"e! *verseas Tra!"n' Compan$ an! Pa!"lla Sh"pp"n' Compan$ test"#"e! to Pa!"lla:s "ncome !ama'es a&ar!e! base! on earn"n' capac"t$: 41@tho( 'ross ann(al "ncome o# ,3,1.. [ -,.. l"v"n' e7penses; 13, -.. net "ncome 7 3. $ears l"#e e7pectanc$ &"th le'al rate o# "nterest o# 6L per ann(m #rom the !ate o# I(!'ment on A('(st 31, 1-@3 %e"rs o# Castro vs 9(stos, 1-6Facts: 9(stos "lle! Castro an! &as #o(n! '("lt$ o# hom"c"!e b$ lo&er co(rt. As to the a&ar! o# !ama'es, the CA amen!e! "ts !ec"s"on an! !elete!: 6tho( moral !ama'es 13, 3C. loss o# earn"n's Pet"t"oners pra$e! that CA:s or"'"nal !ec"s"on be a##"rme! "n toto. 2ss(e: 3hat are the "tems o# !ama'es recoverable "n cases o# !eath> %el!: moral !ama'es an! loss o# earn"n's a&ar!e! Rat"o: 3hen !eath occ(rs as a res(lt o# cr"me, the he"rs are ent"tle! to the ## !ama'es: 1. "n!emn"t$ #or the !eath o# the v"ct"m at least 3 tho( even "# there are m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances ,. "n!emn"t$ #or loss o# earn"n' capac"t$ pl(s amo(nt #or s(pport "# !ecease! &as obl"'e! to '"ve an$ to an$ person 3. e7emplar$ !ama'es #"7e! b$ co(rt cons"!ere! separate #rom #"nes &hen cr"me "s atten!e! b$ one or more a''ravat"n' c"rc(mstances 4. moral !ama'es #or mental an'("sh #"7e! b$ co(rt recoverable b$ !escen!ants <. attorne$:s #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on act(al amo(nt onl$ &hen separate c"v"l act"on has been #"le! or &hen e7emplar$ !am'es are a&ar!e! 6. "nterests "n proper cases @. moral !ama'es loss o# earn"n' capac"t$ are recoverable separatel$ #rom the "n!emn"t$ #or !eath\

Cap"strano conc(rs: !(t$ o# #"scal to !eman! pa$ment, a&ar! sho(l! be ma!e "n!"v"!(all$ People vs U("laton, 1--, Facts: U("lat"on "lle! the o##"cer)"n)char'e o# PR*F5+ an! &as #o(n! '("lt$ o# m(r!er. %e &as #(rther sentence! to "n!em"n"#$ he"rs: 1.. tho( #or !eath ,6, 44< #or act(al !ama'es #or b(r"al an! relate! e7penses ,<., ... moral !ama'es 2ss(e: correctness o# !ama'es %el!: 1. act(al !ama'es o# ,6, 44<: AFF2R+50: brother &as able to present rece"pts o# e7penses ,. 1..,... "n!emn"t$ #or !eath: R50RC50 to <.tho( base! on preva"l"n' I(r"spr(!ence 3. ,<.,... moral !ama'es: SC sa"! that TC l(mpe! the ## monetar$ obl"'at"ons (n!er /moral !ama'es: loss o# earn"n' capac"t$: 114,...: 'ross earn"n's [ l"v"n' e7penses e!(cat"onal s(pport #or s"sters: 1.tho( mental an'("sh s(##ere!: ,.tho( a&ar!e!, h"s mother s(##ere! a m"l! stro e

-"2"5(*

". 5eneral Pro'isions Art. ,1-<. The prov"s"ons o# th"s T"tle shall be respect"vel$ appl"cable to all obl"'at"ons ment"one! "n Art"cle 11<@. Art. ,1-6. The r(les (n!er th"s T"tle are &"tho(t preI(!"ce to spec"al prov"s"ons on !ama'es #orm(late! else&here "n th"s Co!e. Compensat"on #or &or men an! other emplo$ees "n case o# !eath, "nI(r$ or "llness "s re'(late! b$ spec"al la&s. R(les 'overn"n' !ama'es la"! !o&n "n other la&s shall be observe! "nso#ar as the$ are not "n con#l"ct &"th th"s Co!e. Art. ,1-@. 0ama'es ma$ be: D18 Act(al or compensator$M D,8 +oralM D38 4om"nalM D48 Temperate or mo!erateM D<8 L"K("!ate!M or D68 57emplar$ or correct"ve. Art. ,1-C. The pr"nc"ples o# the 'eneral la& on !ama'es are hereb$ a!opte! "nso#ar as the$ are not "ncons"stent &"th th"s Co!e. B. "ctual and compensatory damages Art. ,1--. 57cept as prov"!e! b$ la& or b$ st"p(lat"on, one "s ent"tle! to an a!eK(ate compensat"on onl$ #or s(ch pec(n"ar$ loss s(##ere! b$ h"m as he has !(l$ prove!. S(ch compensat"on "s re#erre! to as act(al or compensator$ !ama'es.

Component elements+ Art. ,,... 2n!emn"#"cat"on #or !ama'es shall comprehen! not onl$ the val(e o# the loss s(##ere!, b(t also that o# the pro#"ts &h"ch the obl"'ee #a"le! to obta"n. D11.68 Art. ,,.<. 0ama'es ma$ be recovere!: D18 For loss or "mpa"rment o# earn"n' capac"t$ "n cases o# temporar$ or permanent personal "nI(r$M D,8 For "nI(r$ to the pla"nt"##Zs b(s"ness stan!"n' or commerc"al cre!"t. 5eneral (nterprises ' Lianga Bay Logging (== *CR" ABB! Facts: Peneral 5nterpr"ses DP58 entere! "nto a contract &"th L"an'a 9a$ Lo''"n' DL98 &hereb$ the #ormer &as !es"'nate! as !"str"b(tor o# the lo's s(ppl"e! b$ the latter. P5 "s ent"tle! to 13L o# the 'ross #.o.b. val(e o# the lo's e7porte!. The contract &as to rema"n e##ect"ve #or t&o $ears be'"nn"n' J(ne 1, 1-<-. *n *ctober ,@, 1-<-, ho&ever, L9 sent &r"tten not"ce to P5 stat"n' that "t &on:t be able to s(ppl$ lo's #or e7port !(e to (nava"lab"l"t$ o# a!!"t"onal lo''"n' mach"ner$ an! restr"ct"ons "mpose! b$ the Ph"l. Povt. 3"th"n a #o(r) month per"o!, L9 'ave a total o# #"ve not"ces to P5 stat"n' var"o(s reasons #or non)per#ormance o# "ts obl"'at"on to s(ppl$ the lo's. P5, on the other han!, rem"n!e! L9 to #(l#"ll "ts obl"'at"ons (n!er the contract as other&"se "t &o(l! be hel! l"able #or breach. Par CDb8 o# the"r a'reement '"ves the val"! ca(ses #or s(spens"on o# the contract, amon' &h"ch are: a8 the enactment o# nat"onal or local la& or or!"nanceM b8 "ss(ance o# an$ proh"b"t"ve or restr"ct"ve or!erM an! c8 an$ other ca(se not &"th"n the control o# the part$ ma "n' rel"e# #rom an$ o# the reK("rements o# the contract. P5:s rem"n!er &as le#t (nhee!e!. %ence, "t #"le! an act"on #or breach o# contract an! recover$ o# !ama'es &"th the CF2. The co(rt r(le! "n "ts #avor a&ar!"n' P4.. as act(al !ama'es, P1.. as e7emplar$ !ama'es, an! P4. as attorne$:s #ees an! l"t"'at"on e7penses. %ence, th"s appeal. 2ss(e: 3*4 act(al an! e7emplar$ !ama'es an! attorne$:s #ees are I(st"#"e! %el!: 65S Dact(al an! attorne$:s #ees8, 4* De7emplar$8 2t sho(l! be note! that L9 "s '("lt$ o# breach o# contract as the ca(ses c"te! #or non)per#ormance o# "ts obl"'at"on are not amon' those e7pressl$ state! "n the contract. +oreover, L9 ment"one! that "t ha! an e7cess o# 1+ lo's per month. 2t also a'ree! to s(ppl$ ,..+ br! #t o# lo's to Japanese b($ers over a #"ve $ear per"o!. S"n(n'al"n'O Art ,,.. CC: "n!emn"#"cat"on #or !ama'es comprehen!s not onl$ the val(e o# the loss s(##ere! b(t also that o# the pro#"ts &h"ch the cre!"tor #a"ls to obta"n. *ver a #"ve month per"o! be'"nn"n' J(ne 1-<-, P5 sol! over @+ br! #t o# lo's to Horea an! earne! P@- "n comm"ss"ons. 3hen L9 #a"le! to !el"ver the lo's be'"nn"n' Jan(ar$ 1-6., P5 cease! to earn an$ comm"ss"on. )ad LB continued to deli'er the logs as it ;as bound pursuant to the agreement1 it is reasonable to e<pect that 5( ;ould ha'e continued to earn its commission in much the same manner as it used to in connection ;ith the pre'ious shipment of logs1 ;hich clearly indicated that it failed to earn its commissions it should during this period of time1 ;hich is appro<imately PC?? (=A months remaining in contract 8 22 brd ft per month 8 P?.?= commission per brd ft!. 2athematical genius not requiredD P1.. as e7emplar$ !ama'es "s oppress"ve cons"!er"n' that L9 !"! not act "n a &anton Dnoo!les8, oppress"ve, or malevolent manner. P<. "s s(##"c"ent #or "ts reprehens"ble act o# resort"n' to hal#)tr(ths "n or!er to I(st"#$ "ts !es"stance #rom the contract. Attorne$:s #ees I(st"#"e! cons"!er"n' the "mportance o# the l"t"'at"on an! the amo(nt o# t"me an! e##ort "nvolve!.

