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Москва 2005
EVELYN WAUGH (1903-1966)
Evelyn Arthur St. John Waugh was born in the London suburb of Hampstead
in 1903, the son of Arthur Waugh, a prominent man of letters and one of the
directors of the puplishing firm of Chapman and Hall. Among Evelyn’s ancestors
were clergymen, doctors, and lawyers; his great-great-grandfather was one of the
best-known Nonconformist ministers of his time, while his great-grandfather was a
clergyman in the Church of England. Arthur Waugh was a church-going Anglican,
and Evelyn’s own early bent was religious. For a time he thought of becoming a
parson. His father sent him to Lancing School, an institution with decided Anglican
associations.
Ironically, in such atmosphere, Waugh lost his faith. In June of 1921 he
wrote in his diary: “In the last few weeks I have ceased to be a Christian. I have
realized that for the last few terms I have been an atheist in all except the courage
to admit it myself.” Primary factors in this development were reading materials
that encouraged disbelief and the influence of a particularly appealing teacher, later
to become an Anglican bishop, who presented his pupils with challenging
questions about Christ and religion and allowed the boys to present their own
theories and speculations without helping them to resolve doubts and confusions:
“We were encouraged to ‘think for ourselves’ and our thoughts in most cases
turned to negetions.” Waugh’s atheism gave him no consolation; he records that
during this period his diary was full of pagan gloom and the consideration of
suicide.”
From Lancing School Waugh went to Hertford College, Oxford. There he
studied in a rather desultory fashion, wrote for the college magazines, and, in
general, greatly enjoyed the abundant social life. Waugh gives the impression that
he did not take much interest in scholastic matters and that his years at Oxford
were those of a playboy. Considering some of the comments about his pre-college
and college days, one notices that he read very widely in his father’s well-stocked
library and that his classical training was more potent and pervasive than he
frequently cared to admit. In some matters Waugh’s non-fictional pronouncements
must be accepted with a grain of salt. For example, Waugh liked to pretend that he
had dashed off his novels in a rather off-the-cuff fashion. He generally posed as a
gentlement dilettante who had “little learning” and regarded his own writing
casually. In fact much thought, care, and artistry went in the production of his
fiction.
When it was determined that Waugh’s primary vocational interest was
painting, he left Oxford without taking degree and entered an art school in London.
But Waugh discovered that his ability in this area was limited so he quit the
academy and for a time became a schoolmaster. A career in journalism followed
his stint as a teacher and Waugh also bagan to write books.
In 1928 Waugh married Evelyn Gardner, the daughter of Lord Burghclere.
The marriage lasted only a short time during which Evelyn was idyllically happy.
While he was away for three weeks working on his second novel, Vile Bodies, his
wife became involved with another man. Evelyn was crushed by his wife infidelity
and at this point remarked to his brother Alec, “The trouble about the world today
is that there’s not enough religion in it.”
In 1930 Waugh became a Roman Catholic; without a doubt the
disillusionment of his first marriage was a basic factor in his conversion. Five
years previously, in atheistic despair, Waugh had attempted suicide. The world as
he had experienced it and the break-up of his marriage convinced him, in his own
words, that his existence “was unintelligible and unendurable without God.”
From 1930 on, Waugh’s life was for many years devoted to travelling and
writing, and a series of novels and travel books came from his pen. His literary
reputation increased in stature. In 1937 he married Laura Herbert, the youngest
daughter of the Honorable Aubrey Herbert, M.P. Laura Herbert’s family was
staunchly Roman Catholic, and this marital union together with his religion
profession gave stability and full meaning to his life. Waugh’s literary cereer
continued although he did not reach wide popular audience appeal, particularly in
the United States, until the publication of Brideshead Revisited (1945) and The
Loved One (1948).
