Overview of the GSM for Cellular System

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 GSM Overview

AGENDA

• Background and Fundamentals

• System Architecture Overview
• Mobility Management
• Communication Management
• Radio Resource Management
• Roaming

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 Mobile devices

Pager PDA
• receive only • simpler graphical displays
• tiny displays • character recognition
• simple text • simplified WWW
messages
Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Mobile phones Palmtop

• voice, data • tiny keyboard
• simple graphical displays • simple versions
of standard applications

performance

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 Background and Fundamentals

What ?
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
Formerly: Group Special Mobile

When ?
• 1982: GSM created to set standard
• 1988: Industrial development started
• 1991: First Systems Deployed

Why ?
• Integrated European System with International Roaming
• Increase available cellular radio capacity
• Take advantage of digital price/performance
• Accommodate new technology and services

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 Evolution of Cellular Networks

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

Analog Digital

Circuit-switching Packet-switching

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 Some basic terms….

Frequency
Frequency allocation
Bandwidth
Channel

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 System Architecture Overview

Functional Architecture broadly divided into 4 parts:

 Mobile Station (MS).
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

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 System Architecture Overview-PLMN
Mobile-services Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Base Station System (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC).
Mobile Station (MS)
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
Other Network Elements.

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 Overview of the GSM System
PLMN EIR
MSC
MSC area
MSC area
PLMN area HLR
MSC
MSC area
HLR EIR
EIR
MSC area
MSC area
PLMN
MSC area
EIR
MSC
area HLR
MSC MSC area
MSC area
MSC area
HLR EIR area HLR
MSC
area
MSC area
HLR EIR
EIR MSC area
area
MSC MSC
PLMN area area HLR
MSC
HLR
MSC
area EIR
area GSM

The GSM system is made up of sub-networks called: Public Land

Mobile Network's (PLMN). Each member country has one or more
PLMN depending on its size.
GSM 1

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 System Architecture Overview
BS: Billing System
OMC: Operation and Maintenance Centre OMC PABX VAS
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

Um Abis A
MSC/

AuC
EIR
BTS BSC HLR
VLR

SIM

MS PSTN MSCs BS

Base Station Sub-system (BSS)
MS: Mobile Station
BTS: Base Transmitter Station
BSC: Base Station Controller
SIM: Subscriber Identity Module
Network Sub-system (NSS)
MSC: Mobile Switching Centre
HLR: Home Locatio Register
VLR: Visitor Location Register
AuC: Authentication Centre
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
Value Added Services (VAS)
SCP: Service Control Point
SMSC: Short Message Service Centre
VMS: Voice Mail System

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 MS and SIM Overview
The Mobile Station (MS) enables generic radio and processing functions
to access the network through the radio interface.
Each MS has a unique IMEI (Identity Mobile Equipment Identity)

The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is basically a smart card, following

ISO standards, containing all the subscriber-related information stored on
the user’s side of the radio interface. The SIM stores the IMSI
(International Mobile Sub. Identity)

MS

SIM

IMSI IMEI
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 IMSI Overview

What is an IMSI ?
The International Mobile Subscriber Identity consists of three parts
 The MCC identifying a country
 The MNC identifying a PLMN within this country
 The MSIN identifying a subscriber within the PLMN
The IMSI is only used for IMSI attach procedure and for GT Translation
15 Digits or Less

MCC MNC MSIN

Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

3 Digits 2 Digits

Example:
WB Aircel: 404 17 1130110275

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 IMEI Overview

The Identity Mobile Equipment Identity consists of three parts

The TAC is given by the GSM body
The FAC is given by the Mfg
The SNR is the serial no.
SVN is software version.

TAC ( 6 digit ) FAC ( 2 digit ) SNR ( 6 digit ) SVN ( 2-3 digit )

Example: write *#06#

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 MSISDN Overview
What is an MSISDN ?
The Mobile Station ISDN consists of three parts
 The CC identifying a country
 The NDC identifying a PLMN within this country
 The Subscriber Number
The MSISDN is your Mobile phone Number but it is worth noting that
MSC and HLR have also MSISDN (In that case it is called Global Title)

CC NDC Subscriber Number

Country Code Network Destination Code

Example:
WB Aircel: 91 985 1012345

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 BTS Overview
A BTS comprises radio transmission and reception devices (including)
antennas) and also all the signal processing specific to the radio interface.
A BTS can be considered as complex radio modems.
A BTS is virtually connected to the MS (Air interface) on one side and to
the BSC on the other side.
In general a BTS is represented with three cells. Each cell can have more
than one TRX (i.e. Antennas).