05C2S2*4 +*02F250 Basilan Lumber ' Cagayan $imber (2 *CR" AEE! Facts: 2n the amen!e! terms o# the"r contract, Ca'a$an T"mber DCT8 a'ree! to !el"ver @4. br! #t o# e7portable lo's to 9as"lan L(mber D9L8 b$ September 1, 1-<1. The latter, thro('h the 5ast As"at"c Compan$ D5AC8, sol! the lo's to a Japanese b($er. The lo's &ere to be loa!e! on the Hanats( +ar( over a t&o)!a$ per"o!. %o&ever, the sh"p sta$e! "n port #or a total o# e"'ht !a$s !(e to "ns(##"c"ent lo's an! poor steve!or"n' serv"ce. The CF2 a&ar!e! 9L a!!"t"onal !em(rra'e an! !ea! #re"'ht e7penses amo(nt"n' to T- . 2n revers"n' the CF2 !ec"s"on, the CA hel! that no !ama'es ma$ be recovere! &"tho(t sat"s#actor$ proo# o# the real e7"stence o# s(ch !ama'es DArts ,,.. an! ,,.1 CC8. %ence, th"s appeal. 2ss(e: 3*4 !em(rra'e an! !ea! #re"'ht not actually paid "s recoverable "n an act"on #or breach o# contract to s(ppl$ %el!: 4* Art ,1-- CC: recoverable !ama'es m(st be !(l$ prove! ".e. not merel$ spec(lat"ve Act(al !ama'e &as ca(se! to 5AC &ho alrea!$ pa"! !em(rra'e an! !ea! #re"'ht e7penses, as ev"!ence! b$ rece"pts, to the Japanese b($er. There "s no proo# that 9L ha! alrea!$ pa"! 5AC sa"! !ama'es or that "t ha! alrea!$ been reK("re! to pa$ the same. Terms o# the a'reement hol!"n' CT l"able #or !ama'es "t ma$ ca(se 9L are merel$ !eclarator$ o# the obl"'at"on ass(me! 4ot !eman!able (pon breach, b(t (pon proo# o# act(al !ama'e s(##ere! 05C2S2*4 AFF2R+50 5" 2achineries ' 3aptinchay (=2E *CR" A>! Facts: 6apt"ncha$ D68 bo('ht a For!son en'"ne #rom PA +ach"ner"es DPA+28 #or P@,<6.. %e rel"e! on the representat"ons o# the latter:s representat"ve that the en'"ne &as bran!)ne&. 6 &as en'a'e! "n the tr(c "n' b(s"ness. The en'"ne &as "nstalle! "n one o# h"s tr(c s. 3"th"n a &ee #rom !el"ver$, the en'"ne starte! to have mal#(nct"ons &h"ch necess"tate! s(ccess"ve tr"ps to PA+2:s repa"r shop. o"l lea , cl(tch !"sc, release bear"n' h(b an! tr(n"on bolt, propeller sha#tEL5+*4O L5+*4O L5+*4O Rpon "nvest"'at"on, the ## &ere !"scovere!: 18 3orn)o(t scre& co(rtes$ o# 6:s mechan"c ,8 Tampere! or"'"nal motor n(mber co(rtes$ o# Capt. Parc"a:s macro)etch"n' test 38 T&o)tone pa"nt D(nl" e bran!)ne& en'"ne pa"nte! &"th s"n'le color8 co(rtes$ o# +an"la Tra!"n' Compan$ 6 "nst"t(tes act"on #or "n!emn"#"cat"on #or !ama'es. Tr"al Co(rt or!ers PA+2 to pa$ 6 P<4 "n act(al !ama'es, P@,<-. as re"mb(rsement #or the p(rchase pr"ce o# the en'"ne, an! P, "n attorne$:s #ees. CA a##"rms the !ec"s"on. %ence, th"s pet"t"on. 2ss(e: 3*4 a&ar! o# !ama'es "s I(st"#"e! %el!: 65S Dre"mb(rsement8, 4* Dact(al8 PA+2 comm"tte! a breach o# contract o# sale. The m"srepresentat"on o# the K(al"t$ o# the en'"ne "s tantamo(nt to #ra(! or ba! #a"th. %ence, the a&ar! o# P@,<-. "s I(st"#"e!.

 ART ,,.. CC ent"tles 6 to recover compensator$ !ama'es #or act(al loss s(##ere! an! prospect"ve pro#"ts &h"le Art ,,.1 ent"tles h"m to recover all !ama'es &h"ch ma$ be attr"b(te! to non)per#ormance o# the obl"'at"on. S(ch !ama'es, ho&ever, have to be proven. 95ST 5Q2054C5 T5ST: A person cla"m"n' !ama'es lucro cessante m(st pro!(ce the best ev"!ence o# &h"ch h"s case "s s(scept"ble an! "# that ev"!ence &arrants the "n#erence that he has been !ama'e! b$ the loss o# pro#"ts &h"ch he m"'ht &"th reasonable certa"nt$ have ant"c"pate! b(t #or the !e#en!ant:s &ron'#(l act, he "s ent"tle! to recover. A&ar! o# act(al !ama'es "s (n&arrante! (n!er best ev"!ence test. FProIecte! pro#"tG prepare! b$ a +r. +acas"eb DP36-.CC pro#"t per tr"p m(lt"pl"e! b$ the n(mber o# tr"ps the tr(c alle'e!l$ &as (nable to ma e8 Avera'e act(al pro#"ts o# 6:s tr(c s pl$"n' the +an"la)9a'("o ro(te &o(l! have prov"!e! a more reasonable bas"s #or act(al !ama'es 05C2S2*4 +*02F250: a&ar! o# P<4 !elete! *#.5C# ' *(LL.(R -ecember C1 =F=A FACTS: Son'co an! Sellner o&ne! cont"'(o(s propert"es &here a cons"!erable K(ant"t$ o# s('ar cane &ere plante!. Sellner &ante! to m"ll h"s cane to a nearb$ s('ar cane central. %o&ever, the central &ere not s(re that the$ co(l! m"ll h"s cane an! &o(l! not prom"se to ta e "t. Sellner then conce"ve! the "!ea o# b($"n' the cane o# Son'co, &h"ch &as 'o"n' to be m"lle! b$ the S('ar Central. +ot"ves: 1. so that he co(l! r(n h"s o&n cane "n at the same t"me Son'co:s cane sho(l! be m"lle! b$ the Central ,. so that Sellner co(l! 'et a r"'ht o# &a$ over Son'co:s lan! #or conve$"n' h"s o&n s('ar tot he central

Accor!"n'l$, he bo('ht Son'co:s s('ar cane as "t stoo!. %e e7ec(te! 3 prom"ssor$ notes #or the p(rchase pr"ce. T&o o# these notes &ere pa"!. Son'co #"le! an act"on to recover the 3r! P4. 2n h"s !e#ense, Sellner alle'e! that Son'co #alsel$ represente! that the cane &o(l! pro!(ce 3,... p"c(ls o# s('ar b(t the crop, as "t t(rne! o(t, pro!(ce! ,,.1@ p"c(ls onl$. TC ren!ere! I(!'ment "n #avor o# pla"nt"##. %ence, th"s appeal. 2nc"!entall$, pla"nt"##s s(e! o(t an attachment a'a"nst the !e#en!ant, at the t"me o# the "nst"t(t"on o# the s("t, (pon the 'ro(n! that he &as !"spossess"n' o# h"s propert$ "n #ra(! o# h"s cre!"tors. Lo&er co(rt #o(n! that the char'e that the !e#en!ant &as !"spossess"n' o# pla"nt"##s: propert$ &as completel$ re#(te! b$ proo# sho&"n' that the !e#en!ant "s a man o# lar'e reso(rces an! ha! not attempte! to conve$ a&a$ h"s propert$ as alle'e!. 2t then a&ar!e! !ama'es to the !e#en!ant eK("valent to the amo(nt act(all$ pa"! o(t b$ h"m "n proc(r"n' the !"ssol(t"on o# the attachment.

0e#en!ant appeale!, conten!"n' that the lo&er co(rt erre! "n re#(s"n' to a&ar! h"m #(rther !ama'es #or the "nI(r$ !one to h"s cre!"t. %e alle'e! that one o# h"s cre!"tors, (pon learn"n' o# the attachment, &"thhel! #(rther cre!"t an! #orce! h"m to sell a lar'e K(ant"t$ o# s('ar at a pr"ce m(ch lo&er than he &o(l! have rece"ve! "# he co(l! have carr"e! "t a #e& &ee s lon'er.

%**,(+ 3*4 !e#en!ant "s ent"tle! to #(rther !ama'es #or the alle'e! "nI(r$ ar"s"n' o(t o# the attachment )(L-+ 4o Lo&er co(rt comm"tte! no error "n re#(s"n' to a&ar! !ama'es (pon the 'ro(n! c"te! b$ the !e#en!ant, as s(ch !ama'es &ere remote an! spec(lat"ve. 2t co(l! har!l$ be #oreseen as a probable conseK(ence o# the s("n' o(t o# h"s attachment that the cre!"tors m"'ht &"thhel! the"r cre!"t. Pla"nt"## certa"nl$ cannot be hel! acco(ntable #or the compl"cat"ons o# !e#en!ant:s a##a"rs &h"ch ma!e poss"ble the !ama'e &h"ch "n #act res(lte!. SC !eeme! "t best not to !"st(rb as &ell the !ec"s"on o# the lo&er co(rt not to a&ar! p(n"t"ve !ama'es cla"me! b$ the pla"nt"## on the 'ro(n! that the attachment &as mal"c"o(sl$ s(e! o(t.

Judgment affirmed. S5AQA4 CARR25R, 24C. v PT2 SP*RTS35AR C*RP. *eptember 2>1 =F>C FACTS: 5$% *ports;ear Corp. (formerly 5$% 5arments Corp.! contracted the ser'ices of *ea'an Carrier1 %nc. for the transport of cartons of denim @eans for e<port.. )o;e'er1 of the 2FC cartons supposed to be deli'ered by 5$% to *outh )arbor1 Port "rea1 =?? cartons ;ere lost en route to the pier. %t ;ould appear later that the =?? cartons ;ere di'erted by the dri'er of *ea'an:s deli'ery 'an1 in conni'ance ;ith other persons1 to ;arehouse in 0. 2apa. " confession to this effect ;as signed by the dri'er. 5$% filed a case for a sum of money and damages. Lo;er court ordered *ea'an to pay plaintiff the ff.+ =. 2. B. C. I. P=>2 G 'alue of =?? cartons of denim @eans lost1 plus the legal rate of interest P=E?4 G $ariff and Customs duties paid by plaintiffs on the lost items P2.C2 G representing losses in the good;ill of plaintiff 2?H of the total amount G as and for attorney:s fees cost of proceedings

2SSR5: 7#. the a;ard of damages ;as correct %5L0: .o $he a;ard of P2.C2 damages against a claim and prayer in'ol'ing lost merchandise 'alued at only P=>2 and ;ith insufficient e'idence to support it is an act amounting to gra'e abuse of discretion on the part of the lo;er court.

%n ..A. $achineries/ -nc. v *aptincha&/ *C held that in order for damages under "rticle 22?? of the CC to be reco'ered1 the best ev"!ence obtainable by the in@ured party must be presented. Bare assertion of loss ;ould not suffice. %n the instant case1 respondents failed to furnish the best e'idence obtainable or e'en sufficient e'idence in order to ;arrant the a;ard by the lo;er court of the amount of P2.C2. $he only basis for the a;ard ;as the testimony of the manager of the international department of 5$% that there ;as an order of =21??? pieces of cotton @eans per month for the year =FA>1 but the customers1 after ha'ing learned the loss1 the orders ;ere completely cancelled. .o document or ;ritten instrument ;as presented to pro'e that there ;ere really orders of that 'olume for the year =FA>1 and as in the *aptincha& case1 no e'idence ;as presented to sho; the a'erage actual profits realiJed by the respondents during the pre'ious years to enable the lo;er court to reasonable ascertain the amount of actual damages that the latter suffered. 7hat ;as gi'en in testimony ;ere the corporation:s possible gross earnings had its foreign customers not learned about the loss of the =?? cartons of @eans. $he e'idence cannot ;arrant the a;ard of damages for the loss of anticipated profits1 much less the amount of P2.C2.

Award of damages of 9 .,m deleted. *ubrogation+ Art. ,,.@. 2# the pla"nt"##Zs propert$ has been "ns(re!, an! he has rece"ve! "n!emn"t$ #rom the "ns(rance compan$ #or the "nI(r$ or loss ar"s"n' o(t o# the &ron' or breach o# contract compla"ne! o#, the "ns(rance compan$ shall be s(bro'ate! to the r"'hts o# the "ns(re! a'a"nst the &ron'!oer or the person &ho has v"olate! the contract. 2# the amo(nt pa"! b$ the "ns(rance compan$ !oes not #(ll$ cover the "nI(r$ or loss, the a''r"eve! part$ shall be ent"tle! to recover the !e#"c"enc$ #rom the person ca(s"n' the loss or "nI(r$. P". 2"L"3". %.*,R".C( C#RP. ' C" "pril B1 =FF? FACTS: Canl(ban' A(tomot"ve Reso(rces Corp. obta"ne! #rom Pan+ala$ an "ns(rance #or "ts +"ts(b"sh" Colt Lancer . 3h"le the pol"c$ &as st"ll "n e##ect, the "ns(re! car &as h"t b$ a p"c )(p o&ne! b$ 5rl"n!a Fab"e b(t !r"ven b$ another person. The car s(##ere! !ama'es "n the amo(nt o# P4,H. Panmala$ !e#ra$e! the cost o# repa"r o# the "ns(re! car. 2t then !eman!e! re"mb(rsement #rom Fab"e an! her !r"ver o# sa"! amo(nt, b(t to no ava"l. Panmala$ #"le! a compla"nt #or !ama'es &"th the RTC o# +a at" a'a"nst Fab"e an! the !r"ver. Panmala$ averre! that the !ama'es ca(se! to the "ns(re! car &as settle! (n!er the Fo&n !ama'eG covera'e o# the "ns(rance pol"c$.

