ATM Internetworking

1.0 Introduction 2.0 ATM Network Operations 3.0 ATM Signaling and Addressing 3.1 ATM and the OSI Model 4.0 ATM Routing rotocols 4.1 P-NNI Phase 1: QoS Support 4.2 P-NNI Phase 1: Scalab l t! and "eachab l t! 4.3 The IISP Protocol 4.4 Mult cast "out n# 4.$ Publ c Net%or& Internet%or& n# 4.5.1 Firewalls 4.' I(ple(entat on )ons derat ons !.0 "AN #$ulation $.1 *AN+ )o(ponents and )onnect on T!pes $.2 *AN+ Operat on 5.2.1 Initialization and Configuration 5.2.2 Joining and Registration 5.2.3 Data Transfer $.3 *AN+ and Spann n# Tree $.4 Intell #ent ,-S $.$ *AN+ and . rtual *ANs

%.0 Nati&e Mode rotocols '.1 Inte#rated Ser/ ces '.2 IP O/er ATM 6.2.1 Pa !et "n a#sulation 6.2.2 $ddress Resolution '.3 N0"P '.4 Mult cast Operat on '.$ 1 rect /ersus "outer )onnect ons '.0 Multiprotocol O&er ATM 2.1 Peer Models 2.2 Inte#rated P-NNI 2.3 1 str buted "outer Protocols (.0 )ide Area Network Internetworking *.0 +onclusions 10.0 Re,erences Appendi- A. A Sur&e/ o, ATM Tra,,ic Manage$ent Appendi- 0. Status o, 1e/ ATM Standards and Speci,ications ,.1 )o(pleted Spec 3 cat ons -- ATM 4oru( ,.2 )o(pleted Spec 3 cat ons -- I+T4 ,.3 Pend n# Spec 3 cat ons -- ATM 4oru( ,.4 Pend n# Spec 3 cat ons -- I+T4

1.0 Introduction

It s clear that As!nchronous Trans3er Mode 5ATM6 technolo#! % ll pla! a central role n the e/olut on o3 current %or&#roup7 ca(pus and enterpr se net%or&s. ATM del /ers (portant ad/anta#es o/er e8 st n# *AN and 9AN technolo# es7 nclud n# the pro( se o3 scalable band% dths at unprecedented pr ce and per3or(ance po nts and 2ualit/ o, Ser&ice 32oS4 #uarantees7 %h ch 3ac l tate ne% classes o3 appl cat ons such as (ult (ed a. These bene3 ts7 ho%e/er7 co(e at a pr ce. )ontrar! to co((on ( sconcept ons7 ATM s a /er! co(ple8 technolo#!7 perhaps the (ost co(ple8 e/er de/eloped b! the net%or& n# ndustr!. 9h le the structure o3 ATM cells and cell s% tch n# do 3ac l tate the de/elop(ent o3 hard%are ntens /e7 h #h per3or(ance ATM s% tches7 the deplo!(ent o3 ATM networ!s re:u res the o/erla! o3 a h #hl! co(ple87 so3t%are ntens /e7 protocol n3rastructure. Th s n3rastructure s re:u red to both allo% nd / dual ATM s% tches to be l n&ed nto a net%or&7 and 3or such net%or&s to nternet%or& % th the /ast nstalled base o3 e8 st n# local and % de area net%or&s. Th s paper s a sur/e! o3 th s protocol n3rastructure. It starts b! d scuss n# the un :ue 3eatures o3 ATM net%or&s -- such as ts connect on or ented nature7 %h ch contr butes to the co(ple8 t! o3 ATM protocols. The 3act that ATM s connect on or ented (pl es the need 3or ATM spec 3 c s #nal n# protocols and address n# structures7 as %ell as protocols to route ATM connect on re:uests across the ATM net%or&. These ATM protocols7 n turn7 n3luence the (anner n %h ch e8 st n# h #her la!er protocols can operate o/er ATM net%or&s. The latter can be done n a nu(ber o3 d 33erent %a!s7 each % th ts o%n ad/anta#es and character st cs7 %h ch % ll be d scussed. The re(a nder o3 th s paper s or#an ;ed as 3ollo%s:

Sect on 2.< presents an o/er/ e% o3 the arch tecture o3 ATM net%or&s7 ATM connect on (ana#e(ent and ATM connect on t!pes. Sect on 3.< d scusses ATM s #nal n# protocols and address n# (odels. Sect on 4.< descr bes ATM rout n# protocols.

Sect on $.< then sh 3ts attent on to the nternet%or& n# o3 ATM % th e8 st n# *AN protocols7 and7 spec 3 call!7 to the *AN e(ulat on protocol. Sect on '.< d scusses ATM nat /e (ode protocols7 an alternate (ethod 3or carr! n# h #her la!er protocols across ATM. Sect on 2.< d scusses so(e o3 the latest %or& o3 the ATM 4oru( on (ult protocol transport o/er ATM. Sect on =.< d scusses % de area net%or& 59AN6 nternet%or& n#. Sect on >.< concludes the paper. Sect on 1<.< "e3erences. Append 8 A presents a br e3 o/er/ e% o3 ATM tra33 c (ana#e(ent7 s nce so(e o3 th s (ater al7 %h ch (pacts ATM nternet%or& n#7 s 3a rl! recent7 and (a! not be co/ered else%here.

Append 8 , su((ar ;es the status o3 a nu(ber o3 the &e! co(pleted and pend n# ATM spec 3 cat ons 3ro( the ATM 4oru( and the Internet +n# neer n# Tas& 4orce 5I+T46.

Th s paper assu(es 3a( l ar t! % th the 3unda(entals o3 ATM technolo#!7 nclud n# the ATM la!er protocols and cell 3or(ats7 and the operat on o3 ATM s% tch n# s!ste(s. Man! sources are a/a lable %h ch descr be these aspects o3 ATM s!ste(s -- ?Mc1!san@7 ?M nol @7 and ?Pr!c&er@ are #ood sources 3or such bac&#round n3or(at on. Man! o3 the protocols descr bed n th s paper %ere st ll under de/elop(ent7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 and aspects o3 the r operat on (a! chan#e b! the t (e the protocols are 3 nal ;ed. )onsult the latest /ers ons o3 the re3erenced spec 3 cat ons 3or the (ost current n3or(at on.

2.0 ATM Network Operation

An ATM net%or& cons sts o3 a set o3 ATM s% tches nterconnected b! po nt-to-po nt ATM l n&s or nter3aces. ATM s% tches support t%o & nds o3 nter3aces: user-net%or& nter3aces 5-NI6 and net%or&-node nter3acesA1A 5NNI6. -NI connect ATM end-s!ste(s 5hosts7 routers7 and so on6 to an ATM s% tchA2A7 %h le an NNI (a! be (prec sel!

de3 ned as an nter3ace connect n# t%o ATM s% tches to#etherB sl #htl! d 33erent cell 3or(ats are de3 ned across -NI and NNIA3A. More prec sel!7 ho%e/er7 an NNI s an! ph!s cal or lo# cal l n& across %h ch t%o ATM s% tches e8chan#e the NNI protocolA4A. Th s % ll be descr bed n #reater deta l n Sect on 4.<.

Figure 1% $T& 'etwor! Interfa es

A1A So(et (es also &no%n as net%or&-net%or& nter3acesB the d 33erence s subtle and un (portant. A2A ATM does not ha/e an analo# o3 the redundant ph!s cal l n&s pro/ ded b! 411I7 % th ts dual attached stat ons. 0ence an! end-s!ste( re:u r n# a redundant connect on to an ATM net%or& % ll need to support t%o separate -NIs7 and e ther operate one l n& n a standb! (ode7 or per3or( local connect on le/el load shar n# bet%een the l n&s. A3A In NNI cells7 unl &e -NI cells7 there s no Cener c 4lo% )ontrol 5C4)6 3 eld7 and the 3 rst 3our b ts o3 the cell are used b! an e8panded 512 b t6 .PI 3 eld. S nce the C4) s rarel! used7 ho%e/er 5 ts use s not de3 ned7 3or nstance7 n the ATM 4oru( -NI spec 3 cat ons67 there s7 n pract ce7 no 3unct onal d 33erence bet%een -NI and NNI cells7 other than n the 3act that the latter can support a lar#er .PI space. A4A 4or th s reason7 the connect on bet%een a pr /ate ATM s% tch and a publ c ATM s% tch s a -NI -&no%n as a Publ c -NI -- s nce these s% tches do not t!p call! e8chan#e NNI n3or(at on 5re3er to Sect on 4.$6.

As noted abo/e7 ATM net%or&s are 3unda(entall! connect on or ented. Th s (eans that a / rtual c rcu t needs to be set up across the ATM net%or& pr or to an! data trans3er. ATM c rcu ts are o3 t%o t!pes: / rtual paths7 dent 3 ed b! / rtual path dent 3 ers 5.PI6B and / rtual channels7 dent 3 ed b! the co(b nat on o3 a .PI and a / rtual channel dent 3 er 5.)I6. A / rtual path s a bundle o3 / rtual channels7 all o3 %h ch are s% tched transparentl! across the ATM net%or& on the bas s o3 the co((on .PI. All .)I and .PI7 ho%e/er7 ha/e onl! local s #n 3 cance across a part cular l n&7 and are re(apped7 as appropr ate7 at each s% tch. In nor(al operat on7 s% tches allocate all -NI connect ons % th n .PID<B the use o3 other / rtual paths s d scussed later n th s paper. The bas c operat on o3 an ATM s% tch s /er! s (ple: to rece /e a cell across a l n& on a &no%n .)I or .PI /alueB to loo& up the connect on /alue n a local translat on table to deter( ne the out#o n# port 5or ports6 o3 the connect on and the ne% .PIE.)I /alue o3 the connect on on that l n&B and to then retrans( t the cell on that out#o n# l n& % th the appropr ate connect on dent 3 ers.

Figure 2% $T& (wit ) *#erations

The s% tch operat on s so s (ple because e8ternal (echan s(s set up the local translat on tables pr or to the trans( ttal o3 an! data. The (anner n %h ch these tables are set up deter( ne the t%o 3unda(ental t!pes o3 ATM connect ons:

Per+anent ,irtual Conne tions -P,C.% A P.) s a connect on set up b! so(e e8ternal (echan s(7 t!p call! net%or& (ana#e(ent7 n %h ch a set o3 s% tches

bet%een an ATM source and dest nat on ATM s!ste( are pro#ra((ed % th the appropr ate .PIE.)I /alues. As s d scussed later7 ATM s #nal n# can 3ac l tate the set up o3 P.)s7 but7 b! de3 n t on7 P.)s al%a!s re:u re so(e (anual con3 #urat on. As such7 the r use can o3ten be cu(berso(e.

(wit )ed ,irtual Conne tions -(,C.% An S.) s a connect on that s set up auto(at call! throu#h a s #nal n# protocol. S.)s do not re:u re the (anual nteract on needed to set up P.)s and7 as such7 are l &el! to be (uch (ore % del! used. All h #her la!er protocols operat n# o/er ATM pr (ar l! use S.)s7 and t s these that are pr (ar l! cons dered n th s paper.

Figure 3% ,irtual Cir uit and ,irtual Pat) (wit )ing

ATM s #nal n# s n t ated b! an ATM end-s!ste( that des res to set up a connect on throu#h an ATM net%or&B s #nal n# pac&ets are sent on a %ell &no%nA$A / rtual channel7 .PID<7 .)ID$. The s #nal n# s routed throu#h the net%or&7 3ro( s% tch to s% tchA'A7 sett n# up the connect on dent 3 ers as t #oesA2A7 unt l t reaches the dest nat on end s!ste(. The latter can e ther accept and con3 r( the connect on re:uest7 or can reFect t7 clear n# the connect on. Note that because the connect on s set up alon# the path o3 the connect on re:uest7 the data also 3lo%s alon# th s sa(e path.

Figure 4% Conne tion (etu# t)roug) $T& (ignaling -(,C.

A$A Th s (eans that th s / rtual channel s reser/ed 3or s #nal n# tra33 c7 and no other t!pes o3 n3or(at on (a! be trans( tted across the connect on. All s% tches are also precon3 #ured to rece /e an! s #nal n# pac&ets sent across th s connect on and pass the( to a s #nal n# process assoc ated % th the s% tch. Other %ell &no%n / rtual channels7 d scussed throu#hout the paper 53or the I*MI protocol7 P-NNI protocols etc.6 are treated n an e:u /alent (anner. In #eneral7 all .)I belo% 32 are reser/ed % th n each .PI 3or such control purposesB data connect ons are hence allocated .)I outs de th s ran#e. A'A Str ctl!7 the s #nal n# re:uests are passed bet%een the s #nal n# or call control processes assoc ated % th the s% tches7 and t s these that set- up the connect on throu#h the s% tches. In #eneral7 ho%e/er7 3or the sa&e o3 robustness and per3or(ance7 (ost /endors % ll nte#rate the call control capab l t! nto each s% tch7 rather than support n# the( on an o33-board processor. A2A The connect on dent 3 ers 5that s7 .PIE.)I /alues6 3or a part cular connect on are t!p call! allocated7 across an! # /en l n&7 b! the node to %h ch the re:uest s sent7 as opposed to the re:uest n# node. )onnect on dent 3 ers -- % th t!p call! the sa(e .PIE.)I /alues -- are al%a!s allocated n each d rect on o3 a connect on7 but the tra33 c para(eters n each d rect on can be d 33erentB n part cular7 the band% dth n one d rect on could be ;ero.

In the 3ollo% n# sect on %e d scuss the ATM s #nal n# protocols7 %h le Sect on 4.< d scusses the ATM rout n# protocols that actuall! route ATM connect on re:uests across

the ATM net%or&. ,e3ore th s7 the d 33erent t!pes o3 ATM connect on that can be set up7 e ther as S.)s or P.)s are d scussed. There are t%o 3unda(ental t!pes o3 ATM connect ons:

Point/to/#oint

onne tions7 %h ch connect t%o ATM end-s!ste(s. Such onne tions7 %h ch connects a s n#le source end-s!ste(

connect ons can be un d rect onal or b d rect onal.

Point/to/+ulti#oint

5&no%n as the root node6 to (ult ple dest nat on end-s!ste(s 5&no%n as lea/es6. )ell repl cat on s done % th n the net%or& b! the ATM s% tchesA=A at %h ch the connect on spl ts nto t%o or (ore branches. Such connect ons are un d rect onal7 per( tt n# the root to trans( t to the lea/es7 but not the lea/es to trans( t to the root7 or to each other7 on the sa(e connect on. The reason %h! such connect ons are onl! un d rect onal are descr bed belo%.

Figure 5% T0#es of $T& Conne tions

A=A +nd s!ste(s could also repl cate cells and send the( to (ult ple end s!ste(s across (ult ple po nt-topo nt l n&s7 but #enerall!7 ATM s% tches can per3or( repl cat on (uch (ore e33 c entl! than end s!ste(s.

9hat s notabl! ( ss n# 3ro( these t!pes o3 ATM connect ons s an analo# to the (ult cast n# or broadcast n#A>A capab l t! co((on n (an! shared (ed u( *AN technolo# es such as +thernet or To&en " n#. In such technolo# es7 (ult cast n# allo%s

(ult ple end s!ste(s to both rece /e data 3ro( other (ult ple s!ste(s7 and to trans( t data to these (ult ple s!ste(s. Such capab l t es are eas! to (ple(ent n shared (ed a technolo# es such as *ANs7 %here all nodes on a s n#le *AN se#(ent (ust necessar l! process all pac&ets sent on that se#(ent. The ob/ ous analo# n ATM to a (ult cast *AN #roup %ould be a 5b d rect onal6 (ult po nt-to- (ult po nt connect on. -n3ortunatel!7 th s ob/ ous solut on cannot be (ple(ented %hen us n# AA*$7 the (ost co((on ATM Adaptat on *a!er 5AA*6 used to trans( t data across ATM net%or&s. -nl &e AA* 3E4A1<A7 % th ts Messa#e Ident 3 er 5MI16 3 eld 5see ?4oru(1@67 AA* $ does not ha/e an! pro/ s on % th n ts cell 3or(at 3or the nterlea/ n# o3 cells 3ro( d 33erent AA*$ pac&ets on a s n#le connect on. Th s (eans that all AA*$ pac&ets sent to a part cular dest nat on across a part cular connect on (ust be rece /ed n se:uence7 % th no nterlea/ n# bet%een the cells o3 d 33erent pac&ets on the sa(e connect on7 or the dest nat on reasse(bl! process %ould not be able to reconstruct the pac&ets.

A>A ,roadcast n#7 %here a s n#le s!ste( trans( ts to all other s!ste(s7 can be / e%ed as a spec al case o3 (ult cast n#7 and s so treated n th s paper. A1<A 1esp te the proble(s that AA* $ has % th (ult cast support7 t s not reall! 3eas ble to use AA* 3E4 3or data transport nstead. Th s s because AA* 3E4 s a (uch (ore co(ple8 protocol than AA* $ and %ould lead to (uch (ore co(ple8 and e8pens /e (ple(entat onsB ndeed7 AA* $ %as de/eloped spec 3 call! to replace AA* 3E4. In an! case7 %h le the MI1 3 eld o3 AA* 3E4 could preclude cell nterlea/ n# proble(s7 allo% n# 3or b d rect onal7 (ult po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons7 th s %ould also re:u re so(e (echan s( 3or ensur n# that all nodes n the connect on use a un :ue MI1 /alue. There s no such (echan s( currentl! n e8 stence or de/elop(entB the nu(ber o3 poss ble nodes % th n a # /en (ult cast #roup %ould also be se/erel! l ( ted due to the s(all s ;e o3 the MI1 space.

Th s s %h! ATM AA* $ po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons can onl! be un d rect onal7 3or 3 a lea3 node %as to trans( t an AA* $ pac&et onto the connect on7 t %ould be rece /ed b! both the root node and all other lea3 nodes. 0o%e/er7 at these nodes7 the pac&et sent b! the lea3 could %ell be nterlea/ed % th pac&ets sent b! the root7 and poss bl! other lea3

nodesB th s %ould preclude the reasse(bl! o3 an! o3 the nterlea/ed pac&ets. )learl!7 th s s not acceptable. Not% thstand n# th s proble(7 ATM does re:u re so(e 3or( o3 (ult cast capab l t!7 s nce (ost e8 st n# protocols7 be n# de/eloped n t all! 3or *AN technolo# es7 rel! upon the e8 stence o3 a lo%-le/el (ult castEbroadcast 3ac l t!. Three (ethods ha/e been proposed 3or sol/ n# th s proble(:

5 6Multicasting. In th s (echan s(7 a (ult po nt-to-(ult po nt .P l n&s all nodes n the (ult cast #roup7 and each node s # /en a un :ue .)I /alue % th n the .P. Interlea/ed pac&ets can hence be dent 3 ed b! the un :ue .)I /alue o3 the source. -n3ortunatel!7 th s (echan s( re:u res a protocol to un :uel! allocate .)I /alues to nodesB such a (echan s( does not currentl! e8 st. It s also not clear %hether current se#(entat on and reasse(bl! 5SA"6 de/ ces could eas l! support such a (ode o3 operat onA11A.

Multicast Ser&er. In th s (echan s(7 all nodes % sh n# to trans( t onto a (ult cast #roup set up a po nt-to-po nt connect on % th an e8ternal de/ ce &no%n as a (ult cast ser/er 5perhaps better descr bed as a rese:uencer or ser al ;er6. The (ult cast ser/er7 n turn7 s connected to all nodes % sh n# to rece /e the (ult cast pac&ets throu#h a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect onA12A. The (ult cast ser/er rece /es pac&ets across the po nt-to-po nt connect ons7 then retrans( ts the( across the po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on -- but onl! a3ter ensur n# that the pac&ets are ser al ;ed 5that s7 one pac&et s 3ull! trans( tted pr or to the ne8t be n# sent6. In th s %a!7 cell nterlea/ n# s precluded.

Figure 6% &ulti ast (er1er *#eration

A11A 4urther(ore7 there s no support 3or s% tched / rtual paths n the e8 st n# 5-NI 3.<E3.16 s #nal n# spec 3 cat ons. Th s capab l t! % ll be added to the s #nal n# protocols 5-NI 4.<6 currentl! under de/elop(ent. A12A The (ult cast ser/er could also connect to each o3 the dest nat ons us n# po nt-to-po nt connect ons7 and repl cate the pac&ets be3ore trans( ss on. In #eneral7 ho%e/er7 ATM net%or&s can per3or( repl cat on7 throu#h po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons7 (uch (ore e33 c entl!.

O&erlaid oint6to6Multipoint +onnections. In th s (echan s(7 all nodes n the (ult cast #roup establ sh a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on % th each other node n the #roup7 and7 n turn7 beco(es a lea3 n the e:u /alent connect ons o3 all other nodes. 0ence7 all nodes can both trans( t to and rece /e 3ro( all other nodes.

Figure 2% &ulti ast T)roug) *1erlaid Point/to/&ulti#oint Conne tions

The last (echan s( re:u res each node to (a nta n N connect ons 3or each #roup7 %here N s the total nu(ber o3 trans( tt n# nodes % th n the #roup7 %h le the (ult cast ser/er (echan s( re:u res onl! t%o connect ons. Th s (echan s( also re:u res a re# strat on process 3or tell n# nodes that Fo n a #roup %hat the other nodes n the #roup are7 so that t can 3or( ts o%n po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on. The other nodes 5see belo%6 also need to &no% about the ne% node so the! can add the ne% node to the r o%n po nt-to(ult po nt connect ons. The (ult cast ser/er (echan s( s (ore scalable n ter(s o3 connect on resources7 but has the proble( o3 re:u r n# a central ;ed rese:uencer7 %h ch s both a potent al bottlenec& and a s n#le po nt o3 3a lure. In short7 there s7 as !et7 no deal solut on % th n ATM 3or (ult cast. 0 #her la!er protocols % th n ATM net%or&s use both the latter t%o solut ons 3or (ult cast7 as % ll be d scussed later n th s paper. Th s s one e8a(ple o3 %h! nternet%or& n# e8 st n# protocols % th ATM s so co(ple8. Most current protocols7 part cularl! those de/eloped 3or *ANs7 (pl c tl! assu(e a net%or& n3rastructure /er! s ( lar to e8 st n# *AN technolo# es -- that s7 a shared (ed u(7 connect onless technolo#! % th (pl c t broadcast (echan s(s. As noted abo/e7 ATM / olates all o3 these assu(pt ons. In later sect ons the (echan s(s used to %or& around these proble(s % ll be d scussed.