BSC
BTS

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 BSC Overview

A BSC is in charge of all the radio interface management through the

remote command of the BTS and the MS, mainly the allocation and
release of radio channels and the handover management.
A BSC is connected on one side to the MSC and on the other side to
several BTSs.

BSC MSC/
VLR

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 MSC/VLR Overview
A MSC co-ordinates the setting-up of calls to and from GSM users.

A VLR is a database in charge of temporarily storing subscription data (IMSI,

MSISDN, LAC @, TMSI) for subscribers currently situated in the service
area of the corresponding MSC.

The MSC/VLR has interfaces with the BSC on one side and external
networks on the other side.

BSC MSC/ HLR

VLR

PSTN

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 HLR Overview

A HLR is a database holding subscriber information relevant to the

provision of telecommunications services as well as some information
related to the current location of the subscriber (IMSI, MSISDN, VLR @).
In general an EIR (a functional subdivision of the HLR and enabling
to verify the status of a MS) and an AuC (another functional subdivision
of the HLR and enabling to authenticate a subscriber) complete the HLR
Architecture.
An HLR is located independently of the actual location of the subscriber

Provisioning
MSC/ HLR Centre
Customer Care
VLR

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 VLR Overview
Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,
by HLR database
Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
Reduces number of queries to HLR
Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key

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 Transmission

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 Air Interface Frequency allocation

Radio Channel
DOWNLINK
935 - 960 MHz
1805-1880 MHz

UPLINK
890-915 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
Mobile
Cell Site

Air Interface

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 GSM Concepts - Transmission Direction

Uplink Transmission
 Transmission from Mobile to Radio Terminal

Down Link Transmission

 Transmission from Radio Terminal to Mobile
 Uplink and Downlink channels separated by 45 MHz

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 GSM Concepts - GSM Frequency band
GSM 900
 Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz
 Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz
 25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz bandwidth

UP 890.0 890.2 890.4 914.8 915.0

DOWN 935.0 935.2 935.4 959.8 960.0

GSM 1800

 Up link : 1710MHz - 1785 MHz

 Down link : 1805 MHz - 1880 MHz

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 GSM Concepts - Access Techniques

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

 Each carrier frequency subdivided in time domain into 8 time slots
 Each mobile transmits data in a frequency, in its particular time slot –
Burst period = 0.577 milli secs.
 8 time slots called a TDMA frame. Period is .577 * 8 = 4.616 milli secs

0.577 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.616 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 ……..

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 Channel

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 Logical channels

On every physical channel, a number of logical channels are mapped. Each
logical channel is used for a specific purpose.

11 Logical Channels in the GSM system:

2 are used for Traffic
9 are used for Control Signaling

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 Logical channels
A. Traffic channels (TCH)
i. Full Rate Channel
ii. Half Rate Channel
B. Control Channels (with horrible abbreviations!)

4. Broadcast Channels (BCH)

i. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
ii. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
iii. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
5. Common Control Channels (CCCH)
• Paging Channel (PCH)
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
6. Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
i. Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
ii. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
iii. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

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 Broadcast Channels

1. FCCH (FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL)

 To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier

 To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)

2. SCH ( SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL)

 Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)

 Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)

3. BCCH ( BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL)

 Used for sending information to the mobile like

CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)

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 Common control channels

• PCH ( PAGING CHANNEL)

 Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)

 Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.

