IDEAL BRIDGE SITE CHARATERISTIC 1. 2. 3. 4. . The stream at the bridge site should be well defined and as narrow as possible.

It should be geologically suitable. There should be a straight reach of stream at bridge site. The site should have firm, permanent, straight and high banks. The flow of water in the stream at the bridge site should be in steady regime condition. It should be free from whirls and cross!currents. ". #. %. &. There should be no confluence of large tributary in the vicinity of bridge site. It should be feasible to have straight approach roads and s$uare alignment, i.e. right!angled crossing. It should be no need for costly river training works in the vicinity of bridge site. There should be minimum obstruction of natural waterway so as to have minimum afflu'. 1(. In order to achieve economy there should be easy avail!ability of labour, construction material and transport facility in the vicinity of bridge site.

11. In order to have minimum foundation cost, the bridge site should be such that no e'cessive work is to be carried inside the water. 12. )t the bridge site it should be possible to provide secure and economical approaches. 13. In the case of curved alignments, the bridge should not be on the curve, but preferably on the tangent since otherwise there is a greater likelihood of accidents as well as an added centrifugal force which increase the load effect on the structure and will re$uire modification of design. 14. There should be reasonable pro'imity to a direct alignment of the road to be served, i.e. avoidance of long detours. 1 . The bridge site should be such that ade$uate vertical height and waterway is available underneath the bridge for navigational use.

Types of Loading for Road Bridges. The loads and forces to be considered in designing road bridges and culverts are listed below * 1. +ead load . ,ateral load. #. .entrifugal forces due to curvature )dditional loads for sub!structure design* &. 0orces due to water currents. 1(. /arth!pressure In addition to the stresses caused by the above loads and forces the following stresses should also be taken into account* 12. Temperature stresses 14. 1econdary stresses 13.+eformation stresses 1 . /rection stresses 2. ". %. ,ive load -ind load ,ongitudinal forces /arth$uake forces.

3. Impact effect of the live load. 4.