,e3ore proceed n#7 th s br e3 sur/e! o3 ATM net%or& n# % ll conclude % th a (ent on o3 the Inter ( *ocal Mana#e(ent Inter3ace 5I*MI6 protocol. The I*MI protocol uses SNMP 3or(at pac&ets across the -NI 5and also across NNI l n&s7 as d scussed later6 to access an I*MI Mana#e(ent In3or(at on ,ase 5MI,6 assoc ated % th the l n&7 % th n each node. The I*MI protocol s run across a %ell &no%n / rtual channel7 .PID<7 .)ID1'. The I*MI protocol allo%s adFacent nodes to deter( ne /ar ous character st cs o3 the other node -- 3or e8a(ple7 the s ;e o3 each otherGs connect on space7 the t!pe o3 s #nal n# used7 hoo&s 3or net%or& (ana#e(ent autod sco/er!7 and so on. One o3 ts (ost use3ul 3eatures7 address re# strat on7 #reatl! 3ac l tates the ad( n strat on o3 ATM addresses and s d scussed n the ne8t sect on. The I*MI % ll l &el! be e8tended n the 3uture to support other autocon3 #urat on capab l t es7 such as 3or #roup address n#7 as d scussed later.

3.0 ATM Signaling and Addressing

The current and planned ATM s #nal n# protocols and the r assoc ated ATM address n# (odels are d scussed n th s sect on. ATM s #nal n# protocols /ar! b! the t!pe o3 ATM l n& -- ATM -NI s #nal n# s used bet%een an ATM end-s!ste( and an ATM s% tch across an ATM -NIB ATM NNI s #nal n# s used across NNI l n&s. As o3 the t (e o3 th s %r t n#7 standards e8 st onl! 3or ATM -NI s #nal n#7 althou#h %or& s cont nu n# on NNI s #nal n#. The current standard 3or ATM -NI s #nal n# s descr bed n the ATM 4oru( -NI 3.1 spec 3 cat on ?4oru(1@7 %h ch s a sl #ht (od 3 cat on to the earl er -NI 3.< spec 3 cat onA13A ?4oru(2@. -NI s #nal n# re:uests are carr ed across the -NI n a %ell &no%n de3ault connect on: .PID<7 .)ID$. The -NI 3.1 spec 3 cat on s based upon Q.2>317 a publ c net%or& s #nal n# protocol de/eloped b! the Internat onal Teleco((un cat ons -n on-Teleco((un cat ons SectorA14A 5IT--T67 %h ch7 n turn7 %as based upon the Q.>31 s #nal n# protocol used % th Narro%band IS1N 5N-IS1N6. The ATM s #nal n# protocols run on top o3 a Ser/ ce Spec 3 c )on/er#ence Protocol 5SS)OP67 de3 ned b! the IT--T "eco((endat ons Q.21<<7 Q.211<7 and Q.213<. Th s s a data l n& protocol that #uarantees del /er! throu#h the use o3 % ndo%s and retrans( ss onsA1$A.

A13A Apart 3ro( so(e ( nor Hbu#-3 8es7H the onl! substant /e d 33erence bet%een -NI 3.< and -NI 3.1 s n the data l n& protocol7 SS)OP7 used 3or the rel able transport o3 the ATM s #nal n# pac&ets. -NI 3.1 brou#ht the ATM 4oru( s #nal n# spec 3 cat on nto al #n(ent % th the IT--TGs Q.2>31 s #nal n# protocol stac&B -NI 3.< had re3erenced an earl er dra3t7 Q.>3b. There are no 3unct onal d 33erences bet%een -NI 3.< and -NI 3.17 but un3ortunatel!7 the t%o are not nteroperable due to the d 33erences n the data l n& protocol -- -NI 3.< re3erenced an earl er7 non- nteroperable dra3t o3 Q.21<<7 &no%n as Q.SAA*. A14A Ino%n 3or(erl! as the ))ITT. A1$A Note that n #eneral7 ATM does not o33er an assured ser/ ce -- cells are not retrans( tted b! ATM de/ ces upon loss7 3or nstance7 s nce t s assu(ed that h #her la!ers 5such as T)P6 % ll handle rel able del /er!7 3 th s s %hat the appl cat on re:u res. Th s also (a&es ATM de/ ces (uch s (pler7 3aster7 and cheaper. "e3er to ?Partr d#e3@ 3or a d scuss on o3 rel able del /er! n ATM net%or&s. ATM s #nal n# re:u res the assured del /er! #uarantees o3 SS)OP s nce t does not run on an! standard h #her la!er protocol l &e T)P7 and the s #nal n# state (ach nes can be (ade (uch s (pler 3 assured del /er! can be assu(ed.

ATM s #nal n# uses the Gone-passG (ethod o3 connect on set-up7 %h ch s the (odel used n all co((on teleco((un cat ons net%or&s 5e.#. the telephone net%or&6. That s7 a connect on re:uest 3ro( the source end-s!ste( s propa#ated throu#h the net%or&7 sett n# up the connect on as t #oes7 unt l t reaches the 3 nal dest nat on end-s!ste(. The rout n# o3 the connect on re:uest -- and hence o3 an! subse:uent data 3lo% -- s #o/erned b! the ATM rout n# protocols 5e.#. the P-NNI protocols d scussed n the 3ollo% n# sect on6. Such protocols route the connect on re:uest based upon both the dest nat on address7 and the tra33 c and QoS para(eters re:uested b! the source end-s!ste(. The dest nat on ends!ste( (a! choose to accept or reFect the connect on re:uest7 but s nce the call rout n# s based purel! on the para(eters n the n t al connect on re:uest (essa#e7 the scope 3or ne#ot at on o3 connect on para(eters bet%een source and dest nat on -- %h ch (a!7 n turn7 a33ect the connect on rout n# -- s l ( ted. A nu(ber o3 (essa#e t!pes are de3 ned n the -NI 3.<E3.1 spec 3 cat on7 to#ether % th a nu(ber o3 state (ach nes de3 n n# the operat on o3 the protocol7 cause error codes de3 n n# reasons 3or connect on 3a lure7 and so 3orth. 1ata ele(ents used n the s #nal n#

protocol -- addresses7 3or nstance -- are carr ed % th n In3or(at on +le(ents 5I+6 % th n the s #nal n# pac&ets. In o/er/ e%7 a source end-s!ste( % sh n# to set up a connect on % ll 3or(ulate and send nto the net%or&7 across ts -NI7 a (etu# (essa#e7 conta n n# the dest nat on end-s!ste( address7 des red tra33 c and QoS para(eters7 /ar ous I+s de3 n n# part cular des red h #her la!er protocol b nd n#s 5see Sect on '.2.16 and so 3orth. Th s Setup (essa#e s sent to the 3 rst7 n#ress s% tch7 across the -NI7 %h ch responds % th a local Call Pro eeding ac&no%led#(ent. The n#ress s% tch % ll then n/o&e an ATM rout n# protocol7 as d scussed n the 3ollo% n# sect on7 to propa#ate the s #nal n# re:uest across the net%or&7 to the e#ress s% tch to %h ch s attached the dest nat on end-s!ste(. Th s e#ress s% tch % ll then 3or%ard the Setup (essa#e to the end-s!ste(7 across ts -NI. The latter (a! choose to e ther accept or reFect the connect on re:uestB n the 3or(er case7 t returns a Conne t (essa#e7 bac& throu#h the net%or&7 alon# the sa(e path7 to the re:uest n# source end-s!ste(. Once the source end-s!ste( rece /es and ac&no%led#es the )onnect (essa#e7 e ther node can then start trans( tt n# data on the connect on. I3 the dest nat on end-s!ste( reFects the connect on re:uest7 t returns a Release (essa#e7 %h ch s also sent bac& to the source end-s!ste(7 clear n# the connect on 5e.#. an! allocated connect on dent 3 ers6 as t proceeds. "elease (essa#e are also used b! e ther o3 the end-s!ste(s7 or b! the net%or&7 to clear an establ shed connect on. The ATM 4oru( #reatl! s (pl 3 ed the Q.2>31 protocol7 but also e8tended t to add support 3or po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on set up. In part cular7 -NI 3.1 allo%s 3or a root node to set up a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on7 and to subse:uentl! add a lea3 node. 9h le a lea3 node can autono(ousl! lea/e such a connect on7 t cannot add tsel3. The ATM 4oru( s currentl! %or& n# on ne% s #nal n# capab l t es7 %h ch % ll be released n the second hal3 o3 1>>$ as part o3 ts -NI 4.< spec 3 cat on ?4oru(3@. -NI 4.< % ll add support 3or7 a(on#st other th n#s7 lea3- n t ated Fo ns to a (ult po nt connect on. 9h le so(e %ould l &e to use th s to allo% 3or true (ult po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons7 t should be noted that s #nal n# support 3or such connect ons does not (pl! the

e8 stence o3 a su table (echan s( 3or such connect ons. At the t (e o3 th s %r t n#7 t s not clear that -NI 4.< % ll ha/e an! better solut on 3or (ult cast % th n ATM than %hat e8 sts toda!. The (ost (portant contr but on o3 -NI 3.<E3.1 n ter(s o3 nternet%or& n# across ATM %as ts address n# structure. An! s #nal n# protocol7 o3 course7 re:u res an address n# sche(e to allo% the s #nal n# protocol to dent 3! the sources and dest nat on o3 connect ons. The IT--T has lon# settled upon the use o3 telephone nu(ber-l &e +.1'4 addresses as the address n# structure 3or publ c ATM 5,-IS1N6 net%or&s. S nce +.1'4 addresses are a publ c 5and e8pens /e6 resource7 and cannot t!p call! be used % th n pr /ate net%or&s7 the ATM 4oru( e8tended ATM address n# to nclude pr /ate net%or&s. In de/elop n# such a pr /ate net%or& address n# sche(e 3or -NI 3.<E3.17 the ATM 4oru( e/aluated t%o 3unda(entall! d 33erent (odels 3or address n#. These t%o (odels d 33ered n the %a! n %h ch the ATM protocol la!er %as / e%ed n relat on to e8 st n# protocol la!ers7 n part cular7 e8 st n# net%or& la!er protocols such as IP7 IPJ7 and so on. These e8 st n# protocols all ha/e the r o%n address n# sche(es and assoc ated rout n# protocols. One proposal %as to also use these sa(e address n# sche(es % th n ATM net%or&s. 0ence ATM endpo nts %ould be dent 3 ed b! e8 st n# net%or& la!er addresses 5such as IP addresses67 and ATM s #nal n# re:uests %ould carr! such addresses. +8 st n# net%or& la!er rout n# protocols 5such as IC"P and OSP4 ?1 c& e@6 %ould also be used % th n the ATM net%or& to route the ATM s #nal n# re:uests7 s nce these re:uests7 us n# e8 st n# net%or& la!er addresses7 %ould loo& essent all! loo& l &e connect onless pac&ets. Th s (odel %as &no%n as the #eer (odel7 s nce t essent all! treats the ATM la!er as a peer o3 e8 st n# net%or& la!ers.

Figure 3% Peer &odel of $T& $ddressing

An alternate (odel sou#ht to decouple the ATM la!er 3ro( an! e8 st n# protocol7 de3 n n# 3or t an ent rel! ne% address n# structure. ,! (pl cat on7 all e8 st n# protocols %ould operate o/er the ATM net%or&. 4or th s reason7 the (odel s &no%n as the su4networ! or o1erla0 (odel. Th s (ode o3 operat on s7 n 3act7 the (anner n %h ch such protocols as IP operate o/er such protocols l &e J.2$ or o/er d al-up l nes. The o/erla! (odel re:u res the de3 n t on o3 both a ne% address n# structure7 and an assoc ated rout n# protocol. All ATM s!ste(s %ould need to be ass #ned an ATM address n add t on to an! h #her la!er protocol addresses t %ould also support. The ATM address n# space %ould be lo# call! d sFo nt 3ro( the address n# space o3 %hate/er protocol %ould run o/er the ATM la!er7 and t!p call! %ould not bear an! relat onsh p % th t. 0ence7 all protocols operat n# o/er an ATM subnet %ould also re:u re so(e 3or( o3 ATM address resolut on protocol to (ap h #her la!er addresses 5such as IP addresses6 to the r correspond n# ATM addresses. Note that the peer (odel does not re:u re such address resolut on protocols. ,! us n# e8 st n# rout n# protocols7 the peer (odel also (a! ha/e precluded the need 3or the de/elop(ent o3 a ne% ATM rout n# protocol. Nonetheless7 t %as the o/erla! (odel that %as 3 nall! chosen b! the ATM 4oru( 3or use % th -NI 3.<E3.1 s #nal n#. A(on# other reasons7 the peer (odel7 %h le s (pl 3! n# ends!ste( address ad( n strat on7 #reatl! ncreases the co(ple8 t! o3 ATM s% tches7 s nce the! (ust essent all! act l &e (ult protocol routers and support address tables 3or all current protocols7 as %ell as all o3 the r e8 st n# rout n# protocols. )urrent rout n#

protocols7 be n# or # nall! de/eloped 3or current *AN and 9AN net%or&s7 also do not (ap %ell nto ATM or allo% use o3 ATMGs un :ue QoS propert es.

Figure 5% *1erla0 &odel of $T& $ddressing

Perhaps (ost (portantl!7 the o/erla! (odel7 b! decoupl n# ATM 3ro( other h #her protocol la!ers7 allo%s each to be de/eloped ndependentl! o3 the other. Th s s /er! (portant 3ro( a pract cal en# neer n# / e%po nt -- as % ll be seen7 both ATM and e/ol/ n# h #her la!er protocols are e8tre(el! co(ple8 and coupl n# the r de/elop(ent %ould l &el! ha/e slo%ed the deplo!(ent o3 ATM :u te cons derabl!. Thou#h there s a pr ce to pa! 3or such la!er n#7 n the need 3or d sFo nt address spaces and rout n# protocols7 and n poss bl! subopt (al end-to-end rout n#A1'A7 the pract cal bene3 ts ar#uabl! #reatl! e8ceed the theoret cal costs.

A1'A Th s (a! happen n lar#e7 (eshed net%or&s cons st n# o3 both pac&et routers and ATM s% tches because the h #her la!er pac&et rout n# protocols operate ndependentl! o3 the ATM le/el rout n# protocol ?)ole@. 0ence once a path s chosen7 cross n# the ATM net%or&7 a chan#e n the topolo#! or character st cs o3 the ATM la!er %ould not beco(e &no%n to the h #her la!er rout n# protocol7 e/en 3 that chan#e %ould result n a d 33erent7 (ore opt (al end-to-end path7 b!pass n# the ATM net%or&7 be n# chosen. 9h le th s s ndeed a potent al dra%bac& o3 the o/erla! (odel7 n pract ce t s unl &el! to be a (aFor proble( s nce t s l &el! that n an! pract cal net%or& the ATM net%or& %ould al%a!s re(a n the pre3erred path.

C /en the cho ce o3 the o/erla! (odel7 the ATM 4oru( then de3 ned an address 3or(at 3or pr /ate net%or&s based on the s!nta8 o3 an OSI Net%or& Ser/ ce Access Po nt 5NSAP6 address. Note7 ho%e/er7 that an ATM address s not an NSAP7 desp te the s ( lar structureB %h le n co((on usa#e such addresses are o3ten re3erred to as HNSAP addresses7H the! are better descr bed as ATM pr /ate net%or& addresses7 or ATM endpo nt dent 3 ers7 and dent 3! not NSAPs7 but subnet%or& po nts o3 attach(ent. The 2<-b!te NSAP 3or(at ATM addresses are des #ned 3or use % th n pr /ate ATM net%or&s7 %h le publ c net%or&s t!p call! use +.1'4 addresses that are 3or(atted as de3 ned b! IT--T. The 4oru( d d spec 3!7 ho%e/er7 an NSAP encod n# 3or +.1'4 addresses. Th s % ll be used 3or encod n# +.1'4 addresses % th n pr /ate net%or&s but (a! also be used b! so(e pr /ate net%or&s. Such net%or&s (a! base the r o%n 5NSAP 3or(at6 address n# on the +.1'4 address o3 the publ c -NI to %h ch the! are connected and ta&e the address pre3 8 3ro( the +.1'4 nu(ber7 dent 3! n# local nodes b! the lo%er order b ts. All NSAP 3or(at ATM addresses cons st o3 three co(ponents: an Author t! and 4or(at Ident 3 er 5A4I67 %h ch dent 3 es the t!pe and 3or(at o3 the In t al 1o(a n Ident 3 er 5I1I6B the I1I7 %h ch dent 3 es the address allocat on and ad( n strat on author t!B and the 1o(a n Spec 3 c Part 51SP67 %h ch conta ns actual rout n# n3or(at on. The Q.2>31 protocol de3 nes source and dest nat on address 3 elds 3or s #nal n# re:uests7 and also de3 nes subaddress 3 elds 3or eachB the use o3 the latter are e8plored later n th s paper. There are three 3or(ats o3 pr /ate ATM address n# that d 33er b! the nature o3 the A4I and I1I:

'($P "n oded ".164 for+at% In th s case7 the I1I s an +.1'4 nu(ber. DCC For+at% In th s case7 the I1I s a 1ata )ountr! )ode 51))6B these dent 3! part cular countr es7 as spec 3 ed n ISO 31''. Such addresses are ad( n stered b! the ISO Nat onal Me(ber ,od! n each countr!.

ICD For+at% In th s case7 the I1I s an Internat onal )ode 1es #nator 5I)16B these are allocated b! the ISO '$23 re# strat on author t! 5the ,r t sh Standards Inst tute6. I)1 codes dent 3! part cular nternat onal or#an ;at ons.

Figure 16% $T& Pri1ate 'etwor! $ddress For+ats

The ATM 4oru( reco((ends that or#an ;at ons or pr /ate net%or& ser/ ce pro/ ders use e ther the 1)) or I)1 3or(ats to 3or( the r o%n nu(ber n# plan. Or#an ;at ons that %ant to obta n ATM addresses %ould do so throu#h the sa(e (echan s( used to obta n NSAP addresses 53or e8a(ple7 throu#h a local address ad( n strat on bod! -- n the -S7

th s s ANSI6. Once obta ned7 such addresses can be used 3or both ATM addresses and also7 3 des red7 3or NSAP address n#A12A.

A12A I3 )*NP s run o/er ATM7 the sa(e /alue ( #ht %ell be used to dent 3! a nodeGs NSAP address and ts ATM address.

In real NSAPs7 the 1SP s t!p call! subd / ded nto a 3 8ed h erarch! that cons sts o3 a "out n# 1o(a n 5"167 an Area dent 3 er 5A"+A67 and an +nd S!ste( Ident 3 er 5+SI6. The ATM 4oru(7 ho%e/er7 has co(b ned the "1 and A"+A 3 elds nto a s n#le 0 #hOrder 1SP 50O-1SP6 3 eld7 %h ch s then used to support 3le8 ble7 (ult -le/el address n# h erarch es 3or pre3 8-based rout n# protocols. No r # d boundar! e8 sts % th n the 0O1SPB nstead7 a ran#e o3 address n# h erarch es % ll be supported7 us n# pre3 8 (as&s7 as % th IP subnets. Th s s descr bed n (ore deta l n Sect on 4.<.

Figure 11% $ddress Registration 7sing t)e I8&I Proto ol

The +SI 3 eld s spec 3 ed to be a 4=-b t MA) address7 as ad( n stered b! the I+++. Th s 3ac l tates the support o3 both *AN e:u p(ent7 %h ch s t!p call! hard% red % th such addresses7 and o3 such *AN protocols as IPJ7 %h ch rel! on MA) addresses. The 3 nal7 one octet7 Selector 5S+*6 3 eld s (eant to be used 3or local (ult ple8 n# % th n endstat ons and has no net%or& s #n 3 cance. To 3ac l tate the ad( n strat on and con3 #urat on o3 ATM addresses nto ATM end s!ste(s across -NI7 the ATM 4oru( de3 ned an address re# strat on (echan s( us n#

the I*MI. Th s allo%s an ATM end-s!ste( to n3or( an ATM s% tch across the -NI7 o3 ts un :ue MA) address7 and to rece /e the re(a nder o3 the nodeGs 3ull ATM address n return. Th s (echan s( not onl! 3ac l tates the autocon3 #urat on o3 a nodeGs ATM address n#7 but (a! also be e8tended7 n the 3uture7 to allo% 3or the autocon3 #urat on o3 other t!pes o3 n3or(at on 5such as h #her la!er addresses and ser/er addresses6. Note that the address n# 3or(ats de3 ned n -NI 3.<E3.1 dent 3! onl! s n#le end-po nts. These can also be used to set up po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons because n -NI 3.<E3.1 such connect ons are set up a lea3 at a t (e7 us n# un cast address n#. -NI 4.< % ll add support 3or #roup addresses7 and % ll per( t po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons to be set up to (ult ple lea/es n one re:uest. The not on o3 an an0 ast address % ll also be supported n -NI 4.<. An %ell &no%n an!cast address7 %h ch (a! be shared b! (ult ple end s!ste(s7 s used to used to route a re:uest to a node pro/ d n# a part cular ser/ ce ?Partr d#e1@7 and not to dent 3! the part cular node per se. A call (ade to an an!cast address s routed to the HnearestH ends!ste( that re# stered tsel3 % th the net%or& to pro/ de the assoc ated ser/ ce. An!cast s a po%er3ul (echan s( 3or autocon3 #urat on and operat on o3 net%or&s s nce t precludes the need 3or (anual con3 #urat on or ser/ ce locat ons protocols. 9h le 3e% deta ls o3 ATM #roup address n# ha/e !et been deter( ned7 the ATM 4oru( has dec ded that an!cast % ll be addressed as a spec al case o3 #roup address n#. Spec 3 call!7 nodes % ll use an e8tens on o3 the I*MI address re# strat on (echan s( to n3or( the net%or& that the! support a part cular #roup address 5note that th s s the oppos te o3 the nor(al address re# strat on (echan s(6. As part o3 th s re# strat on7 the node also n3or(s the net%or& o3 the des red scope o3 re# strat on7 that s7 the e8tent o3 the net%or& to %h ch the e8 stence o3 the (ult cast node should be ad/ert sed 5as part o3 the ATM rout n# protocols -- see belo%6. Th s scope s ad( n strat /e 5such as % th n a s n#le bu ld n#7 % th n the local s te7 or % th n the enterpr se net%or&6. The net%or& (ust (ap th s n3or(at on throu#h ad( n strat /e pol c! to the ATM rout n# protocolGs o%n h erarch!. Once a node has re# stered ts (e(bersh p % th n a (ult cast #roup7 other nodes (a! set up connect ons to these nodes.

I3 the re:uest n# node n t ates a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on to the #roup address7 the net%or& % ll connect all nodes that are re# stered % th that part cular ATM address. )on/ersel!7 3 the re:uest n# node spec 3 es a po nt-to-po nt connect on7 the net%or& % ll set up a connect on to the HnearestH re# stered node. In th s %a!7 an!cast can be supported as a spec al case o3 #roup address n#7 and a ne% address n# 3or(at s not re:u red. 0o%e/er7 (an! deta ls o3 th s procedure7 nclud n# the 3or(at o3 the #roup addresses7 had !et to be spec 3 ed as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#. "out n# aspects o3 #roup address n# are d scussed n Sect on 4.4.