Another biographical fact is of especial significance, and that is Waugh’s
distinguished service in the British Army – especially with the Commandos, the
Royal Horse Guards, and the British military Mission to Yugoslavia – during
World War II. Not only did these experiences give Waugh the opportunity to fight
in the defence of his homeland, but they also presented him with material that he
was able to translate into several important novels about British military life.
Waugh’s last years before his fatal heart attack on Easter Sunday, 1966, were
characterized by increasing tendencies to reclusiveness and by poor health. His
disillusionment with modern world was intense; but he never list his zest for
pranks (he disconcerted an interviewer when he appered for an arranged Paris
Review interview at London Hyde Park Hotel in 1962 by donning pyjamas,
climbing into a bed, and smoking a cigar throughout the interrogation); he
continued to exercise his comic wit at every opportunity (“I used to have a rule
when I reviewed books as a young man never to give an unfavourable notice to a
book I hadn’t read. I find even this simple rule is flagrantly broken now”), and to
take solace in spiritual faith.
***
One of the salient and most distinguishing features of Waugh’s work is his
abiding preoccupation with style. His vocabulary proved exceptionally rich, and he
was gifted with a special ability to choose the precise, absolutely correct word, and
his economy in the use of language has been unchallenged. Fowler’s Modern
English Usage and the Oxford English Dictionary were constant companions. He
once wrote a letter answering the query as how youthful authors could improve
their style. His response is worth quoting because he followed this advice most
diligently in his own career:
“The most valuable advice you can give young writers today is “Learn your Language.”
This means first a sound but not necessarily scholarly knowledge of Latin and a smattering of
Greek. Don’t worry your heads about your own emotions or opinions. Study the great writers
(and stylists particularly) of the past. Read a page of Pushkin every day. Enlarge and enrich your
vocabulary. Use the dictionary – full-sized Oxford if available – constantly noting the change of
nuances in each word. Learn strict formal grammar. Try to speak correctly and frequent the
company of those who do. Get the habit of grammatical construction so that you can’t make a
mistake. Keep Fowler’s Modern English Usage at your elbow. You must own a copy. Practise
imitating and parodying the styles of writers such as Boswell, Gibbon, Matthew Arnold, Pushkin,
Henry James, etc.”
***
Waugh had little sympathy with novelists such as Virginia Woolf, D.H.
Lawrence and the later James Joyce, who were delving ever-deeper into the mental
states of their characters. In the 1942 edition of Work Suspended, the first-person
narrator John Plant (who usually projects Waugh’s own views on art and literature)
says: “The alternative, classical expedient is to take the whole man and reduce him
to a manageable abstraction…. It is, any way, in the classical way that I have
striven to write.”
The stylised and objective treatment of characters is evident throughout the
early satirical novels. In Decline and Fall Waugh makes much of the fact that his
hero, Paul Pennyfeather, is ordinary, even uninteresting…
***
Waugh’s first work of fiction, Decline and Fall, is a picaresque comic novel
describing the adventures of an innocent young man, a latter-day Candide, from
the time when he is unjustly sent down from the Oxford college where he is
reading for the Church, to the time a little more than a year later when he returns
there disguised to resume his studies, having experienced in the meanwhile a world
fantastic in its nature, totally challenging to all his assumptions….