Pr"vate respon!ents #"le! a mot"on to !"sm"ss alle'"n' that Panmala$ ha! no ca(se o# act"on s"nce the F&on !ama'eG cla(se o# the pol"c$ precl(!e! s(bro'at"on (n!er Art. ,,.@ o# the CC. 2n!emn"#"cat"on (n!er sa"! art"cle "s on the ass(mpt"on that there &as no &ron'!oer or no 3r! part$ at #a(lt. RTC !"sm"sse! Panmala$:s compla"nt. RTC hel! that pa$ment b$ Panmala$ (n!er the Fo&n !ama'eG cla(se &as an a!m"ss"on b$ the "ns(rer that the !ama'e &as ca(se! b$ the ass(re! an!=or "ts representat"ves. CA a##"rme!, albe"t on a some&hat !"##erent 'ro(n!. Appl$"n' the eI(s!em 'ener"s r(le, CA hel! that Sect"on 222)2 o# the ppl"c$, &h"ch &as the bas"s #or the settlement o# the cla"m a'a"nst "ns(rance, !"! not cover !ama'e ar"s"n' #rom coll"s"on or overt(rn"n' !(e to the ne'l"'ence o# 3 r! part"es as one o# the "ns(rable r"s s. 9oth tr"b(nals concl(!e! that Panmala$ co(l! not no& "nvo e Art ,,.@ an! cla"m re"mb(rsement.

%**,(+ 3*4 Panmala$ &as s(bro'ate! to the r"'hts o# Canl(ban' a'a"nst the !r"ver an! h"s emplo$er )(L-+ 6es Art"cle ,,.@ o# the CC "s #o(n!e! on the &ell)settle! pr"nc"ple o# s(bro'at"on. 2# the "ns(re! propert$ "s !estro$e! or !ama'es thro('h the #a(lt or ne'l"'ence o# a part$ other than the ass(re!, then the "ns(rer, (pon pa$ment to the ass(re!, &"ll be s(bro'ate! to the r"'ht o# the ass(re! to recover #rom the &ron'!oer to the e7tent that the "ns(rer has been obl"'ate! to pa$. Pa$ment b$ the "ns(rer to the ass(re! operates as an eK("table ass"'nment to the #ormer o# all the reme!"es &h"ch the latter ma$ have a'a"nst the 3r! part$ &hose ne'l"'ence or &ron'#(l act ca(se! the loss. The r"'ht o# s(bro'at"on "s not !epen!ent (pon an$ pr"v"t$ o# contract or (pon &r"tten ass"'nment o# cla"m. 2t accr(es s"mpl$ (pon pa$ment o# the "ns(rance cla"m b$ the "ns(rer.
1.

There are e7cept"ons to th"s r(le: "# the ass(re! b$ h"s &on act releases the &ron'!oer or 3 r! part$ l"able #or the loss or !ama'e, #rom l"ab"l"t$ ,. &here the "ns(rer pa$s the ass(re! the val(e o# the lost 'oo!s &"tho(t not"#$"n' the carr"er &ho has "n 'oo! #a"th settle! the ass(re!:]s cla"m #or loss 3. &here the "ns(rer pa$s the ass(re! #or a loss &h"ch "s not a r"s covere! b$ the pol"c$ Dvol(ntar$ p$mt8 4one o# the e7cept"ons are ava"l"n' "n the present case.

AS T* LC RRL24P: 3hen Panmala$ (t"l"ze! the phrase Fo&n !ama'eG)) a pharase &h"ch, "nc"!entall$, "s not #o(n! "n the "ns(rance pol"c$Sto !e#"ne the bas"s #or "ts settlement, "t s"mpl$ meant that "t ha! ass(me! to re"mb(rse the costs #or repa"r"n' the !ama'e to the "ns(re! veh"cle. 2t "s "n th"s sense that the so)calle! Fo&n !ama'eG covera'e o# pol"c$ "s !"##erent #rom the F3r! part$ l"ab"l"t$G covera'e an! #rom the Fpropert$ !amaeG covera'e.

AS T* CA RRL24P: CA:s r(l"n' that the covera'e o# the "ns(re! r"s s (n!er Sect"on 222)2 o# the pol"c$ !oes not "ncl(!e !ama'e to the "ns(re! veh"cle ar"s"n' #rom coll"s"on or overt(rn"n' !(e to ne'l"'ent acts o# a 3r! part$, has no mer"t.

4ot onl$ "s "t an erroneo(s "nterpretat"on o# the prov"s"ons o# the sect"on, b(t "t also v"olates a #(n!amental r(le on the "nterpretat"on o# propert$ "ns(rance contracts &here "nterpretat"on sho(l! be l"berall$ "n #avor o# the ass(re! an! str"ctl$ a'a"nst the "ns(rer "n cases o# !"sa'reement bet&een the part"es. The mean"n' a!vance! b$ Panmala$ re'ar!"n' the covera'e o# Sect"on 222)2 o# the pol"c$ "s (n!en"able more bene#"c"al to Canl(ban' than that "ns"ste! (pon b$ the CA. 2n an$ case, the ver$ part"es to the pol"c$, Canl(ban' an! Panmala$, &ere not sho&n to be "n !"sa'reement re'ar!"n' the mean"n' an! covera'e o# Sect"on 222)2. %ence, "t &as "mproper #or CA to assert "ts o&n "nterpretat"on o# the contract that "s contrar$ to the clear (n!erstan!"n' an! "ntent"on o# the part"es to "t.

Th(s, SC hel! that Panmala$, as s(bro'ee, has no le'al obstacle #rom #"l"n' the compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst the 3r! part"es respons"ble #or the !ama'e to the car.

"ttorney:s fees and e<penses of litigation Art. ,,.C. 2n the absence o# st"p(lat"on, attorne$Zs #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on, other than I(!"c"al costs, cannot be recovere!, e7cept: D18 3hen e7emplar$ !ama'es are a&ar!e!M D,8 3hen the !e#en!antZs act or om"ss"on has compelle! the pla"nt"## to l"t"'ate &"th th"r! persons or to "nc(r e7penses to protect h"s "nterestM D38 2n cr"m"nal cases o# mal"c"o(s prosec(t"on a'a"nst the pla"nt"##M D48 2n case o# a clearl$ (n#o(n!e! c"v"l act"on or procee!"n' a'a"nst the pla"nt"##M D<8 3here the !e#en!ant acte! "n 'ross an! ev"!ent ba! #a"th "n re#(s"n' to sat"s#$ the pla"nt"##Zs pla"nl$ val"!, I(st an! !eman!able cla"mM D68 2n act"ons #or le'al s(pportM D@8 2n act"ons #or the recover$ o# &a'es o# ho(sehol! helpers, laborers an! s "lle! &or ersM DC8 2n act"ons #or "n!emn"t$ (n!er &or menZs compensat"on an! emplo$erZs l"ab"l"t$ la&sM D-8 2n a separate c"v"l act"on to recover c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ ar"s"n' #rom a cr"meM D1.8 3hen at least !o(ble I(!"c"al costs are a&ar!e!M D118 2n an$ other case &here the co(rt !eems "t I(st an! eK("table that attorne$Zs #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on sho(l! be recovere!. 2n all cases, the attorne$Zs #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on m(st be reasonable. P#L3$R"-( C#RP ' BL".C# FACTS: Pol$tra!e Corp. #"le! #o(r ca(ses o# act"on a'a"nst Q"ctor"a 9lanco to recover the p(rchase pr"ce o# ra&h"!e "t !el"vere! to the latter. 9lanco ha! converte! s(ch ra&h"!e "nto leather an! sol! "t. TC #o(n! #or Pol$tra!e an! 9lanco &as or!ere! to pa$ the p(rchase pr"ce ^ "nterest. Attorne$s: #ees &=c amo(nte! to P<1,-61.63 or ,<L o# the total pr"nc"pal "n!ebte!ness e7cl(s"ve o# "nterest &as a&ar!e!. 0e#en!ant conten!s that th"s "s e7orb"tant an! (nconsc"onable.

2SSR5: 3*4 attorne$s: #ees &ere e7orb"tant an! (nconsc"onable %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: Rn!er Art ,,,@, l"K("!ate! !ama'es &hether "nten!e! as an "n!emn"t$ or a penalt$ shall be eK("tabl$ re!(ce! "# the$ are "n"K("to(s or (nconsc"onable. The amo(nt an! character o# the serv"ces ren!ere!, the nat(re an! "mportance o# l"t"'at"on an! the pro#ess"onal stan!"n' o# the attorne$ ma$ be an a"! "n the !eterm"nat"on o# the "n"K("t$ or (nconsc"onableness o# attorne$:s #ees as l"K("!ate! !ama'es. 2n th"s case, Pol$tra!e:s la&$ers are o# h"'h stan!"n'. 2n #act, th"s case sho(l! not have 'one to co(rt "# 9lanco ha! compl"e! &= h"s obl"'at"ons. Also, the cont"n(e! ma"ntenance o# 9lanco o# th"s s("t "s pla"nl$ "nten!e! #or !ela$. %ence, the ,<L rate o# AF "s not "n"K("to(s an! (nconsc"onable. 4ATRR5 *F ATT*R456:S F55S Attorne$:s #ees DAF8 prov"!e! "n contracts as recoverable a'a"nst the other part$ as !ama'es are not the attorne$:s #ees recoverable as bet&een attorne$ an! cl"ent as prov"!e! #or "n the R(les o# Co(rt. Rather, the AF here "s "n the nat(re o# l"K("!ate! !ama'es an! the st"p(lat"on there#ore "s aptl$ terme! a penal cla(se. As lon' as s(ch st"p(lat"on "s not contrar$ to la&, morals or p(bl"c or!er, "t "s str"ctl$ b"n!"n' (pon !e#en!ants. S(ch AF as !ama'es are a&ar!e! "n #avor o# l"t"'ant &ho "s the I(!'ment cre!"tor ent"tle! to en#orce the I(!'ment an! not h"s co(nsel.

RCP% ' R#-R%5,(& FACTS: R(#(s Ro!r"'(ez, sent a cable'ram to Taha "n S(!an, a!v"s"n' h"m o# RR:s arr"val "n S(!an, an! another to +er'er "n RS a!v"s"n' her o# the sche! o# "nt:l 3ALS con#erence. The cable'rams &ere sent thro('h RCP2 &h"ch &ere "n t(rn rela$e! to Plobe #or transm"ss"on #or the"r #ore"'n !est"nat"ons. %o&ever, beca(se o# the non)rece"pt o# the cable'ram, Taha &as not able to meet h"m "n S(!an an! the preparat"ons #or the "nt:l 3ALS con#erence ha! to be cancelle!. 2t t(rne! o(t that the messa'e &as !el"vere! to the a!!ress on the messa'e b(t the a!!ressee &as no lon'er sta$"n' there. Th"s #act &asn:t reporte! to RR "n +an"la. RR s(e! #or !ama'es an! &as a&ar!e! P,.,... attorne$:s #ees amon' others. RCP2 conten!s that that the a&ar! o# AF &as "mproper beca(se there &as no alle'at"on "n the compla"nt &"th AF. RR also !"! not present an$ ev"!ence to prove AF an! the lo&er co(rt:s !ec"s"on #a"le! to e7pla"n &h$ AF &as be"n' a&ar!e!. 2SSR5: 3*4 RCP2 "s l"able #or attorne$:s #ees> %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: 2n the recent case o# Stron'hol! 2ns(rance Compan$ 2nc., v CA the co(rt hel! that the reason #or the a&ar! o# AF m(st be state! "n the te7t o# the co(rt:s !ec"s"on other&"se "# "t "s state! onl$ "n the !"spos"t"ve port"on o# the !ec"s"on, the same m(st be !"sallo&e! on appeal. 2n th"s case, the a&ar! o# F &as state! onl$ once, I(st belo& the !"spos"t"ve port"on o# the !ec"s"on. The TC #a"le! to I(st"#$ the pa$ment o# AF b$ RCP2, there#ore, the a&ar! o# AF as part o# "ts l"ab"l"t$ sho(l! be allo&e!. %nterest Art. ,,.-. 2# the obl"'at"on cons"sts "n the pa$ment o# a s(m o# mone$, an! the !ebtor "nc(rs "n !ela$, the "n!emn"t$ #or !ama'es, there be"n' no st"p(lat"on to the contrar$, shall be the pa$ment o# the "nterest a'ree! (pon, an! "n the absence o# st"p(lat"on, the le'al "nterest, &h"ch "s s"7 per cent per ann(m. D11.C8 Art. ,,1.. 2nterest ma$, "n the !"scret"on o# the co(rt, be allo&e! (pon !ama'es a&ar!e! #or breach o# contract.