3.1 ATM and t7e OSI Model

An ssue that o3ten causes #reat con3us on s that o3 to %h ch la!er n the OSI 2 la!er (odel ATM corresponds. The adopt on o3 the o/erla! (odel b! the ATM 4oru(7 as descr bed n the pre/ ous sect on7 so(et (es cause so(e to descr be ATM as a la!er 2 protocol -- that s7 a data l n& protocol7 a& n to a MA) protocol l &e +thernet or To&en " n#. Ket th s descr pt on s o3ten contested b! others %ho note that ATM possesses7 (ost7 3 not all7 o3 the character st cs o3 a la!er 3 or net%or& la!er protocol7 such as IP or IPJ -- such character st cs nclude a h erarch cal address space and7 as % ll be descr bed n the ne8t sect on7 a co(ple8 rout n# protocol. In pract ce7 the :uest on s (oot -- (uch o3 the contro/ers! ar ses both 3ro( l ( tat ons o3 the OSI (odel7 and 3ro( an nco(plete understand n# o3 the co(ple8 t es o3 pract cal net%or& operat on. The bas c OSI (odel d d not ncorporate the concept o3 o/erla! net%or&s7 %here one net%or& la!er (ust o/erla! another7 thou#h such concepts %ere later added as addenda to the (odel. As %e d scussed n the pre/ ous sect on7 such a (odel s o3ten used %here one t!pe o3 net%or& protocol (ust be carr ed transparentl! across another. Toda!7 3or nstance7 such la!er 3 protocols as IP and IPJ are o3ten carr ed 5tunneled6 across other net%or& la!er protocols l &e J.2$ -- or the telephone net%or&7 3or nstance -- s nce th s s #enerall! (uch s (pler than atte(pt n# to nteroperate the protocols throu#h a protocol #ate%a!.

As noted n the pre/ ous sect on7 the ATM o/erla! (odel %as chosen so as to separate and hence 3ac l tate the en# neer n# e33orts n/ol/ed n both co(plet n# the ATM la!er protocols7 as %ell the e33orts needed to (od 3! e8 st n# protocols to operate % th ATM. The o/erla! (odel also s (pl 3 es s% tch operat on7 at the ar#uable cost o3 redundanc! n protocol 3unct ons and subopt (al t! n rout n#. As %e % ll d scuss later7 the o/erla! (odel also le/era#es the e8 st n# nstalled appl cat on base7 and 3ac l tates 3uture appl cat on portab l t!7 s nce t bu lds upon and e8tends toda!Gs ub :u tous net%or& la!er protocol n3rastructure. Such trade-o33s %ere 3elt b! the 4oru( to be de3ens ble7 but n no %a! detract 3ro( the 3act that ATM s ndeed a 3ull 3led#ed net%or& la!er protocol -- one7 ndeed7 that s perhaps at least as co(ple8 as an! that e8 sts toda!. 9hat (a&es ATM a net%or& la!er protocol s ndeed the /er! co(ple8 t! o3 ts address n# and rout n# protocols7 and th s s ndependent o3 the 3act that other net%or& la!er protocols are run o/er ATM -- ndeed7 as %e % ll d scuss later7 the *AN +(ulat on protocols actuall! operate a MA) la!er protocol o/er ATM7 but th s does not (a&e ATM a ph!s cal la!er. A related ssue that also causes con3us on s the not on o3 H3lat address n#H and %hether or not ATM can be used to bu ld a Hs (plerH net%or&7 n so(e sense7 than toda!Gs net%or& la!er protocol based routed nternet%or&s. Th s ssue s coupled to the la!er n# ssue d scussed abo/e because so(e7 as noted7 dra% a correspondence bet%een ATM and la!er 2 MA) protocols. As t happens7 the latter do ndeed ha/e a 3lat address space -that s7 4= b t MA) addresses -- and t s true that MA) la!er nternet%or& n# de/ ces -that s7 MA) br d#es -- do o33er Hplu# and pla!H capab l t es7 and do not re:u re the co(ple8 con3 #urat on o3 la!er 3 nternet%or& n# de/ ces 5that s7 routers6. Th s s (pl c t! co(es 3ro( the 3act that s nce MA) addresses are ndeed 3lat -- that s7 the! ha/e no lo# cal h erarch! -- pac&ets (ust be 3looded throu#hout the net%or&7 us n# br d# n# protocols. 9h le th s re:u res no net%or& con3 #urat on7 t also #reatl! reduces the scalab l t! -- and stab l t! -- o3 such br d#ed net%or&s. A h erarch cal address space7 to#ether % th address ass #n(ent pol c es that ( n ( ;e 53lat6 host routes7 per( t the use o3 address a##re#at on7 %here reachab l t! 3or ent re sets o3 end s!ste(s can be

su((ar ;ed b! a s n#le address pre3 8 5or7 e:u /alentl!7 b! subnet (as&s6. )oupled % th a rout n# protocol that d sse( nates such address pre3 8es7 h erarch cal address n# precludes the need 3or 3lood n#7 and #reatl! reduces the a(ount o3 reachab l t! n3or(at on that (ust be e8chan#ed. Protocols % th h erarch cal7 a##re#atable address spaces do ndeed #enerall! re:u re (ore con3 #urat on 3or address and subnet ass #n(ent7 but b! the sa(e to&en th s /er! h erarch! per( ts the operat on o3 rout n# protocols7 and hence the deplo!(ent o3 (uch (ore scalable and stable net%or&s. 4lat address n#7 b! de3 n t on7 precludes rout n# and re:u res br d# n#7 % th conse:uent lac& o3 scalab l t!. Indeed7 /er! 3e% net%or&s7 outs de o3 br d#ed *ANs7 actuall! ha/e a trul! 3lat address space. The telephone net%or&7 3or nstance7 %h ch s o3ten thou#ht o3 as a 3lat net%or&7 actuall! ncorporates a /er! structured h erarch! % th n ts address space 5that s7 countr! code7 area code7 and so on67 and t s onl! th s r # d h erarch! that has per( tted the telephone net%or& to scale #loball! as t has. ATM net%or&s certa nl! do not ha/e a 3lat address space -- ndeed7 as d scussed n the pre/ ous sect on7 the ATM address space has scope 3or an unprecedented le/el o3 h erarch cal structure7 and th s structure s e8plo ted n the ATM rout n# protocols %e d scuss belo% to support #reater de#rees o3 scalab l t! % th n ATM net%or&s than s poss ble % th n an! other net%or&. Much o3 the d scuss on about 3lat address n# and ATM actuall! re/ol/e around the percept on that ATM net%or&s can be (ade eas er to ad( n ster than e8 st n# la!er 3 net%or&s. It s true that7 3or h stor cal reasons7 3e% e33orts %ere (ade n the de/elop(ent o3 (an! current net%or& la!er protocols to 3ac l tate ease o3 ad( n strat on7 thou#h (an! such e33orts are be n# (ade toda!7 3or nstance as % th the 1!na( c 0ost )on3 #urat on Protocol 510)P6 ?1ro(s@7 n the case o3 IP. +ase o3 ad( n strat on ar#ues not 3or 3lat address n#7 ho%e/er7 but 3or a s!ste(at c 3ocus on support n# autocon3 #urat on % th n protocols7 as s no% be n# done 3or the IP Ne8t Cenerat on 5IPn# or IP/'6 protocol. Th s has been a pr (e 3ocus 3or the ATM 4oru( 3ro( ts ncept on7 and b! bu ld n# on such (echan s(s as the I*MI7 (ost o3 the protocols de/eloped 3or ATM7 as %e % ll d scuss later n the paper7 do ncorporate such support.

4.0 ATM Routing rotocols

9e no% turn to the Net%or& Node Inter3ace 5NNI6 protocols used % th n ATM net%or&s to route ATM s #nal n# re:uests bet%een ATM s% tches. S nce ATM s connect on or ented7 a connect on re:uest needs to be routed 3ro( the re:uest n# node throu#h the ATM net%or& and to the dest nat on node7 (uch as pac&ets are routed % th n a pac&ets% tched net%or&. The NNI protocols are hence to ATM net%or&s7 %hat rout n# protocols 5such as OSP4 or IC"P6 are to current routed net%or&s. The ATM 4oru( has an on#o n# e33ort to de3 ne a Pr /ate NNI 5P-NNI6 protocol. The #oal s to de3 ne NNI protocols 3or use % th n pr /ate ATM net%or&s -- or7 (ore spec 3 call!7 % th n net%or&s that use NSAP 3or(at ATM addresses. Publ c net%or&s that use +.1'4 nu(bers 3or address n# % ll be nterconnected us n# a d 33erent NNI protocol stac& based upon the IT--T ,-IS-P s #nal n# protocol and the IT--T MTP *e/el 3 rout n# protocol. Th s %or&7 be n# carr ed out b! the ,roadband Inter-)arr er Inter3ace 5,-I)I6 sub%or& n# #roup o3 the ATM 4oru( ?4oru(4@7 and other nternat onal standards bod es7 s not d scussed 3urther n th s paper. The P-NNI protocol cons sts o3 t%o co(ponents: the 3 rst s a P-NNI s #nal n# protocol used to rela! ATM connect on re:uests % th n the net%or&s7 bet%een the source and dest nat on -NI. The -NI s #nal n# re:uest s (apped nto NNI s #nal n# at the source 5 n#ress6 s% tch. The NNI s #nal n# s re(apped bac& nto -NI s #nal n# at the dest nat on 5e#ress6 s% tchA1=A. The P-NNI protocols operate bet%een ATM s% tch n# s!ste(s 5%h ch can represent e ther ph!s cal s% tches or ent re net%or&sA1>A operat n# as a s n#le P-NNI ent t!67 %h ch are connected b! P-NNI l n&s. P-NNI l n&s can be ph!s cal l n&s or / rtual7 H(ult hopH l n&s. A t!p cal e8a(ple o3 a / rtual l n& s a / rtual path that connects t%o nodes to#ether. S nce all / rtual channels7 nclud n# the connect on carr! n# the P-NNI s #nal n#7 %ould be carr ed transparentl! throu#h an! nter(ed ate s% tches bet%een these t%o nodes on th s / rtual path7 the t%o nodes are lo# call! adFacent n relat on to the P-NNI protocols.

Figure 12% 7'I and ''I (ignaling

A1=A The n#ress s% tch s &no%n as the 1T* or # nator7 and the 3 nal e#ress s% tch as the 1T* ter( nator7 s nce these nodes respect /el! nsert and re(o/e the 1T*s used to route the connect on re:uest throu#h the net%or&. A1>A A pr /ate ATM net%or&7 ( #ht use propr etar! NNI protocols nternall!7 and use the P-NNI protocol 3or e8ternal connect / t! and nteroperab l t!.

The I*MI protocol7 3 rst de3 ned 3or use across -NI l n&s7 % ll also be used across both ph!s cal and / rtual NNI l n&sB enhance(ents to the I*MI MI,s allo% 3or auto(at c reco#n t on o3 NNI /ersus -NI l n&s7 and o3 pr /ate /ersus publ c -NI. The current P-NNI s #nal n# protocol ?)heru&ur @ be n# de/eloped b! the ATM 4oru( s an e8tens on o3 -NI s #nal n# and ncorporates add t onal In3or(at on +le(ents 5I+6 3or such NNI-related para(eters as 1es #nated Trans t * sts 51T*6. P-NNI s #nal n# s carr ed across NNI l n&s on the sa(e / rtual channel7 .)ID$7 %h ch s used 3or s #nal n# across the -NI. The .PI /alue depends on %hether the NNI l n& s ph!s cal or / rtual. The second co(ponent o3 the P-NNI protocol s a / rtual c rcu t rout n# protocol. Th s s used to route the s #nal n# re:uest throu#h the ATM net%or&. Th s s also the route on %h ch the ATM connect on s set up7 and alon# %h ch the data % ll 3lo%. The operat on o3 rout n# a s #nal n# re:uest throu#h an ATM net%or&7 so(e%hat parado8 call!7 # /en

ATMGs connect on or ented nature7

s super3 c all! s ( lar to that o3 rout n#

connect onless pac&ets % th n e8 st n# net%or& la!er protocols 5such as IP6. Th s s due to the 3act that pr or to connect on set up7 there s7 o3 course7 no connect on 3or the s #nal n# re:uest to 3ollo%. As such7 a .) rout n# protocol can use so(e o3 the concepts underl! n# (an! o3 the connect onless rout n# protocols that ha/e been de/eloped o/er the last 3e% !ears. 0o%e/er7 the P-NNI protocol s (uch (ore co(ple8 than an! e8 st n# rout n# protocol. Th s co(ple8 t! ar ses 3ro( t%o #oals o3 the protocol: to allo% 3or (uch #reater scalab l t! than %hat s poss ble % th an! e8 st n# protocol7 and to support true QoSbased rout n#. The current state o3 the P-NNI protocols % ll be e8a( ned b! loo& n# at the (anner n %h ch the protocol tac&les these challen#es. It should be noted7 ho%e/er7 that the ATM 4oru( s not currentl! scheduled to co(plete the HP-NNI Phase 1H protocol ?4oru($@ unt l Au#ust 1>>$. In the nter (7 the ATM 4oru( has de3 ned a so called HP-NNI Phase <H protocol7 the Inter ( Inter-S% tch S #nal n# Protocol 5IISP6 ?4oru('@. Th s protocol % ll be e8a( ned a3ter the Phase 1 protocol. 4 nall!7 (ult cast rout n#7 ho% pr /ate and publ c ATM net%or&s nternet%or&7 and (ple(entat on cons derat ons 3or P-NNI are d scussed. Note7 ho%e/er7 that s nce the P-NNI Phase 1 Protocol s st ll under de/elop(ent7 the descr pt on # /en here (a! chan#e be3ore the spec 3 cat on s 3 nal ;ed. ,oth the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol7 and the IISP protocol7 currentl! onl! % ll nter3ace % th7 and support the capab l t es o37 -NI 3.<E3.1 s #nal n#. In part cular7 ne ther o3 these protocols % ll support such aspects o3 -NI 4.< s #nall n# as lea3- n t ated Fo ns7 #roup address n#7 or A," connect on para(eter ne#ot at on. Such 3unct onal t! % ll be added to the P-NNI protocols as part o3 a poss ble 3uture P-NNI Phase 2 protocol spec 3 cat on.

4.1 6NNI 7ase 1. 2oS Support

One o3 the #reat ad/anta#es o3 ATM s ts support 3or #uaranteed QoS n connect ons. 0ence7 a node re:uest n# a connect on set up can re:uest a certa n QoS 3ro( the net%or& and can be assured that the net%or& % ll del /er that QoS 3or the l 3e o3 the

connect onA2<A. Such connect ons are cate#or ;ed nto /ar ous t!pes o3 ATM QoS t!pes: ),"7 .,"7 A,"7 and -,"7 depend n# upon the nature o3 the QoS #uarantee des red and the character st cs o3 the e8pected tra33 c t!pes 5see Append 8 A6. 1epend n# upon the t!pe o3 ATM ser/ ce re:uested7 the net%or& s e8pected to del /er #uarantees on the part cular ( 8 o3 QoS ele(ents that are spec 3 ed at the connect on set-up 5such as cell loss rat o7 cell dela!7 and cell dela! /ar at on6.

A2<A In -NI 3.<E3.17 the tra33 c para(eters and re:uested QoS 3or a connect on cannot be ne#ot ated at setup7 or chan#ed o/er the l 3et (e o3 the connect on. -NI 4.< % ll support connect on QoS ne#ot at onB ho% th s % ll be supported % th n P-NNI s 3or 3uture stud!.

To del /er such QoS #uarantees7 ATM s% tches (ple(ent a 3unct on &no%n as onne tion ad+ission ontrol 5)A)6. 9hene/er a connect on re:uest s rece /ed b! the s% tch7 the s% tch per3or(s the )A) 3unct on. That s7 based upon the tra33 c para(eters and re:uested QoS o3 the connect on7 the s% tch deter( nes %hether sett n# up the connect on / olates the QoS #uarantees o3 establ shed connect ons 53or e8a(ple7 b! e8cess /e content on 3or s% tch bu33er n#6. The s% tch accepts the connect on onl! 3 / olat ons o3 current #uarantees are not reported. )A) s a local s% tch 3unct on7 and s dependent on the arch tecture o3 the s% tch and local dec s ons on the str ctness o3 QoS #uarantees. The .) rout n# protocol (ust ensure that a connect on re:uest s routed alon# a path that leads to the dest nat on and has a h #h probab l t! o3 (eet n# the QoS re:uested n the connect on set up -- that s7 o3 tra/ers n# s% tches %hose local )A) % ll not reFect the call.

Figure 13% Conne tion $d+ission Control

To do th s7 the protocol uses a topolo#! state rout n# protocol n %h ch nodes 3lood QoS and reachab l t! n3or(at on so that all nodes obta n &no%led#e about reachab l t! % th n the net%or& and the a/a lable tra33 c resources % th n the net%or&. Such n3or(at on s passed % th n P-NNI topolo#! state pac&ets 5PTSP67 %h ch conta n /ar ous t!pe-len#th/alue 5T*.6 encoded P-NNI topolo#! state ele(ents 5PTS+6. Th s s s ( lar to current l n& state rout n# protocols such as OSP4. -nl &e these7 ho%e/er7 %h ch onl! ha/e rud (entar! support 3or QoS7 the P-NNI protocol supports a lar#e nu(ber o3 l n& and node state para(eters that are trans( tted b! nodes to nd cate the r current state at re#ular nter/als7 or %hen tr ##ered b! part cular e/ents. There are t%o t!pes o3 l n& para(eters: non-add t /e l n& attr butes used to deter( ne %hether a # /en net%or& l n& or node can (eet a re:uested QoSB and add t /e l n& (etr cs that are used to deter( ne %hether a # /en path7 cons st n# o3 a set o3 concatenated l n&s and nodes 5% th su((ed l n& (etr cs67 can (eet the re:uested QoS. The current set o3 l n& (etr cs are:

Ma8 (u( cell trans3er dela! 5M)T16 per tra33 c classA21A. Ma8 (u( cell dela! /ar at on 5M)1.6 per tra33 c class Ma8 (u( cell loss rat o 5M)*"6 3or )*PD< cells7 3or the )," and .," tra33 c classes

Ad( n strat /e 9e #ht: Th s s a /alue set b! the net%or& ad( n strator and s used to nd cate the des rab l t! or other% se o3 a net%or& l n&.

A21A Note that t s (pl c tl! assu(ed that nodes can ensure ade:uate le/els o3 separat on bet%een the d 33erent t!pes o3 tra33 c pass n# throu#h the node so that one tra33 c class does not consu(e the resources reser/ed 3or another tra33 c class.

The current set o3 l n& attr butes are:

A/a lable )ell "ate 5A)"6: A (easure o3 the a/a lable band% dth n cells per second7 per tra33 c class )ell "ate Mar# n 5)"M6: A (easure o3 the d 33erence bet%een the e33ect /e band% dth allocat on per tra33 c class7 and the allocat on 3or susta nable cell rateB th s s a (easure o3 the sa3et! (ar# n allocated abo/e the a##re#ate susta ned rate

.ar ance 4actorA22A 5.46: A relat /e (easure o3 )"M (ar# n nor(al ;ed b! the /ar ance o3 the a##re#ate cell rate on the l n&

A22A There s currentl! so(e contro/ers! as to %hether the )"M and .4 add (uch /alue to the C)A) -the tra33 c pass n# throu#h ATM s% tches (a! pro/e to be so rre#ular 53or e8a(ple7 cell pea&s (a! be bunched6 that such second order stat st cs (a! pro/e to be too /olat le and ! eld l ttle use3ul n3or(at on. )alculat n# such stat st cs s also non-tr / al7 part cularl! n the presence o3 a##re#at on.

All net%or& nodes can obta n an est (ate o3 the current state o3 the ent re net%or& throu#h 3looded PTSPs that conta n such n3or(at on as l sted abo/e. -nl &e (ost current l n& state protocols7 the P-NNI protocol ad/ert ses not onl! l n& (etr cs7 but also nodal n3or(at on. T!p call!7 PTSPs nclude b d rect onal n3or(at on about the trans t beha/ or o3 part cular nodes based upon entr! and e8 t port7 and current nternal state. Th s s part cularl! (portant n cases %here the node represents an a##re#ated net%or& 5that s7 a peer #roup -- see belo%6. In such a case7 the node (etr cs (ust atte(pt to

appro8 (ate the state o3 the ent re a##re#ated net%or&. Th s nternal state s o3ten at least as (portant as that o3 the connect n# l n&s 3or QoS rout n# purposes. The need to a##re#ate net%or& ele(ents and the r assoc ated (etr c n3or(at on also has (portant conse:uences on the accurac! o3 such n3or(at on7 as d scussed belo%. T%o approaches are poss ble 3or rout n# a connect on throu#h the net%or&: hop-b!-hop rout n# and source rout n#. 0op-b!-hop rout n# s used b! (ost current net%or& la!er protocols such as IP or IPJ7 %here a pac&et s routed at an! # /en node onl! to another node -- the Hne8t hopH -- closer to the 3 nal dest nat on. In source rout n#7 the n t al node n the path deter( nes the ent re route to the 3 nal dest nat on. 0op-b!-hop rout n# s a #ood (atch 3or current connect onless protocols because the! (pose l ttle pac&et process n# at each nter(ed ate node. The P-NNI protocol7 ho%e/er7 uses source rout n# 3or a nu(ber o3 reasons. 4or nstance7 t s /er! d 33 cult to do true QoS-based rout n# % th a hop-b!-hop protocol s nce each node needs to per3or( local )A) and e/aluate the QoS across the ent re net%or& to deter( ne the ne8t hop. 0op-b!hop rout n# also re:u res a standard route deter( nat on al#or th( at each hop to preclude the dan#er o3 loop n#. 0o%e/er7 n a source-routed protocol7 onl! the 3 rst node %ould deall! need to deter( ne a path across the net%or&7 based upon the re:uested QoS and ts &no%led#e o3 the net%or& state7 %h ch s #a ned 3ro( the PTSPs. It could then nsert a 3ull source routed path nto the s #nal n# re:uest that %ould route t to the 3 nal dest nat on. Ideall!7 nter(ed ate nodes %ould onl! need to per3or( local )A) be3ore 3or%ard n# the re:uest. Also7 s nce t s eas! to preclude loops %hen calculat n# a source route7 a part cular route deter( nat on al#or th( does not need to be standard ;ed7 lea/ n# th s as another area 3or /endor d 33erent at on. Th s descr pt on s onl! deal7 ho%e/er. In pract ce7 the source routed path that s deter( ned b! a node can onl! be a best #uess. Th s s because n an! pract cal net%or&7 an! node can ha/e onl! an (per3ect appro8 (at on to the true net%or& state because o3 the necessar! latenc es and per od c t! n PTSP 3lood n#. As d scussed n the ne8t

sect on7 the need 3or h erarch cal su((ar ;at on o3 reachab l t! n3or(at on also (eans that l n& para(eters (ust also be a##re#ated. A##re#at on s a Hloss!H process7 and necessar l! leads to naccurac es. 4urther(ore7 as noted abo/e7 )A) s a local (atter. In part cular7 th s (eans that the )A) al#or th( per3or(ed b! an! # /en node s both s!ste( dependent and open to /endor d 33erent at on. The P-NNI protocol tac&les these proble(s b! de3 n n# a Cener c )A) 5C)A)6 al#or th(. Th s s a standard 3unct on that an! node can use to calculate the e8pected )A) beha/ or o3 another node7 # /en that nodeGs ad/ert sed add t /e l n& (etr cs7 descr bed abo/e7 and the re:uested QoS o3 the ne% connect on re:uest. The C)A) s an al#or th( that %as chosen to pro/ de a #ood pred ct on o3 a t!p cal node-spec 3 c )A) al#or th(7 %h le re:u r n# a ( n (u( nu(ber o3 l n& state (etr cs. Ind / dual nodes can control the de#ree o3 str n#enc! o3 the C)A) calculat on n/ol/ n# the part cular node b! controll n# the de#ree o3 la8 t! or conser/at /eness n the (etr cs ad/ert sed b! the node. The C)A) actuall! uses the add t /e (etr cs descr bed abo/eB ndeed these (etr cs %ere selected to support the C)A) al#or th( chosen 3or the P-NNI protocol. Ind / dual nodes 5ph!s cal or lo# cal6 % ll need to deter( ne and then ad/ert se the /alues o3 these para(eters 3or the(sel/es7 based upon the r nternal structure and load n#. Note7 ho%e/er7 that the P-NNI Phase 1 C)A) al#or th( s pr (ar l! des #ned 3or )," and .," connect onsB /ar ants o3 the C)A) are used depend n# upon the t!pe o3 QoS #uarantees re:uested and the t!pes o3 l n& (etr cs a/a lable7 ! eld n# #reater or lesser de#rees o3 accurac!. The onl! 3or( o3 C)A) done 3or -," connect ons s to deter( ne %hether a node can support such connect ons. 4or A," connect ons7 a chec& s (ade to deter( ne %hether the l n& or node s author ;ed to carr! an! add t onal A," connect ons and to ensure that the A)" 3or the A," tra33 c class 3or the node s #reater than the M n (u( )ell "ate spec 3 ed b! the connect on. The deta ls o3 the C)A) are descr bed n ?4oru($@.