… The action is fantastic, highly stylised, suited only to a comic novel. Yet it
is an archetypal, masterful comic plot. The way in which characters return again
and again in different roles and guises … is part of the novel’s burlesque quality,
demanding that we accept a different set of probabilities than those in life. … From
the very start we know that this is a world which is arbitrary, without anything but
the appearance of justuce, the moral and legal codes being exploited for the
convenience of the characters… The probabilities are the those who have the
chance to profit from others’ misfortunes will do so, that those who have ideas will
suffer for them, that honour will not serve one well. The social probabilities are
just as free…
LESSON I
(Prelude, Part I Chapters 1-3, pp.35-52)
I. Learn the pronunciation of the following proper names. Record their reading:
Postlethwaite ['pPslTweIt], Alastair ['1lqstFq], Digby ['dIgbI], Augustus
[L'gAstqs], Levy ['lJvI], Beste-Chetwynde ['best 'CetwInd], Prendergast
['prendegxst], Tangent ['txnGqnt], Circumference [sq'kAmfqrqns],
Clutterbuck ['klAtqbAk], Humphry ['hAmfrI] Maltravers [mxl'trxvqz],
Sidebotham ['saId"bPtqm], Sebastien [sI'bxstjqn] Cholmondley ['CAmlI],
Solomon ['sPlqmqn], Otto ['2to4] Friedrich ['fredrIk] Silenus [saI'lJnqs],
Malpractice [mxl'prxktIs], Lennox ['lenqks], Potham ['pPpqm], Parakeet
['pxrqkJt], Lucas ['lHkqs], Vanburgh ['vxnbArq].
II. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
learned societies, in authority, past members, to do smb harm (do smb good), at
length, well-off, to get rid of smb / smth, to send down, to face the facts, for
personal reasons, on hand, a slip of paper, testimonials (a letter of
recommendation), to hold a diploma in smth, on the strength of smth, to have
good reason for smth, to be out of the top drawer, without more ado, to be
accustomed to smth, Do you take sugar in your tea?, to have (very little)
difficulty in doing smth, hard on smb, to be in the war, to put smb under arrest,
to try smb’s case.
III. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “For two years he had lived within his allowance, aided by two valuable
scholarships.” (p.37)
2. “Well, that saves a great deal of trouble.” (p.38)
3. “I have put you in charge of the fifth form for the rest of the term.” (p.47)
4. “That man’s all right, really,” he added, “ only he wants washing.” (p.48)
LESSON II
(Part 1 Chapters 4-7, pp.52-75)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
to keep house for smb, informal gatherings, to hold prayers, at random, on
account of smth, trunk calls, to look to smb to do smth, to make a hit with smb,
to do smb an injustice, to be in smb’s set, there is every reason for smth, to be
down in the mouth, to favour smb with smth, just my luck, to make
arrangements, to spare no expense, to draw a line, to omit to do smth, out of
respect, to be well up in smth, to run smth, to take to smth (doing smth), to be
up to smth, to have one’s eye on smb, to dismiss smb, in disguise.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “I have rather dropped out of the conversation.” (p.54)
2. “There was my mother and the Bundles and Mrs Crump talking away quite
unconcernedly…” (p.54)
3. “I’ve rather got him into a mess.” (p.62)
6. “I cannot pretend to understand your attitude in this matter, but no doubt you
LESSON III
(Part 1 Chapters 8-9, pp.75-94)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
dressed up (to the nines), to be at a loss to do smth, to have an encounter with
smb, an effort at smth, in the background, to the good, to get unnerved, to keep
a firm hand on smb / smth, the other day, to present smb with smth, to join smb
in smth, to abide by smth (decision), to bring an accusation against smb, against
a background of, to be intent on smth, inferiority-complex, to live up to smb, at
times, to be on one’s best behaviour.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “I was sure you had not, but one cannot be too careful.” (p.81)
5. “Well, we all feel the wind a bit since the war.” (p.91)
LESSON IV
(Part 1 Capters 10-13, pp.94-118)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
the daily round, to be none the worse for smth, to be much of a one for smth, to
give way, to get mixed up in smth, to come as a surprise to smb, to get hold of
the right end of the stick, to pull smb’s leg, to be the apple of smb’s eye, to
receive a summons, to be neither here nor there, fair and square, a week today,
by far, not by a long chalk, in the abstract, to subscribe (a shilling), to see little
of smb, to get on well with smb, to get on smb’s nerves, too good to be true, up
to date, to some extent, charges against smb, on purpose, to confess to doing
smth.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “It’s not becoming of him.” (p.94)
2. “I also resented the references to the Liberal Party. Mr Clutterbuck has stood
dozen.” (p.102)
4. “He asked how he could make reparation.” (p.102)
5. “… the spelling in your last letter has been just too shattering for words.”