Art. ,,11. 2n cr"mes an! K(as")!el"cts, "nterest as a part o# the !ama'es ma$, "n a proper case, be a!I(!"cate! "n the !"scret"on o# the co(rt. Art. ,,1,. 2nterest !(e shall earn le'al "nterest #rom the t"me "t "s I(!"c"all$ !eman!e!, altho('h the obl"'at"on ma$ be s"lent (pon th"s po"nt. D11.-a8 Art. ,,13. 2nterest cannot be recovere! (pon (nl"K("!ate! cla"ms or !ama'es, e7cept &hen the !eman! can be establ"she! &"th reasonabl$ certa"nt$. R(F#R2%." ' $#2#L1 6R FACTS: A #"re occ(rre! b(rn"n' the boat F9 Pac"ta 222 an! #"sh"n' 'ear o# the Re#orm"nas. ConseK(entl$, the$ #"le! an act"on #or recover$ o# !ama'es #or "nI(r$ to persons an! loss o# propert$. J(!'e Tomol, Jr a&ar!e! the Re#orm"nas !ama'es &"th le'al "nterest #rom the #"l"n' o# the compla"nt (nt"l pa"!. %e #(rther ren!ere! that b$ le'al "nterest meant 6L as prov"!e! #or b$ Art ,,.- CC. Re#orm"nas conten! that "t sho(l! be 1,L b$ v"rt(e o# Central 9an C"rc(lar 4o. 416. 2SSR5: 3*4 the le'al "nterest "s 6L %5L0: 65S RAT2*: C.9. C"rc(lar 416 which too% effect 2uly E, 1E7, pursuant to 9/ 11) which amended Act )(( 8Isury 4aw7 &h"ch ra"se! the le'al "nterest #ro 6L to 1,L appl"es onl$ to #orbearances o# mone$, 'oo!s or cre!"t an! co(rt I(!'ments. S(ch co(rt I(!'ment re#ers onl$ to I(!'ments "n l"t"'at"ons "nvolv"n' loans or #orbearance o# an$ mone$, 'oo!s or cre!"t. An$ other "n! o# monetar$ I(!'ment !oes not #all (n!er the covera'e o# sa"! la& #or "t "s not &"th"n the amb"t o# a(thor"t$ 'rante! to the central 9an . *nl$ the le'"slat(re can chan'e the la&s. 2n th"s case, the the !ec"s"on o# the I(!'e "s one ren!ere! "n an act"on #or !ama'es ar"s"n' #rom "nI(r$ to persons an! loss o# propert$ an! !oes not "nvolve a loan m(ch less #orbearance o# an$ mone$, 'oo!s or cre!"t. The la& appl"cable "s th(s ART ,,.- CC &h"ch states that: F 2# the obl"'at"on cons"sts "n the pa$ment o# a s(m o# mone$ an! the !ebtor "nc(rs "n !ela$, the "n!emn"t$ #or !ama'es there be"n' no st"p(lat"on to the contrar$ shall be the pa$ment o# "nterest a'ree! (pon, an! "n the absence o# st"p(lat"on, the le'al "nterest &h"ch "s 6L per ann(m. Plana Conc(rr"n' an! 0"ssent"n': Rn!er Sec 1 a o# Act ,6<< as amen!e! b$ P0 116, the a(thor"t$ o# C9 "s to #"7 a ma7"m(m rate o# "nterest on loans an! not to prescr"be a #"7e! "nterest rate. S(ch a(thor"t$ '"ven to C9 "s absol(te an! (nK(al"#"e! an! there#ore the !ele'at"on o# po&er to "t "s vo"!. 57tent an! scope o# act(al !ama'es =. contracts and quasi-contracts Art. ,,.1. 2n contracts an! K(as")contracts, the !ama'es #or &h"ch the obl"'or &ho acte! "n 'oo! #a"th "s l"able shall be those that are the nat(ral an! probable conseK(ences o# the breach o# the obl"'at"on, an! &h"ch the part"es have #oreseen or co(l! have reasonabl$ #oreseen at the t"me the obl"'at"on &as const"t(te!. 2n case o# #ra(!, ba! #a"th, mal"ce or &anton att"t(!e, the obl"'or shall be respons"ble #or all !ama'es &h"ch ma$ be reasonabl$ attr"b(te! to the non)per#ormance o# the obl"'at"on. D11.@a8 Art. ,,1<. 2n contracts, K(as")contracts, an! K(as")!el"cts, the co(rt ma$ eK("tabl$ m"t"'ate the !ama'es (n!er c"rc(mstances other than the case re#erre! to "n the prece!"n' art"cle, as "n the #ollo&"n' "nstances:

D18 That the pla"nt"## h"msel# has contravene! the terms o# the contractM D,8 That the pla"nt"## has !er"ve! some bene#"t as a res(lt o# the contractM D38 2n cases &here e7emplar$ !ama'es are to be a&ar!e!, that the !e#en!ant acte! (pon the a!v"ce o# co(nselM D48 That the loss &o(l! have res(lte! "n an$ eventM D<8 That s"nce the #"l"n' o# the act"on, the !e#en!ant has !one h"s best to lessen the pla"nt"##Zs loss or "nI(r$. Cases: P"L1 %nc. 's C"1 =FF? Facts: 4"canor Pa!"lla &as one o# the 33 persons &ho !"e! &h"le on boar! PAL plane that crashe! on +t. 9aco, +"n!oro on 4ovember ,3, 1-6.. Pa!"lla:s mother, h"s onl$ he"r, #"le! a compla"nt !eman!"n' 6..tho( as act(al an! compensator$ !ama'es, pl(s e7emplar$ !ama'es an! 6.tho( as attorne$:s #ees. Tr"al co(rt base! "ts a&ar! on the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! an! a&ar!e! the ##: <. 4@@tho(: e7pecte! "ncome 6. 1.tho(: moral !ama'es @. 1.tho(: attorne$:s #ees C. an! to pa$ costs PAL "nvo e! RS la& an! cla"me! that "n !eterm"n"n' loss o# earn"n's ar"s"n' #rom !eath, the bas"s sho(l! be the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! *R the bene#"c"ar$, &h"chever "s shorter. 2ss(e: 3*4 the !ecease!:s l"#e e7pectanc$ sho(l! be ma!e the bas"s "n !eterm"n"n' loss o# earn"n's. %el!: 65S, resort to #ore"'n I(r"spr(!ence "s proper onl$ &hen there "s no la& or !ec"s"on ava"lable locall$ to settle controvers$ Rat"o: 3. 1@64 an! ,,.6: a&ar! o# !ama'es #or !eath "s comp(te! on the bas"s o# the l"#e e7pectanc$ o# the !ecease! Art. 1@64. 0ama'es "n cases compr"se! "n th"s Sect"on shall be a&ar!e! "n accor!ance &"th T"tle WQ222 o# th"s 9oo , concern"n' 0ama'es. Art"cle ,,.6 shall also appl$ to the !eath o# a passen'er ca(se! b$ the breach o# contract b$ a common carr"er. Art. ,,.6. The amo(nt o# !ama'es #or !eath ca(se! b$ a cr"me or K(as")!el"ct shall be at least three tho(san! pesos, even tho('h there ma$ have been m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances. 2n a!!"t"on: D18 The !e#en!ant shall be l"able #or the loss of the earning capacity of the deceased , an! the "n!emn"t$ shall be pa"! to the he"rs o# the latterM s(ch "n!emn"t$ shall "n ever$ case be assesse! an! a&ar!e! b$ the co(rt, (nless the !ecease! on acco(nt o# permanent ph$s"cal !"sab"l"t$ not ca(se! b$ the !e#en!ant, ha! no earn"n' capac"t$ at the t"me o# h"s !eathM D,8 2# the !ecease! &as obl"'e! to gi'e support accor!"n' to the prov"s"ons o# Art"cle ,-1, the rec"p"ent &ho "s not an he"r calle! to the !ece!ent:s "nher"tance b$ the la& o# testate or "ntestate s(ccess"on, ma$ !eman! s(pport #rom the person ca(s"n' the !eath, #or a per"o! not e7cee!"n' #"ve $ears, the e7act !(rat"on to be #"7e! b$ the co(rtM

D38 The spo(se, le'"t"mate an! "lle'"t"mate !escen!ants an! ascen!ants o# the !ecease! ma$ !eman! moral damages for mental anguish b$ reason o# the !eath o# the !ecease!. 4. bas"s o# act(al !ama'es proven: mana'er an! a(!"tor o# All"e! *verseas Tra!"n' Compan$ an! Pa!"lla Sh"pp"n' Compan$ test"#"e! to Pa!"lla:s "ncome !ama'es a&ar!e! base! on earn"n' capac"t$: 41@tho( 'ross ann(al "ncome o# ,3,1.. [ -,.. l"v"n' e7penses; 13, -.. net "ncome 7 3. $ears l"#e e7pectanc$ &"th le'al rate o# "nterest o# 6L per ann(m #rom the !ate o# I(!'ment on A('(st 31, 1-@3 2. crimes and quasi-delicts Art. ,,.,. 2n cr"mes an! K(as")!el"cts, the !e#en!ant shall be l"able #or all !ama'es, &h"ch are the nat(ral an! probable conseK(ences o# the act or om"ss"on compla"ne! o#. 2t "s not necessar$ that s(ch !ama'es have been #oreseen or co(l! have reasonabl$ been #oreseen b$ the !e#en!ant. Art. ,,.3. The part$ s(##er"n' loss or "nI(r$ m(st e7erc"se the !"l"'ence o# a 'oo! #ather o# a #am"l$ to m"n"m"ze the !ama'es res(lt"n' #rom the act or om"ss"on "n K(est"on. Art. ,,.4. 2n cr"mes, the !ama'es to be a!I(!"cate! ma$ be respect"vel$ "ncrease! or lessene! accor!"n' to the a''ravat"n' or m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances. Art. ,,14. 2n K(as")!el"cts, the contr"b(tor$ ne'l"'ence o# the pla"nt"## shall re!(ce the !ama'es that he ma$ recover. Art. ,,1<. 2n contracts, K(as")contracts, an! K(as")!el"cts, the co(rt ma$ eK("tabl$ m"t"'ate the !ama'es (n!er c"rc(mstances other than the case re#erre! to "n the prece!"n' art"cle, as "n the #ollo&"n' "nstances: D18 That the pla"nt"## h"msel# has contravene! the terms o# the contractM D,8 That the pla"nt"## has !er"ve! some bene#"t as a res(lt o# the contractM D38 2n cases &here e7emplar$ !ama'es are to be a&ar!e!, that the !e#en!ant acte! (pon the a!v"ce o# co(nselM D48 That the loss &o(l! have res(lte! "n an$ eventM D<8 That s"nce the #"l"n' o# the act"on, the !e#en!ant has !one h"s best to lessen the pla"nt"##Zs loss or "nI(r$. B. crimes and quasi-delicts resulting in death Art. ,,.6. The amo(nt o# !ama'es #or !eath ca(se! b$ a cr"me or K(as")!el"ct shall be at least three tho(san! pesos, even tho('h there ma$ have been m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances. 2n a!!"t"on: D18 The !e#en!ant shall be l"able #or the loss o# the earn"n' capac"t$ o# the !ecease!, an! the "n!emn"t$ shall be pa"! to the he"rs o# the latterM s(ch "n!emn"t$ shall "n ever$ case be assesse! an! a&ar!e! b$ the co(rt, (nless the !ecease! on acco(nt o# permanent ph$s"cal !"sab"l"t$ not ca(se! b$ the !e#en!ant, ha! no earn"n' capac"t$ at the t"me o# h"s !eathM D,8 2# the !ecease! &as obl"'e! to '"ve s(pport accor!"n' to the prov"s"ons o# Art"cle ,-1, the rec"p"ent &ho "s not an he"r calle! to the !ece!ent:s "nher"tance b$ the la& o# testate or "ntestate s(ccess"on, ma$ !eman! s(pport #rom the person ca(s"n' the !eath, #or a per"o! not e7cee!"n' #"ve $ears, the e7act !(rat"on to be #"7e! b$ the co(rtM