-s n# the C)A)7 a node presented % th a connect on re:uest 5%h ch passes ts o%n )A)6 processes the re:uest as 3ollo%s: 1. All l n&s that cannot pro/ de the re:uested A)"7 and those %hose )*" e8ceeds that o3 the re:uested connect on7 are HprunedH 3ro( the set o3 all poss ble paths us n# the C)A). 2. 4ro( th s reduced set7 alon# % th the ad/ert sed reachab l t! n3or(at on7 a shortest path co(putat on s per3or(ed to deter( ne a set o3 one or (ore poss ble paths to the dest nat on. 3. These poss ble paths are 3urther pruned b! us n# the add t /e l n& (etr cs7 such as dela!7 and poss bl! other constra nts. One o3 the acceptable paths %ould then be chosen. I3 (ult ple paths are 3ound7 the node (a! opt onall! per3or( tas&s such as load balanc n#. 4. Once such a path s 3ound 5note that th s s onl! an HacceptableH path to the dest nat on7 not the HbestH path7 the protocol does not atte(pt to be opt (al67 the node constructs a des #nated trans t l st 51T*6 that descr bes the co(plete route to the dest nat on 5the structure o3 the 1T* s descr bed belo%6 and nserts th s nto the s #nal n# re:uest. The re:uest s then 3or%arded alon# th s path. Th s7 ho%e/er7 s not the end o3 the stor!. +ach node n the path st ll per3or(s ts o%n )A) on the routed re:uest because ts o%n state (a! ha/e chan#ed s nce t last ad/ert sed ts state % th n the PTSP used 3or the C)A) at the source node. Its o%n )A) al#or th( s also l &el! to be so(e%hat (ore accurate than the C)A). 0ence7 not% thstand n# the C)A)7 there s al%a!s the poss b l t! that a connect on re:uest (a! 3a l )A) at so(e nter(ed ate node. Th s beco(es e/en (ore l &el! n lar#e net%or&s % th (an! le/els o3 h erarch!7 s nce QoS n3or(at on cannot be accuratel! a##re#ated n such cases. To allo% 3or such cases7 % thout e8cess /e connect on 3a lures and retr es7 the P-NNI protocol also supports the not on o3 ran!4a !. )ran&bac& s %here a connect on %h ch s bloc&ed alon# a selected path s rolled bac& to an nter(ed ate node7 earl er n the path. Th s nter(ed ate nodeA23A atte(pts to d sco/er another path to the 3 nal dest nat on7 us n# the sa(e procedure as the or # nal node7 but

uses ne%er7 or hope3ull! (ore accurate net%or& state. Th s s another (echan s( that can be (uch (ore eas l! supported n a source-routed protocol than n a hop-b!-hop protocol.

Figure 14% *#eration of Cran!4a !

A23A Onl! nodes that actuall! construct 1T*s per3or( cran&bac&7 as descr bed belo%.

One o3 the concerns % th P-NNI route #enerat on s that (ost co((onl! used rout n# al#or th(s 5such as 1 F&stra calculat ons6 %ere des #ned 3or s n#le7 cu(ulat /e (etr cs such as l n& %e #ht n#s or counts. S nce P-NNI uses a nu(ber o3 co(ple8 l n& para(eters 3or l n& prun n#7 path select on (a! o3ten not #enerate an! acceptable paths. In such cases7 soph st cated al#or th(s (a! use a techn :ue &no%n as 3allbac&7 %here part cular attr butes 5such as dela!6 are select /el! rela8ed7 and paths are recalculated n order to 3 nd a path that (eets so(e ( n (al set o3 des red attr butes. In #eneral7 path select on7 l &e )A)7 s an area % th cons derable scope 3or /endor d 33erent at on.

4.2 6NNI 7ase 1. Scala8ilit/ and Reac7a8ilit/

In add t on to pro/ d n# true QoS support7 the ATM 4oru( has also set the #oal o3 un /ersal scalab l t! 3or the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol. The P-NNI Phase 1 protocol s be n# des #ned to be capable o3 be n# appl ed both to s(all net%or&s o3 a 3e% s% tches and to a poss ble 3uture #lobal ATM Internet co(pr s n# ( ll ons o3 s% tches. Such scalab l t! s %ell be!ond that o3 an! s n#le rout n# protocol toda!. The Internet7 3or

nstance7 supports (an! d 33erent t!pes o3 rout n# protocols -- ntra-do(a n rout n# protocols7 such as IC"P or OSP47 %h ch scale to lar#e enterpr se net%or&s7 and nterdo(a n protocols7 such as ,CP or I1"P7 %h ch nterconnect such lo%er le/el net%or&s. ,! bu ld n# upon the (an! !ears o3 e8per ence #a ned n the de/elop(ent o3 such current protocols7 ho%e/er7 the ATM 4oru( hopes to bu ld a s n#le protocol that could per3or( at all le/els % th n a net%or&. The &e! to such a scalable protocol s h erarch cal net%or& or#an ;at on7 % th su((ar ;at on o3 reachab l t! n3or(at on bet%een le/els n the h erarch!. Protocols such as OSP4 (ple(ent such (echan s(s7 but onl! (ple(ent t%o le/el o3 h erarch!7 %h ch s nade:uate 3or /er! lar#e net%or&s. The P-NNI protocol7 ho%e/er7 uses the 2<b!te NSAP addresses to dent 3! le/els n the net%or& h erarch! to support an al(ost l ( tless nu(ber o3 le/els: a (a8 (u( o3 1<$ 5the nu(ber o3 b ts n the 13 h #h-order b!tes o3 the NSAP address7 e8clud n# the +SI and S+* 3 elds67 thou#h no (ore than a hal3 do;en or so % ll l &el! e/er need to be used7 and e/en then onl! % th n the /er! lar#est7 #lobal net%or&s. To support th s h erarch!7 the P-NNI (odel de3 nes a un 3or( net%or& (odel at each le/el o3 the h erarch!. The P-NNI h erarch cal (odel e8pla ns ho% each le/el o3 the h erarch! operates7 ho% (ult ple de/ ces or nodes at one le/el can be su((ar ;ed nto the h #her le/el7 and ho% n3or(at on s e8chan#ed bet%een le/els. The (odel s recurs /e n that the sa(e (echan s(s used at one le/el are also used at the ne8t le/el. +ach le/el n the h erarch! cons sts o3 a set o3 lo# cal nodes7 nterconnected b! lo# cal l n&s. At the lo%est le/el7 each lo# cal node represents a ph!s cal s% tch n# s!ste( cons st n# o3 a s n#le ph!s cal s% tch7 or a net%or& o3 s% tches that nternall! operate a propr etar! NNI protocol and support the P-NNI protocol 3or e8ternal connect / t!. At th s lo%est le/el7 each s% tch n# s!ste( (ust be ass #ned a un :ue ATM NSAP address. Nodes % th n a # /en le/el are #rouped nto sets &no%n as a #eer grou#. The de3 n t on o3 a peer #roup s a collect on o3 nodes that all obta n the dent cal topolo# cal database and e8chan#e 3ull l n& state n3or(at on % th each other. 9h le all nodes % th n a peer #roup

ha/e co(plete state n3or(at on on each other7 peer #roups cannot be e8tended too % del! s nce th s %ould lead to e8cess /e PTSP tra33 c and process n#. 0ence7 peer #roups are or#an ;ed h erarch call! and are assoc ated % th a h #her le/el parent peer #roup. 9 th n ts parent peer #roup7 each peer #roup s represented7 b! de3ault7 as a s n#le lo# cal node7 &no%n as the logi al grou# node. 9 th n the parent peer #roup7 the lo# cal #roup node acts as a nor(al node7 e8chan# n# PTSPs % th the other nodes % th n the parent peer #roup. The peer #roups represented b! lo# cal #roup nodes % th n a parent #roup are &no%n as the )ild #eer grou#s o3 that #roup.

Figure 15% T)e P/''I 'etwor! 9ierar )0 &odel

Nor(all!7 peer #roups are dent 3 ed b! str ct pre3 8es o3 pr /ate ATM addresses. At the lo%est le/el7 %here s% tch n# s!ste(s cons st o3 actual s% tches7 and %here b! de3ault7 all end s!ste(s connected to a s% tch obta n the r net%or& address pre3 8 3ro( that o3 the s% tch 5%h ch (pl es that end s!ste( reachab l t! de3aults to s% tch reachab l t!67 the

de3ault peer #roup I1 s the h #h 12 order b!tes o3 the s% tch NSAP address. Th s allo%s 3or up to 2$' s% tches % th n th s lo%est le/el peer #roup7 % thout re:u r n# an! (anual con3 #urat on o3 peer #roup I1s o3 the s% tches or con3 #urat on o3 the end s!ste(s. At h #her le/els7 the de3ault 3or a peer #roup I1 s a pre3 8 on a lo%er le/el peer #roup I1. The peer #roup I1 o3 a parent (ust be shorter than the pre3 8 o3 ts ch ld peer #roup I1B th s (a&es t eas! to deter( ne the relat onsh p bet%een t%o peer #roups7 and precludes the 3or(at on o3 a peer #roup h erarch! loop. 0ence7 the peer #roup I1 beco(es s(aller as the h erarch cal le/el beco(es lar#er. Nodes % th n a peer #roup are dent 3 ed b! a 22-b!te node dent 3 er. At the lo%est le/el7 th s s essent all! the sa(e as the s% tch n# s!ste(Gs ATM address. At h #her le/els7 the node I1 5%h ch no% dent 3 es lo# cal #roup nodes6 ncludes t%o le/el nd cators that nd cate the h erarch cal le/el 5that s7 pre3 8 len#th6 o3 both the assoc ated peer #roup and the ch ld peer #roup7 plus the peer #roup I1. In add t on to nodes7 the P-NNI protocol also re:u res that l n&s be dent 3 ed s nce l n&s bet%een peer #roups need to be dent 3 ed n PTSPs and (a! also be opt onall! spec 3 ed n 1T*s. S nce ATM l n& attr butes can be as!((etr cal 5s nce connect ons (a! be as!((etr cal67 l n&s are dent 3 ed b! a co(b nat on o3 a trans( tt n# node I1 and a locall! ass #ned port I1. Nodes e8chan#e such port I1s bet%een the(sel/es 5us n# the 0ello protocol d scussed belo%6 and hence to#ether dent 3! part cular l n&s. In pract ce7 l n& dent 3 cat on s so(e%hat (ore co(ple87 s nce (ult ple ph!s cal or / rtual l n&sA24A (a! need to be a##re#ated. 5"e3er to ?4oru($@ 3or (ore deta ls.6 +ach peer #roup elects a s n#le nodeA2$A % th n the #roup to per3or( the 3unct ons o3 the lo# cal #roup node. Th s node7 &no%n as the #eer grou# leader 5PC*67 s selected throu#h an elect on (echan s( and s based upon a Hleadersh p pr or t!H and the s% tchesG node I1. +ach PC* s dent 3 ed b! a un :ue ATM addressB 3 a node acts as a PC* % th n (ult ple le/els o3 peer #roups7 then t (ust ha/e a un :ue ATM address at each o3 those le/els.

PC*s % th n each peer #roup ha/e the respons b l t! o3 3or(ulat n#A2'A and e8chan# n# PTSPs % th the r peer nodes % th n the parent peer #roup to n3or( those nodes o3 the ch ld #roupGs reachab l t! and attr butesA22A. S ( larl!7 recurs /e n3or(at on obta ned b! the PC* about the parent #roup and that #roupGs parent #roups are then 3ed do%n b! the PC* nto the ch ld #roup. The ch ld nodes can then obta n &no%led#e about the 3ull net%or& h erarch!7 n order to construct 3ull source routes.

A24A The P-NNI protocol supports redundant l n&s bet%een s% tch n# s!ste(s7 %here the s% tches can locall! per3or( connect on le/el load shar n# across the l n&s. Note7 ho%e/er7 that a s n#le connect on cannot be spl t across (ult ple l n&s7 s nce cell se:uenc n# (ust be preser/ed % th n ATM connect onsB ATM cells do not carr! se:uence nu(bers. A2$A 0o%e/er7 the n3or(at on ad/ert sed b! the lo# cal #roup node s a 3unct on o3 the state o3 the ent re peer #roup7 and s hence ndependent o3 the dent t! o3 the PC*. A2'A Th s also re:u res the PC* to deter( ne7 based upon the PTSPs e8chan#ed % th n the peer #roup7 and local 5unspec 3 ed6 al#or th(s7 the correspond n# l n& state para(eters 3or the ent re a##re#ated peer #roup. A22A Th s does not (ean7 ho%e/er7 that PC*s need to process all re:uests tra/ers n# the peer #roup -- th s s done onl! b! the border nodes o3 the peer #roup throu#h %h ch a connect on re:uest enters and lea/es the peer #roup7 and the nter(ed ate s% tches connect n# the t%o7 as descr bed belo%. A border node7 ho%e/er7 could also act as a PC*.

Note7 ho%e/er7 that the n3or(at on that s 3ed do%n 3ro( the top le/el peer #roup all the %a! to the lo%est le/el #roups represent (ore and (ore a##re#ated 5su((ar ;ed6 n3or(at on. 0ence7 at the lo%est le/el7 the nodes % ll ha/e 3ull n3or(at on about ts o%n peer #roup7 a##re#ated n3or(at on about ts parent #roup7 (ore a##re#ated n3or(at on about ts H#randparentH #roup7 and so 3orth. In order 3or PC*s to co((un cate % th each other7 ho%e/er7 the! (ust ha/e reachab l t! n3or(at on about the %a! n %h ch the peer #roups are l n&ed to#ether. Th s n3or(at on s #athered b! the P-NNI bootstrap procedure7 us n# the P-NNI 0ello protocol operat n# across P-NNI l n&s.

P-NNI * n&s -- be the! ph!s cal or / rtual -- are 3urther cate#or ;ed % th n the P-NNI (odel. 0or ;ontal7 or ns de7 l n&s connect t%o nodes % th n the sa(e peer #roup. +8ter or l n&s connect nodes % th n a peer #roup to other e8ter or nodes that do not operate the P-NNI protocol. Outs de l n&s connect to#ether t%o border nodes % th n t%o d 33erent peer #roups7 %here 4order nodes are those nodes % th n a peer #roup that ha/e l n&s to nodes -- Houts de ne #hborsH -- % th n other peer #roups. Nodes 3 rst d sco/er each other throu#h a P-NNI 0ello protocol n %h ch nodes e8chan#e 0ello pac&ets at re#ular nter/alsA2=A % th the r ((ed ate ne #hbor nodes. I3 t%o ne #hbors d sco/er that the! are % th n the sa(e peer #roup7 b! co(par son o3 the r peer #roup I1s7 the! start to send PTSPs to each other and s!nchron ;e the r reachab l t! databases. Once the nodes ha/e s!nchron ;ed the r databases7 the! 3lood PTSPs throu#hout the peer #roup 5 .e. across hor ;ontal l n&s6 to ensure rap d con/er#ence. The P-NNI 0ello pac&ets and PTSPs are sent on a %ell &no%n / rtual channel7 .)ID1= % th n .PID< 3or ph!s cal l n&s7 and % th n the appropr ate .PI /alue 3or lo# cal l n&s. Mechan s(s such as 3lood n#7 se:uence nu(bers7 Hloc&-stepH ac&no%led#(ents7 and chec&su(s are used 5 nstead o3 an ATM-spec 3 c data l n& protocol7 such as SS)OP6 to ensure rel able and t (el! del /er! o3 PTSPs. As % th other l n& state protocols7 PTSPs are sent at re#ular nter/als or %hen tr ##ered b! a s #n 3 cant e/entA2>A 5such as a :uantu( o3 chan#e % th n band% dth allocat on on a l n&6.

A2=A 0ence the 0ello protocol can also be used to detect l n& 3a lures7 thou#h lo%er le/el (echan s(s %ould #enerall! detect a 3a led l n& 3aster. A2>A Spec 3 call!7 a PTSP s tr ##ered b! a s #n 3 cant chan#e n an! topolo#! n3or(at on #roup 5TIC67 o3 %h ch s 8 are currentl! de3 ned: nodal n3or(at on7 nternal reachable ATM addresses7 e8ternal reachable ATM addresses7 pa r% se nodal (etr cs7 hor ;ontal l n&s7 and upl n&s. A Hhold-do%nH t (er s used to ensure that PTSP are not sent at unacceptable h #h rates. The P-NNI spec 3 cat on de3 nes %hat a Hs #n 3 cantH chan#e s 3or each o3 the part cular TICs -- re3er to ?4oru($@ 3or (ore deta ls.

T%o border nodes % ll also d sco/er each other7 across an outs de l n&7 throu#h the 0ello protocol7 %h ch % ll sho% that the t%o nodes ha/e d 33erent peer I1s. T%o border nodes e8chan#e peer I1 n3or(at on across an outs de l n& to deter( ne the lo%est le/el at %h ch the ancestors o3 the t%o nodes are the(sel/es peers 5 .e. the t%o nodes (ust7 b! de3 n t on7 ha/e n co((on so(e ancestor7 be t a parent7 #randparent7 etc.6. +ach border node then deter( nes that the outs de l n& s an u#lin! to that outs de ancestor peer #roup. The t%o border nodes e8chan#e (etr c n3or(at on about the outs de l n& n the 0ello protocol7 then ad/ert se the upl n&7 and ts character st cs7 throu#hout the r respect /e peer #roups us n# PTSP. At h #her le/els o3 the P-NNI h erarch!7 (ult ple outs de l n&s (a! be a##re#ated to#ether nto 3e%er lo# cal upl n&s7 but n3or(at on about the b nd n# bet%een lo# cal upl n&s and the r const tuent outs de l n&s (ust be ad/ert sed so that nodes can (ap a lo# cal nter-peer #roup l n& nto a ph!s cal l n&. ,order nodes also e8chan#e n3or(at on about the PC*s o3 the r o%n peer #roups. Th s allo%s the PC*s o3 #roups that d sco/er that the! are % th n the sa(e parent peer #roup to set up connect ons to each other7 across the dent 3 ed upl n&s7 and start e8chan# n# the r o%n 0ellos and PTSPs. The! then d sco/er the e8 stence o3 !et h #her le/el peer #roups7 unt l all nodes d sco/er the r ent re net%or& h erarch!. Throu#h 3ed-do%n PTSPs7 conta n n# su((ar ;ed reachab l t! and upl n& n3or(at on7 the PC*s d sco/er 3ull net%or& state. A 3ull e8a(ple o3 P-NNI bootstrapp n# and d sco/er! s # /en n ?4oru($@ and ?S%allo%@. Once 3ull state n3or(at on s obta ned b! all nodes7 the! can then use th s to route s #nal n# re:uests. 9hen a s #nal n# re:uest s rece /ed across a -NI b! an n#ress s% tch -- the 1T* or # nator -- the s% tch % ll use a shortest path al#or th(7 such as a 1 F&stra calculat on7 to deter( ne one or (ore paths that connect the source node to the des red dest nat on7 us n# the al#or th( descr bed n the pre/ ous sect on. Th s calculat on % ll create a h erarch call! co(plete source route7 that s7 a set o3 1T*s7 %h ch % ll ha/e: a 3ull7 deta led path % th n the source nodeGs o%n peer #roupB a less deta led path % th n the parent peer #roupB and e/en less deta l on h #her le/el peer

#roups7 ter( nat n# n the lo%est le/el peer #roupA3<A %h ch s an ancestor o3 both the source and dest nat on nodes.

A3<A 0ence a re:uest does not need to tra/erse the ent re h erarch! -- onl! as h #h as s necessar! to #et to a path bet%een the source and the dest nat on.

These 1T*s are arran#ed n a stac& % th n the P-NNI s #nal n# re:uest %here each 1T* conta ns the path ele(ents 3or one le/el n the h erarch!. Th s co(pr ses a l st o3 node and7 opt onall!7 l n& I1s7 to#ether % th a po nter that nd cates %h ch ele(ent n the l st s to processed ne8t. 9 th n a # /en peer #roup7 that peer #roupGs 1T* s processed b! nodes unt l t reaches a node that s a border node to the ne8t peer #roup on the path. At th s po nt7 the 1T* o3 that peer #roup s e8hausted7 s nce the 3 nal ele(ent n that 1T* s the I1 o3 the border node. The border node then re(o/es that 1T*7 notes that the ne8t 1T* po nts to the ne #hbor peer #roup 5poss bl! at a d 33erent le/el n the h erarch!67 and 3or%ards t to ts peer border node % th n that ne #hbor peer #roup. Once the re:uest arr /es at that border node % th n that ne #hbor peer #roup7 that node d sco/ers that the re:uest (ust be routed throu#h that nodeGs peer #roup. T!p call!7 ho%e/er7 the or # nal 1T* onl! has a##re#ated n3or(at on about th s ne #hbor peer #roup. The border node then constructs one or (ore ne% 1T*s7 descr b n# ho% to route the re:uest throu#h ts peer #roup and HpopsH t onto the top o3 the stac& o3 1T*s. In th s %a!7 the re:uest s 3or%arded to a border node % th n th s peer #roup7 %h ch per3or(s a s ( lar 3unct on 3or the ne8t peer #roup n the path7 and so on7 unt l the 3 nal dest nat on peer #roup s reached. At th s po nt7 the 5 n#ress6 border node % ll construct a 1T* that routes the re:uest to the s% tch on %h ch the dest nat on end s!ste( s attached. There7 the 3 nal s% tch -- the 1T* ter( nator -- re-(aps the re:uest nto -NI s #nal n# and 3or%ards t across the appropr ate -NI l n&. 1T*s are hence onl! created b! the source node and b! border nodes. Other nter(ed ate nodes onl! process 1T*s and (o/e the 1T* po nter 3or%ard and pass the re:uest to the ne8t node on the path.