(p.103)
6. “I should be quite prepared to offer a partnership in Llanaba to a son-in-law
(p.113)
10. “God’s own job, and mine for the asking.” (p.116)
8. What letter did Grimes get a few days after his marriage? What was his
attitude to the offer?
9. What events marked the end of the term at Llanabba?
VII. Translate the following into English using the active vocabulary.
1. Несмотря на то, что небылицы, придуманные дворецким, были мало
похожи на правду, многие были склонны ему верить. Действительно,
Филбрик очень умело разыгрывал своих слушателей.
2. Граймс был по горло сыт своей семейной жизнью. Он прекрасно ладил
с женой, но натянутые отношения с тестем действовали ему на нервы.
Он прожил с ним всего неделю, но уже почти стыдился себя, когда
чувствовал не себе надменный взгляд доктора. По мнению Фейгана,
Граймс не был джентльменом.
3. Последнее время Базил очень редко виделся с Дорианом и почти
ничего не знал о его жизни. Поэтому ужасные слухи, ходившие в
Лондоне о непристойных поступках и нравственной низости его
молодого друга, не могли не встревожить художника.
4. Когда освободилось место учителя в одной из школ в рабочем квартале
восточной части Лондона, мистер Брейтуайт был приглашен на
собеседование в министерство образования. После стольких долгих
месяцев без работы это предложение показалось ему просто
невероятным.
VIII. Write out set expressions and comment on the degree of their motivation.
LESSON V
(Part 2 Chapters 1-3, pp.119-137)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
by universal consent, opinion was devided, to exite comment, to do
restorations, to be responsive to smth, to be ordained for smb, to sink into the
oblivion, a general election, in consequence, to make a hero, to do oneself
proud, a creature of a different species, to conform to smth, to cut smb, ill at
ease, there’s no money in it, to fall short, to do proof-reading, to learn
shorthand, an officer of state, to give smb notice, on the grounds that, to pull
down (a house), a good omen.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “… the reporter … did not take in what she meant or include the statement
LESSON VI
(Part 2 Chapters 4-6, pp.137-153)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
to be after smb, good fortune, to be at a loose end, to be down on one’s luck, on
leave, to take an interest in smth, advance on smb’s wages, to afford smb little
rest, to have the heart to do smth, to be in store for smb, to be in the
neighbourhood, to be on a false sent, at any rate, to take chances, to decorate a
room, to make out a receipt, How are you off for clothes?, to be engaged on
smth, to accept an invitation, to come to grief, smb’s social advancement, a man
of the world, conscious of smth, a taste for smth (colour), every now and then,
to be in the way.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “That suicide didn’t go down well.” (p.138)
LESSON VII
(Part 3 Chapter 1-3, pp.154-174)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
a lame coclusion, an old hand at smth, in a sing-song voice, to be intended for
smth, one’s predecessor in office, under smb’s care, to take (a) pride in smth,
broad-minded, to stamp out, associated labour, to take exercise, under the
pretence of (doing) smth, far-seeing, to ascertain facts, to avail oneself of a
privilege, a breach of the regulations, to lead a lonely life, with the most minute
care, to keep at a distance of, at hand, in a flash, to bring to smb’s notice, in
(prejudicial) terms, to be of a different opinion, to be used to smth, to deprive
smb of smth, to find vent in smth, irritation at smb / smth.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “Even then things were very flat.” (p.154)
2. “She rather feels the whole thing’s rather her fault, really, and, short of going
(p.174)
III. Explain the idea and comment on the following sentences.
1. “At first he pleaded guilty on all charges, despite the entreaties of his
counsel, but eventually he was galvanized into some show of defence by the
warning of the presiding judge that the low allowed punishment with the cat-
o’-nine-tails for offences of this sort.”