D38 The spo(se, le'"t"mate an! "lle'"t"mate !escen!ants an! ascen!ants o# the !ecease! ma$ !eman! moral !ama'es #or mental an'("sh b$ reason o# the !eath o# the !ecease!. Cases: )eirs of Castro 's Bustos1 =FEF Facts: 9(stos "lle! Castro an! &as #o(n! '("lt$ o# hom"c"!e b$ lo&er co(rt. As to the a&ar! o# !ama'es, the CA amen!e! "ts !ec"s"on an! !elete!: 6tho( moral !ama'es 13, 3C. loss o# earn"n's Pet"t"oners pra$e! that CA:s or"'"nal !ec"s"on be a##"rme! "n toto. 2ss(e: 3hat are the "tems o# !ama'es recoverable "n cases o# !eath> %el!: moral !ama'es an! loss o# earn"n's a&ar!e! Rat"o: 3hen !eath occ(rs as a res(lt o# cr"me, the he"rs are ent"tle! to the ## !ama'es: C. "n!emn"t$ #or the !eath o# the v"ct"m at least 3 tho( even "# there are m"t"'at"n' c"rc(mstances -. "n!emn"t$ #or loss o# earn"n' capac"t$ pl(s amo(nt #or s(pport "# !ecease! &as obl"'e! to '"ve an$ to an$ person 1.. e7emplar$ !ama'es #"7e! b$ co(rt cons"!ere! separate #rom #"nes &hen cr"me "s atten!e! b$ one or more a''ravat"n' c"rc(mstances 11. moral !ama'es #or mental an'("sh #"7e! b$ co(rt recoverable b$ !escen!ants 1,. attorne$:s #ees an! e7penses o# l"t"'at"on act(al amo(nt onl$ &hen separate c"v"l act"on has been #"le! or &hen e7emplar$ !am'es are a&ar!e! 13. "nterests "n proper cases 14. moral !ama'es loss o# earn"n' capac"t$ are recoverable separatel$ #rom the "n!emn"t$ #or !eath\ Cap"strano conc(rs: !(t$ o# #"scal to !eman! pa$ment, a&ar! sho(l! be ma!e "n!"v"!(all$ People 's 9uilaton1 =FF2 Facts: U("lat"on "lle! the o##"cer)"n)char'e o# PR*F5+ an! &as #o(n! '("lt$ o# m(r!er. %e &as #(rther sentence! to "n!em"n"#$ he"rs: 1.. tho( #or !eath ,6, 44< #or act(al !ama'es #or b(r"al an! relate! e7penses ,<., ... moral !ama'es 2ss(e: correctness o# !ama'es %el!: 4. act(al !ama'es o# ,6, 44<: AFF2R+50: brother &as able to present rece"pts o# e7penses <. 1..,... "n!emn"t$ #or !eath: R50RC50 to <.tho( base! on preva"l"n' I(r"spr(!ence 6. ,<.,... moral !ama'es: SC sa"! that TC l(mpe! the ## monetar$ obl"'at"ons (n!er /moral !ama'es: loss o# earn"n' capac"t$: 114,...: 'ross earn"n's [ l"v"n' e7penses

 e!(cat"onal s(pport #or s"sters: 1.tho( mental an'("sh s(##ere!: ,.tho( a&ar!e!, h"s mother s(##ere! a m"l! stro e

P. Rn#a"r Compet"t"on Art. ,C. Rn#a"r compet"t"on "n a'r"c(lt(ral, commerc"al or "n!(str"al enterpr"ses or "n labor thro('h the (se o# #orce, "nt"m"!at"on, !ece"t, mach"nat"on or an$ other (nI(st, oppress"ve or h"'hhan!e! metho! shall '"ve r"se to a r"'ht o# act"on b$ the person &ho thereb$ s(##ers !ama'e. %. Separate c"v"l act"ons 1. Q"olat"on o# c"v"l r"'hts Art. 3,. An$ p(bl"c o##"cer or emplo$ee, or an$ pr"vate "n!"v"!(al, &ho !"rectl$ or "n!"rectl$ obstr(cts, !e#eats, v"olates or "n an$ manner "mpe!es or "mpa"rs an$ o# the #ollo&"n' r"'hts an! l"bert"es o# another person shall be l"able to the latter #or !ama'es: D18 Free!om o# rel"'"onM D,8 Free!om o# speechM D38 Free!om to &r"te #or the press or to ma"nta"n a per"o!"cal p(bl"cat"onM D48 Free!om #rom arb"trar$ or "lle'al !etent"onM D<8 Free!om o# s(##ra'eM D68 The r"'ht a'a"nst !epr"vat"on o# propert$ &"tho(t !(e process o# la&M D@8 The r"'ht to a I(st compensat"on &hen pr"vate propert$ "s ta en #or p(bl"c (seM DC8 The r"'ht to the eK(al protect"on o# the la&sM D-8 The r"'ht to be sec(re "n oneZs person, ho(se, papers, an! e##ects a'a"nst (nreasonable searches an! se"z(resM D1.8 The l"bert$ o# abo!e an! o# chan'"n' the sameM D118 The pr"vac$ o# comm(n"cat"on an! correspon!enceM D1,8 The r"'ht to become a member o# assoc"at"ons or soc"et"es #or p(rposes not contrar$ to la&M D138 The r"'ht to ta e part "n a peaceable assembl$ to pet"t"on the 'overnment #or re!ress o# 'r"evancesM D148 The r"'ht to be #ree #rom "nvol(ntar$ serv"t(!e "n an$ #ormM

D1<8 The r"'ht o# the acc(se! a'a"nst e7cess"ve ba"lM D168 The r"'ht o# the acc(se! to be hear! b$ h"msel# an! co(nsel, to be "n#orme! o# the nat(re an! ca(se o# the acc(sat"on a'a"nst h"m, to have a spee!$ an! p(bl"c tr"al, to meet the &"tnesses #ace to #ace, an! to have comp(lsor$ process to sec(re the atten!ance o# &"tness "n h"s behal#M D1@8 Free!om #rom be"n' compelle! to be a &"tness a'a"nst oneZs sel#, or #rom be"n' #orce! to con#ess '("lt, or #rom be"n' "n!(ce! b$ a prom"se o# "mm(n"t$ or re&ar! to ma e s(ch con#ess"on, e7cept &hen the person con#ess"n' becomes a State &"tnessM D1C8 Free!om #rom e7cess"ve #"nes, or cr(el an! (n(s(al p(n"shment, (nless the same "s "mpose! or "n#l"cte! "n accor!ance &"th a stat(te &h"ch has not been I(!"c"all$ !eclare! (nconst"t(t"onalM an! D1-8 Free!om o# access to the co(rts. 2n an$ o# the cases re#erre! to "n th"s art"cle, &hether or not the !e#en!antZs act or om"ss"on const"t(tes a cr"m"nal o##ense, the a''r"eve! part$ has a r"'ht to commence an ent"rel$ separate an! !"st"nct c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es, an! #or other rel"e#. S(ch c"v"l act"on shall procee! "n!epen!entl$ o# an$ cr"m"nal prosec(t"on D"# the latter be "nst"t(te!8, an! mat be prove! b$ a prepon!erance o# ev"!ence. The "n!emn"t$ shall "ncl(!e moral !ama'es. 57emplar$ !ama'es ma$ also be a!I(!"cate!. The respons"b"l"t$ here"n set #orth "s not !eman!able #rom a I(!'e (nless h"s act or om"ss"on const"t(tes a v"olat"on o# the Penal Co!e or other penal stat(te. Cases: L%2 ' P#.C( -( L(#. "ugust 2F1 =FAI FACTS: J" "l Taha sol! to Alberto T"mban'ca$a a motor la(nch. A $ear later, Alberto #"le! a compla"nt &"th the o##"ce o# the Prov"nc"al F"scal o# Pala&an alle'"n' that a#ter the sale J" "l #orc"bl$ too a&a$ the motor la(nch #rom h"m. A#ter con!(ct"n' a prel"m"nar$ "nvest"'at"on, F"scal Franc"sco 0e Leon #"le! &"th the CF2 an "n#ormat"on #or Robber$ &"th Force an! 2nt"m"!at"on (pon Persons a'a"nst J" "l. 3hen F"scal 0e Leon learne! that the motor la(nch &as "n the to&n o# 9alabac, he &rote the Prov"nc"al Comman!er to "mpo(n! an! ta e c(sto!$ o# the motor la(nch. %e re"terate! h"s reK(est the ,n! t"me. 2t &as onl$ then that the Prov"nc"al Comman!er "ss(e! an or!er to se"ze an! "mpo(n! the motor la(nch. *rlan!o +a!!ela &as the one &ho carr"e! o(t the or!er an! accor!"n'l$ se"ze! the motor la(nch #rom 0el#"n L"m. 0el#"n L"m, to'ether &"th J" "l Taha, e7erte! e##orts to recover the se"ze! motor la(nch, b(t the$ &ere "n va"n. The$ then #"le! a compla"nt #or !ama'es a'a"nst F"scal 0e Leon an! 0etachment Cmm!r. +a!!ela, alle'"n' that the se"z(re o# the motor la(nch &as &"tho(t a search &arrant an! &as a'a"nst L"m:s &"ll. For the alle'e! v"olat"on o# the"r const"t(t"onal r"'hts, L"m an! J" "l pra$e! #or act(al, moral an! e7emplar$ !ama'es.

TC (phel! the val"!"t$ o# the se"z(re on the 'ro(n! that the a(thor"t$ to "mpo(n! the corp(s !el"ct" "n case pen!"n' the "nvest"'at"on "s &"th the Provcl F"scal &ho controls the prosec(t"on an! "ntro!(ces ev"!ence to the co(rt.

%**,(: 3*4 there &as a v"olat"on o# a const"t(t"onal r"'ht> 2# so, sho(l! 0e Leon an! +a!!ela be both hel! l"able #or !m's> )(L-+ 6es. *nl$ 0e Leon. 4o p(bl"c o##"c"al has the r"'ht to enter the prem"ses o# another &"tho(t the proper search &arrant or &"tho(t the o&ner:s consent #or the p(rpose o# search an! se"z(re. Also, at the t"me the act compla"ne! o# &as comm"tte!, there &as no la& or r(le that reco'n"ze! the a(thor"t$ o# Prov"nc"al F"scals to "ss(e a search &arrant. The 1-3< const"t(t"on veste! the po&er to "ss(e a search &arrant "n a I(!'e an! "n no other o##"cer. 0e Leon cannot "nvo e prov"s"ons o# RA @3, beca(se there "s noth"n' "n sa"! la& &h"ch con#ers (pon the prov"nc"al #"scals the a(thor"t$ to "ss(e &arrants, m(ch less to or!er &"tho(t &arrant the se"z(re o# a personal propert$ even "# "t "s the corp(s !el"ct" o# a cr"me. 3hat RA @3, !"! &as to broa!en the po&er o# prov"nc"al #"scals to con!(ct prel"m"nar$ "nvest"'at"on.