Figure 16% DT8 Pro essing in Conne tion (etu#

)ran&bac& %or&s % th n th s sa(e (echan s(B to (a&e the pre/ ous descr pt on (ore prec se7 connect ons can onl! be cran&ed bac& to nodes that actuall! create and nsert 1T*s nto a re:uest -- the or # nal source node7 or n#ress border nodes. Such nodes (a nta n state n3or(at on about all re:uests that the! ha/e 3or%arded unt l the connect on set up s con3 r(ed7 or a connect on reFect s rece /ed 3ro( the dest nat on end s!ste(. I37 ho%e/er7 an nter(ed ate node reFects the call 53or e8a(ple7 due to local )A)67 then the call s rerouted bac& alon# the path that t 3ollo%ed to that node to the last node to nsert a 1T*. I3 poss ble7 th s node then recalculates a ne% path across ts o%n peer #roup7 a/o d n# the node that reFected the call7 and re-3or%ards the re:uest. Cood e8a(ples o3 the operat on o3 both P-NNI rout n# and cran&bac& are # /en n ?4oru($@ and are h #hl! reco((ended7 s nce a proper descr pt on o3 the P-NNI procedures s outs de the scope o3 th s paper. 9h le the procedures outl ned here can be scaled to /er! lar#e net%or&s7 t should be noted that the a##re#at on used to ensure such scalab l t! also 3unda(entall! %or&s a#a nst the QoS rout n# propert es o3 ATM. Th s s because the QoS (etr cs d scussed n the pre/ ous sect on (ust also be a##re#ated to (atch the a##re#at on o3 net%or& topolo#! nherent n the net%or& h erarch!B a##re#at on7 ho%e/er7 s a 3unda(entall!

Hloss!H process. At the lo%est le/el7 such (etr cs ( #ht ! eld n3or(at on about the state o3 part cular s% tch and l n& co(b nat ons. At h #her le/els7 the sa(e (etr cs (ust atte(pt to appro8 (ate the Ha/era#eH state o3 ent re net%or&s7 %h ch cons sts o3 (an! nd / dual s% tches. )learl! such a##re#ated n3or(at on % ll be (uch less accurate than n3or(at on about nd / dual s% tches. Th s proble( s e8acerbated b! the 3act that at h #her le/els ent re peer #roups are represented b! s n#le nodes 5that s7 lo# cal #roup nodes6. Ad/ert s n# (etr cs about such nodes (pl! an assu(pt on about the s!((etr! and co(pactness o3 the topolo#! o3 the ch ld peer #roup and ts tra33 c 3lo%s7 %h ch s /er! unl &el! to be accurate n pract ce. To a(el orate th s proble(7 the P-NNI protocol allo%s a peer #roup to be (odeled at h #her le/els7 3or ad/ert s n# purposes7 not as a s n#le node but as a Hco(ple8 node7H % th an nternal structure. The Phase 1 P-NNI protocol allo%s co(ple8 nodes to be (odeled as a star o3 nodes that cons sts o3 a Hpseudo-nodeH connected to a #roup o3 border nodes across Hpseudo-l n&s7H each % th an dent cal rad usA31A 3or each l n& para(eter. These nodes need not necessar l! correspond to an! actual ph!s cal node7 but the hope s that the Hrad usH ad/ert sed 3or th s abstract net%or& better represents the (etr cs across the actual peer net%or&7 than b! (odel n# t b! a s n#le node. Model n# peer #roups n th s 3ash on re:u re (uch (ore n3or(at on to be ad/ert sed and (odeled % th n PTSPs. There are (ore co(ple8 and poss bl! (ore accurate %a!s to (odel a peer #roup other than a star 5such as a (esh or spann n# tree6. 4uture phases o3 the P-NNI protocol ( #ht allo% 3or these alternate (odels o3 co(ple8 nodes.

A31A So(e o3 the pseudo-l n&s could also be (ar&ed as He8cept onsH and could ad/ert se a d 33erent rad us7 thou#h at the cost o3 e/er ncreas n# co(ple8 t! n the PTSPs. ,order nodes can also opt onall! ad/ert se (etr cs 3or d rect connect ons bet%een the(sel/es7 b!pass n# the central node7 hence 3or( n# a 5part al6 (esh.

In add t on to su((ar ;ed addresses7 a nu(ber o3 other ele(ents o3 reachab l t! n3or(at on are also carr ed % th n PTSP. "outes to e8ternal net%or&s7 reachable across e8ter or l n&s7 are ad/ert sed as e8ternal addresses. Peer #roups (a! also nclude nodes % th non-a##re#atable addresses7 %h ch (ust also be ad/ert sed7 as (ust re# stered #roup and an!cast addresses. Cenerall! none o3 these t!pes o3 n3or(at on can be su((ar ;ed7 s nce the! 3all outs de the scope o3 the de3ault P-NNI address h erarch!. Note that the scope o3 ad/ert se(ent o3 the #roup addresses s a 3unct on o3 ho% the net%or& ad( n strator (aps the ad( n strat /e scope o3 a re# stered node to the correspond n# P-NNI h erarch!. The P-NNI protocol also has support 3or Hso3t per(anent / rtual connect onH set-up ?Cross(an@. The latter s a (eans o3 sett n# up P.)s and per(anent / rtual paths 5P.P6 us n# P-NNI procedures. Throu#h net%or& (ana#e(ent7 a P.) or P.P s establ shed onl! across the source and dest nat on -NI7 but not across the ent re net%or&. Then7 throu#h net%or& (ana#e(ent the 3 rst 5 n#ress6 s% tch s nstructed to route a connect on across the net%or& to the dest nat on 5e#ress s% tch6 us n# P-NNI. Th s s done % th the usual P-NNI procedures7 but hoo&s n the s #nal n# nstruct the dest nat on s% tch to ter( nate the connect on on the pre-establ shed P.)EP.P7 rather than 3or%ard n# a -NI s #nal n# re:uest to the dest nat on end-s!ste(. C /en the need to use per(anent connect ons 5because end-s!ste(s do not support s #nal n#7 3or nstance67 so3t connect on set-up s a (uch (ore con/en ent and rel able %a! to set up such connect ons rather than us n# hop-b!-hop con3 #urat on. Th s also allo%s per(anent connect ons to be set up % th a spec 3 c QoS us n# the P-NNI procedures.

4.3 T7e IIS

rotocol

9h le the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol s e8tre(el! po%er3ul7 t s also :u te co(ple8. 4or th s reason7 the ATM 4oru(Gs %or& on the protocol s unl &el! to be co(pleted unt l the second hal3 o3 1>>$. Actual nteroperable (ple(entat ons are unl &el! to be % del! deplo!ed unt l %ell nto 1>>'. 4or nstance7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 (an! /endors

currentl! had !et to 3ull! roll out (ple(entat ons o3 -NI 3.< s #nal n#7 desp te the 3act that th s standard %as co(pleted n Septe(ber 1>>3. )learl!7 the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol s (uch (ore co(ple8 than -NI 3.<. -n3ortunatel!7 % thout a P-NNI protocol7 there s no standard %a! 3or users to bu ld nteroperable (ult /endor ATM net%or&s. Man! users are not % ll n# to %a t unt l 1>>' 3or such nteroperab l t! s nce the! ha/e press n# needs to test (ult ple /endorGs s% tches % th n the ATM test beds that the! are currentl! runn n#. To sol/e th s short-ter( protocol7 ) sco S!ste(s proposed to the ATM 4oru( that t de/elop a /er! s (ple7 -NIbased s #nal n# protocol 3or s% tch nteroperab l t! ?Alles1@. Or # nall! des #nated the P-NNI Phase < protocol7 th s %as later rena(ed the Inter ( Inter-S% tch S #nal n# Protocol 5IISP6 to a/o d con3us on % th the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol. Th s protocol %as recentl! co(pleted and appro/ed b! the ATM 4oru( ?4oru('@. The IISP7 as the na(e su##ests7 s essent all! a s #nal n# protocol 3or nters% tch co((un cat on. C /en the 3act that the -NI 3.<E3.1 s #nal n# procedures are essent all! s!((etr cal7 t uses -NI s #nal n# 3or s% tch-to-s% tch co((un cat on7 % th nodes arb trar l! ta& n# the role o3 the net%or& and user s de across part cular s% tch-tos% tch l n&s 5&no%n as IISP l n&s6. S #nal n# re:uests are routed bet%een s% tches us n# con3 #ured address pre3 8 tables % th n each s% tch7 %h ch precludes the need 3or a .) rout n# protocol. These tables are con3 #ured % th the address pre3 8es that are reachable throu#h each port on the s% tch. 9hen a s #nal n# re:uest s rece /ed b! a s% tch7 e ther across a -NI or an IISP l n&7 the s% tch chec&s the dest nat on ATM address a#a nst the pre3 8 table and notes the port % th the lon#est pre3 8 (atch. It then 3or%ards the s #nal n# re:uest across that port us n# -NI procedures. The IISP protocol s /er! s (ple and does not re:u re (od 3 cat on to -NI 3.<E3.1 s #nal n# or an! ne% .) rout n# protocol. It can le/era#e current de/elop(ent e33orts on -NI s #nal n# and hence can be deplo!ed /er! :u c&l!. The IISP7 ho%e/er7 does not ha/e an!%here near the sa(e scalab l t! as the Phase 1 protocol. 4or nstance7 (anuall!

con3 #ur n# pre3 8 tables l ( ts ts appl cab l t! to net%or&s % th onl! a s(all nu(ber o3 nodes. Th s s ade:uate 3or no%7 # /en that (ost ATM s% tches toda! are deplo!ed n s(all test beds and not n lar#e scale product on net%or&s. IISP (ple(entat ons % ll not be nteroperable % th P-NNI Phase 1 (ple(entat onsA32A because IISP onl! uses -NI and not NNI s #nal n#. -sers % ll need to up#rade the r s% tches %hen P-NNI Phase 1 beco(es a/a lable. Th s %as del beratel! done to s (pl 3! the spec 3 cat on and accelerate the deplo!(ent o3 IISP7 and to e(phas ;e ts nter ( nature. The IISP also does not support QoS-based rout n#7 althou#h nodes (a! (ple(ent )A)B t does not support cran&bac&7 thou#h nodes can be con3 #ured % th redundant or alternate paths 5the select on o3 such paths be n# a local (atter6. These l ( tat ons o3 the IISP7 ho%e/er7 are not as restr ct /e as ( #ht 3 rst be (a# ned. 9h le the Phase 1 protocol has e8tens /e support 3or QoS rout n#7 th s s re:u red onl! 3or rout n# .," and )," connect ons7 %here end s!ste(s can re:uest a spec 3 c QoS. +nd s!ste(s that re:uest e ther -nspec 3 ed , t "ate 5-,"6 or A/a lable , t "ate 5A,"6 connect ons7 ho%e/er7 can spec 3! onl! /er! l ( ted QoS capab l t es. As such7 the P-NNI protocol (etr cs do not appl! to such connect ons and (ust be routed us n# so(e other cr ter a -such as shortest pathA33A.

A32A A P-NNI Phase 1 node % ll treat an IISP l n& as an e8ter or l n&7 and % ll ad/ert se the address pre3 8es reachable throu#h that l n& as e8ternal addresses. A33A So(e ha/e proposed that the P-NNI protocol should atte(pt so(e sort o3 net%or& load balanc n# 3or -," and A," connect ons b! rout n# such connect ons alon# paths % th the s(allest nu(ber o3 such preestabl shed connect ons. It s not clear %hat bene3 ts th s %ould pro/ de s nce one l n& (a! ha/e a lar#e nu(ber o3 such connect ons7 each o3 %h ch uses l ttle band% dthB another l n& (a! ha/e a 3e% such connect ons that use /er! lar#e a(ounts o3 band% dth.

Most data tra33 c on ATM net%or&s % ll l &el! use -," or A," connect ons n the short to (ed u( ter(7 s nce h #her la!er protocols cannot spec 3! QoS 5and hence use .,"

connect ons6. C /en these 3actors7 t s l &el! that IISP % ll be % del! deplo!ed pr or to the 3 nal spec 3 cat on and deplo!(ent o3 the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol7 thou#h t % ll certa nl! b! supplanted b! the latter as t beco(es a/a lable.

4.4 Multicast Routing

In the 3 rst nstance7 % th -NI 3.<E3.17 po nt-to-po nt connect ons % ll be set up a lea3 at a t (e7 % th each add-lea3 re:uest addressed b! the lea3Gs un cast ATM address. 0ence such connect on re:uests % ll be routed b! IISP and the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol n the sa(e (anner as po nt-to-po nt connect ons. The onl! d 33erence s that the s #nal n# procedures % ll ensure that no ne% connect ons are set up across a l n& 3or a part cular add-lea3 re:uest 3 a branch o3 the po nt-to(ult po nt connect on alread! e8 sts across that l n&. Ideall!7 a ne% branch o3 the tree % ll be added onl! at the po nt HclosestH to the ne% lea37 %here the connect on (ust branch o33 to the ne% lea3. In ter(s o3 the P-NNI Phase 1 operat on7 th s (a! (pact the select on o3 poss ble routes dur n# the route prun n# phase. Throu#h th s support o3 po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons7 the P-NNI Phase 1 and IISP protocols % ll support e8 st n# -NI 3.<E3.1 (ult cast (echan s(s such as (ult cast ser/ers and o/erla d po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons. 9 th -NI 4.<7 support % ll need to be added 3or #roup address n#. "eachab l t! n3or(at on about re# stered #roup addresses can be ad/ert sed % th n PTSP n the Phase 1 protocol7 and can be con3 #ured % th n the IISP protocol. Th s does not address7 ho%e/er7 the support o3 such ne% -NI 4.< (echan s(s as lea3- n t ated Fo ns and the add t on o3 (ult ple lea/es n a s n#le po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on re:uest. Such ssues %ere de3erred b! the P-NNI #roup to a poss ble Phase 2 e33ort. Th s e33ort (a! tac&le %a!s to auto(at call! con3 #ureA34A #roups o3 ATM end-po nts nto so(e 3or( o3 (ult cast #roup7 based upon the r re# strat on o3 (e(bersh p % th n the (ult cast #roup. Support % ll also be needed 3or a (ult cast rout n# protocol to allo% 3or po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons to #roup addresses7 s nce the P-NNI protocols % ll

then need to #enerate a source rooted tree l n& n# the source to each o3 the lea/es. Such a protocol (a! bu ld upon such e8 st n# (ult cast protocols as Protocol Independent Mult cast 5PIM6 ?1eer n#2@.

A34A Protocols such as *AN +(ulat on7 %h ch toda! use (ult po nt connect ons7 ha/e de3 ned the r o%n (echan s(s 3or deter( n n# (ult cast #roup (e(bersh p n the absence o3 an! ATM spec 3 c (echan s(.

4.! u8lic Network Internetworking

One area n both the P-NNI Phase 1 and IISP protocols that s st ll not 3ull! spec 3 ed s that o3 publ c net%or& nternet%or& n#. The nterconnect on o3 pr /ate ATM net%or&s across publ c ATM net%or&s poses part cular challen#es because o3 the current lac& o3 publ c S.) ser/ ces7 and the l &el! nature o3 such ser/ ces %hen the! are deplo!ed. )urrentl!7 (an! publ c net%or& ser/ ce pro/ ders are cons der n# the deplo!(ent o3 publ c ATM net%or&s7 %h ch % ll o33er an ATM nterconnect ser/ ce across publ c -NI to pr /ate ATM s!ste(s. In the 3 rst nstance7 t s l &el! that the ser/ ce o33ered across such net%or&s % ll not be a pure ATM ser/ ce7 but % ll be ATM-based /ar ants o3 such e8 st n# 9AN technolo# es as 4ra(e "ela! or the S% tched Mult (e#ab t 1ata Ser/ ce 5SM1S6. These ser/ ces % ll be descr bed n Sect on =.<. 0ere7 ho%e/er7 %e cons der pr /ate-publ c ATM nternet%or& n#7 assu( n# that the publ c net%or& does ndeed o33er a nat /e ATM ser/ ce. The 3 rst proble( l &el! to be 3aced % th such nternet%or& n# s that7 3or /ar ous techn cal7 ad( n strat /e7 and tar 33 n# reasons7 t s l &el! that the (aFor t! o3 n t al publ c ATM ser/ ces % ll not support s% tched / rtual connect ons across publ c -NIA3$A. Th s s a cause 3or concern s nce (ost pr /ate ATM net%or&s pr (ar l! use S.)s. A (ethod (ust be 3ound to at least con/e! ATM s #nal n# n3or(at on bet%een t%o pr /ate net%or& s% tch n# s!ste(s across the publ c net%or&7 e/en 3 the publ c net%or& does not process the s #nal n# n3or(at on. One %a! n %h ch th s ( #ht be done s throu#h a techn :ue &no%n as HPer(anent . rtual Path 5P.P6 tunnel n#.H In th s

(ethod7 t%o pr /ate ATM net%or&s are l n&ed across the publ c net%or& us n# a / rtual path n %h ch the publ c net%or& transparentl! trun&s the ent re collect on o3 / rtual channels n the .P bet%een the t%o s tes.

A3$A That s7 pr /ate net%or& nodes % ll not be able to re:uest connect ons across the publ c net%or& us n# -NI s #nal n#7 but % ll need to obta n per(anent connect ons across the -NI throu#h subscr pt on. Internall! to the publ c net%or&7 ho%e/er7 NNI protocols (a! be used to pro/ s on such per(anent connect ons.

S #nal n# re:uests 3ro( one pr /ate net%or& at the Publ c -NI %ould then be (apped nto the appropr ate / rtual channel 5that s7 .)ID$6 % th n the .P 3ro( the usual 5.PID<7 .)ID$6 / rtual channel b! the e#ress pr /ate net%or& s% tch7 and carr ed transparentl! across to the n#ress s% tch n the other pr /ate net%or&. At th s po nt7 th s s% tch %ould (ap the s #nal n# re:uest bac& nto the usual channel and propa#ate t across the dest nat on net%or&. Note that 3 the t%o net%or&s %ere also runn n# the PNNI 5or IISP6 protocols7 then th s P.P across the publ c net%or& %ould be treated as a / rtual l n&. 0ence the l n& bet%een the pr /ate and publ c net%or& %ould s (ultaneousl! be a Publ c -NI and a / rtual P-NNI l n&. The onl! chan#e P.P tunnel n# re:u res n nor(al node operat on s that procedures (ust be used b! the n#ress and e#ress s% tches to allocate part cular channels % th n the P.P to part cular connect on re:uests 5as opposed to .PID<7 %h ch s the nor(al operat on67 as the! are passed. 9h le P.P tunnel n# does at least allo% 3or s #nal n# to be passed across the publ c net%or&7 t st ll re:u res (anual con3 #urat on 5such as throu#h subscr pt on6 o3 connect ons across the Publ c -NI. To el ( nate th s restr ct on and per( t ub :u tous connect / t! 5at least % th n the pol c! and ad( n strat /e restr ct ons (posed b! the publ c net%or& ser/ ce pro/ der67 s #nal n# needs to be supported across the Publ c -NI. One co(ple8 t! n do n# th s7 ho%e/er7 s P-NNI nternet%or& n#7 or the lac& there3ore7 across the Publ c -NI.

It s l &el! that (ost publ c net%or& ser/ ce pro/ ders % ll not7 n 3act7 support the P-NNI protocol % th n the r net%or&s7 s nce the! usuall! do not % sh to d spla! the r nternal net%or& structure to users. As d scussed abo/e7 publ c net%or&s t!p call! operate onl! % th +.1'4 nu(bers7 not NSAP 3or(at pr /ate ATM addresses7 and nternall! run the r o%n NNI protocols. Th s ra ses t%o ssues: ho% pr /ate net%or&s can obta n reachab l t! n3or(at on about the publ c net%or& and ho% pr /ate net%or& addresses can be carr ed throu#h the publ c net%or&. 9 th respect to the 3 rst proble(7 there ha/e been proposals that /ar ants o3 border rout n# protocols such as the Inter-1o(a n "out n# Protocol 5I1"P6 be used to nsert publ c net%or& connect / t! n3or(at on nto P-NNI net%or&s as e8ternal routes. Alternat /el!7 t has been proposed that the ent re publ c net%or& could be / e%ed as a s n#le peer #roup % th n the P-NNI h erarch!. In #eneral7 ho%e/er7 t s l &el! that publ c net%or&s % ll not o33er7 at least n t all!7 an! & nd o3 reachab l t! n3or(at on at all to pr /ate net%or&s. The l &el! result s that pr /ate net%or&s % ll treat the publ c net%or& as a subnet%or& and % ll s (pl! tunnel s #nal re:uests across t7 (uch as current net%or& la!er protocols run across such net%or&s as J.2$ or across d al-up net%or&s. Such tunnel n# (a! use the subaddress 3 elds de3 ned n the -NI s #nal n# procedures. At the e#ress s% tch 3ro( a pr /ate net%or&7 pr or to 3or%ard n# the s #nal n# re:uest across the publ c net%or&7 the e#ress s% tch % ll (o/e the dest nat on NSAP 3or(at address nto the dest nat on subaddress 3 eld and % ll replace the dest nat on address 3 eld % th the +.1'4 address that corresponds to the Publ c -NI o3 the s% tch %h ch pro/ des the n#ress to the dest nat on pr /ate net%or&A3'AB correspond n#l!7 the source NSAP 3or(at address % ll be (o/ed nto the source subaddress 3 eld7 and replaced % th the +.1'4 nu(ber o3 the e#ress nodeGs Publ c -NI.

A3'A An ATM end-s!ste( d rectl! attached to the publ c net%or& %ould presu(abl! onl! ha/e an +.1'4 nu(ber and not an NSAP 3or(at address. In such a case7 a pr /ate net%or& node %ould address th s ends!ste( b! encod n# the +.1'4 nu(ber % th n an NSAP 3or(at address. At the e#ress s% tch7 th s NSAP address %ould be al#or th( call! (apped nto the correspond n# +.1'4 nu(ber.

Th s s #nal n# re:uest % ll then be 3or%arded nto the publ c net%or&7 %h ch % ll then route t7 us n# the dest nat on +.1'4 nu(ber7 across to the dest nat on publ c -NI7 us n# nternal NNI protocols. At the n#ress s% tch to the dest nat on pr /ate net%or&7 the n#ress s% tch % ll (o/e the dest nat on and source NSAP addresses bac& nto the (a n address 3 elds7 and % ll process the re:uest as nor(al. Note that th s procedure %ould be needed to (a&e the n t al connect on7 e/en 3 the pr /ate net%or&s %ere to subse:uentl! tunnel the P-NNI protocol across the publ c net%or&.

