Hydrology Tools

Hydrology tools
Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.
Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst
Lesson 9A overview
Surface hydrology tools

Creating Defining Defining
hydrologically correct topographic surfaces flow direction over the surface stream networks
Analyzing streams
Defining
drainage basins flow length and tracing rain drops
Determining Exercise
9A
Lesson 9B: Groundwater hydrology tools
9-2
ArcHydro Data Model

A geospatial and temporal data model Supports hydrologic simulation models

It
1
Drainage Drainage
is not itself a simulation model

2
Network Network
Can
construct a simulation model attached to ArcHydro using DLL customize the behavior of ArcHydro
Can

Hydrologic information systems Five key areas

Flow Flow
3
Channel Channel
5
Time TimeSeries Series Time Time
4
Hydrography Hydrography
9-3
Surface hydrology tools

ArcToolbox ArcToolbox Hydrology Hydrologytools tools Hydrology HydrologyModeling Modeling toolbar toolbarin inArcMap ArcMap Watershed Watershed Rain RainDrop Drop Map Algebra functions
FlowDirection FlowAccumulation and so on
9-4
Roadmap: Surface hydrology

Surface Flow Flow Direction Direction Fill Fill sinks sinks Surface Surfacepreparation preparation
Required for all surface hydrology functions
Flow Flow Accumulation Accumulation Define Define drainage drainage network network Stream Stream Order Order Stream Stream Link Link Stream Stream to to Feature Feature Basin Basin Snap Snap Pour Pour Point Point Watershed Watershed Flow Flow Length Length Rain Rain drop drop trace trace
Stream Streamnetworks networks
Basins Basinsand andwatersheds watersheds
Other Otheroperations operations

9-5
Topographic surfaces
Use published data

Examples:
DEM, DTED
Create your own

Interpolation
Both have errors

Sinks
Prepare before use

Fill
sinks
Use the Topo to Raster tool
9-6
Topo to Raster tool

Interpolates a hydrologically correct surface

Points Points Lakes Lakes Rivers Rivers Contours Contours Boundary Boundary Hillshade Hillshade Provides Provideselevation elevation Clipping Clippingsource source For Forreference reference Provides Provideselevation elevation
Sinks Sinks
Possible Possibleinput input

9-7
Identifying and filling sinks

Sinks
Surrounded Stop
ArcToolbox by higher cells

Fill sinks Identify sinks
surface flow data errors
Usually
Identifying sinks
Need
flow direction
Sink Sink Filled Filledsink sink
Filling sinks
Iterative
process
May create new sinks
9-8
Flow Direction tool

Created from an elevation surface

Determines
78 72 72 71 58 49 74 67 56 49 46 50 69 53 44 37 38 48 64 58 55 22 31 24 68 61 47 21 16 19 74 53 34 12 11 12
the direction water flows through a cell

2 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 4 8 4 4 4 8 8 4 8 4 16
32 16 8
64 128 1 4 2
2 1
128 128 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
Elevation Elevation
Flow FlowDirection Directionmap map
Flow FlowDirection Direction
Required by all other surface hydrology tools
9-9
Flow Accumulation tool

Accumulates water downhill into each cell

Based
on flow direction
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 0 1 7 0 0 4 0 2 5 20 1 7 0 2 4 0 24 35 0 0 0 1 0 1
Flow FlowDirection Direction

Flow FlowAccumulation Accumulation
Provide weight layer to model actual rainfall High accumulations = streams
9-10
Creating streams
Extract high-value cells from flow accumulation

Can
use a conditional tool: Con or Set Null
Choose a threshold value (e.g., accumulation > 100)

A
low threshold creates more streams
CON(FlowAcc CON(FlowAcc GT GT 100, 100, 1) 1) SETNULL(FlowAcc SETNULL(FlowAcc LT LT 100 100 , , 1) 1)

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved. Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst
9-11
Stream Order tool

Assigns relative ranking to stream segments

Based Two
on the number of tributaries
methods: Shreve or Strahler

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 Shreve Shreveordering ordering 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Strahler Strahlerordering ordering

