Chng 23:

Cc mch lc

Mch lc l mt mng bn cc, dng tch t mt tn hiu phc tp nhng thnh phn c tn s nm trong mt di nht nh v loi i nhng thnh phn ngoi di tn s . Di tn s m mch lc cho tn hiu i qua c gi l di thng ca n. Mch lc c ng dng ht sc rng ri trong mi di tn s. Chng thng c dng tch tn hiu hu ch khi tp nhiu. Ph thuc vo v tr ca di thng trong c di tn s ngi ta thng dng cc mch lc sau:

- Mch lc tn thp c di thng t 0 n mt tn s 2 no y (h.2.116a). - Mch lc tn cao c di thng t gi tr 1 n v hn (h.2.116b). - Mch lc thng di c di thng nm trong khong tn s t 1 n 2 (h.2.116c). - Mch lc chn di c di thng chia lm v t 2 , hai vng: 0 1 (trong 2 > 1 ) cn vng tn s t 1 2 tn hiu b trit tiu (h.2.116d). KL KL KL KL

Hnh 2.116: c tuyn cc dng b lc

Gi KL l h s truyn t ca mch lc tc l KL = Ur/Uv trong Ur l tn hiu u ra, Uv l tn hiu u vo mch lc, c tuyn bin tn s KL ( ) ca bn loi trn dng l tng cho trn hnh 2.116a, b, c, d. Mch lc c th xy dng t cc linh kin th ng RLC. Tuy nhin loi ny thng c suy gim ln, v vic s dng cun cm L lm cho mch lc tr nn cng knh kh ch to di dng vi mch, c bit l di tn thp. V vy trong di tn s di vi trm KHz ngi ta thng s dng mch lc c xy dng da trn cc linh kin th ng RC kt hp vi cc phn t tch cc (thng thng l cc vi mch thut ton) v loi ny c gi l mch lc tch cc. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc mch lc c hm truyn t bc hai v chng c nhiu u im nh tng i n gin, h s phm cht c th t c ti vi trm, d iu chnh, lm vic n nh. Hm truyn t bc hai c vit di dng sau:

Hnh 2.117: Cc dng mch lc b2 p2 1+ b 0 K(P) = p + b a p2 (2-251) +2 ap+ 1a 0 y p = l bin phc chun ho. jRC i vi bn loi mch lc trn, nu s dng loi mch lc bc hai th hm truyn t ca chng c dng c th nh sau : mch lc tn thp bc hai (b1 = b2 = 0) K(P) = b0 a p2 a p2 + a+ 1 0 (2-252)

mch lc tn cao bc hai (b1 = b0 = 0) 2 2 K(P) =b2p a p+ a +ap 2 1 0 mch lc thng di bc hai (b2 = b0 = 0) b1p K(P) = 2 a p+ a +ap 2 1 0 mch lc chn di bc hai (b1 = 0)

(2-253)

(2-254)

b= p2 + b2 K(P) 0 a p2 +ap +a

(2-255)

150

Trn hnh 2.117 a ra v d v dng mch lc tch cc c th tng ng vi cc dng mch lc tn thp, tn cao v thng di.

151