Figure 12% $ddress Re/+a##ing at Pu4li 7'I

The re(a n n# ssue % th th s (ethod s ho% the pr /ate net%or& s% tches obta n the n3or(at on to (ap dest nat on NSAP 3or(at addresses to the +.1'4 nu(bers o3 the -NI throu#h %h ch the! are reachable. In the 3 rst nstance7 th s % ll al(ost certa nl! be done throu#h (anual con3 #urat on7 (uch as s done toda! 3or d al-up l nes7 3or nstance. In the 3uture7 there ha/e been proposals 3or a publ c net%or& d rector! ser/ ce7 %h ch pr /ate net%or& nodes could :uer! to obta n such (app n#s. In #eneral7 ho%e/er7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 there s l ttle consensus on ho% publ c net%or& ATM nternet%or& n# %ould be carr ed out7 and t s l &el! that /ar ants o3 all o3 the sche(es d scussed abo/e % ll be deplo!ed7 depend n# upon local publ c net%or& pro/ der pol c es. 4.5.1 Firewalls One unresol/ed ssue % th re#ard to an! (ethod o3 publ c net%or& ATM connect / t! s that o3 3 re%alls. 4 re%alls are the lo# cal 3 lters that (ult protocol routers (ple(ent

toda! to control and restr ct access to part cular parts o3 net%or&s. 4or nstance7 the! ( #ht allo% 4TP access 3ro( the publ c net%or& nto a pr /ate net%or&7 but ( #ht preclude Telnet access. Such 3 re%alls toda! are nte#ral to net%or& secur t!7 and %h le 3 re%alls are (ple(ented throu#hout net%or&s7 the! are (ost co((on at connect on po nts to the publ c net%or&. 4 re%alls are (ple(ented toda! n routers7 %h ch can process not onl! the la!er 3 header n3or(at on on pac&ets7 but can also loo& at h #her la!er 3 elds -- such as T)P port nu(bers7 n order to deter( ne the n3or(at on needed to (ple(ent the 3 re%alls. It s not at all clear7 ho%e/er7 Fust ho%7 or %hether7 t ( #ht be poss ble to (ple(ent 3 re%alls n an ATM en/ ron(ent. The proble( s that once an ATM connect on s set up7 no nter(ed ate de/ ces #enerall! nterpret or process an! o3 the n3or(at on sent do%n that connect onB do n# so %ould (a&e the( not ATM s% tches but pac&et s% tches. Once a connect on s set up bet%een t%o end nodes7 an! data could be sent do%n that connect on % thout / s b l t! to net%or& ad( n strat on. 9h le 3 re%alls or other secur t! (echan s(s could be (ple(ented n the end s!ste(s7 t s not l &el! to be a pract cal solut on 3or (ost end s!ste(s. There ha/e been proposals that 3 re%all 3 lter n# % th n ATM net%or&s should be done at connect on set-up t (e and not on the trans( tted data. Spec al n3or(at on ele(ents %ould be de3 ned % th n the s #nal n# (essa#es to nd cate the actual h #her la!er appl cat on b nd n# that the connect on % shes to (a&e 53or e8a(ple7 to telnet or to 4TP6. Then the nter(ed ate s% tches could 3 lter such connect on set-ups based on h #her la!er n3or(at on7 source7 and dest nat on addresses7 and so on. ATM address 3 lter n# (a! be o3 part cular use at the boundar! bet%een a pr /ate ATM net%or& and a publ c or shared 9AN net%or&. Address 3 lter n# could be used at such po nts to allo% connect ons to be (ade onl! to and 3ro( part cular7 trusted addresses 5e.#. a re(ote s te o3 the sa(e ad( n strat on7 3or nstance67 and preclude #eneral connect / t!. Such 3 re%alls (a! be o3 part cular use n conFunct on % th h #her le/el controls 5see Sect on '.367 thou#h all address based 3 lter n# techn :ues are also /ulnerable to spoo3 n# attac&s.

9h le such techn :ues (a! ha/e so(e ut l t!7 the! are l ( ted b! the 3act that l ttle pre/ents an end s!ste( 3ro( l! n# about the use to %h ch a connect on %ould be used7 s nce ATM connect ons #enerall! ter( nate at lo%er le/els % th n end s!ste( protocol stac&s7 and not at the actual appl cat onsA32A. There3ore7 once a connect on s set up7 a node could send pac&ets o3 an! protocol t!pe do%n the connect on7 and ha/e these de(ult ple8ed at the dest nat on to an! supported appl cat on7 re#ardless o3 the dent t! o3 the appl cat on to %h ch the connect on %as ostens bl! set up to.

A32A 1 rect appl cat on nter3ac n# precludes the support o3 e8 st n# protocols such as IP7 %h ch7 n turn7 precludes ATM nodes 3ro( co((un cat n# outs de the ATM net%or&.

The onl! 3eas ble solut on to th s proble( appears to be to add cr!pto#raph c based authent cat on (echan s(s to ATM s #nal n#. So(e prel ( nar! %or& on such secur t! (echan s(s has been d scussed at the ATM 4oru(7 and else%here7 but t s l &el! to be so(e t (e be3ore the! are 3ull! spec 3 ed or deplo!ed. In the (eant (e7 (an! net%or& ad( n strators cont nue to use routers as secur t! 3 re%alls7 part cularl! at publ c net%or& boundar es7 e/en to connect t%o ATM net%or&s to each other. 9h le th s has clear per3or(ance and ser/ ce l ( tat ons7 (an! net%or& ad( n strators o3ten pre3er such a solut on to el ( nat n# all e8 st n# 3 re%all protect ons.

4.% I$ple$entation +onsiderations

One o3 the concerns % th the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol s that ts co(ple8 t! and scale (ean that route calculat on ta&es a cons derable t (e7 ncreas n# the latenc! o3 connect on set-up. -nl &e current pac&et s% tches7 %h ch need to process e/er! pac&et that s rela!ed7 ATM s% tch n# s!ste(s onl! need to process a connect on set up. 4ollo% n# connect on set up7 cells can be rela!ed % thout route process n#. -nl &e current l n& state protocols7 ho%e/er7 %h ch tend to #enerate se( -stat c routes that can be cached7 the P- NNI protocols % ll l &el! re:u re a s #n 3 cant proport on o3 len#th! onde(and route calculat ons due to the #reater /ar ab l t! o3 ts QoS-based rout n# (etr cs.

C /en these cons derat ons7 t s l &el! that the ATM s% tch n# s!ste(s that use co((erc al processors 3or P-NNI calculat on could onl! support call-set up rates o3 a 3e% hundred connect ons per second7 3 that. +ach o3 these could e8per ence s #n 3 cant call set up latenc es7 perhaps e8ceed n# hundreds o3 ( ll seconds7 % th n lar#e net%or&s. These ATM rout n# latenc es %ould be ncreased b! an! add t onal address resolut ons that (a! need to be per3or(ed to (ap h #her la!er addresses to ATM addresses7 as descr bed n the 3ollo% n# sect ons. To reduce these set up latenc es7 %h ch could s #n 3 cantl! de#rade perce /ed net%or& respons /eness7 (an! ser/ ces operat n# o/er ATM ha/e de3 ned7 or (a! de3 ne7 de3ault data paths that allo% data to be trans( tted pend n# the success3ul set up o3 d rect data paths7 or 3or the trans( ss on o3 s(all a(ounts o3 data7 the /olu(e o3 %h ch do not Fust 3! the cost and latenc! o3 a connect on set-up. Th s character st c % ll be noted n (an! o3 the h #her la!er ser/ ces %e descr be ne8t.

!.0 "AN #$ulation

The 3ollo% n# sect ons % ll d scuss the nternet%or& n# o3 e8 st n# protocols across ATM net%or&s. C /en the /ast nstalled base o3 *ANs and 9ANs toda! and the net%or& and l n& la!er protocols operat n# on these net%or&s7 a &e! to ATM success % ll be the ab l t! to allo% 3or nteroperab l t! bet%een these technolo# es and ATM. 4e% users % ll tolerate the presence o3 slands o3 ATM % thout connect / t! to the re(a nder o3 the enterpr se net%or&. The &e! to such connect / t! s the use o3 the sa(e net%or& la!er protocols7 such as IP and IPJ7 on both e8 st n# net%or&s and on ATM7 s nce t s the 3unct on o3 the net%or& la!er to pro/ de a un 3or( net%or& / e% to h #her le/el protocols and appl cat ons. There are7 ho%e/er7 t%o 3unda(entall! d 33erent %a!s o3 runn n# net%or& la!er protocols across an 5o/erla! (ode6 ATM net%or&. In one (ethod7 &no%n as nat /e (ode operat on7 address resolut on (echan s(s are used to (ap net%or& la!er addresses d rectl! nto ATM addresses7 and the net%or& la!er pac&ets are then carr ed across the ATM net%or&. Nat /e (ode protocols % ll be e8a( ned n the ne8t sect on. The alternate

(ethod o3 carr! n# net%or& la!er pac&ets across an ATM net%or& s &no%n as *AN e(ulat on 5*AN+6. The ATM 4oru( has recentl! co(pleted a Phase 1 *AN +(ulat on spec 3 cat on ?4oru(2@. Th s sect on d scusses the rat onale 3or *AN e(ulat on and descr bes the operat on o3 the protocol.

Figure 13% &et)ods of $T& Internetwor!ing

As the na(e su##ests7 the 3unct on o3 the *AN+ protocol s to e(ulate a local area net%or& on top o3 an ATM net%or&. Spec 3 call!7 the *AN+ protocol de3 nes (echan s(s 3or e(ulat n# e ther an I+++ =<2.3 +thernet or an =<2.$ To&en " n# *AN.A3=A 9hat *AN e(ulat on (eans s that the *AN+ protocol de3 nes a ser/ ce nter3ace 3or h #her la!er 5that s7 net%or& la!er6 protocols7 %h ch s dent cal to that o3 e8 st n# *ANs7 and that data sent across the ATM net%or& are encapsulated n the appropr ate *AN MA) pac&etA3>A 3or(at. It does not (ean that an! atte(pt s (ade to e(ulate the actual (ed a access control protocol o3 the spec 3 c *AN concerned 5that s7 )SMAE)1 3or +thernet or to&en pass n# 3or =<2.$6.

A3=A The current *AN+ protocol does not de3 ne a separate encapsulat on 3or 411I. 411I pac&et (ust be (apped nto e ther +thernet or To&en " n# e(ulated *ANs7 us n# e8 st n# translat onal br d# n# techn :ues. The t%o (ost pro( nent ne% *AN standards under cons derat on7 4ast +thernet 51<<,ase-T6

and =<2.12 51<<.C-An!*AN6 can both be (apped unchan#ed nto e ther the +thernet or To&en " n# *AN+ 3or(ats and procedures7 as appropr ate7 s nce the! use the sa(e pac&et 3or(ats. A3>A The *AN+ protocol supports a ran#e o3 (a8 (u( pac&et 5MP1-6 s ;es7 correspond n# to (a8 (u( s ;e +thernet7 and 4 Mbps and 1' Mbps To&en " n# pac&ets7 and to the /alue o3 the de3ault MP1- 3or IP o/er ATM 5see Sect on '.26. T!p call! the appropr ate MP1- % ll be used depend n# upon %hat t!pe o3 *AN s be n# e(ulated -- and s supported on the *AN s% tches br d#ed to the +*AN. An +*AN % th onl! nat /e ATM hosts7 ho%e/er7 (a! opt onall! use an! o3 the a/a lable MP1- s ;es7 e/en 3 th s does not correspond to the actual MP1- n a real *AN o3 the t!pe be n# e(ulated. All *+)s % th n a # /en +*AN (ust use the sa(e MP1- s ;e.

In other %ords7 the *AN+ protocols (a&e an ATM net%or& loo& and beha/e l &e an +thernet or To&en " n# *AN -- albe t one operat n# (uch 3aster than a real such net%or&.

Figure 15% P)0si al and "+ulated 8$'s

The rat onale 3or do n# th s s that t re:u res no (od 3 cat ons to h #her la!er protocols to enable the r operat on o/er an ATM net%or&. S nce the *AN+ ser/ ce presents the sa(e ser/ ce nter3ace o3 e8 st n# MA) protocols to net%or& la!er dr /ers 53or e8a(ple7 an N1IS- or O1I-l &e dr /er nter3ace67 no chan#es are re:u red n those dr /ers. The ntent on s to accelerate the deplo!(ent o3 ATM7 s nce cons derable %or& re(a ns to be done n 3ull! de3 n n# nat /e (ode operat on 3or the plethora o3 e8 st n# net%or& la!er protocols.

It s en/ sa#ed that the *AN+ protocol % ll be deplo!ed n t%o t!pes o3 ATM-attached e:u p(ent: a. ATM Network Inter,ace +ards 3NI+4. ATM NI)s % ll (ple(ent the *AN+ protocol and nter3ace to the ATM net%or&7 but % ll present the current *AN ser/ ce nter3ace to the h #her le/el protocol dr /ers % th n the attached end s!ste(. The net%or& la!er protocols on the end s!ste( % ll cont nue to co((un cate as 3 the! %ere on a &no%n *AN7 us n# &no%n procedures. The! % ll7 ho%e/er7 be able to use the /astl! #reater band% dth o3 ATM net%or&s. 8. Internetworking and "AN Switc7ing #9uip$ent. The second class o3 net%or& #ear that % ll (ple(ent *AN+ % ll be ATM-attached *AN s% tches and routers. These de/ ces7 to#ether % th d rectl! attached ATM hosts7 e:u pped % th ATM NI)s7 % ll be used to pro/ de a virtual LAN ser/ ce7 %here ports on the *AN s% tches % ll be ass #ned to part cular / rtual *ANs7 ndependent o3 ph!s cal locat on ?) sco@. *AN e(ulat on s a part cularl! #ood 3 t to the 3 rst #enerat on o3 *AN s% tches that e33ect /el! act as 3ast (ult port br d#es7 s nce *AN+ s essent all! a protocol 3or br d# n# across ATM. Internet%or& n# e:u p(ent7 such as routers7 % ll also (ple(ent *AN+ to allo% 3or / rtual *AN nternet%or& n#7 as % ll be d scussed later. Note that the *AN+ protocol does not d rectl! (pact ATM s% tches. *AN+7 as % th (ost o3 the other ATM nternet%or& n# protocols %e % ll d scuss later n th s paper7 bu lds upon the o/erla! (odel. As such7 the *AN+ protocols operate transparentl! o/er and throu#h ATM s% tches7 us n# onl! standard ATM s #nal n# procedures. ATM s% tches (a! %ell be used as con/en ent plat3or(s upon %h ch to (ple(ent so(e o3 the *AN+ ser/er co(ponents7 %h ch %e d scuss belo%7 but th s s ndependent o3 the cell rela! operat on o3 the ATM s% tches the(sel/es. Th s lo# cal decoupl n# s one o3 the #reat ad/anta#es o3 the o/erla! (odel7 s nce the! allo% ATM s% tch des #ns to proceed ndependentl! o3 the operat on o3 o/erl! n# nternet%or& n# protocols7 and / ce /ersa.

Figure 26% 8$'" Proto ol $r )ite ture

The bas c 3unct on o3 the *AN+ protocol s to resol/e MA) addresses nto ATM addresses. ,! do n# so7 t actuall! (ple(ents a protocol 3or MA) br d# n# on ATM7 hence the close 3 t % th current *AN s% tches. The #oal o3 *AN+ s to per3or( such address (app n#s so that *AN+ end s!ste(s can set up d rect connect ons bet%een the(sel/es and 3or%ard data. The ele(ent that adds s #n 3 cant co(ple8 t! to *AN+7 ho%e/er7 s support n# *AN s% tches -- that s7 *AN br d#es. The 3unct on o3 a *AN br d#e7 as de3 ned n ?ISO@ and ?I+++@7 s to sh eld *AN se#(ents 3ro( each other. 9h le br d#es learn about MA) addresses on the *AN se#(ents to %h ch the! are connected7 such n3or(at on s not propa#ated. 0o% *AN+ resol/es th s proble( % ll be d scussed shortl!.

!.1 "AN# +o$ponents and +onnection T/pes

The *AN+ protocol de3 nes the operat on o3 a s n#le e(ulated *AN 5+*AN6. Mult ple +*ANs (a! coe8 st s (ultaneousl! on a s n#le ATM net%or& s nce ATM connect ons do not Hcoll de.H A s n#le +*AN e(ulates e ther +thernet or To&en " n#7 and cons sts o3 the 3ollo% n# ent t es:

LAN Emulation Client (LEC): A *+) s the ent t! n an end s!ste( that per3or(s data 3or%ard n#7 address resolut on7 and other control 3unct ons 3or a s n#le end-s!ste( % th n a s n#le +*AN. A *+) also pro/ des a standard *AN ser/ ce nter3ace to an! h #her la!er ent t! that nter3aces to the *+). An ATM NI) or *AN s% tch nter3ac n# to an +*AN supports a s n#le *+) 3or each +*AN to %h ch the! are connected. An end-s!ste( that connects to (ult ple +*ANs 5perhaps o/er the sa(e -NI6 % ll ha/e one *+) per +*AN.

+ach *+) s dent 3 ed b! a un :ue ATM address7 and s assoc ated % th one or (ore MA) addresses reachable throu#h that ATM address. In the case o3 an ATM NI)7 3or nstance7 the *+) (a! be assoc ated % th onl! a s n#le MA) address7 %h le n the case o3 a *AN s% tch7 the *+) %ould be assoc ated % th all the MA) addresses reachable throu#h the ports o3 that *AN s% tch %h ch are ass #ned to the part cular +*AN. Note that n the latter case that th s set o3 addresses (a! chan#e7 both as MA) nodes co(e up and do%n7 and as part cular paths are recon3 #ured b! lo# cal or ph!s cal chan#es n the *AN net%or& topolo#! 5e.#. throu#h the use o3 a spann n# tree protocol7 3or nstance6.

Note that %h le the current *AN+ spec 3 cat on de3 nes t%o t!pes o3 e(ulated *ANs7 one 3or +thernet7 and one 3or To&en " n#7 t does not per( t d rect connect / t! bet%een a *+) that (ple(ents an +thernet +*AN and one that (ple(ents a To&en " n# +*AN. In other %ords7 *AN+ does not atte(pt to sol/e the ( 8ed (ed a br d# n# proble(7 %h ch s part cularl! ntractable 3or +thernet-to-To&en " n# nterconnect on. T%o such +*ANs can onl! be nterconnected throu#h an ATM router that acts as a cl ent on each +*AN7 as d scussed belo%.

LAN Emulation Server (LES): The *+S (ple(ents the control 3unct on 3or a part cular +*AN. There s onl! one lo# cal *+S per +*AN7 and to belon# to a part cular +*AN (eans to ha/e a control relat onsh p % th that +*ANGs part cular *+S. +ach *+S s dent 3 ed b! a un :ue ATM address. The operat on o3 the *+S s descr bed belo%.

Broadcast and

n!nown Server (B S): The ,-S s a (ult cast ser/er 5see

Sect on 2.<6 that s used to 3lood un&no%n dest nat on address tra33 c and 3or%ard

(ult cast and broadcast tra33 c to cl ents % th n a part cular +*AN. +ach *+) s assoc ated % th onl! a s n#le ,-S per +*AN7 but there (a! be (ult ple ,-Ss % th n a part cular +*AN that co((un cate and coord nate n so(e /endorspec 3 c (annerB th s act on s outs de the scope o3 the Phase 1 *AN+ protocol. The ,-S to %h ch a *+) connects s dent 3 ed b! a un :ue ATM address. In the *+S7 th s s assoc ated % th the broadcast MA) address 5Hall onesH67 and th s (app n# s nor(all! con3 #ured nto the *+S.

LAN Emulation Con"i#uration Server (LECS): The *+)S s an ent t! that ass #ns nd / dual *AN+ cl ents to part cular +*ANs b! d rect n# the( to the *+S that correspond to the +*AN. There s lo# call! one *+)S per ad( n strat /e do(a n7 and th s ser/es all +*ANs % th n that do(a n.

The *AN+ protocol does not spec 3! %here an! o3 the ser/er co(ponents descr bed here should be locatedB an! de/ ce or de/ ces % th ATM connect / t! %ould su33 ce. 4or the purposes o3 rel ab l t! and per3or(ance7 ho%e/er7 t s l &el! that (ost /endors % ll (ple(ent these ser/er co(ponents on net%or& n# e:u p(ent7 such as ATM s% tches or routers7 rather than on a %or&stat on or host. Th s also appl es to all other ATM ser/er co(ponents descr bed n the re(a nder o3 th s paper. The *AN+ protocol spec 3 es onl! the operat on o3 the *AN +(ulat on -ser to Net%or& Inter3ace 5*-NI6 bet%een a *+) and the net%or& pro/ d n# the *AN+ ser/ ce. Th s (a! be contrasted % th the H*AN +(ulat on NNIH 5*NNI6 nter3ace7 %h ch operates bet%een the ser/er co(ponents % th n a s n#le +*AN s!ste(. The Phase 1 *AN+ protocols spec 3! onl! the *-NI operat onB 3urther(ore7 the phase 1 *AN+ protocol does not allo% 3or the standard support o3 (ult ple *+Ss or ,-Ss % th n an +*AN. 0ence these co(ponents represent both s n#le po nts o3 3a lure and potent al bottlenec&s. The nteract ons bet%een each o3 the ser/er co(ponents n the *AN+ Phase 1 protocol are currentl! le3t unspec 3 ed7 and % ll be (ple(ented n a propr etar! (anner b! /endors.

Figure 21% 8$'" Proto ol Interfa es

The ATM 4oru( s currentl! %or& n# on a Phase 2 *AN+ protocol7 %h ch % ll spec 3! *NNI protocols7 so as to allo% 3or redundant *+Ss and repl cated ,-Ss ?Alles2@7 n order to address concerns about these l ( tat ons. The *NNI protocols % ll spec 3! open nter3aces bet%een the /ar ous *AN+ ser/er ent t es -- *+SE*+S7 *+SE*+)S7 and ,-SE,-S -- and % ll allo% 3or h erarch es o3 ,-Ss 3or #reater scalab l t!A4<A % th n +*ANs. Th s %or& s not e8pected to be co(pleted unt l 1>>'7 ho%e/er.

A4<A Note7 ho%e/er7 that the 3unda(ental l ( t to the scalab l t! o3 an +*AN s not the nu(ber o3 ,-Ss7 but the 3act that all broadcast and 3lood tra33 c (ust be sent to all *+)sB n the case %here the *+) s % th n a *AN s% tch7 th s l ( ts the a(ount o3 such tra33 c to be (uch less than the speed o3 the assoc ated *AN7 such as 1< Mbps n the case o3 an +thernet +*AN.

The Phase 1 *AN+ ent t es co((un cate % th each other us n# a ser es o3 ATM connect ons. *+)s (a nta n separate connect ons 3or data trans( ss on and control tra33 c.

The control connect ons are as 3ollo%s:

Configuration Dire t ,CC% Th s s a b d rect onal po nt-to-po nt .)) set up b! the *+) to the *+)S. Control Dire t ,CC% Th s s a b d rect onal .)) set up b! the *+) to the *+S. Control Distri4ute ,CC% Th s s a un d rect onal .)) set up 3ro( the *+S bac& to the *+)B th s s t!p call! a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on.