2. RACH ( RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL)

 Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating

or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)

3. AGCH ( ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL)

 Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile. (Downlink only)

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 Dedicated control channels

1. SDCCH ( STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL)

 Used for allocating voice channel (TCH) to the mobile (call setup) and Location
updating.
 Send Short Text message to Idle Mobile
(Uplink & Downlink)

2. SACCH ( SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL)

 Used for sending information to the mobile like CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI
(Location Area Identity), BCCH of all the neighbors and TA (Timing Advance)
 Send Short Text message to Busy Mobile (Downlink)
 Used for sending signal strength & bit error rate measurement of the serving cell and
signal strength of the BCCHs of the neighboring Cells.(Uplink)

3. FACCH ( FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL)

 Used for handover. (Uplink & Downlink)

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 Identify the Wrong statements

A. There will be a Location updation in VLR if MS moves from a Cell

of LA 1 to another cell of LA2
B. There will not be any Location updation in VLR if MS moves from
one Cell to another Cell of the same LA.
C. For an in roaming customer VLR will update all the customers
information from HLR of the roaming customers network.
D. If a MS moves in active mode from a LA to another LA , location
updation will take place after the call gets over.

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T&D
 Traffic Management

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 Mobility Management
Basic Service of Telephone Networks
Connect two people (set-up and maintain the call)

Involved Tasks:

Identify the called person

Determine his location

Route the call to him

Sustain the connection until conversation is over.

Charge the caller

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 Mobility Management

The mobility of users in a cellular system is the source of major differences

with fixed telephony, in particular for incoming calls.

A Network can route a call towards a fixed user by simply knowing the
network address (e.g., the telephone number).

In a cellular system, the cell in which contact may be established with the
user changes when the user moves. In order to receive incoming calls,
a mobile user must first be located.
In practice, three different methods may be used to locate a mobile user:

• Systematic Location Updating at Cell Level

• Paging Message in all cells of the Network when a call arrives
• Compromise by Introducing the concept of Location Area.

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 How does the network keep track of the subs?

 Through LOCATION UPDATE.

 Through the help of various DATABASES

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 Network configuration

Network configuration The configuration of a Public Land Mobile

Network (PLMN) is
designed so that an active mobile station moving in the network’s area
is always able to report its position.
A network consists of different areas:
Cell area
Location area
MSC area
VLR area.
PLMN area

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 Hierarchy of Areas

Cell
Location Area (locating & paging area)
MSC Service Area (area controlled by one MSC)
PLMN ( one or more per country)
GSM Service Area ( all member countries)

Location Area Identity (LAI)

3 digits 3 digits 2 Octet (max)

MCC MNC LAC

Mobile Mobile Location Area Code
Country Network
Code Code

GSM 2

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 A Cell

■A cell is the geographic zone covered by one radio transmitter and

receiver

2 Frequency
Cell 2
F1
2 7
7 3 1Frequency
1 6 Cell
F11
4
6 5
5

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 Concept of cellular network

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 Location Area

Group of Cells.
Within the network a subscribers location is linked to the LA where
subscriber is currently located
The identity of LA is stored in the VLR.
Location updation will only happen if MS moves from one LA to
another LA.

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 MSC Area

Group of LAs.
Geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC.
In order to route a call to an MS , subscriber MSC area is also
stored and monitored in HLR.

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 PLMN Area

Entire set of cells served by one network operator.

Within the PLMN a operator can offer radio coverage and access to
its network.
In a country there may be several PLMN areas.

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 How does the network keep track of the subs?

 Through LOCATION UPDATE.

 Through the help of various DATABASES

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 The First Database
The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 A small memory device mounted on a card that contains user specific
identification
 the SIM + mobile equipment = mobile station (MS), a device able to access
services in a GSM network via the Air interface.

+ = Air
Interface
Subscriber
Identity
Mobile Module Mobile GSM
Equipment Station Network

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 The Second Database

The Visitor Location Register (VLR)

database which temporarily keeps record of subscribers currently located in
the service area of the MSC

Visitor
Locatio
n
Registe
r
Mobile Switching Center

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 The Third Database

The Home Location Register (HLR)

 database which permanently keeps record of basic identification data of the
subscribers including their current location (variable) equivalent to a VLR
address.

