Antibiotic groups Aminoglycosides Carbacephem Carbapenems Cephalosporin

Antibiotic groups Mode of action Irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to reseptors on the 30S subunits of bacterial ribosome Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysis Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysis; resistant to !-lactamase & has a wide spectrum of activity Bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) of bacteria; inhibit bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis & activate bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes

Examples Amikacin, Gentanicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin Loracerbef Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefamandole, Cefapirin, Cefazolin, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefepim, Cefetamet pivoxil, Cefixime, Cefmenoxime, Cefminox, Cefodizime, Cefonicid, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefotetan, Cefotiam, cefoxitin, Cefpirome, Cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, Cefradine, Cefsulodin, Ceftazidime, Ceftezole, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime Chloramphenicol Vancomycin, Teicoplanin Tigecycline Clindamycin, Lincomycin Telithromycin Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Erythromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin, Spiramycin, Troleandromycin Aztreonam Nitrofluratoin Linezolid Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Bacampicillin, Carbenicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin, Mezlocillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Piperacillin, Ticarcillin Amoxicillin + Clavulanate, Ampicillin + Sulbactam, Ticarcillin + Clavulanate, Piperacillin +Tazobactam Polymyxin B Cyprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin,Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Pazufloxacin, Rufloxacin, Trovafloxacin Quinupristin + Dalfopristin Sulfisoxazole, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamethizole, Sulfasalazine Chlortetracycline, Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Lymecycline, Minocycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline Trimethoprim Tyrocidine, Gramicidin

Chloramphenicol Glycopeptide Colycylcycline Lincosamide Ketolides Macrolide

Bind reversibly to a reseptor site on the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome Prevent further elongation & cros-linking of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis; active against gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococci Bind reversibly to receptors on the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis by interfering w/ initiation complexes & translocation reactions on the bacterial 50S subunit Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by reversible binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by reversible binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysis; resistant to !-lactamases & active against gram-negative rods Block aerobic energy production & synthesis of protein, DNA, RNA, & cell walls Cause faulty bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysis

Monobactam Nitroflurantoin Oxazolidinones Penicillins

Penicillins w/ !lactamase inhibitors Polymixins Quinolones

Bind to Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) of bacteria; inhibit bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis & activate bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes Alter cytoplasmic membrane causing cellular leakage Inhibit topoisomerases that are essential for bacterial DNA replication and transcription; inhibit DNA gyrase Cause faulty bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit Competitive inhibition of folic acid synthesis by acting as structural analogue of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Bind reversibly to receptors on the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis Inhibits dihydrofolic acid reductase of bacteria & blocks metabolic sequences in DNA synthesis Alter cytoplasmic membrane causing cellular leakage

Streptogramins Sulphonamides Tetracyclines Trimethoprim Tyrocidin !