2n a!!"t"on, R(le 1,, o# RoC states that "n the se"z(re o# a stolen propert$ &arrant "s st"ll necessar$, an! s(ch &arrant ma$ be "ss(e! b$ the I(!'e alone a#ter !eterm"nat"on o# probable ca(se. I+ v /elos BeyesF 4o amo(nt o# "ncr"m"nat"n' ev"!ence, &hatever "ts so(rce, &"ll s(ppl$ the place o# s(ch &arrant. Ar'(ment that there "s lac o# t"me to proc(re a search &arrant "s (ntenable. There "s also no bas"s #or apprehens"on that the m. la(nch &"ll be move! o(t o# 9alabac beca(se "t ha! no en'"ne. Pursuant to the pro'isions of "rt B2 and 22=F1 a person ;hose constitutional rights ha'e been 'iolated is entitled to actual1 moral damages and e<emplary damages from the public officer or employee responsible therefor. 9(t onl$ 0el#"n L"m sho(l! be a&ar!e!. J" "l "s not ent"tle! to recover an$ !ama'es. Le'al"t$ o# se"z(re can be conteste! onl$ b$ the part$ &hose r"'hts have been "mpa"re! thereb$, an! that the obIect"on to an (nla&#(l search an! se"z(re "s p(rel$ personal an! cannot be ava"le! o# b$ 3 r! part"es.

2t "s "mpt. to note that to be hel! l"able (n!er Art 3, "t "s eno('h that there &as a v"olat"on o# the const"t(t"onal r"'hts o# the pla"nt"##s, an! "s not reK("e! that !e#en!ants sho(l! have acte! "n ba! #a"th. *nl$ F"scal 0e Leon ma$ be hel! l"able an! not +a!!ela beca(se he "mpo(n!e! the motor la(nch (pon the or!er o# h"s s(per"or o##"cer. 3h"le a s(bor!"nate o##"cer ma$ be hel! l"able #or e7ec(t"n' (nla&#(l or!ers o# h"s s(per"or o##"cer, there are certa"n c"rc(mstances &h"ch &o(l! &arrant +a!!ela:s e7c(lpat"on #rom l"ab"l"t$: 1. %e &as rel(ctant to "mpo(n the m.la(nch !esp"te repeate! or!ers. ,. Face! &"th a poss"ble !"sc"pl"nar$ act"on #rom h"s comman!er, +a!!ela &as le#t &"th no alternat"ve b(t to se"ze the vessel.

Decision reversed. "B(RC" ' 0(R Apr"l 1<, 1-CC F"C$*+ Peb. Fab"an Qer or!ere! var"o(s "ntell"'ence (n"ts o# the AFP, no&n as Tas Force +a abansa, to con!(ct pre)empt"ve str" es a'a"nst no&n comm(n"st)terror"st DCT8 (n!er'ro(n! ho(ses "n v"e& o# "ncreas"n' reports abo(t CT plans to so& !"st(rbances "n ++. P(rs(ant to sa"! or!er, elements o# the TF+ &ere alle'e! to have !one the ##.: 1. ,. 3. 4. <. 6. @. ra"!e! several places, emplo$"n' "n most cases !e#ect"vel$ "ss(e! I(!"c"al search &arrants con#"scate! a n(mber o# p(rel$ personal "tems belon'"n' to pla"nt"##s pla"nt"##s &ere arreste! &"tho(t proper &arrants "ss(e! b$ the co(rts &h"le "n !etent"on, pla"nt"##s &ere !en"e! v"s"ts o# relat"ves an! la&$ers pla"nt"##s &ere "nterro'ate! "n v"olat"on o# the"r r"'hts to s"lence an! co(nsel m"l"tar$ men &ho "nterro'ate! them emplo$e! threats, tort(res an! other #orms o# v"olence on them "n or!er to obta"n "n!"scr"m"nator$ "n#ormat"on or con#ess"ons an! "n or!er to p(n"sh them. all v"olat"ons o# pla"nt"##:s const"t(t"onal r"'hts &ere part o# a concerte! plan to terror"ze them, an! that sa"! plans are no&n to an! sanct"one! b$ !e#en!ants. Pla"nt"##s #"le! a c"v"l act"on #or act(al=compensator$, moral, e7emplar$ !ama'es an! attorne$:s #ees. A mot"on to !"sm"ss &as #"le! b$ !e#en!ants Dthr( co(nsel 5stel"to +en!oza8 on the ##. 'ro(n!s: 1. pla"nt"##s ma$ not ca(se a I(!"c"al "nK("r$ "nto the c"rc(mstances o# the"r !etent"on "n the '("se o# a !ama'e s("t beca(se as to them, the pr"v"le'e o# the &r"t o# habeas corp(s "s s(spen!e! ,. ass(m"n' that co(rts can enterta"n the present act"on, !e#en!ants are "mm(ne #rom l"ab"l"t$ #or acts !one "n the per#ormance o# the"r o##"c"al !(t"es 3. compla"nt states no ca(se o# act"on. Rpon mot"on, RTC J(!'e Fort(n !"sm"sse! the case, a!opt"n' loc , stoc an! barrel the ar'(ments o# the !e#en!ants. Pla"nt"##s #"le! a mot"on to set as"!e the or!er. Later, J(!'e Fort(n "nh"b"te! h"msel# #rom the procee!"n'M J(!'e L"s"n' too over an!, &"tho(t act"n' on the mot"on to set as"!e Fort(n:s or!er, !eclare! the *r!er as #"nal. 9eca(se the"r pra$er &ent (nhee!e!, the$ #"le! th"s "nstant pet"t"on #or cert"orar".

%**,(+ 3*4 the s(spens"on o# the pr"v"le'e o# the &r"t o# habeas corp(s bars a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es #or "lle'al searches con!(cte! b$ m"l"tar$ personnel an! other v"olat"ons o# r"'hts an! l"bert"es '(arantee! (n!er the Const"t(t"on 3%* can be hel! l"able: m"l"tar$ personnel !"rectl$ "nvolve! an!=or the"r s(per"ors as &ell )(L-+ 4oM the"r s(per"ors ma$ be hel! l"able as &ell Repson!ents: "nvocat"on o# the !octr"ne o# state "mm(n"t$ #rom s("t totall$ m"splace!. Conce!e!l$, "t ma$ be tr(e that the$ &ere merel$ respon!"n' to the"r !(t$, sa$ "n accor!ance &"th +arcos: Proclamat"on 4o. ,.<4, b(t th"s cannot be constr(e! as a blan et l"cense or rov"n' comm"ss"on to !"sre'ar! or trans'ress (pon the r"'hts an! l"bert"es o# the "n!"v"!(al c"t"zens.

Art"cle 3, o# the CC &h"ch ren!ers an$ p(bl"c o##"cer or emplo$ee or an$ pr"vate "n!"v"!(al l"able "n !ama'es #or v"olat"n' the Const"t(t"onal r"'hts an! l"bert"es o# another !oes not e7empt the respon!ents #rom respons"b"l"t$. *nl$ I(!'es are e7cl(!e! #rom l"ab"l"t$ (n!er the sa"! art"cle, prov"!e! the"r acts or om"ss"ons !o not const"t(te a v"olat"on o# the Penal Co!e or other penal stat(te.

There "s no mer"t "n respon!ents: s(''est"on that pla"nt"##:s ca(se o# act"on "s barre! b$ the s(spens"on o# the pr"v"le'e o# the &r"t o# habeas corp(s. The s(spens"on o# the pr"v"le'e !oes nor ren!er val"! an other&"se "lle'al arrest or !etent"on. 3hat "s s(spen!e! "s merel$ the r"'ht o# an "n!"v"!(al to see release #rom !etent"on thro('h the &r"t o# habeas corp(s as a spee!$ means o# obta"n"n' h"s l"bert$.

+oreover, the"r r"'hts an! ca(se o# act"on #or !ama'es are even e7pl"c"tl$ reco'n"ze! "n P0 1@<< Dre: r"'ht o# act"on #or "nI(r$ ar"s"n' #rom acts o# p(bl"c o##"cer connecte! to +art"al La&8. 0octr"ne o# respon!eat s(per"or "nappl"cable "n the "nstant case. The !octr"ne has been 'enerall$ l"m"te! "n "ts appl"cat"on to pr"nc"pal an! a'ent or to master an! servant D".e. emplo$er an! emplo$ee8 relat"onsh"p. 4* s(ch relat"onsh"p e7"sts bet&een s(per"or o##"cers o# the m"l"tar$ an! the"r s(bor!"nates. 9e that as "t ma$, the !ec"s"ve #actor "n th"s case "s the lan'(a'e o# Art"cle 3,, &here "t "s not the actor alone &ho m(st ans&er #or !ama'es. %ence, "t &as erroneo(s on the TC #or hol!"n' that !e#en!ants cannot be hel! respons"ble #or the &ron'#(l acts o# the"r s(bor!"nates beca(se: 1. 2t "s &ron' to l"m"t the pla"nt"##:s act"on #or !ama'es to Facts o# alle'e! ph$s"cal v"olenceG &h"ch const"t(te! !el"ct or &ron'. Art. 3, clearl$ spec"#"es as act"onable the act o# v"olat"n' or "n an$ manner "mpe!"n' or "mpa"r"n' an$ o# the const"t(t"onal r"'hts an! l"bert"es en(merate! "n sa"! Art"cle. ,. 4e"ther can "t be sa"! that onl$ those sho&n to have part"c"pate! F!"rectl$G sho(l! be hel! l"able. Art. 3, encompasses those !"rectl$, as &ell as "n!"rectl$ respons"ble #or "ts v"olat"on.

Petition granted. 2)P 5"R2(.$*1 %.C ' C" September ,, 1--4 F"C$*+ +%P Parments &as 'rante! b$ the 9o$ Sco(ts o# the Ph"ls. an e7cl(s"ve #ranch"se to sell an! !"str"b(te o##"c"al bo$ Sco(t (n"#orms, s(ppl"es, ba!'es an! "ns"'n"as. 2t &as also '"ven a(thor"t$ to (n!erta e the prosec(t"on "n co(rt o# all "lle'al so(rces o# sco(t (n"#orms an! other sco(t"n' s(ppl"es. Accor!"n'l$, +%P tas e! "ts emplo$ee, Larr$ !e P(zman to (n!erta e s(rve"llance an! report to the PC o# the act"v"t"es o# the respon!ents &ho &ere reporte! to sell"n' Sco(t (n"#orms an! paraphernal"a &"tho(t a(thor"t$. 0e P(zman an! 3 constab(lar$ men &ent to the stores o# respon!ents an! se"ze! Sco(t (n"#orms &"tho(t &arrant, ca(s"n' commot"on an! embarassment to respon!ents. S(bseK(entl$, a cr"m"nal compla"nt #or (n#a"r compet"t"on &as #"le! a'a"nst respon!ents. F"scal !"sm"sse! the compla"nt an! or!ere! the ret(rn o# the se"ze! art"cles.

Therea#ter, the respon!ents #"le! a c"v"l case a'a"nst pet"t"oners #or s(ms o# mone$ an! !ama'es. TC or!ere! pet"t"oners to pa$. CA a##"rme!.