Home Location
Register

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 Location Update Procedures:

MS BSS MSC VLR HLR

LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST

REQUEST SUBS ID

SEND SUBS ID
REQUEST SUBS INFO

SEND SUBS INFO

AUTHENTICATION

AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE

HLR UPDATE

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 First time Location Update (1)

HLR DB
MSISDN IMSI VLR Address Sub. Data
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890 vlr2 services

HLR

Loc Up
IMSI Request
IMSI
MSC MSC BTS MS
B
BSC
VLR2 1
VLR1 Authen 1

Loc Up + TMSI
LAI 1

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 Generic Location Update

HLR Subscriber Info

TMSI + LAI
Del old Update
data
TMSI
MSC MSC BTS MS
B
BSC 1
VLR1 VLR2 Authentication
1
IMSI
Loc Up + new TMSI
Security Info
LAI 1

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 Can U make a sentence where the word “and” will use 5 times consecutively

TIGERandELEPHANT

Pls put a gap between TIGER and and and and ELEPHANT
and

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 Identify the Correct statements

A. Paging is required to locate the customers while there is incoming

call to an MS.
B. Handing over can't be possible if MS is moving at a speed of more
than 250km/hr.
C. What IMSI is to SIM is IMEI to Handset.
D. None of the above

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 Traffic Cases

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 Case1: MS in Idle Mode

1. IMSI attach
2. Location updating , type IMSI attach
3. Changing Cells within an LA
4. Location updating , same MSC/VLR
5. Location updating , new MSC/VLR
6. Location updating type periodic registration
7. IMSI detach
8. Implicit detach

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 Case2: MS in Active Mode

1. Call from MS
2. Call to MS
3. Hand Over – Intra BSC
4. Hand Over – Inter BSC but Intra MSC
5. Hand Over – Inter MSC

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 Case3: International Traffic Cases

1. IMSI attach
2. Call to MS

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 Radio Resource Management

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 Radio Resource Management
Radio Resource Management deals with paging (i.e. alerting users
that they will receive calls) and continuing the transmission despite
users mobility (i.e. going from one cell to another).
Consequently the main Radio Resource Management functions
for GSM systems are:

 Paging
 Handover (HO)

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 Paging
 What the network does to locate the called subscriber.
 Service Area of VLR is divided into smaller areas called Location Areas
(LA)
 LAI - Location Are Identity LAI = MCC + MNC +LAC
 VLR knows the LA of the subscriber
 All the BTSs within that LA is paged for the subscriber.

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 BTS

Public Switched BTS

Telephone
Paging
Network
(MSC)
message

BTS

BTS

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 Handover

The process by which an ongoing call handled by one cell is transferred to

another cell.
 Two reasons for Handover:
 Handover due to Measurements
 Handover due to Traffic Reasons
 Four Types of Handover:
 Intra cell - Intra BSC Handover
 Inter cell - Intra BSC Handover
 Inter cell - Inter BSC Handover
 Inter MSC Handover

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 HO Procedures

Several types of Handovers can occur:

 Intra BSC Handovers (The call is handed over from one cell to another,
both belonging to the same BSC)
 Inter BSC Handovers = Intra MSC Handovers (The call is handed over
from one cell to another, each cell belonging to a different BSC)
 Inter MSC Handovers (The call is handed over from one cell to another,
each cell belonging to a different MSC)

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 Handover (1)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

Measurement Report
B
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 Handover (2)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

B I am OK
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 Handover (3)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

Measurement Report B
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 Handover (4)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

BI am OK
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 Handover (5)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

Measurement Report B
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 Handover (6)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

I am OK
B
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 Handover (7)

HLR

PSTN MSC/VLR 1 MSC/VLR 2

BSC1 BSC2 BSC3

A
BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS4

B
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 Communication Management
Communication Management deals with establishing and releasing
transmission paths through meshed networks.
Consequently the main Communication Management functions
for GSM systems are:

• Mobile Originated Calls (MOC)

• Mobile Terminating Calls (MTC)

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 MOC Procedure
MS

BTS HLR

BSC VLR

MS AuC
BTS GMSC
Authentication response
(SDCCH) Call
Exchange
release
of
Call
Connected
Setup
Communication
EIR
Assignment
Alerting
Connected
of TCH
(AGCH) (TCH) Call
Exchange
Alerting
Connected
Setupof
release
MSC Communication
Exchange
Assignment
Call
Alerting
Connected
release
Alloc
Call of
ofof
Cipheringcommunication
TCH
Authentication
Req establishment
for dedicated
dedicated
command
response
request
response
channel
channel
request BSC
(TCH)
(AGCH)
(AGCH)
(SDCCH)
for communication (RACH) PSTN
BTS