Requires stream network and flow direction inputs
9-12
Stream Link tool

Assigns a unique ID to each stream segment

May
use to link attributes

25 20 16 11 13 15 18 19 22 23 17 21 24
1 2
5 6 3 7 4 8 10 9 12 Stream StreamIDs IDs
14
26
Requires stream network and flow direction inputs
9-13
Creating basin IDs for streams

Use the Region Group tool

Normally Assign
a Generalization tool
unique IDs to groups of connected streams

2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Basin BasinIDs IDs
FOUR FOUR
Diagonal cells NOT considered
EIGHT EIGHT
Diagonal cells ARE considered
9-14
Stream to Feature tool

Raster-to-vector conversion tool
Stream to Feature tool

Raster to Polyline tool
Designed for stream networks

Handles
parallel stream segments properly stream network and flow direction inputs
Requires
9-15
Roadmap: Basins and watersheds


9-16
Defining watersheds and basins

Find all cells that drain to a pour point

Watershed Basin
tool: You provide pour points
tool: Finds its own pour points

Pour points
Pour point
The The Watershed Watershed tool tool
The The Basin Basin tool tool
Watershed
9-17
Snap Pour Point tool

Snaps pour point cell to high accumulation neighbor

Like
the nearest stream cell
Use before running the Watershed tool

Snap distance
m rea t S
Cell you clicked on
The cell that will be selected (cell with highest flow accumulation)
9-18
Roadmap: Other operations


9-19
Flow Length tool

Calculates flow length for each cell

Upstream:
To top of basin To pour point
Downstream:

May have a weight layer Use to compute a basins time of concentration
Downstream Downstreamflow flowlength length
9-20
Performing a raindrop trace

Trace the downhill path of a raindrop

The The
Cost Path tool returns a grid Hydrology Modeling toolbar returns a graphic
Use: Find where a contaminate spill will go

Downhill Downhillpath path Source Sourcecell cell
9-21
Exercise 9A overview
Run Fill
Topo to Raster
surface sinks Flow Direction Flow Accumulation a stream network
Run Run
Create Edit Run Run Run
stream segments Basin Watershed Flow Length a rain drops path
Trace
9-22

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Hydrology tools

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Surface hydrology tools

drainage basins flow length and tracing rain drops

Lesson 9B: Groundwater hydrology tools

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

ArcHydro Data Model

A geospatial and temporal data model Supports hydrologic simulation models

is not itself a simulation model

Hydrologic information systems Five key areas

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Surface hydrology tools

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Roadmap: Surface hydrology

Required for all surface hydrology functions

Stream Streamnetworks networks

Basins Basinsand andwatersheds watersheds

Other Otheroperations operations

Use published data

Create your own

Both have errors

Prepare before use

Use the Topo to Raster tool

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Topo to Raster tool

Interpolates a hydrologically correct surface

Possible Possibleinput input

Identifying and filling sinks

ArcToolbox by higher cells

surface flow data errors

May create new sinks

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Flow Direction tool

Created from an elevation surface

the direction water flows through a cell

Flow FlowDirection Directionmap map

Flow FlowDirection Direction

Required by all other surface hydrology tools

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Flow Accumulation tool

Accumulates water downhill into each cell

Flow FlowDirection Direction

Flow FlowAccumulation Accumulation

Provide weight layer to model actual rainfall High accumulations = streams

Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Extract high-value cells from flow accumulation

use a conditional tool: Con or Set Null

Choose a threshold value (e.g., accumulation > 100)

low threshold creates more streams

CON(FlowAcc CON(FlowAcc GT GT 100, 100, 1) 1) SETNULL(FlowAcc SETNULL(FlowAcc LT LT 100 100 , , 1) 1)

Stream Order tool

Assigns relative ranking to stream segments

on the number of tributaries

methods: Shreve or Strahler

Strahler Strahlerordering ordering

Requires stream network and flow direction inputs