Figure 22% 8$'" Control Conne tions

The data connect ons are as 3ollo%s:

Data Dire t ,CC% Th s s a b d rect onal po nt-to-po nt .)) set up bet%een t%o *+)s that %ant to e8chan#e data. T%o *+)s % ll t!p call! use the sa(e data d rect .)) to carr! all pac&ets bet%een the(7 rather than open n# a ne% .)) 3or each MA) address pa r bet%een the(7 so as to conser/e connect on resources and connect on set-up latenc!. S nce *AN+ e(ulates e8 st n# *ANs7 nclud n# the r lac& o3 QoS support7 data d rect connect ons % ll t!p call! be -," or A," connect ons7 and % ll not o33er an! t!pe o3 QoS #uarantees.

&ulti ast (end ,CC% Th s s a b d rect onal po nt-to-po nt .)) set up b! the *+) to the ,-S. &ulti ast Forward ,CC% Th s s a un d rect onal .)) set up to the *+) 3ro( the ,-S7 th s s t!p call! a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on7 % th each *+) as a lea3.

Figure 23% 8$'" Data Conne tions

!.2 "AN# Operation

The operat on o3 a *AN+ s!ste( and o3 the co(ponents (ent oned abo/e % ll be descr bed n th s sect on throu#h the /ar ous sta#es o3 operat on o3 a *+): 5.$.1 %nitiali&ation and Con"i#uration -pon n t al ;at on 5such as po%er up67 the *+) (ust 3 rst obta n ts o%n ATM address 5t!p call!7 th s % ll be throu#h address re# strat on6. The *+) then sets up a con3 #urat on-d rect connect on to the *+)S. To do th s7 the *+) (ust 3 rst 3 nd the locat on o3 the *+)S b! e ther: us n# a de3 ned I*MI procedure to deter( ne the *+)S addressB us n# a %ell-&no%n *+)S addressB or us n# a %ell-&no%n per(anent connect on to the *+)S 5.PID<7 .)ID126. A3ter 3 nd n# the locat on o3 the *+)S7 the *+) % ll establ sh the con3 #urat on-d rect .)) to the *+)S. Once connected7 a con3 #urat on protocol s used b! the *+)S to n3or( the *+) o3 the n3or(at on t re:u res to connect nto ts tar#et +*AN. Th s ncludes the ATM address o3 the *+S7 the t!pe o3 *AN be n# e(ulated7 (a8 (u( pac&et s ;e on the +*AN7 and the +*AN na(e 5a te8t str n# 3or d spla! purposes6. The *+)S s #enerall! con3 #ured b! net%or& (ana#e(ent % th th s n3or(at on7 %h ch e33ect /el! nd cates %h ch / rtual *AN 5%here a / rtual *AN corresponds to an +*AN6 to %h ch the *+) belon#s.

5.$.$ 'oinin# and (e#istration Once the *+) obta ns the *+S address7 t (a! opt onall! clear the con3 #urat on-d rect .)) to the *+)SB then t sets up the control-d rect .)) to the *+S. Once th s s done7 the *+S ass #ns the *+) % th a un :ue *+) Ident 3 er 5*+)I16. The *+) then re# sters ts o%n MA) and ATM addresses % th the *+S. It (a! opt onall! also re# ster an! other MA) addressesA41A 3or %h ch t s pro8! n# -- such as learned addresses n the case o3 spann n# tree br d#e. The *+S then sets up7 bac& to the *+)7 the control-d str bute .)). The control d rect and d str bute .))s can then be used b! the *+) 3or the *AN +(ulat on A"P 5*+LA"P6 procedure 3or re:uest n# the ATM address that corresponds to a part cular MA) address. To do th s7 the *+) 3or(ulates a *+-A"P and sends t to the *+S. I3 the *+S reco#n ;es th s (app n# 5because so(e *+) re# stered the rele/ant MA) address6 t (a! choose to repl! d rectl! on the control-d rect .)). I3 not7 t 3or%ards the re:uest on the control- d str bute .)) to sol c t a response 3ro( a *+) that &no%s the re:uested MA) address. The t!p cal reason %h! the *+S %ould not &no% a (app n# s because the address s Hbeh ndH a MA) br d#e7 and the br d#e (a! not ha/e re# stered the addressA42A. An ATM NI)7 on the other hand7 %ould presu(abl! onl! support one or a s(all nu(ber o3 MA) addresses7 all o3 %h ch could eas l! be re# stered. T!p call!7 an! MA) address not &no%n to the *+S %ould be 3ound onl! n a *+) % th n a br d#e7 and not % th n a NI)7 and onl! the *+)s % th n such de/ ces need necessar l! rece /e re-d rected *+-A"Ps. To acco((odate th s7 *+)s (a! re# ster % th the *+S as a Hpro8!H node7 nd cat n# that t (a! pro8! 3or other addresses and needs to obta n *+LA"Ps. The *+S then has the opt on o3 sett n# up the control d str bute .))s so that *+LA"Ps are onl! sent to such pro8! *+)s -- 3or e8a(ple7 throu#h t%o po nt- to-(ult po nt connect ons connect n# the *+S to all o3 the pro8! nodes7 and one to all o3 the non-pro8! nodes. Th s s not a re:u re(ent7 ho%e/er7 and the *+S (a! choose to s (pl! d str bute the *+LA"P to all *+)s.

In an! case7 3 a *+) can respond to a *+LA"P7 because t s pro8! n# 3or that address7 t responds to the *+S on the control d rect .)). The *+S % ll then 3or%ard th s response bac& e ther onl! to the re:uest n# *+)7 or7 opt onall!7 on the control d str bute .)) to all *+)sA43A7 so that all *+)s can learn and cache the part cular address (app n# 5and hence perhaps sa/e 3uture *+LA"Ps6.

A41A Cenerall!7 the support o3 a 5source routed6 To&en " n# +*AN s the sa(e as that o3 an +thernet +*AN7 e8cept that all operat ons per3or(ed % th n an +thernet +*AN on MA) addresses are correspond n#l! per3or(ed % th n the To&en " n# +*AN on route descr ptorsB as such7 the descr pt on o3 +*AN operat on # /en here onl! cons ders the +*AN case. "e3er to ?4oru(2@ 3or a 3uller descr pt on o3 To&en " n# +*AN operat on. More ad/anced ssues such as that o3 r n# nu(ber allocat on % th n a net%or& o3 br d#ed ph!s cal and e(ulated To&en " n# se#(ents s outs de the scope o3 th s paper. A42A S nce br d#e tables (a! ha/e thousands o3 entr es that are cont nuousl! be n# learned7 a#ed out7 (o/ed7 and so on7 a br d#e t!p call! %ould onl! re# ster stat c entr es. A43A I3 the *+S (a nta ns t%o control d str bute .))s7 one to pro8! nodes7 and one to non-pro8! nodes7 t %ould then need to repl cate such responses be3ore 3or%ard n# onto each connect on.

To co(plete n t al ;at on7 a *+) uses th s *+LA"P (echan s( to deter( ne the ATM address o3 the ,-S. It does th s b! send n# an *+LA"P 3or the MA) broadcast address to the *+S7 %h ch responds % th the ,-SGs ATM address. The *+) then sets up the (ult cast send .)) to the ,-S. The ,-S7 n turn7 sets up the (ult cast 3or%ard .)) bac& to the *+)7 t!p call! b! add n# the *+) as a lea3 to a po nt-to- (ult po nt connect on. The *+) s no% read! 3or data trans3er. 5.$.) *ata +rans"er 1ur n# data trans3er7 a *+) e ther rece /es a net%or& la!er pac&et to trans( t 3ro( a h #her la!er protocol 5 n the case o3 NI)6 or rece /es a MA) pac&et to 3or%ard across a *AN port 5 n the case o3 a *AN s% tchA44A6. In the 3 rst nstance7 the source *+) % ll not ha/e the ATM address o3 the dest nat on *+) throu#h %h ch the part cular

dest nat on MA) address can be reached. In th s case7 the *+) 3 rst 3or(ulates and sends to the *+S a *+LA"P response. 9h le %a t n# 3or a response 3ro( th s *+LA"P7 the *+) also 3or%ards the pac&et to the ,-S7 us n# a de3 ned encapsulat on. The ,-S % ll7 n turn7 3lood the pac&et to all *+)s. Th s (ust be done because7 n the case o3 a pass /e de/ ce beh nd a *AN s% tch7 no *+) (a! &no% %here the MA) address s locatedA4$A. Add t onall!7 resol/ n# a *+LA"P (a! ta&e so(e t (e and (an! net%or& protocols are ntolerant o3 e ther loss 5 3 the *+) chose to d scard the pac&et %h le a%a t n# the *+LA"P response6 or latenc! 5 3 the *+) chose to bu33er the pac&et6. In th s (ode7 the ,-S pro/ des the analo# o3 the 3lood n# procedure used b! spann n# tree br d#es 3or un&no%n dest nat on pac&ets7 hence ts na(e.

A44A A *AN s% tch onl! needs to n/o&e the *AN+ procedures 3 e ther ts MA) br d# n# tables nd cate that the dest nat on s not local to the s% tch7 or 3 t does not &no% %here to send the pac&et and hence (ust 3lood t. Most *AN s% tches % ll locall! s% tch tra33 c bet%een local ports. A4$A As % th a learn n# br d#e7 a *+) % ll learn the locat on o3 the de/ ce 3 and %hen t responds to the 3looded pac&et.

I3 an *+LA"P response s rece /ed7 the *+) then sets up a data-d rect .)) to the dest nat on node7 and uses th s 3or data trans3er rather than the ,-S path. ,e3ore t can do th s7 ho%e/er7 the *+) (a! need to use the *AN+ H3lushH procedure to ensure that all pac&ets pre/ ousl! sent to the ,-S %ere del /ered to the dest nat on pr or to the use o3 the data d rect .)). In th s (echan s(7 a control cell s sent do%n the 3 rst trans( ss on path7 3ollo% n# the last pac&etB not unt l the rece pt o3 th s 3lush cell s ac&no%led#ed b! the dest nat on s the second path used to send pac&ets. Th s (echan s( s the #uaranteed %a! to (eet current *AN standards that re:u re *AN br d#es to str ctl! preser/e 3ra(e order n#.

I3 a data d rect connect on alread! e8 sts to the *+) 5 n the sa(e +*AN6 throu#h %h ch a part cular MA) address s reachable7 the source *+) (a! opt onall! choose to re-use th s sa(e data d rect connect on7 so as to conser/e connect on resources and sa/e on the connect on set-up latenc!. I3 a response s not rece /ed to a *+LA"P7 the *+) % ll cont nue to send pac&ets to the ,-S7 but % ll re#ularl! re-send *+LA"Ps unt l a response s rece /ed. T!p call! once a pac&et s 3looded throu#h the ,-S7 and the dest nat on responds to the source7 so(e *+) % ll learn the locat on o3 the dest nat on7 and then respond to a subse:uent *+LA"P. A *+) % ll locall! cache an! MA) address to ATM addresses (app n# t learns throu#h a *+LA"P. I3 and %hen the *+) rece /es 3or trans( ss on another pac&et to that sa(e MA) address7 t % ll then consult that local cache table and use the cached (app n#7 rather than send n# out another *+LA"P. Such cached entr es are nor(all! a#ed out o/er a con3 #urable t (e per od 5t!p call! $ ( nutes6. S ( larl!7 data d rect connect ons % ll be cleared 3 the connect on re(a ns nact /e o/er a con3 #urable per od 5t!p call! 2< ( nutes6. There are c rcu(stances7 ho%e/er7 %hen cached A"P n3or(at on (a! be a#ed out at a (uch 3aster rate -- th s s d scussed belo%. The ,-S s also used b! *+)s 3or broadcast and (ult cast pac&ets. Such pac&ets are 3or%arded to the ,-S7 %h ch then red rects the( to all *+)s. Th s (pl es that the source *+) (a! rece /e a cop! o3 ts o%n broadcast or (ult cast pac&et. S nce so(e *AN protocols cannot tolerate such a cond t on7 the *AN+ pac&et encapsulat on re:u res that all MA) pac&ets be pre3 8ed % th the *+)I1. *+)s can then 3 lter on th s 3 eld 3or all 3ra(es that are rece /ed 3ro( the ,-S to ensure that t ne/er rece /es ts o%n 3ra(es.

!.3 "AN# and Spanning Tree

The *AN+ protocol %as de/eloped reco#n ; n# that t!p call! a spann n# tree protocol 5?I+++@7 ?OSI@6 %ould be run % th n each +*AN7 and the set o3 e8ternal net%or&s 5such as *AN s% tch *AN ports6 br d#ed to the +*AN7 so as to preclude loops % th n the net%or&. Th s s part cularl! (portant n the case %here *AN s% tches are nterconnected b! an +*AN7 %h le the e8ternal net%or&s connected to the *AN s% tches

(a! the(sel/es be nterconnected b! e8ternal br d#esA4'A. *+)s % th n *AN s% tches % ll e8chan#e spann n# tree br d#e pac&ets 5,P1-6 bet%een the(sel/es7 (ult cast n# the pac&ets throu#h the ,-S 5hosts % ll #nore these br d#e pac&ets6.

A4'A Th s descr pt on assu(es that each *AN port on a la!er 2 s% tch s assoc ated % th one7 and onl! one7 +*AN7 and hence onl! % th one spann n# tree protocol nstant at on7 assoc ated % th that +*AN7 and an! other *AN se#(ents br d#ed to that +*AN. The case %here (ult ple +*ANs -- hence poss bl!7 (ult ple spann n# tree protocol nstant at ons -- are assoc ated % th a s n#le *AN port -- 3or nstance7 because one +*AN (a! be de3 ned per protocol operat n# across that *AN port -- s (uch (ore co(ple87 and s outs de the scope o3 th s paper.

I3 a *AN s% tch detects a loop7 throu#h ts spann n# tree protocol7 then t % ll turn o33 e ther one o3 the e8ternal ports7 or the +*AN port7 as appropr ate7 so as to brea& the loopB n #eneral7 s nce the spann n# tree protocol %e #hs l n&s b! the r band% dth7 the protocol % ll tend to 3a/or the *AN+ port7 and % ll 3 rst turn o33 e8ternal ports. Note that e/en %here the +*AN port s turned o337 ho%e/er7 3ull connect / t! % ll st ll -- b! de3 n t on -be poss ble throu#h the e8ternal br d#ed path. The act on o3 the spann n# tree protocol7 % th n a co(ple8 (ult -path br d#ed net%or&7 % ll t!p call! cause the *+)s throu#h %h ch part cular e8ternal MA) addresses are reachable 5that s7 throu#h part cular *AN s% tch ports6 to chan#e d!na( call!. As noted abo/e7 ho%e/er7 *+)s t!p call! % ll cache A"P n3or(at on 3or relat /el! len#th! per ods7 hence there s a dan#er that *+)s (a! end up us n# stale n3or(at on 3or e8cess /e per ods unt l the A"P table entr es are a#ed out -- n the (eant (e7 n3or(at on (a! be sent to a Hblac& hole7H s nce the *+) to %h ch the data d rect connect on %as or # nall! set up (a! no lon#er ha/e an! d rect connect / t! % th the ntended rec p ent. Note that th s proble( s e8acerbated b! the (ult ple8 n# o3 (an! data 3lo%s 5that s7 MA) addresses6 onto the sa(e data-d rect connect on. In order to allo% 3or 3aster con/er#ence7 the *AN+ protocol supports *+-Topolo#!"e:uest (essa#es. These are #enerated b! an! *+) (ple(ent n# the spann n# tree

protocol 5t!p call! a *AN s% tch6 upon the detect on o3 an! topolo#! chan#e that tr ##ers a ,P1- con3 #urat on update (essa#e. The *+-Topolo#!-"e:uest s sent b! the *+) to the *+S7 %h ch n turn d str butes t to all other *+)s. -pon rece pt o3 such a (essa#e7 all *+)s % ll reduce the a# n# per od on the r cached A"P n3or(at on. Th s7 n turn7 % ll a#e out the cached n3or(at on 3aster7 caus n# the *+)s to (ore :u c&l! re3resh the A"P n3or(at on throu#h *+-A"Ps that % ll7 n turn7 #enerate (ore up-to-date reachab l t! n3or(at on. Note that *+)s % ll not tear do%n e8 st n# data-d rect connect ons upon the detect on o3 a net%or& recon3 #urat on. "ather7 3 and %hen cached *+-A"P n3or(at on s re3reshed7 the data-d rect connect on (a! 3all dle7 3 no des red MA) addresses are an! lon#er reachable throu#h the connect on. +/entuall!7 then7 the *+) % ll t (e out the dle connect on and clear t. The *AN+ protocol also allo%s 3or *+)s to #enerate an unsol c ted H*+-NA"PH (essa#e %hen the *+) detects7 throu#h local (eans7 that a part cular MA) address7 %h ch %as once thou#ht to be re(ote 3ro( that *+)7 s no% reachable throu#h the *+). Such (essa#es are sent to the *+S7 %h ch red str butes t to all other *+)sB these7 n turn7 (a! use such nd cat ons to update the r address caches. Such (essa#es (a! speed con/er#ence n so(e part cular cond t ons7 but the r use and ut l t! s so(e%hat contro/ers al.

!.4 Intelligent 0:S

The descr pt on abo/e s onl! an o/er/ e% o3 the operat on o3 the *AN+ protocol. Man! aspects o3 *AN+ are open to /endor d 33erent at on -- 3or nstance7 %hether or not the *+S chooses to respond to *+LA"Ps. One contro/ers al opt on s &no%n as the ntell #ent ,-S. An ntell #ent ,-S s one that obta ns &no%led#e o3 the %hereabouts o3 MA) addresses throu#h so(e (eans 5such as throu#h shar n# o3 the *+S re# strat on table6. In such a case7 the ,-S (a! not 3lood an un&no%n dest nat on pac&et7 but (a! 3or%ard t d rectl! to the appropr ate *+) across the (ult cast send .)) 5th s s %h! th s .)) s b d rect onal6.

In th s (ode7 an ntell #ent ,-S e33ect /el! operates as a connect onless ser/erB n the e8tre(e7 th s %ould preclude the need 3or data-d rect .))s at all7 s nce a H( n (alH *+) could send all pac&ets to the ,-S 3or 3or%ard n#7 and %ould a/o d the need to support so(e o3 the (ore co(ple8 ele(ents o3 the *AN+ protocol. Th s s not a des rable (ode o3 operat on7 ho%e/er7 s nce the ,-S can /er! :u c&l! beco(e a bottlenec&. A ( n (al *+) used % th a nor(al ,-S could also :u c&l! 3lood the net%or& % th pac&ets7 s nce t %ould not atte(pt to set up data-d rect .))s at all. To a/o d these proble(s7 the *AN+ protocol7 %h le allo% n# 3or ntell #ent ,-Ss7 does re:u re all *+)s to set up data-d rect .))s %hene/er poss ble7 and also restr cts the nu(ber o3 3lood 5un cast6 pac&ets that can be sent to the ,-S n an! # /en per od.

!.! "AN# and 5irtual "ANs

*AN+ s used b! /endors to pro/ de a / rtual *AN ser/ ce on ATM bac&bones. Such / rtual *ANs are (ple(ented on swit )ed internetwor!s that cons st o3 a co(b nat on o3 5br d# n#6 *AN s% tches7 ATM end s!ste(s 5t!p call! ser/ers7 us n# ATM NI)s67 and routers % th ATM nter3aces 5HATM routersH6 all connected to an +*AN. The +*AN loo&s l &e a nor(al *AN n e/er! respect e8cept 3or band% dth as 3ar as e ther end s!ste(s attached to the *AN ports on the *AN s% tches7 or the h #her la!er protocols operat n# % th n the ATM hosts or routers are concerned. The r operat on does not d 33er n an! (anner. 4ro( the / e%po nt o3 net%or& ad( n strat on7 ho%e/er7 construct n# a / rtual *AN out o3 *AN+ has s #n 3 cant ad/anta#es. In part cular7 throu#h net%or& (ana#e(ent and the use o3 such (echan s(s as the *+)S7 the net%or& ad( n strator can set up (ult ple d 33erent +*ANs across a s n#le ATM bac&bone and then ass #n *AN s% tch ports or ATM hostsA42A to the d 33erent +*ANs7 ndependent o3 the ph!s cal locat on o3 the de/ ces. Th s s unl &e current net%or&s %here the ph!s cal locat on o3 a de/ ce #enerall! d ctates the ph!s cal *AN se#(ent to %h ch the de/ ce can be connected. Toda!7 ph!s call! co-located users (ust be placed on the sa(e *AN. Th s %as acceptable n the past %here or#an ;at onal %or& 3lo%s #enerall! re3lected actual7 ph!s call! collocated %or& #roups. Toda!7 ho%e/er7 as or#an ;at ons re-en# neer to 3latten or#an ;at onal h erarch! and reduce

co(part(ental ;at on7 (ost %or& 3lo%s re3lect ad hoc7 cross-3unct onal proFect tea(s. In such cases7 the %or& 3lo% spans the enterpr se7 ndependent o3 peopleGs ph!s cal locat on.

A42A 0osts that need to (e(bers o3 (ult ple / rtual *ANs 53or nstance7 because the! (a! be ser/ers support n# co((on appl cat ons6 (a! support (ult ple *+)s on the r ATM NI)s7 and hence act as (ult ho(ed hosts on se/eral +*ANs. T!p call! a port on a *AN s% tch7 ho%e/er7 %ould onl! be ass #ned to a s n#le +*AN.