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 MTC Procedure
MS

Paging HLR
BTS
Paging BSC VLR

Query for
HLR info
MS AuC
BTS Query VLR GMSC Reply
for LAC and
Paging TMSI
the area
EIR
Route
to MSC
MSC
BSC
PSTN
BTS

Land to
Mobile call

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 Roaming

What ?
Roaming allow you to use your mobile phone even if you are not a
subscriber of the Visited Network

How ?
Your HPLMN (Home Public Land Mobile Network) will have an
agreement (technical and financial) with VPLMNs (Visited Public Land
Mobile Networks)

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 Roaming - Location Update

A belongs to HPLMN, consequently A is roaming

6 9

GMSC GMSC

A 2 5
1
3 4 7 8

VPLMN HLR
HPLMN

1 IMSI Translation

2 5 MAP : Authentication Set Request

6 9 MAP : Insert Subscriber Data

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 Roaming - MTC

A and B belongs to HPLMN, consequently B is roaming

B 7 A
6
GMSC GMSC 1

5 2
4

VPLMN VLR HLR HPLMN

3

1 ISUP : IAM Message

2 MAP : Send Routing Info

3 5 MAP : Provide Roaming Number

6 ISUP : Connect first IAM with MSRN

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 Future of GSM

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 Future of GSM

The evolution of GSM to 3G 2 Mpbs

384 Kpbs
9.6-14.4
57.6Kpbs 115 Kpbs
Kpbs

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 Identify the Correct statements

A. Paging is required to locate the customers while there is incoming

call to an MS.
B. Handing over can't be possible if MS is moving at a speed of more
than 250km/hr.
C. What IMSI is to SIM is IMEI to Handset.
D. None of the above

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 Make it 6 with the help of 1 line

S ix

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 Aircel VAS NOC

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 Aircel VAS NOC Common nodes portfolio
 Charging solution
IN: Prepaid ( With ATM & Credit card recharge option)
IN:VPN and I&B
 Packet Bearer
GPRS & EDGE
 Messaging
Short messaging services (SMS)
Unified messaging system (UMS)
Multimedia messaging system ( MMS)

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 IN ( Intelligent Network)

Service Switching Point (SSP): Acts as an interface between the call control
functions of the mobile network and the services control functions of a
Services Control Point ( SCP).
Services Control Point ( SCP). This is the intelligence of a IN service and
this is realized in software programs and data base.
Service Data Point (SDP): The data base which is used by IN.

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 Aircel VAS NOC Common nodes portfolio
 User Support Systems
Over the Air (OTA)
Automatic Device Configuration ( ADC ) with welcome server.
 Other Application
HLR redundancy and provisioning system ( EMA)
 Location Based Services ( LBS)
Push 2 Talk ( PTT)
 Fraud Management system ( FMS)
Advertisement & Application Push Server ( AAPS)
Equipment identity register.
 Network Management
O&M sub system ( OSS)
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 Charging Solution

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 IN : Prepaid System

Salient feature:
Existing capacity -1.284 M subs ( 2.568 M BHCA
Real Time Charging of
Voice
SMS
GPRS
LBS
MMS
Roaming SMS MO and GPRS

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 IN : Prepaid System

Recharge Options
Mobile/Land line IVR
 USSD
ATM/Credit Card
Other feature
Negative Balance and tariff
Super value voucher

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 IN : VPN and I & B services

VPN
Target to corporate client
 Flexibility to integrate mobile users into one network with one
numbering plan
I & B
Free phone
Premium rate
Call screening feature

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 GPRS

Salient feature:
Centralized GPRS nodes in Kolkata
1 SGSN
1 GGSN

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 SMS
Salient feature:
Existing capacity : 1.768 BHSM
Supported SMS traffic cases
 P2P short message services
 A2P and P2A messaging support
CAMEL Ph3 supported ( Roaming MO)
 SMS-C Function
Notification for MMS and UMS messaging
OTA-STK application message handling

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 MMS
Salient feature:
System capacity : 42 MPS ( 150K BHMM)
MMS Features
 Supported for video , audio pictures etc.
 Future delivery of message
MMS messages to and fro from internet
MMS with partner operator
 MMS charging
Prepaid with IN
Post Paid- Normal

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 Over the Air (OTA)
Salient feature:
SIM Tool Kit ( STK) based application
Multi-level services menus
Services grouping
SIM file Management
Interactive services for internet contents.

