Chng 1

M U
K thut in t v tin hc l mt ngnh mi nhn mi pht trin. Trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn (so vi cc ngnh khoa hc khc), t khi ra i tranzito (1948), n c nhng tin b nhy vt, mang li nhiu thay i ln v su sc trong hu ht mi lnh vc ca i sng, dn tr thnh mt trong nhng cng c quan trng nht ca cch mng k thut trnh cao (m im trung tm l t ng ha tng phn hoc hon ton, tin hc ho, phng php cng ngh v vt liu mi). bc u lm quen vi nhng vn c bn nht ca ngnh mang ngha i cng, chng m u s cp ti cc khi nim c s nhp mn v gii thiu cu trc cc h thng in t in hnh. 1.1. CC I LNG C BN 1.1.1 in p v dng in C hai khi nim nh lng c bn ca mt mch in. Chng cho php xc nh trng thi v in nhng im, nhng b phn khc nhau vo nhng thi im khc nhau ca mch in v do vy chng cn c gi l cc thng s trng thi c bn ca mt mch in. Khi nim ien p c rt ra t khi nim in th trong vt l, l hiu s in th gia hai im khc nhau ca mch in. Thng mt im no ca mch c chn lm im gc c in th bng 0 (im ni t). Khi , in th ca mi im khc trong mch c gi tr m hay dng c mang so snh vi im gc v c hiu l in p ti im tng ng. Tng qut hn, in p gia hai im A v B ca mch (k hiu l UAB)xc nh bi: UAB = VA - VB = -UBA Vi VA v VB l in th ca A v B so vi gc (im ni t hay cn gi l ni mt). Khi nim dng ien l biu hin trng thi chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in trong vt cht do tc ng ca trng hay do tn ti mt gradien nng ht theo khng gian. Dng
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in trong mch c chiu chuyn ng t ni c in th cao n ni c in th thp, t ni c mt ht tch in dng cao n ni c mt ht tch in dng thp v do vy ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca in t. T cc khi nim nu trn, cn rt ra my nhn xt quan trng sau: a) in p lun c o gia hai im khc nhau ca mch trong khi dng in c xc nh ch ti mt im ca mch. b) bo ton in tch, tng cc gi tr cc dng in i vo mt im ca mch lun bng tng cc gi tr dng in i ra khi im (quy tc nt vi dng in). T suy ra, trn mt on mch ch gm cc phn t ni tip nhau th dng in ti mi im l nh nhau.

c) in p gia hai im A v B khc nhau ca mch nu o theo mi nhnh bt k c in tr khc khng (xem khi nim nhnh 1.1.4) ni gia A v B l ging nhau v bng UAB. Ngha l in p gia 2 u ca nhiu phn t hay nhiu nhnh ni song song vi nhau lun bng nhau. (Quy tc vng i vi in p). 1.1.2. Tnh cht in ca mt phn t (Ghi ch: khi nim phn t y l tng qut, i din cho mt yu t cu thnh mch in hay mt tp hp nhiu yu t to nn mt b phn ca mch in. Thng thng, phn t l mt linh kin trong mch) 1. nh ngha: Tnh cht in ca mt phn t bt k trong mt mch in c th hin qua mi quan h tng h gia in p U trn hai u ca n v dng in I chy qua n v c nh ngha l in tr (hay in tr phc - tr khng) ca phn t. Ngha l khi nim in tr gn lin vi qu trnh bin i in p thnh dng in hoc ngc li t dng in thnh in p. a) Nu mi quan h ny l t l thun, ta c nh lut m: U = R.I (1-1) y, R l mt hng s t l c gi l in tr ca phn t v phn t tng ng c gi l mt in tr thun. .

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng in tr, bin tr b) Nu in p trn phn t t l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca dng in trn n, tc l : U = L dI ( y L l mt hng s t l) (1-2) dt ta c phn t l mt cun dy c gi tr in cm l L.

