You are on page 1of 13

8/28/2009

Social Computing:
a New Interdisciplinary Study
Julita Vassileva
Computer Science Department
University of Saskatchewan
1

What is Social Computing?
• Social computing is a social structure in which technology puts power in 
communities, not institutions. As more individuals use the Internet to shop, work, 
and exchange ideas, a more egalitarian social structure is emerging. Individuals 
g g g g
take cues from one another, rather than traditional sources of authority — like 
corporations, media outlets, political institutions or organized religions. 
Manifestations of social computing include:

Social networks 
• Peer‐to‐peer content distribution 
• Open source software 
• Blogs 
• RSS 
• Podcasting 
• Consumer‐to‐consumer commerce  Key "tenets of social computing" outlined by Charlene Li:
• Meet‐ups  •innovation will shift from top‐down to bottom‐up 
• Mash‐ups 
• Tagging  l ill hift f hi t i
•value will shift from ownership to experience 
• Social search 
• User‐generated content  •power will shift from institutions to communities
• Peer ratings  •http://www.socialcustomer.com/2006/02/the_forrester_s.html
• Wikis 
• Comments and trackbacks 
• Widgets 
• Voter‐driven content 
• (Forrester Research, 2008) http://www.forrester.com/ResearchThemes/SocialComputing

2/25

1
8/28/2009

Complex 
Systems

Computer Sociology, 
Science, Web Anthropology
h l
Social Computing

Decision Making,  Social Psychology
Politics, Behavioral Economics
Education

3/25

Computer Science
• Social Computing evolved as a way of 
i t
interacting and collaborating on the web
ti d ll b ti th b

4/25

2
8/28/2009

Social Sciences
• Analyzing the interactions in communities
• Observing social phenomena 

– hazing of newbies in forums (e.g. X‐Files fans)
C. Honeycutt (2005) Hazing as a Process of
Boundary Maintenance in an Online Community

– reputation /power economy of Wikipedia
(similar to that of research community)
A.Forte, A.Bruckman (2005) Why do people write
for Wikipedia? Georgia Tech Report
5/25

Behavioral Economics
• Why do people behave irrationally /  
altruistically?
lt i ti ll ?
• Money‐economy vs. social norms
– E.g. try to pay your mother‐in‐law for the lovely 
Thanksgiving dinner she cooked for the family 
– Reciprocation (immediate, delayed, concrete, 
p ( , y , ,
generalized)
– Gift economies

Dan Ariely (2007) Predictably Irrational


6 / 25

3
8/28/2009

Social Psychology 

• Individual motivations for contribution
– Many theories can explain observed behavior
– Can a theory be used as a guideline in system 
design to ensure motivation? 
Rob Kraut (2005) Social Psychology & Online
communities
– Exploring the effect of visualization according to 
Exploring the effect of visualization according to
certain theories in different communities
• Social comparison theory  in Comtella
• Common identity theory  in WISETales
• Common bond theory
7/25

Incentive: Status/Reputation
Customer Loyalty Programs

Image from 
depts.washington.edu/.../painting/4reveldt.htm

Cheng R., Vassileva J. (2006) Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive Incentive Mechanism for Sustained
Educational Online Communities. User Modelling and User-Adapted Interaction, 16 (2/3), 321-348. 8/25

4
8/28/2009

Immediate gratification for rating

Topics and individual postings that are rated higher Webster A.S., Vassileva J. (2006)


appear “hot”, those rated lower appear “cold” Visualizing Personal Relations in Online
Æ colours ease navigation in the content Communities, Proceedings Adaptive
Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based
Æ aesthetically pleasing, intuitive Systems, Dublin, Springer LNCS 4018,
223-233.
10/25

5
8/28/2009

Sahib, Z., Vassileva J. (2009) Designing to Attract Participation In A Niche Community For Women In
Science & Engineering, in Proc.WS Social Computing in Education, with the 1st IEEE International
Conference on Social Computing, SocialComp'2009, Vancouver, BC, August 29-31, 2009.
11/25

Common bond ‐ reciprocation

Raghavun, K., Vassileva J. (2009) Visualizing Reciprocal and non-Reciprocal


Relationships in an Online Community. Proc. Workshop on Adaptation and Personalization
for Web 2.0, in conjunction with UMAP 2009, June 22-26, 2009, Trento, Italy.

12/25

6
8/28/2009

Business/Organizational Studies
• How do groups make decisions? 
• Features of groups that make good decisions: 
diversity, decentralization, independence, 
aggregation
• Phenomena: cascades, social norms, group think,
• Interactions: fairness, punishment, trust

Cass Sunstein (2007) Infotopia


James Surowiecki (2007) The Wisdom of Crowds
13/25

How are small groups different from 
wise crowds?
• People think of themselves as members of a team, while 
in a market, they think of themselves as independent 
actors. 
• The group has an identity of its own
– Consensus is important for the existence and comfort of the 
group
– Influence of the people in the group on each
other’s judgment is unavoidable.
– Group polarization
Group polarization
• Collective wisdom, in contrast, is something that emerges 
as a result of many different independent judgments, not 
something that the group should consciously come up 
with. 
14/25