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 Automatic Device configuration (ADC)

Salient feature:
Detect automatically new mobile set/subscriber in network
Send the service related setting to handset
Statistics for market/customer segmentation and marketing
campaign
Welcome Server
Can detect foreign subscribers and send welcome message
Can send welcome message to home subscriber while
roaming outside.

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 Location Based Services (LBS)
Salient feature:
Existing capacity:32 locations per sec
Both pull and push method
Cell info services
Available only within Aircel network
LBS application
Fleet Management
Information , Dating , Friend Finder

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 Push 2 Talk (PTT)

Salient feature:
Existing capacity: 250K subscribers
GPRS bearer
Do not disturb support
Available only within Aircel network

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 Fraud Management System (FMS)

For revenue assurance

Online as well as off line data screening
Capable of handling all telecom product
Fraud detection for postpaid and prepaid services

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 Advertisement & Application Push Server (AAPS)

Push advertisement /application content to mobile

Can replace previously sent message
Integrated with OTA and STK application

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 More About GSM...

• The GSM Systems for Mobile Communications

By Michel Mouly, Marie Bernadette Pautet

• Useful URLs:

http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html

http://cellular.co.za/gsm-mou.htm

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 Thank You !!!

g
etin
ark
er- M
ag
Man
puty
De

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 Identify the Wrong statements

A. There will be a Location updation in VLR if MS moves from a Cell

of LA 1 to another cell of LA2
B. There will not be any Location updation in VLR if MS moves from
one Cell to another Cell of the same LA.
C. For an in roaming customer VLR will update all the customers
information from HLR of the roaming customers network.
D. If a MS moves in active mode from a LA to another LA , location
updation will take place after the call gets over.

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T&D
 Identify the Correct statements

A. Cellular services uses duplex channel

B. 900 and 1800 both frequencies are used in India.
C. IN is required for both prepaid and postpaid real time charging.
D. E1 connectivity is concern with only BSNL POI and between BSNL
LDCA and nearest BSC of concern operator.

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 Can U make a sentence where the word “and” will use 5 times consecutively

TIGERandELEPHANT

Pls put a gap between TIGER and and and and ELEPHANT
and

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 Identify the Correct statements

A. Paging is required to locate the customers while there is incoming

call to an MS.
B. Handing over can't be possible if MS is moving at a speed of more
than 250km/hr.
C. What IMSI is to SIM is IMEI to Handset.
D. None of the above

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 Make it 6 with the help of 1 line

S ix

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 A case study

HPLMN VPLMN
Flower-Australia Flower-China
Lee-South Korea Lee-USA
Walker-South Africa Walker-Brazil
Rush-United Kingdom Rush-Soudi Arabia

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 A case study

1.Rush Calls to Walker.

2. Walker has the service “ Call forwding on no reply) activated to Lee of
South Korea.
3. Presently Lee is in USA and talking on the Phone. Rush activates the
servcies “ Completion of calls to busy subscribers”
4.Lee finally hangs up after his conversation. Rush’s MS tries another
attempt to establish the call.
5.The call is forwarded to the South Korea.
6. The call is forwarded to USA.
7. During the call Lee has taken Fowler into conference.
8. Fowler is in China, so Australian network routes the call to china.

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 Question

Who pays for which part of the call ?

Rush
Soudi Arabia to South Korea (MO)
VAS charges of “ Call completion to busy subs”

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 Question

Who pays for which part of the call ?

Walker
SA to SK (Call fwding)
VAS charges of “ Call fwding”

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 Question

Who pays for which part of the call ?

Lee
SK to USA (Roaming )
USA to Aus ( MO)
Call Conference charge

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 Question

Who pays for which part of the call ?

Fowler
Aus to China

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