Hnh 1.3. Cun cm, bin p trong mch in t c) Nu dng in trn phn t t l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca in p trn n, tc l: I = C dU ( y C l mt hng s t l) (1-3) dt ta c phn t l mt t in c gi tr in dung l C. d) Ngoi cc quan h nu trn, trong thc t cn tn ti nhiu quan h tng h a dng v phc tp gia in p v dng in trn mt phn t. Cc phn t ny gi chung l cc phn t khng tuyn tnh v c nhiu tnh cht c bit. in tr ca chng c gi chung l cc in tr phi tuyn, in hnh nht l t, tranzito, thiristo... v s c cp ti cc phn tip sau. 2. Cc tnh cht quan trng ca phn t tuyn tnh l: a) c tuyn Vn - Ampe (th hin qua quan h U(I)) l mt ng thng. b) Tun theo nguyn l chng cht. Tc ng tng cng bng tng cc tc ng ring l ln n. p ng tng cng (kt qu chung) bng tng cc kt qu thnh phn do tc ng thnh phn gy ra. c) Khng pht sinh thnh phn tn s l khi lm vic vi tn hiu xoay chiu (khng gy mo phi tuyn). i lp vi phn t tuyn tnh l phn t phi tuyn c cc tnh cht sau:
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Hnh 1.2. T in trong thc t a) c tuyn VA l mt ng cong (in tr thay i theo im lm vic). b) Khng p dng c nguyn l chng cht. c) Lun pht sinh thm tn s l u ra khi c tn hiu xoay chiu tc ng u vo. 3. ng dng - Cc phn t tuyn tnh (R, L, C), c mt s ng dng quan trng sau: a) in tr lun l thng s c trng cho hin tng tiu hao nng lng (ch yu di dng nhit) v l mt thng s khng qun tnh. Mc tiu hao nng lng ca in tr c nh gi bng cng sut trn n, xc nh bi: P = U.I = I2R = U2/R ( 1-4)
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Trong khi , cun dy v t in l cc phn t v c bn khng tiu hao nng lng (xt l tng) v c qun tnh. Chng c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng t trng hay in trng ca mch khi c dng in hay in p bin thin qua chng. y, tc bin i ca cc thng s trng thi (in p, dng in) c vai tr quyt nh gi tr tr khng ca chng, ngha l chng c in tr ph thuc

vo tn s (vo tc bin i ca in p hay dng in tnh trong mt n v thi gian). Vi t in, t h thc (1-3), dung khng ca n gim khi tng tn s v ngc li vi cun dy, t (1-2) cm khng ca n tng theo tn s. b) Gi tr in tr tng cng ca nhiu in tr ni tip nhau lun ln hn ca tng ci v c tnh cht cng tuyn tnh. in dn (l gi tr nghch o ca in tr) ca nhiu in tr ni song song nhau lun ln hn in dn ring r ca tng ci v cng c tnh cht cng tuyn tnh. H qu l: - C th thc hin vic chia nh mt in p (hay dng in) hay cn gi l thc hin vic dch mc in th (hay mc ng in) gia cc im khc nhau ca mch bng cch ni ni tip (hay song song) cc in tr. - Trong cch ni ni tip, in tr no ln hn s quyt nh gi tr chung ca dy. Ngc li, trong cch ni song song, in tr no nh hn s c vai tr quyt nh. Vic ni ni tip {hay song song) cc cun dy s dn ti kt qu tng t nh i vi cc in tr: s lm tng (hay gim) tr s in cm chung. i vi t in, khi ni song song chng, in dung tng cng tng: Css = C1 + C2 + Cn cn khi ni ni tip, in dung tng cng gim: 1/Cnt = 1/C1+ 1/C2 ++ 1/Cn (1-6) (1-5)

c) Nu ni ni tip hay song song R vi L hoc C s nhn c mt kt cu mch c tnh cht chn lc tn s (tr khng chung ph thuc vo tn s gi l cc mch lc tn s). d) Nu ni ni tip hay song song L vi C s dn ti mt kt cu mch va c tnh cht chn lc tn s, va c kh nng thc hin qu trnh trao i qua li gia hai dng nng lng in - t trng, tc l kt cu c kh nng pht sinh dao ng in p hay dng in nu ban u c mt ngun nng lng ngoi kch thch, (vn ny s gp mc 2.4). 1.1.3. Ngun in p v ngun
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dng in a) Nu mt phn t t n hay khi chu cc tc ng khng c bn cht in t, c kh nng to ra in p hay dng in mt im no ca mch in th n c gi l mt ngun sc in ng (s...). Hai thng s c trng cho mt ngun s... l : - Gi tr in p gia hai u lc h mch (khi khng ni vi bt k mt phn t no khc t ngoi n hai u ca n) gi l in p lc h mch ca ngun k hiu l Uhm - Gi tr dng in ca ngun a ra mch ngoi lc mch ngoi dn in hon ton: gi l gi tr dng in ngn mch ca ngun k hiu l Ingm . Mt ngun s... c coi l l tng nu in p hay dng in do n cung cp cho mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mch ngoi (mch ti).