%**,(+ 3*4 pet"t"oners sho(l! be hel! l"able )(L-+ 6es SC hel! that the ev"!ence !"! not I(st"#$ the &arrantless search an! se"z(re o# respon!ents: 'oo!s: 1. pro'ress"on o# t"me bet&een the rece"pt o# the "n#ormat"on an! the ra"! o# the stores sho&s there &as s(##"c"ent t"me to appl$ #or a I(!"c"al &arrant. ,. no probable ca(se #or the se"z(re The members o# the PC ra"!"n' team sho(l! have been "ncl(!e! "n the compla"nt #or v"olat"on o# the respon!ents: const"t(t"onal r"'hts. St"ll, the om"ss"on &"ll not e7c(lpate +%P Parments an! 0e P(zman. TC &as correct "n 'rant"n' !ama'es to respon!ents. +%P Parments an! 0e P(zman &ere indirectly "nvolve! "n trans'ress"n' the r"'ht o# respon!ents a'a"nst (nreasonable searches an! se"z(res. 1. Ra"! &as con!(cte! &"th the act"ve part"c"pat"on o# emplo$ee 0e P(zman. %e !"! not l"#t a #"n'er to stop the se"z(re o# the bo$ an! '"rl sco(t "tems. 9$ stan!"n' b$ an! apparentl$ assent"n' thereto, he &as l"able to the same e7tent as the o##"cers themselves. ,. So &"th the +%P Parments &h"ch even rece"ve! #or sa#e eep"n' the 'oo!s (nreasonabl$ se"ze! b$ the PC ra"!"n' team an! 0e P(zman, an! re#(se! to s(rren!er them #or K("te a t"me !esp"te the !"sm"ssal o# "ts compla"nt a'a"nst respon!ents.
3.

2# pet"t"oners !"! not have a han! "n the ra"!, the$ sho(l! have #"le! a 3r! part$ compla"nt a'a"nst the ra"!"n' team #or contr"b(t"on or an$ other rel"e#. The$ !"! not.

Judgment affirmed with modification. 3. 0e#amat"on, #ra(!, an! ph$s"cal "nI(r"es Art. 33. 2n cases o# !e#amat"on, #ra(!, an! ph$s"cal "nI(r"es a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es, ent"rel$ separate an! !"st"nct #rom the cr"m"nal act"on, ma$ be bro('ht b$ the "nI(re! part$. S(ch c"v"l act"on shall procee! "n!epen!entl$ o# the cr"m"nal prosec(t"on, an! shall reK("re onl$ a prepon!erance o# ev"!ence. Cases: C"R".-".5 ' *".$%"5# ".- 0"L(.$#. +a$ ,-, 1-<< F"C$*+ *n September 1, 1-<3, CF2 o# 9atan'as #o(n! Tomas Qalenton Jr. '("lt$ o# the cr"me o# #r(strate! hom"c"!e comm"tte! a'a"nst the person o# Cesar Caran!an'. Caran!an' appeale! the !ec"s"on to the Co(rt o# Appeals. Pen!"n' sa"! appeal, Caran!an' "nst"t(te! &"th the CF2 o# +an"la a compla"nt to recover #rom Qalenton an! h"s parents !ama'es #or the bo!"l$ "nI(r"es rece"ve! on occas"on o# the comm"ss"on o# the cr"me o# #r(strate! hom"c"!e.

Qalentons #"le! a mot"on to s(spen! the tr"al o# the c"v"l case, pen!"n' the term"nat"on o# the cr"m"nal case "n the CA. J(!'e r(le! that the tr"al o# the c"v"l case m(st a&a"t the res(lt o# the cr"m"nal case on appeal. As mot"on #or recon &as !en"e!, th"s pet"t"on &as #"le!.

%**,(+ 3*4 the c"v"l case sho(l! a&a"t the res(lt o# the cr"m"nal case on appeal The resol(t"on o# the above "ss(e h"n'es on the "nterpretat"on o# the term Fph$s"cal "nI(r"esG as (se! "n Art"cle 33: &on the term means ph$s"cal "nI(r"es "n the RPC onl$, or an$ ph$s"cal "nI(r$ or bo!"l$ "nI(r$, &hether "n#l"cte! &"th "ntent to "ll or not. )(L-+ 4o Art"cle 33 (ses the &or!s F!e#amat"onG, F#ra(!G an! Fph$s"cal "nI(r"es.G 0e#amat"on an! #ra(! are (se! "n the"r or!"nar$ sense beca(se there are no spec"#"c prov"s"ons "n the RPC (s"n' these terms as means o# o##enses !e#"ne! there"n, so that these t&o terms m(st have (se! not tom "mpart an$ techn"cal mean"n', b(t "n the"r 'ener"c sense. %ence, "t "s ev"!ent then that the term Fph$s"cal "nI(r"esG co(l! not have been (se! "n "ts spec"#"c sense as a cr"me !e#"ne! "n the RPC. 2n other &or!s, the term Fph$s"cal "nI(r"esG sho(l! be (n!erstoo! to mean an$ bo!"l$ "nI(r$, not the cr"me o# ph$s"cal "nI(r"es, beca(se the terms (se! &"th the latter are 'eneral terms. 2n an$ case, "t &as the "ntent o# the Co!e Comm"ss"on to establ"sh a c"v"l act"on #or the bo!"l$ harm rece"ve! b$ the compla"nant s"m"lar to the c"v"l act"on #or assa(lt an! batter$, as the$ are (n!erstoo! (n!er Amer"can La&. %ence, the c"v"l act"on sho(l! l"e &hether the o##ense comm"tte! "s that o# ph$s"cal "nI(r"es, or #r(strate! hom"c"!e, or attempte! hom"c"!e, or even !eath. Writ granted. +ARC2A Q CA FACTS: 9(s o# Q"ctor$ L"ner !r"ven b$ Felar!o PaIe coll"!e! &"th Ieep !r"ven b$ Clement +arc"a. +arc"a !"e! an! t&o others &ere "nI(re!. 2n#ormat"on #or hom"c"!e an! ser"o(s ph$s"cal "nI(r"es thro('h rec less "mpr(!ence &as #"le!. C"v"l act"on #or !ama'es &as s(bseK(entl$ #"le!. 3h"le c"v"l case &as "n pro'ress, PaIe &as conv"cte! b$ c"v"l co(rt b(t acK("tte! b$ CA sa$"n' that cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence "s &ant"n' an! that PaIe &as not '("lt$ o# cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence. CF2 !"sm"sse! c"v"l case sa$"n' that PaIe cannot be hel! c"v"ll$ l"able a#ter "t ha! r(le! "n the cr"m"nal act"on that ne'l"'ence &as &ant"n' an! that the coll"s"on &as a case o# p(re acc"!ent. %ence th"s appeal. 2SSR5: 3*4 act"on #or !ama'es #or ph$s"cal "nI(r"es res(lt"n' #rom ne'l"'ence "s an "n!epen!ent, separate an! !"st"nct #rom cr"m"nal act"on "n Art 33 %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: Rec less "mpr(!ence or cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence "s not one o# the three cr"mes ment"one! "n Art 33. F 2n cases o# !e#amat"on, #ra(! an! ph$s"cal "nI(r"es, a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es, ent"rel$ separate an! !"st"nct #rom the cr"m"nal act"on ma$ be bro('ht b$ the "nI(re! part$. S(ch c"v"l act"on shall procee! "n!epen!entl$ o# the cr"m"nal prosec(t"on an! shall reK("re onl$ prepon!erance o# ec"vence.G

The "nI(r"es s(##ere! b$ pet"t"oners &ere alle'e! to be the res(lt o# the cr"m"nal ne'l"'ence . The$ &ere not "n#l"cte! &"th mal"ce. %ence, no "n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es ma$ be "nst"t(te! "n connect"on there&"th. F(rthermore, "# the act #rom &h"ch the c"v"l l"ab"l"t$ ar"ses "s !eclare! to be non)e7"stent "n the #"nal I(!'ment, then the e7t"nct"on o# cr"m"nal l"ab"l"t$ &"ll carr$ &"th "t the e7t"nct"on o# c"v"l l"ab"l"t$. Sec 3, R(le 111 R*C. 3. 4on#easance o# pol"ce Art. 34. 3hen a member o# a c"t$ or m(n"c"pal pol"ce #orce re#(ses or #a"ls to ren!er a"! or protect"on to an$ person "n case o# !an'er to l"#e or propert$, s(ch peace o##"cer shall be pr"mar"l$ l"able #or !ama'es, an! the c"t$ or m(n"c"pal"t$ shall be s(bs"!"ar"l$ respons"ble there#or. The c"v"l act"on here"n reco'n"ze! shall be "n!epen!ent o# an$ cr"m"nal procee!"n's, an! a prepon!erance o# ev"!ence shall s(##"ce to s(pport s(ch act"on. 4. &hen no "n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on "s prov"!e! Art. 3<. 3hen a person, cla"m"n' to be "nI(re! b$ a cr"m"nal o##ense, char'es another &"th the same, #or &h"ch no "n!epen!ent c"v"l act"on "s 'rante! "n th"s Co!e or an$ spec"al la&, b(t the I(st"ce o# the peace #"n!s no reasonable 'ro(n!s to bel"eve that a cr"me has been comm"tte!, or the prosec(t"n' attorne$ re#(ses or #a"ls to "nst"t(te cr"m"nal procee!"n's, the compla"nt ma$ br"n' a c"v"l act"on #or !ama'es a'a"nst the alle'e! o##en!er. S(ch c"v"l act"on ma$ be s(pporte! b$ a prepon!erance o# ev"!ence. Rpon the !e#en!antZs mot"on, the co(rt ma$ reK("re the pla"nt"## to #"le a bon! to "n!emn"#$ the !e#en!ant "n case the compla"nt sho(l! be #o(n! to be mal"c"o(s. 2# !(r"n' the pen!enc$ o# the c"v"l act"on, an "n#ormat"on sho(l! be presente! b$ the prosec(t"n' attorne$, the c"v"l act"on shall be s(spen!e! (nt"l the term"nat"on o# the cr"m"nal procee!"n's. Part 3: n("sance A. 0e#"n"t"on Art. 6-4. A n("sance "s an$ act, om"ss"on, establ"shment, b(s"ness, con!"t"on o# propert$, or an$th"n' else &h"ch: D18 2nI(res or en!an'ers the health or sa#et$ o# othersM or D,8 Anno$s or o##en!s the sensesM or D38 Shoc s, !e#"es or !"sre'ar!s !ecenc$ or moral"t$M or D48 *bstr(cts or "nter#eres &"th the #ree passa'e o# an$ p(bl"c h"'h&a$ or street, or an$ bo!$ o# &aterM or D<8 %"n!ers or "mpa"rs the (se o# propert$. 9. H"n!s 1. P(bl"c or pr"vate Art. 6-<. 4("sance "s e"ther p(bl"c or pr"vate. A p(bl"c n("sance a##ects a comm(n"t$ or ne"'hborhoo! or an$ cons"!erable n(mber o# persons, altho('h the e7tent o# the anno$ance, !an'er or !ama'e (pon "n!"v"!(als ma$ be (neK(al. A pr"vate n("sance "s one that "s not "ncl(!e! "n the #ore'o"n' !e#"n"t"on. ,. Per se or per acc"!ens Cases: %L#%#L# C#L- *$#R"5( C# 0* 2,.%C%P"L C#,.C%L

FACTS: 2lo"lo Col! Stora'e Co. constr(cte! an "ce an! col! stora'e plant "n 2lo"lo C"t$. Somet"me a#ter the plant &as complete! an! "n operat"on, nearb$ res"!ents ma!e compla"nts to the +(n"c"pal Co(nc"l that the smo e #rom the plant &as ver$ "nI(r"o(s to the"r health an! com#ort. Co(nc"l appo"nte! comm"ttee to "nvest"'ate an! report (pon the matters "n the compla"nt. Co(nc"l passe! a resol(t"on '"v"n' Compan$ 1 month to elevate the"r smo estac s or else the"r operat"ons &"ll be stoppe! or s(spen!e!. 2SSR5: 3*4 a m(n"c"pal corporat"on can !eclare the compan$:s plant a n("sance as operate! an! prescr"be metho! o# abat"n' "t %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: 4("sance "s an$th"n' that &or h(rt, "nconven"ence or !ama'e D9lac stone8 T&o classes are: a. 4("sance per se [ n("sances (n!er an$ an! all c"rc(mstances. b. 4("sance per acc"!ens [ n("sance onl$ beca(se o# the spec"al c"rc(mstances an! con!"t"ons s(rro(n!"n' "t +(n"c"pal co(nc"ls have (n!er the co!e the po&er to !eclare an! abate n("sances b(t the$ !o not have the po&er to #"n! as a #act that a part"c(lar th"n' "s a n("sance &hen s(ch a th"n' "s not a n("sance per se. 4e"ther can the$ a(thor"ze the e7traI(!"c"al con!emnat"on an! !estr(ct"on o# a th"n' as a n("sance &h"ch "n "ts nat(re s"t(at"on or (se "s not s(ch. These th"n's m(st be !eterm"ne! "n the or!"nar$ co(rts o# la&. %o&ever, a n("sance &h"ch a##ects the "mme!"ate sa#et$ o# persons or propert"es or those present"n' an emer'enc$ ma$ be s(mmar"l$ abate! (n!er the (n!e#"ne! la& o# necess"t$. 2n th"s case, the plant "s not a n("sance per se. 2t "s a le'"t"mate "n!(str$ bene#"c"al to the people an! con!(c"ve to the"r health an! com#ort. 2# "t &ere "n #act a n("sance !(e to the manner o# "ts operat"on, that K(est"on cannot be !eterm"ne! b$ a mere resol(t"on o# the boar!. The compan$ "s ent"tle! to a #a"r an! "mpart"al hear"n' be#ore a I(!"c"al tr"b(nal.