7
8/28/2009

Consequences
• Small cohesive groups / communities may be 
wrong or biased (encapsulation)
• Does this apply to online groups ?
• Currently we see tagging, voting (rating) systems 
and recommenders emerge as forms of “collective 
wisdom” online
• O
Open question: what can designers do to 
i h d i d
avoid biases resulting from activities of small 
groups online? 
15/25

Importance of mechanism
• A decentralized system can only produce intelligent results if 
there is a means of aggregating the private information of 
there is a means of aggregating the private information of
everyone
• An aggregation mechanism is a form of centralization, (ideally) 
of all the private information of the participants
– provides incentives for revealing truthfully private info
– should not inject extra bias in the system
Mechanisms:  New mechanisms:
– One person with foresight - Prediction markets
– Deliberation - Trust and reputation
– Polls / votes mechanisms
– Price in a open market 16/25

8
8/28/2009

Complex, self organizing systems

N(k) ‐ # pages with K incoming links

N(k) ~ k –γ , where γ – degree exponent, 


Many empirically observed networks
in this case γ = 2.5
appear to be scale-free: world wide web,
protein networks, citation networks,
and some social networks. 17/25

Scale Free Networks
• Macroscopic effects of individual behaviour –
emerging patterns (Barabási & Albert, 1999)
– Growth and preferential attachment explain the hubs and 
power laws in complex networks, like the Web; 
• Fitness of a node in a competitive environment
• The “Fit get rich” model (borrowing formalisms from 
quantum mechanics) predicts a phenomenon called 
Einstein‐Bose condensation
• In some networks (under special conditions) all links will 
ultimately point to one node: “The winner takes it all”

or 18/25

9
8/28/2009

Robust Scale Free Networks
• Scale‐free networks are extremely robust in case of 
random failures
random failures
• Studying network resilience
– In random networks, some node failures can easily break a 
network into isolated, non‐communicating parts. 
– Yet, a study of the Internet resilience showed that we can 
remove 80% of all nodes, and the remaining 20% will still 
, g
remain connected
– The key to this is the presence of hubs, removing nodes 
randomly is not likely to affect them, and they hold the 
NW together
19/25

Vulnerable Scale Free Networks
• Yet, scale‐free NW are very vulnerable to 
g g
targeted attacks and to cascading failures
• In case of targeted attack on a critical number 
of hubs, the network disintegrates very quickly
• Cascading failures – examples 
– Power grid black outs (1996, 2003)
– Cascades of malfunctioning routers on the Internet
– Cascading East Asian economic  crisis in 1997
– Cascades in ecological habitats
20/25

10
8/28/2009

Consequences
• The laws of power networks lead to 
concentration 
– clear targets that need to be protected 
– less diversity (or lesser impact of diverse opinion), less 
creativity
– more power (network power,  $$$s, legal advisors and 
lobbyists) in very few hands
– possibility of 
possibility of “locking
locking up
up” the internet by a couple of 
the internet by a couple of
corporate giants
• Creeping copyright protections (patents, DRM) 
• Apple locking up the iPhone

21/25

Spreading Viruses and Innovation
• Viruses
• Innovation # adopters
• Hubs: 
– Opinion leaders
– Power users time
Innovators Hubs Mass Laggards
– Influencers
– Are not necessarily innovators, but they are key to spreading 
y , y y p g
an innovation, launching an idea…. 
• Yet, not all innovations catch on (e.g. Apple’s Newton). 
Why some do and some do not?
• Diffusion models 
22/25

11
8/28/2009

Disease diffusion models
• Threshold model: Each innovation has 
– spreading rate – the likelihood that it will be adopted by a person 
introduced to it, and
introduced to it, and 
– critical threshold – defined by the properties of the NW in which the 
information spreads
– If spreading rate < critical threshold, it will die, 
Else, the number of people adopting the innovation will increase 
exponentially. 
• This model has been  used by epidemiologists, 
marketers, sociologists, political scientists
– but it doesn’t explain the persistence of some viruses like AIDS
– It assumes a random network topology. 
– In scale‐free topology, the critical threshold disappears. 
23/25

Consequences 
• Ideas can be spread  very quickly and far in a 
scale free network
l f t k
• Political ideas, innovations, but also radical / 
extremist ideas
• Action can be organized very quickly
– E.g. 
E g “flash
flash‐crowds
crowds” with Twitter
with Twitter
• Are we prepared to deal with this?  
• What is the impact on education?
24/25

12
8/28/2009

Some food for thought… 
“While entirely of human design, the Internet now lives a 
life of its own. It has all the characteristics of a 
f f f
complex evolving system, making it more similar to a 
cell than a computer chip. Many diverse components, 
developed separately, contribute to the functioning of 
a system that is far more than the sum of its parts. 
Therefore Internet researchers are increasingly 
morphing from designers into explorers. They are like 
bi l i
biologists or ecologists who are faced with an 
l i h f d ih
incredibly complex system that, for all practical 
purposes, exists independently of them.” (pp.149‐150)
Albert‐László Barabási, Linked, Plume Publ. 2003.

25/25

13

You might also like