2. “So Paul was sent off to prison, and the papers headed the column they
reserved for home events of minor importance with “Prison for Ex-ociety
Bridegroom. Judge on Human Vampires.””
3. “The loss of personal possessions gave him a curiously agreeable sense of
irresponsibility.”
4. “Give hell to the man immediately below you, and you can rely on him to
pass it on with interest.”
5. “His eminent qualities, however, did not keep him from many severe
differences of opinion with the Chief Warder.”
6. “Sir Wilfred Lucas-Dockery felt very much like Solomon at ten o’clock
every morning of the week except Sunday.”
7. “… dispensing automatic justice like a slot machine: in went the offence; out
came the punishment.”
8. “Paul read wholesale massacres in the warders’s face.”
IV. Make up a topical vocabulary list pertaining to the topic “Crime and Justice”.
V. Give a written translation of the following passage into Russian: “The next four
weeks of solitary confinement … so desirable in the early morning.”
VI. Get ready to answer the following questions. Write out the key words and
word-combinations that would help you to answer the questions.
1. What were the charges against Paul Pennyfeather? What was his sentence?
2. Who visited Paul in prison?
3. What prison was Paul sent off? What was his first day there like?
4. How did Prendy find himself in the position of the Prison Chaplain? Why
was he displeased with his new job?
5. Comment on the way the author describes the Governor, Sir Wilfred Lucas-
Dockery. What was the Governor’s predecessor’s advice?
6. What were the Governor’s most notable innovations in prison life? What did
you learn about the so-called “system of progresive stages”?
7. Whay did Paul find his first weeks of solitary confinement among the
happiest in his life?
8. What did Sir Wilfred Lucas-Dockery think would eventually bring him fame
and recognition? Comment on his manner of governing the prison.
9. What was Paul’s “petition” to the Governor about? What decision did Sir
Wilfred Lucas-Dockery make?
10. What was the first stage of the experiment prescribed by the Governor?
What did Paul learn from his new acquaintance?
11. Why did Paul find the next stage more disquieting?
12. What led to Mr Prendergast’s tragic death? Why did it pass unnoticed by the
authorities?
VII. Translate the following into English using the active vocabulary.
1. Дориан надеялся, что все будут думать, что Базил уехал в Париж, как и
LESSON VIII
(Part 3 Chapters 4-7, pp.175-200)
I. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text and give their
Russian equivalents. Get ready to reproduce them in the situations from the novel.
to be shy of doing smth, to do the right thing in doing smth, to face the music,
to set smb to work, to shut down (a school), to be cut out for smth, for good, to
run smth on a plan, to stretch a point and do smth, to risk severe reprimand, to
put oneself in the wrong, point-blank, socially ostracized, on no account, in a
low voice, to be out of earshot, on any pretext whatever, a law-abiding citizen,
to make a will, on a large scale, to carge smb for smth, to be much the worse for
smth, to operate on smb, without regaining consciousness, to be observant of
smb / smth, a distant cousin.
II. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences bringing out their meaning.
1. “Her son’s succession to the earldom recalls the sensation caused in May of
3. “As luck would have it, there was a fog next day…” (p.184)
Books of reference
1. Malcolm Bradbury. Evelyn Waugh. – Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1964. – 120p.
2. Jacqueline McDonnel. Evelyn Waugh. – Macmillan, 1988. – 168p.
3. A.A. De Vitis. Roman Holiday: The Catholic Novels of Evelyn Waugh. – N.Y.:
Bbookman Associates, 1956. – 88p.
4. Paul A. Doyle. Evelyn Waugh. A critical Essay. – William B. Eerdmans/Publisher, 1969.
– 48p.
5. James F. Carens. The satirical art of Evelyn Waugh. – Seattle and London: University of
Washington Press, 1966. – 195p.
6. Evelyn Waugh. The critical Heritage. / Ed. by Martin Stannard. – Lnd.: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1984. – 537p.