*%$C)"L ($ "L 0 "9,%.# FACTS: S"7 class s("ts &ere bro('ht a'a"nst the C"t$ 5n'"neer o# +an"la to enIo"n h"m #rom carr$"n' o(t h"s threat to !emol"sh the ho(ses o# pet"t"oners (pon the 'ro(n! that sa"! ho(ses const"t(te p(bl"c n("sances. S(ch ho(ses &ere constr(cte! on p(bl"c streets an! some on port"ons o# r"verbe!. 2SSR5: 3*4 S(ch ho(ses are p(bl"c n("sances an! &ho ma$ abate them %5L0: 6es. RAT2*: Art 6-4 CC prov"!es that a n("sance "s an$ act, comm"ss"on, establ"shment, b(s"ness, con!"t"on o# propert$ or an$th"n' else &h"ch D48 obstr(cts or "nter#eres &"th the #ree passa'e o# an$ p(bl"c h"'h&a$ or street or an$ bo!$ o# &ater. Art 6-< states that a p(bl"c n("sance a##ects a comm(n"t$ or ne"'hborhoo!. S(ch ho(ses o# pet"t"oners constr(cte! &"tho(t 'overnmental a(thor"t$ on p(bl"c streets an! r"ver be!s obstr(ct at all t"mes the #ree (se b$ the p(bl"c o# sa"! places an! accor!"n'l$ const"t(tes a n("sance per se as"!e #rom p(bl"c n("sances. The C"t$ 5n'"nner has the !(t$ to abate s(ch p(bl"c n("sances as state! "n the Sec 31 RA 4.- or the Rev"se! C"t$ Charter o# +an"la. The prov"s"ons "n Art @.. an! @., CC be"n' 'eneral prov"s"ons m(st $"el! to spec"al prov"s"on spec"#"call$ !es"'ne! #rom the C"t$ o# +an"la.

Sec 11,, o# the Rev"se! *r!"nance o# the C"t$ o# +an"la e7pl"c"tl$ a(thor"zes the c"t$ en'"neer to remove, at the o&ner:s e7penses, (na(thor"ze! obstr(ct"ons, &henever the o&ner or person respons"ble there#or shall, a#ter o##"c"al not"ce, re#(se or ne'lect to remove the same. R"2C"R 0 2%LL"R FACTS: RA+CAR has been en'a'e! "n a(to)repa"r an! bo!$)b("l!"n' s"nce 1-3C "n 5rm"ta +an"la. Seven res"!ents near or aro(n! the shop bro('ht an act"on to abate sa"! establ"shment as a n("sance s"nce act"v"tes o# the shop '"ve r"se to m(ch no"se an! anno$ance !(r"n' all ho(rs o# the !a$ (p to n"'ht"me, an! even on S(n!a$s an! hol"!a$s. CF2 !"sm"sse! b(t CA reverse!. 2SSR5: 3*4 RA+CAR:s a(to)repa"r an! bo!$)b("l!"n' shop "s a n("sance %5L0: 65S. RAT2*: RA+CAR &as 'rante! a l"cense to operate a 'ara'e an! (n!er *r!"nance 4o. ,C3. o# +an"la s(ch bo!$)b("l!"n' shop "s not &"th"n the p(rv"e& o# 'ara'e, &h"ch means a shop #or stor"n', repa"r"n' an! serv"c"n' motor veh"cles. The zon"n' or!"nance o# the c"t$ proh"b"ts also "ts bo!$)b("l!"n' operat"ons. The b(s"ness o# RA+CAR "s not a n("sance per se b(t "n the acco(nt o# "ts locat"on, "t "s a p(bl"c n("sance. %o&ever to abate th"s, "t "s not necessar$ to remove all b("l!"n's an! str(ct(res b("lt "n the place &here "t "s presentl$ locate!, or those parts &h"ch ma$ be (t"l"ze! #or p(rs("ts that are not #orb"!!en b$ la& or or!"nance s(ch as a(to)repa"r. 2SSR5: 3*4 there can be !ama'es #rom n("sance %5L0: 65S RAT2*: Art 6-@: The abatement o# a n("sance !oes not precl(!e the r"'ht o# an$ person "nI(re! to recover !ama'es #or "ts past e7"stence. Art ,1-6: The r(les (n!er th"s t"tle are &"tho(t preI(!"ce to spec"al prov"s"ons on !ama'es #orm(late! else&here "n th"s co!e. -( "3"L" 0 B"RR($$# FACTS: 0e A$ala propose! the erect"on o# a comb"ne! bre&er$ an! "ce plant on Calle Peneral Solano, a #ash"onable res"!ence street &"th lar'e e7pens"ve ho(ses. ,, res"!ents an! propert$ o&ners on the same street #"le! a s("t or "nI(nct"on a'a"nst "t on the 'ro(n! that "t:s a n("sance. 2SSR5: 3*4 s(ch bre&er$ an! "ce plant "s a n("sance %5L0: 4o. RAT2*: The local"t$ "n K(est"on "s 'ra!(all$ be"n' trans#orme! #rom a #ash"onable res"!ence area "nto an "n!(str"al center. There "s no& a coal $ar!, &areho(se , p(bl"c school, cl(b, l(mber$ar!s, sa&m"lls an! po&erplant, electr"cal ra"lroa! an! l"'ht co. 2n a!!"t"on, Pas"' R"ver "s "n "t "mme!"ate the v"c"n"t$. *ne &ho settles "n a !"str"ct &h"ch has a nat(ral &aterco(rse, espec"all$ bene#"c"al #or transportat"on p(rposes, or one &ho rema"ns there "n the l"'ht o# the #act o# "ts trans#ormat"on "nto a tra!"n' or man(#act(r"n' center, m(st s(bm"t to the or!"nar$ anno$ances an! !"scom#orts &h"ch are "nc"!ental to the reasonable an! 'eneral con!(ct o# s(ch b(s"ness. 2n a!!"t"on, the local"t$ s(rro(n!"n' the s"te o# the propose! plant has not s(##"c"entl$ sho&n that the plant &"ll be "ncon'r(o(s &"th "t s"nce another bre&er$ "s alrea!$ "n e7"stence "n the v"c"n"t$.

The "nI(nct"on &"ll onl$ be 'rante! &hen there:s a press"n' necess"t$ an! not I(st a tr"#l"n' !"scom#ort. C. Abatement Art. 6-6. 5ver$ s(ccess"ve o&ner or possessor o# propert$ &ho #a"ls or re#(ses to abate a n("sance "n that propert$ starte! b$ a #ormer o&ner or possessor "s l"able there#or "n the same manner as the one &ho create! "t. Art. 6-@. The abatement o# a n("sance !oes not precl(!e the r"'ht o# an$ person "nI(re! to recover !ama'es #or "ts past e7"stence. Art. 6-C. Lapse o# t"me cannot le'al"ze an$ n("sance, &hether p(bl"c or pr"vate. Art. 6--. The reme!"es a'a"nst a p(bl"c n("sance are: D18 A prosec(t"on (n!er the Penal Co!e or an$ local or!"nance: or D,8 A c"v"l act"onM or D38 Abatement, &"tho(t I(!"c"al procee!"n's. Art. @... The !"str"ct health o##"cer shall ta e care that one or all o# the reme!"es a'a"nst a p(bl"c n("sance are ava"le! o#. Art. @.1. 2# a c"v"l act"on "s bro('ht b$ reason o# the ma"ntenance o# a p(bl"c n("sance, s(ch act"on shall be commence! b$ the c"t$ or m(n"c"pal ma$or. Art. @.,. The !"str"ct health o##"cer shall !eterm"ne &hether or not abatement, &"tho(t I(!"c"al procee!"n's, "s the best reme!$ a'a"nst a p(bl"c n("sance. Art. @.3. A pr"vate person ma$ #"le an act"on on acco(nt o# a p(bl"c n("sance, "# "t "s spec"all$ "nI(r"o(s to h"msel#. Art. @.4. An$ pr"vate person ma$ abate a p(bl"c n("sance &h"ch "s spec"all$ "nI(r"o(s to h"m b$ remov"n', or "# necessar$, b$ !estro$"n' the th"n' &h"ch const"t(tes the same, &"tho(t comm"tt"n' a breach o# the peace, or !o"n' (nnecessar$ "nI(r$. 9(t "t "s necessar$: D18 That !eman! be #"rst ma!e (pon the o&ner or possessor o# the propert$ to abate the n("sanceM D,8 That s(ch !eman! has been reIecte!M D38 That the abatement be approve! b$ the !"str"ct health o##"cer an! e7ec(te! &"th the ass"stance o# the local pol"ceM an! D48 That the val(e o# the !estr(ct"on !oes not e7cee! three tho(san! pesos. Art. @.<. The reme!"es a'a"nst a pr"vate n("sance are: D18 A c"v"l act"onM or

D,8 Abatement, &"tho(t I(!"c"al procee!"n's. Art. @.6. An$ person "nI(re! b$ a pr"vate n("sance ma$ abate "t b$ remov"n', or "# necessar$, b$ !estro$"n' the th"n' &h"ch const"t(tes the n("sance, &"tho(t comm"tt"n' a breach o# the peace or !o"n' (nnecessar$ "nI(r$. %o&ever, "t "s "n!"spensable that the proce!(re #or e7traI(!"c"al abatement o# a p(bl"c n("sance b$ a pr"vate person be #ollo&e!. Art. @.@. A pr"vate person or a p(bl"c o##"c"al e7traI(!"c"all$ abat"n' a n("sance shall be l"able #or !ama'es: D18 2# he ca(ses (nnecessar$ "nI(r$M or D,8 2# an alle'e! n("sance "s later !eclare! b$ the co(rts to be not a real n("sance. Cases: 0. 5asement a'a"nst n("sance Art. 6C,. 5ver$ b("l!"n' or p"ece o# lan! "s s(bIect to the easement &h"ch proh"b"ts the propr"etor or possessor #rom comm"tt"n' n("sance thro('h no"se, Iarr"n', o##ens"ve o!or, smo e, heat, !(st, &ater, 'lare an! other ca(ses. Art. 6C3. S(bIect to zon"n', health, pol"ce an! other la&s an! re'(lat"ons, #actor"es an! shops ma$ be ma"nta"ne! prov"!e! the least poss"ble anno$ance "s ca(se! to the ne"'hborhoo!. Cases: