1. Differentiate between the following: a) Free water level and water oil contact.

b) Water wet and oil wet reservoir.

c) Absolute permeability and effective permeability.

(4.5 Marks) 2. List two types of the following: a) Reservoir geometry. 1 .. 2. . b) Core tests. 1 .. 2. . c) Porosity. 1 .. 2. . 1

(4.5 Marks) 3. A core sample is saturated with oil and water. The initial weight of the saturated sample is 225.90 g. The sample is then placed in a Soxhlet distillation apparatus, and 4.4 cm3 water is extracted. After drying the core sample, the weight is now 209.75 g. The sample bulk volume is 95 cm3. (Notice that the oil and water densities are 0,849 g/cm3 and 1 g/cm3). Find the porosity, water saturation, oil saturation, and lithology of the core sample. 4. Three layers of 8, 8, and 9 feet thick respectively, are conducting fluid in parallel flow. The depth to the top of the first layer is recorded as 5002 ft. Core analysis report shows the following permeability data for each layer. Calculate the average permeability of the entire pay zone (5002 to 5027 ft). (8 marks)

Layer #1 Depth Perm. ft md

Layer #2 Depth Perm. ft md

Layer #3 Depth Perm. ft md

50025006 50065010

485 50

50105013 50135017 50175018

210 205 60

50185019 50195021 50215024 50245027

100 95 20 98

5. In a laboratory experiment, capillary data from water saturated core sample was obtained by using air as the displacing fluid. The following additional data are also available: Laboratory: w/air = 50dyn/cm Reservoir: o/w = 23dyn/cm o = 51.56 lb/cf w = 63.05 lb/cf

a) Calculate the vertical water saturation at top of each layer. b) Plot water saturation against the height of the reservoir. c) On the graph, indicate the transition zone, Swc, Pd, WOC, FWL.

6. The laboratory data below is recorded at stationary conditions, measuring the relative permeability for an oil-water injection experiment. qo [cm3/hour] qw[cm3/hour] P [atm] Vw [cm3] 90 0 3.36 2.17 75 5 6.23 2.87 60 9 7.48 3.63 45 20 8.42 4.65 30 34 9.35 5.93 15 85 11.22 7.95 0 122 10.03 9.86 Vw is the volume of water in the core sample, determined by weighing. qo and qw is the oil- and water rate through the sample, respectively. P is the pressure drop. Additional data is given: Absolute permeability 16.7 mD Length of core sample 9 cm Radius of core sample 3.2 cm Area of core sample 8.04 cm
2

Porosity 20% Water viscosity 1.1 cp Oil viscosity 2.0 cp

Using the above data, find the following: a) Calculate and plot relative permeability curves to oil and water. b) On the graph, indicate the water flowing region, oil flowing region, two phase flowing region, Swc, and Sor. c) Based on relative permeability curves, estimate whether this reservoir is water wet or oil wet. Justify your answer. 3

q=

keffective A P

q=

kabs krelativeA P L

k relative =

keffective k abs

144pc h=
P cres = P clab

Pcres = Pclab

( )res ( )lab

h=

144 Pcres w o

( cos )res ( cos )lab

hj
kavg
j

Q = 1 .1271
n (hi ln ki ) = exp i =1 n hi i =1

kA ( P1 P2 ) L

k avg =

k
j =1 n j =1

k avg =

k
j =1 n j =1

Aj
j

APPENDX

g = ratio atm

MW P g = RT

B g = 0 .0282

zT cu . ft P scf

yM = y M
gj j j

1/ 2 j 1/ 2 j

B g = 0.00502

zT res .bbl P scf

Bo above Pb P pressure e

Oil density above Pb pressure p