b) Trn thc t, vi nhng ti c gi tr khc nhau, in p trn hai u ngun hay dng in do n cung cp c gi tr khc nhau v ph thuc vo ti. iu chng t bn trong ngun c xy ra qu trnh bin i dng in cung cp thnh gim p trn chnh n, ngha l tn ti gi tr in tr bn trong gi l in tr trong ca ngun k hiu l Rng
R =

m ng ngm Nu gi U v I l cc gi tr in p v dng in do ngun cung cp khi c ti hu hn 0 < Rt< th: Rn= Uhm (1-8) U g I T (l-7) v (l-8) suy ra:

U Ih

(1-7)

In = U g +I m Rng

(1-9)

T cc h thc trn, ta c cc nhn xt sau: 1. Nu Rng 0. th t biu thc (1-8) ta c U Uhm khi ngun s... l mt ngun in p l tng. Ni cch khc mt ngun in p cng gn l tng khi in tr trong Rng ca n c gi tr cng nh . 2. Nu Rng , t h thc (1-9) ta c I Ingm ngun s... khi c dng l mt ngun dng in l tng hay mt ngun dng in cng gn l tng khi Rng ca n cng ln. 3. Mt ngun s... trn thc t c coi l mt ngun in p hay ngun dng in ty theo bn cht cu to ca n gi tr Rng l nh hay ln. Vic nh gi Rng ty thuc tng quan gia n vi gi tr in tr ton phn ca mch ti ni ti hai u ca ngun xut pht t cc biu thc (1-8) v (l-9) c hai cch biu din k hiu ngun (s...) thc t nh trn hnh 1.1 a) v b). 4. Mt b phn bt k ca mch c cha ngun, khng c lin h h cm vi ph n cn li ca mch m ch ni vi phn
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cn li ny hai im, lun c th thay th bng mt ngun tng ng vi mt in tr trong l in tr tng ng ca b phn mch ang xt. Trng hp ring, nu b phn mch bao gm nhiu ngun in p ni vi nhiu in tr theo mt cch bt k, c 2 u ra s c thay th bng mt ngun in p tng ng vi mt in tr trong tng ng (nh l v ngun tng ng ca Tevnin)

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Hnh 1.4. a) Biu din tng ng ngun in p; b) ngun dng in 1.1.4. Biu din mch in bng cc k hiu v hnh v (s ) C nhiu cch biu din mt mch in t, trong n gin v thun li hn c l cch biu din bng s gm tp hp cc k hiu quy c hay k hiu tng ng ca cc phn t c ni vi nhau theo mt cch no (ni tip, song song, hn hp ni tip song song hay phi ghp thch hp) nh cc ng ni c in tr bng 0. Khi biu din nh vy, xut hin mt vi yu t hnh hc cn lm r khi nim l: Nhnh (ca s mch) l mt b phn ca s , trong ch bao gm cc phn t ni ni tip nhau, qua n ch c mt dng in duy nh t. Nt l mt im ca mch chung cho t ba nhnh tr ln. Vng l mt phn ca mch bao gm mt s nt v nhnh lp thnh mt ng kn m dc theo n mi nhnh v nt ch gp mt ln (tr nt c chn lm im xut pht).

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 Cy l mt phn ca mch bao gm ton b s nt v nhnh ni gia cc nt nhng khng to nn mt vng kn no. Cc nhnh ca cy c gi l nhnh cy, cc nhnh cn li ca mch khng thuc cy c gi l b cy. Cc yu t nu trn c s dng c bit thun li khi cn phn tch tnh ton mch bng s . Ngi ta cn biu din mch gn hn bng mt s gm nhiu khi c nhng ng lin h vi nhau. Mi khi bao gm mt nhm cc phn t lin kt vi nhau cng thc hin mt nhim v k thut c th c ch r (nhng khng ch ra c th cch thc lin kt bn trong khi). l cch biu din mch bng s khi rt gn, qua d dng hnh dung tng qut hot ng ca ton b h thng mch in t.

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