Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Social Computing:
a New Interdisciplinary Study
Julita Vassileva
Computer Science Department
University of Saskatchewan
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What is Social Computing?
• Social computing is a social structure in which technology puts power in
communities, not institutions. As more individuals use the Internet to shop, work,
and exchange ideas, a more egalitarian social structure is emerging. Individuals
g g g g
take cues from one another, rather than traditional sources of authority — like
corporations, media outlets, political institutions or organized religions.
Manifestations of social computing include:
•
Social networks
• Peer‐to‐peer content distribution
• Open source software
• Blogs
• RSS
• Podcasting
• Consumer‐to‐consumer commerce Key "tenets of social computing" outlined by Charlene Li:
• Meet‐ups •innovation will shift from top‐down to bottom‐up
• Mash‐ups
• Tagging l ill hift f hi t i
•value will shift from ownership to experience
• Social search
• User‐generated content •power will shift from institutions to communities
• Peer ratings •http://www.socialcustomer.com/2006/02/the_forrester_s.html
• Wikis
• Comments and trackbacks
• Widgets
• Voter‐driven content
• (Forrester Research, 2008) http://www.forrester.com/ResearchThemes/SocialComputing
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Complex
Systems
Computer Sociology,
Science, Web Anthropology
h l
Social Computing
Decision Making, Social Psychology
Politics, Behavioral Economics
Education
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Computer Science
• Social Computing evolved as a way of
i t
interacting and collaborating on the web
ti d ll b ti th b
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Social Sciences
• Analyzing the interactions in communities
• Observing social phenomena
– hazing of newbies in forums (e.g. X‐Files fans)
C. Honeycutt (2005) Hazing as a Process of
Boundary Maintenance in an Online Community
– reputation /power economy of Wikipedia
(similar to that of research community)
A.Forte, A.Bruckman (2005) Why do people write
for Wikipedia? Georgia Tech Report
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Behavioral Economics
• Why do people behave irrationally /
altruistically?
lt i ti ll ?
• Money‐economy vs. social norms
– E.g. try to pay your mother‐in‐law for the lovely
Thanksgiving dinner she cooked for the family
– Reciprocation (immediate, delayed, concrete,
p ( , y , ,
generalized)
– Gift economies
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Social Psychology
• Individual motivations for contribution
– Many theories can explain observed behavior
– Can a theory be used as a guideline in system
design to ensure motivation?
Rob Kraut (2005) Social Psychology & Online
communities
– Exploring the effect of visualization according to
Exploring the effect of visualization according to
certain theories in different communities
• Social comparison theory in Comtella
• Common identity theory in WISETales
• Common bond theory
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Incentive: Status/Reputation
Customer Loyalty Programs
Image from
depts.washington.edu/.../painting/4reveldt.htm
Cheng R., Vassileva J. (2006) Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive Incentive Mechanism for Sustained
Educational Online Communities. User Modelling and User-Adapted Interaction, 16 (2/3), 321-348. 8/25
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Immediate gratification for rating
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Sahib, Z., Vassileva J. (2009) Designing to Attract Participation In A Niche Community For Women In
Science & Engineering, in Proc.WS Social Computing in Education, with the 1st IEEE International
Conference on Social Computing, SocialComp'2009, Vancouver, BC, August 29-31, 2009.
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Common bond ‐ reciprocation
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Business/Organizational Studies
• How do groups make decisions?
• Features of groups that make good decisions:
diversity, decentralization, independence,
aggregation
• Phenomena: cascades, social norms, group think,
• Interactions: fairness, punishment, trust
How are small groups different from
wise crowds?
• People think of themselves as members of a team, while
in a market, they think of themselves as independent
actors.
• The group has an identity of its own
– Consensus is important for the existence and comfort of the
group
– Influence of the people in the group on each
other’s judgment is unavoidable.
– Group polarization
Group polarization
• Collective wisdom, in contrast, is something that emerges
as a result of many different independent judgments, not
something that the group should consciously come up
with.
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Consequences
• Small cohesive groups / communities may be
wrong or biased (encapsulation)
• Does this apply to online groups ?
• Currently we see tagging, voting (rating) systems
and recommenders emerge as forms of “collective
wisdom” online
• O
Open question: what can designers do to
i h d i d
avoid biases resulting from activities of small
groups online?
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Importance of mechanism
• A decentralized system can only produce intelligent results if
there is a means of aggregating the private information of
there is a means of aggregating the private information of
everyone
• An aggregation mechanism is a form of centralization, (ideally)
of all the private information of the participants
– provides incentives for revealing truthfully private info
– should not inject extra bias in the system
Mechanisms: New mechanisms:
– One person with foresight - Prediction markets
– Deliberation - Trust and reputation
– Polls / votes mechanisms
– Price in a open market 16/25
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Complex, self organizing systems
N(k) ‐ # pages with K incoming links
Scale Free Networks
• Macroscopic effects of individual behaviour –
emerging patterns (Barabási & Albert, 1999)
– Growth and preferential attachment explain the hubs and
power laws in complex networks, like the Web;
• Fitness of a node in a competitive environment
• The “Fit get rich” model (borrowing formalisms from
quantum mechanics) predicts a phenomenon called
Einstein‐Bose condensation
• In some networks (under special conditions) all links will
ultimately point to one node: “The winner takes it all”
or 18/25
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Robust Scale Free Networks
• Scale‐free networks are extremely robust in case of
random failures
random failures
• Studying network resilience
– In random networks, some node failures can easily break a
network into isolated, non‐communicating parts.
– Yet, a study of the Internet resilience showed that we can
remove 80% of all nodes, and the remaining 20% will still
, g
remain connected
– The key to this is the presence of hubs, removing nodes
randomly is not likely to affect them, and they hold the
NW together
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Vulnerable Scale Free Networks
• Yet, scale‐free NW are very vulnerable to
g g
targeted attacks and to cascading failures
• In case of targeted attack on a critical number
of hubs, the network disintegrates very quickly
• Cascading failures – examples
– Power grid black outs (1996, 2003)
– Cascades of malfunctioning routers on the Internet
– Cascading East Asian economic crisis in 1997
– Cascades in ecological habitats
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Consequences
• The laws of power networks lead to
concentration
– clear targets that need to be protected
– less diversity (or lesser impact of diverse opinion), less
creativity
– more power (network power, $$$s, legal advisors and
lobbyists) in very few hands
– possibility of
possibility of “locking
locking up
up” the internet by a couple of
the internet by a couple of
corporate giants
• Creeping copyright protections (patents, DRM)
• Apple locking up the iPhone
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Spreading Viruses and Innovation
• Viruses
• Innovation # adopters
• Hubs:
– Opinion leaders
– Power users time
Innovators Hubs Mass Laggards
– Influencers
– Are not necessarily innovators, but they are key to spreading
y , y y p g
an innovation, launching an idea….
• Yet, not all innovations catch on (e.g. Apple’s Newton).
Why some do and some do not?
• Diffusion models
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Disease diffusion models
• Threshold model: Each innovation has
– spreading rate – the likelihood that it will be adopted by a person
introduced to it, and
introduced to it, and
– critical threshold – defined by the properties of the NW in which the
information spreads
– If spreading rate < critical threshold, it will die,
Else, the number of people adopting the innovation will increase
exponentially.
• This model has been used by epidemiologists,
marketers, sociologists, political scientists
– but it doesn’t explain the persistence of some viruses like AIDS
– It assumes a random network topology.
– In scale‐free topology, the critical threshold disappears.
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Consequences
• Ideas can be spread very quickly and far in a
scale free network
l f t k
• Political ideas, innovations, but also radical /
extremist ideas
• Action can be organized very quickly
– E.g.
E g “flash
flash‐crowds
crowds” with Twitter
with Twitter
• Are we prepared to deal with this?
• What is the impact on education?
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Some food for thought…
“While entirely of human design, the Internet now lives a
life of its own. It has all the characteristics of a
f f f
complex evolving system, making it more similar to a
cell than a computer chip. Many diverse components,
developed separately, contribute to the functioning of
a system that is far more than the sum of its parts.
Therefore Internet researchers are increasingly
morphing from designers into explorers. They are like
bi l i
biologists or ecologists who are faced with an
l i h f d ih
incredibly complex system that, for all practical
purposes, exists independently of them.” (pp.149‐150)
Albert‐László Barabási, Linked, Plume Publ. 2003.
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