. rtual *ANs bu ld upon *AN+ and # /e net%or& ad( n strators the ab l t! to eas l! and d!na( call! create and recon3 #ure / rtual net%or&s7 trac& n# the 3or(at on and chan#e o3 ad hoc proFect tea(s. In other %ords7 / rtual *ANs allo% net%or& ad( n strators to adapt the net%or& to or#an ;at onal %or& 3lo%s7 rather than constra n n# the or#an ;at on around the ph!s cal net%or&7 as the! (ust currentl! do. Allo% n# central ;ed lo# cal recon3 #urat on o3 end s!ste(s7 % thout re:u r n# ph!s cal net%or& recon3 #urat on7 can also help reduce the costs o3 H(o/es7 add and chan#es7H %h ch const tute a s #n 3 cant proport on o3 net%or& support costs7 # /en the ncreas n# d!na( s( o3 %or& #roups. 4or nstance7 a node could be ph!s call! (o/ed7 but st ll reta n (e(bersh p o3 the sa(e .*AN t used to belon# to be3ore7 % thout end n# up on the H%ron#H s de o3 a net%or& 3 re%all. )on/ersel!7 a node could be (ade a (e(ber o3 a ne% / rtual *AN throu#h a chan#e n ts +*AN (e(bersh p7 % thout re:u r n# an! ph!s cal net%or& chan#es. In the latter case7 depend n# upon the protocol7 the node (a! need to chan#e ts net%or& la!er 5e.#. IP6 address7 thou#h other protocols7 such as 10)P7 can also help auto(ate th s process. These po%er3ul bene3 ts o3 / rtual *ANs % ll l &el! spur the % despread deplo!(ent o3 *AN+. 0o%e/er7 the l ( tat ons o3 *AN+ (ust also be understood. As noted earl er7 *AN+ s essent all! a *AN br d# n# standard. As such7 (uch as % th ph!s call! br d#ed *ANs7 +*ANs are suscept ble to such pheno(ena as broadcast stor(s. These 3actors tend to l ( t the appl cab l t! o3 +*ANs to s(all %or&#roups7 %here / rtual *ANs also

o33er the (ost po%er3ul ad/anta#es. Th s (eans that a lar#e enterpr se net%or& s l &el! to support a lar#e nu(ber o3 / rtual *ANs 5+*ANs6. Th s (pl es ((ed atel! the need 3or a (eans to nterconnect all o3 these +*ANs -- both to the(sel/es 5to nterconnect an +thernet and To&en " n# +*AN7 3or nstance67 and to e8 st n# *AN and 9AN net%or&s. The eas est and (ost co((on %a! n %h ch th s % ll be done s throu#h ATM routers. Much as con/ent onal routers connect to#ether ph!s cal *ANs toda!7 ATM routers % ll nterconnect / rtual *ANs. The! % ll do so b! support n# h #h per3or(ance nat /e ATM nter3aces and b! (ple(ent n# *AN+ so that the router supports (ult ple *+)s on each ph!s cal nat /e ATM nter3ace7 one 3or each +*AN t nterconnects. +nd s!ste(s on the +*AN % ll reco#n ;e7 us n# local7 protocol spec 3 c (eans7 %hen a des red dest nat on s outs de the nodeGs local / rtual *AN 5+*AN6. In the case o3 a node (ple(ent n# IP7 3or nstance7 t!p call! each / rtual *AN % ll be assoc ated % th a un :ue IP subnet nu(ber. 0ence a node on the +*AN % ll per3or( a H(as& and (atchH on a dest nat on nodeGs IP address and deter( ne that the node s not on the source nodeGs o%n subnet 5hence +*AN6. The node % ll then 3or%ard the pac&et7 us n# the *AN+ protocols7 to ts de3ault routerB th s router % ll also be a (e(ber o3 the +*AN7 and % ll hence be reachable across the +*AN. I3 the dest nat on node s on the sa(e subnet -hence / rtual *AN -- d rect connect / t! % ll be poss ble7 o3 course7 % thout re:u r n# an! router n/ol/e(ent. Once the pac&et reaches the router7 t % ll then consult ts o%n ne8t hop tables to deter( ne %here to 3or%ard the pac&et. I3 these tables nd cate that the dest nat on node s reachable throu#h another +*AN o3 %h ch the router s a (e(ber7 the router % ll then 3or%ard the pac&et nto that +*AN -- poss bl! o/er the sa(e ph!s cal nter3ace o/er %h ch the pac&et %as 3 rst rece /ed7 but no% nto a ne% +*AN. Note that the h #her la!er protocol process n# % th n the router s una33ected b! the 3act that the router s no% deal n# % th e(ulated and not ph!s cal *ANs. Th s s another e8a(ple o3 the /alue o3 *AN+ n h d n# the co(ple8 t es o3 the ATM net%or&.

Figure 24% Internetwor!ing :etween "8$'s

One ob/ ous l ( tat on o3 th s approach7 ho%e/er7 s that the ATM router (a! %ell e/entuall! beco(e a bottlenec&7 s nce all nter-+*AN tra33 c (ust tra/erse the router. *AN+ tsel37 has another l ( tat on. ,! de3 n t on7 the 3unct on o3 *AN+ s to h de the propert es o3 ATM 3ro( h #her la!er protocols. Th s s #ood7 part cularl! n the short to (ed u( ter(7 s nce t precludes the need 3or an! chan#es to these protocols. On the other hand7 *AN+ also precludes these protocols 3ro( e/er us n# the un :ue bene3 ts o3 ATM7 and spec 3 call!7 ts QoS #uarantees. *AN+ s de3 ned to use onl! -," and A," connect ons7 s nce t s these that (ap best to the connect onless nature o3 MA) protocols. In the 3uture7 h #her la!er protocols (a! ndeed % sh to use these propert es 5that s7 use .," connect ons6. Th s top c % ll be d scussed at the end o3 th s paper %hen other (eans be!ond *AN+ o3 support n# / rtual *ANs are d scussed.

%.0 Nati&e Mode rotocols

Th s sect on d scusses the alternate (anner o3 carr! n# net%or& la!er protocols across an ATM net%or& -- not throu#h *AN+7 but % th nat /e (ode protocols. 9h le all current

net%or& la!er protocols could be enhanced to run d rectl! across an ATM net%or&7 currentl!7 the onl! protocols 3or %h ch e8tens /e %or& has been done s IP. No/ell has publ cl! d scussed a protocol &no%n as )onnect on Or ented IPJ 5)O-IPJ67 %h ch % ll adapt IPJ spec 3 call! 3or ATM net%or&s7 and % ll add QoS support7 but 3ull de/elop(ent o3 th s protocol s not e8pected 3or so(e t (e ?,ottor33@. Th s sect on7 there3ore7 pr (ar l! d scusses the %or& o3 /ar ous %or& n# #roups % th n the Internet +n# neer n# Tas& 4orce 5I+T46 on runn n# IP o/er ATM. The ne8t sect on d scusses the current %or& be n# done at the ATM 4oru( on de/elop n# a true (ult protocol o/er ATM standard.

%.1 Integrated Ser&ices

The (a n rat onale 3or us n# a nat /e (ode protocol7 as opposed to *AN+7 %as h nted at n the conclus on o3 the pre/ ous sect on. *AN+ del beratel! h des ATM so an! net%or& la!er protocol that operates o/er ATM cannot #a n access to the QoS propert es o3 ATM and (ust7 there3ore7 use -," or A," connect ons onl!. At the (o(ent7 th s s not a (aFor restr ct on because all current net%or& protocols %ere de/eloped 3or use o/er e8 st n# *AN and 9AN technolo# es7 none o3 %h ch can del /er a #uaranteed QoS. )onse:uentl!7 no e8 st n# net%or& la!er protocol can re:uest a spec 3 c QoS 3ro( the net%or&A4=A7 or del /er such to a h #her la!er protocol or appl cat on. 0ence7 n turn7 (ost net%or& appl cat ons toda! do not e8pect to rece /e7 and do not re:uest7 an! #uaranteed QoS 3ro( the underl! n# net%or& protocol.

A4=A IP has lon# had opt onal support 3or T!pe o3 Ser/ ce 5TOS6 nd cat ons % th n the IP header7 %h ch could theoret call! be used to pro/ de a rud (entar! 3or( o3 QOS support. In pract ce7 ho%e/er7 al(ost no end s!ste( or nter(ed ate s!ste( IP (ple(entat ons ha/e an! support 3or TOS s nce the! cannot be (apped nto an! co((on underl! n# net%or& n# technolo#!. 4e%7 3 an!7 IP rout n# protocols use the TOS b ts7 3or nstance7 and no appl cat ons set the(.

At best7 there3ore7 all current net%or& la!er protocols toda! e8pect and del /er onl! a Hbest e33ortH ser/ ce -- prec sel! the t!pe o3 ser/ ce that the A," ser/ ce %as des #ned to

o33er. Much as *AN+ adapts ATMGs connect on- or ented nature to o33er the sa(e t!pe o3 connect onless ser/ ce that s e8pected b! net%or& la!er protocols7 so A," h des the #uaranteed QoS 3eatures o3 ATM to o33er the best e33ort ser/ ce e8pected b! these protocols. As such7 A," and *AN+ per3ectl! co(ple(ent each other.

Figure 25% $##li ation ;o( (u##ort T)roug) t)e 'etwor! 8a0er

Figure 26% 'ati1e and Con1entional $##li ations

In the 3uture7 ho%e/er7 th s s tuat on s unl &el! to endure. In the 3 rst nstance7 as ATM net%or&s prol 3erate7 t s l &el! that de(and % ll #ro% to ut l ;e the r QoS bene3 ts7 s nce th s s one o3 ATMGs (aFor sell n# po nts. Independent o3 ATM7 (oreo/er7 cons derable %or& s be n# done on bu ld n# a net%or& n# n3rastructure capable o3 support n# a %holl! ne% class o3 (ult (ed a appl cat ons that co(b ne /o ce7 / deo7 (a#e7 and data tra33 c. To support such appl cat ons7 QoS #uarantees are re:u red 3ro( the net%or& 53or e8a(ple7 to ( n ( ;e F tter and latenc! 3or nteract /e /o ce appl cat ons6.

One %a! n %h ch such appl cat ons could be bu lt s b! runn n# the appl cat ons or transport protocols d rectl! across ATM7 or o/er a ( n (al net%or& la!er. Th s s the approach ta&en n such proposed protocols as T)P and -1P o/er * #ht%e #ht IP 5T-*IP6 and T)P and -1P o/er None8 stent IP 5T-NIP6 ?)ole@. The ATM 4oru( s also %or& n# on de/elop n# (odels 3or an API 3or d rect ATM access % th n operat n# s!ste(s. Interest n such ( n (al protocol stac&s %as or # nall! spar&ed b! speculat on that e8 st n# protocol stac&s7 such as T)PEIP7 could not scale to h #h band% dth net%or&s. 0ence th s has caused so(e to su##est that t %ould be better not to run net%or& la!er protocols such as IP o/er ATM7 but that such protocols should be b!passed n 3a/or o3 runn n# appl cat ons d rectl! o/er ATM. Th s reason n# s 3la%ed7 3or a nu(ber o3 reasons. In part cular7 the per3or(ance concerns appl! (ostl! not to net%or& la!er protocols such as IP -- %h ch be n# connect onless ha/e ( n (al per3or(ance (pact7 # /en an e33 c ent (ple(entat on -- but on the (uch (ore co(ple87 state-based transport la!er protocols such as T)P. More recent anal!s s and (ple(entat ons7 ho%e/er7 ha/e sho%n that e33 c ent and opt ( ;ed des #ns o3 such stac&s can ndeed operate at the /er! h #h data rates o3 such h #h speed net%or&s as ATM. As such7 (uch o3 the or # nal rat onale 3or ( n (al stac&s no lon#er appl!. "e3er to ?Partr d#e3@ and ?,or(an@ 3or (ore deta ls on h #h speed T)PEIP (ple(entat ons. Others ha/e e8pressed concern about Ho/erheadH o3 the headers o3 such protocols7 but these see( ( splaced # /en the ncreas n# band% dth o3 net%or&s such as ATM7 and the /alue o3 us n# such header nternet%or& n#. Indeed7 the (aFor dra%bac& o3 ( n (al stac& approaches s that the! l ( t appl cat ons %h ch ut l ;e the( purel! to ATM net%or&s. Th s (a! be appropr ate n the 3uture7 3 and %hen ATM deplo!(ent7 part cularl! to the des&top7 beco(es ub :u tous. Toda!7 ho%e/er7 and n the (ed u( ter(7 %hen other net%or& n# technolo# es are7 and % ll re(a n7 (uch (ore co((on7 such an approach %ould #reatl! constra n the deplo!(ent opt ons -- and the co((erc al / ab l t! -- o3 the appl cat ons. n3or(at on to 3ac l tate

It s so(et (es 3or#otten that one o3 the pr nc pal 3unct ons o3 net%or& la!er protocols s to o33er un /ersal connect / t!7 and a un 3or( ser/ ce nter3ace7 to h #her la!er protocols -- n part cular7 to transport la!er protocols -- ndependent o3 the nature o3 the underl! n# ph!s cal net%or&. )orrespond n#l!7 the 3unct on o3 transport la!er protocols s to pro/ de sess on control ser/ ces 5e.#. rel ab l t!6 to appl cat ons7 so that these can be bu lt % thout be n# t ed to a part cular net%or& t!pe. -nless appl cat ons run o/er co((on net%or& and transport protocols7 nteroperab l t! bet%een t%o appl cat ons runn n# on t%o d 33erent net%or&s 5e.#. ATM and a con/ent onal net%or&67 %ould be d 33 cult7 3 not (poss bleA4>A.

A4>A Internet%or& n# bet%een a nat /e ATM appl cat on and an appl cat on on a con/ent onal protocol stac& (a! be poss ble throu#h the use o3 an appl cat on #ate%a!. Cate%a! 3unct ons7 ho%e/er7 #enerall! re:u re co(ple8 con3 #urat ons and (app n#7 hence co(pro( s n# per3or(ance and ease o3 use7 and o3ten cannot pro/ de7 n an! case7 totall! transparent ser/ ce (app n#s. 4or such reasons7 #ate%a!s are #enerall! not cons dered acceptable 3or #eneral use.

0ence7 other than 3or a s(all class o3 appl cat ons that can onl! e/er run on ATM 5e.#. because the! re:u re (ore band% dth than a/a lable 3ro( an! other technolo#! -- 3or nstance7 stud o :ual t! / deo process n#67 (ost (ult (ed a appl cat ons % ll cont nue to be bu lt upon enhance(ents o3 current net%or& la!er protocols7 and % ll be deplo!ed on a % de /ar et! o3 h #h speed net%or& n# technolo# es. In the spec 3 c case o3 IP7 the I+T4 has de/eloped the not on o3 an Inte#rated Ser/ ces Internet ?,raden1@. Th s en/ sa#es a set o3 enhance(ents to IP to allo% t to support nte#rated or (ult (ed a ser/ ces. These enhance(ents nclude tra33 c (ana#e(ent (echan s(s that closel! (atch the tra33 c (ana#e(ent (echan s(s o3 ATM. 4or nstance7 protocols such as the "esource "eser/at on Protocol 5"S.P6 are be n# de3 ned to allo% 3or resource reser/at on across an IP net%or&7 (uch as ATM s #nal n# allo%s th s % th n ATM net%or&s ?Mhan#@.

"S.P s a control protocol7 (uch l &e I)MP7 that % ll be used b! appl cat ons % th n IP end-s!ste(s to nd cate to nodes trans( tt n# to the(A$<A the nature 5such as band% dth7 F tter7 (a8 (u( burst ness7 and so on6 o3 the pac&et strea(s that the! % sh to rece /e. Inter(ed ate s!ste(s7 alon# the path 3ro( the source to the dest nat on IP end-s!ste(s7 % ll also nterpret "S.P control pac&ets n order to per3or( ad( ss on control 5analo#ous to ATM )A)6 and allocate the resources re:u red to support the re:uested tra33 c 3lo%s. Such s!ste(s % ll (a nta n Hso3t-stateH about such tra33 c 3lo%s7 (uch as ATM s% tches (a nta n connect on state7 and % ll per3or( pac&et le/el tra33 c shap n#7 schedul n#7 and so on7 n the sa(e (anner that ATM s% tches #roo( cell strea(s so as to pro/ de the #uaranteed QoS. "S.P can hence be thou#ht o3 as pro/ d n# /er! (uch the sa(e tra33 c contract spec 3 cat on 3unct ons % th respect to pac&et le/el tra33 c 3lo%s that ATM -NI and NNI s #nal n# pla! % th respect to cell 3lo%s.

A$<A One s #n 3 cant d 33erence bet%een "S.P and ATM s #nal n# s that "S.P uses a rece /er or ented (odel7 %here the rece / n# node nd cates to the net%or& and the trans( tt n# node the nature o3 the tra33 c 3lo% that the node s % ll n# and able to rece /e7 %hereas n ATM7 the trans( tt n# node nd cates to the rece / n# nodes and net%or& the nature o3 the cell strea(s that t des res to trans( t. The 3or(er (odel s (ore appl cat on or ented7 %h le the latter s (ore net%or& or ented. Methods o3 reconc l n# these t%o d 33er n# parad #(s are currentl! under stud!.

"S.P s 3unda(entall! bu lt upon a (ult cast parad #(7 and routes tra33 c 3lo%s alon# source rooted po nt-to-(ult po nt paths 5% th un cast handled as a spec al case o3 (ult cast6. Ne% (ult cast protocols l &e Protocol Independent Mult cast 5PIM6 ?1eer n#2@7 and the r assoc ated un cast pac&et rout n# protocols7 % ll hence be closel! coupled % th "S.P7 (uch as .) rout n# protocols are closel! coupled % th -NI and NNI s #nal n#. Such protocols rel! upon a 3lo% spec 3 cat on ?Partr d#e2@ to character ;e the e8pected tra33 c patterns 3or a strea( o3 IP pac&ets bet%een t%o appl cat ons7 %h ch the net%or& can process throu#h pac&et-le/el pol c n#7 shap n#7 and schedul n# (echan s(s to del /er a re:uested QoS. In other %ords7 a 3lo% can be thou#ht o3 as a la!er 3 connect on7

s nce t dent 3 es and character ;es a strea( o3 pac&ets bet%een t%o or (ore nodes7 e/en thou#h the protocol re(a ns ostens bl! connect onless. The IP .ers on ' 5IP/'6 protocolA$1A7 %h ch the I+T4 s no% de/elop n# as a replace(ent 3or the current IP/4 protocol7 ncorporates support 3or a 3lo% I1 % th n the pac&et header7 %h ch the net%or& can use to dent 3! 3lo%s7 (uch as .PIE.)I are used to dent 3! strea(s o3 ATM cells. Protocols l &e "S.P % ll be used to assoc ate % th each 3lo% a flows#e that character ;es the tra33 c para(eters o3 the 3lo%7 (uch as the ATM tra33 c contract s assoc ated % th an ATM connect on.

A$1A IP/' %as 3or(all! &no%n as the IP Ne8t Cenerat on 5IPn#6 protocol.

It s certa n that IP/' 5?,radner@7 ?0 nden@6 % ll ncorporate 3ull support 3or nte#rated ser/ ces throu#h the use o3 such (echan s(s and the de3 n t on o3 protocols l &e "S.P. Such support ( #ht also be e8tended to the current IP/4 protocol. It s l &el! that IP/'7 and other protocol co(ponents o3 the Inte#rated Ser/ ce Internet7 % ll be 3ull! standard ;ed b! the end o3 1>>$7 and co(ponents (a! be deplo!ed e/en earl er.

Figure 22% &a##ing of t)e Integrated (er1i es Internet into $T&

The I+T4 s also n the process o3 de/elop n# a ne% transport protocol7 the "eal-T (e Transport Protocol 5"TP6 ?Schul;r nne@. "TP s des #ned to pro/ de end-to-end net%or& transport 3unct ons 3or appl cat ons trans( tt n# real- t (e data7 such as aud o7 / deo or s (ulat on data7 o/er (ult cast or un cast net%or& ser/ ces7 and bu lds upon protocols l &e "S.P 3or resource reser/at on7 and upon transport technolo# es l &e ATM 3or QoS #uarantees. The ser/ ces pro/ ded b! "TP to real t (e appl cat ons nclude pa!load t!pe dent 3 cat on7 se:uence nu(ber n#7 t (esta(p n# and del /er! (on tor n#. )losel! t ed to the "TP protocol 3unct ons s the "TP control protocol 5"T)P67 to (on tor the :ual t! o3 ser/ ce and to con/e! n3or(at on about the part c pants n an on-#o n# sess on. 0ence "TP can be used 3or such appl cat ons as (ult po nt con3erenc n#7 bu ld n# upon the other protocol ser/ ces o3 the Inte#rated Ser/ ce Internet. 9hen such protocols are % del! deplo!ed and appl cat ons are de/eloped to use the(7 there % ll certa nl! be a de(and to run such protocols n nat /e (ode o/er ATM. It %ould be po ntless to obta n QoS support 3ro( the net%or& la!er7 onl! to ha/e *AN+ preclude that support 3ro( be n# (apped to the r e:u /alents n the ATM net%or&. There s clearl! a /er! clear and natural (app n# bet%een the concepts and (echan s(s o3 the Inte#rated Ser/ ces Internet and ATM 53lo% I1s and 3lo%specs to ATM connect ons and tra33 c contracts7 respect /el!7 and so on6. 0ence the Inte#rated Ser/ ces Internet can be thou#ht o3 as e/entuall! pro/ d n# the pac&et le/el control n3rastructure 3or the ph!s cal net%or& n3rastructure o3 ATM7 %here the 3or(er pro/ des appl cat on ser/ ces and the latter real ;es the re:uested QoS #uarantees. In th s %a!7 the true /alue o3 ATM can be e8plo ted7 %h le preser/ n# a net%or& ndependent ser/ ce n3rastructure 3or appl cat on portab l t!. In order to real ;e the / s on7 ho%e/er7 there (ust be nat /e (ode protocol support o/er ATM.

%.2 I O&er ATM

To prepare 3or th s need7 the I+T4Gs IP-O/er-ATM %or& n# #roup has been %or& n# 3or so(e t (e to de/elop a protocol 3or IP transport o/er ATM. Th s protocol % ll be descr bed n th s sect on. The transport o3 an! net%or& la!er protocol o/er an o/erla!

(ode ATM net%or& n/ol/es t%o aspects: pac&et encapsulat on and address resolut on. ,oth o3 these aspects ha/e been tac&led b! the I+T47 and are descr bed belo%: ,.$.1 -ac!et Enca.sulation The I+T4 %or&ed 3 rst on de3 n n# a (ethod 3or transport n# (ult ple t!pes o3 net%or& or l n& la!er pac&ets across an ATM 5AA* $6 connect on and also 3or (ult ple8 n# (ult ple pac&et t!pes on the sa(e connect on. As % th *AN+7 there s /alue to reus n# the sa(e connect on 3or all data trans3ers bet%een t%o nodes s nce th s conser/es the 5t!p call! scarce6 connect on resource space7 and sa/es on connect on setup latenc!7 a3ter the 3 rst connect on set- up. Th s s onl! poss ble7 ho%e/er7 as lon# as onl! -," or A," connect ons are used -- 3 the net%or& la!er re:u res QoS #uarantees then e/er! d st nct 3lo% % ll t!p call! re:u re ts o%n 5.,"6 connect on.

Figure 23% Pa !et "n a#sulation and Conne tion Re/use

In order to allo% connect on re-use7 there (ust be a (eans 3or a node that rece /es a net%or& la!er pac&et across an ATM connect on to &no% %hat & nd o3 pac&et has been rece /ed7 and to %hat appl cat on or h #her le/el ent t! to pass the pac&et toB hence7 the pac&et (ust be pre3 8ed % th a (ult ple8 n# 3 eld. T%o (ethods 3or do n# th sA$2A are de3 ned n "4) 14=3 ?0e nanen1@:

A$2A )o((un cat on bet%een t%o de/ ces % ll re:u re e ther that t%o de/ ces a#ree on a co((on 3or( o3 encapsulat on 5e.#. us n# nd cat ons n s #nal n# (essa#es67 or that an nternet%or& n# de/ ce 5e.#. a router6 be used to con/ert bet%een the t%o 3or(s o3 encapsulat on.

88C<('$P "n a#sulation. In th s (ethod7 (ult ple protocol t!pes can be carr ed across a s n#le connect on % th the t!pe o3 encapsulated pac&et dent 3 ed b! a standard **)ESNAP header. A 3urther (pl cat on o3 **)ESNAP encapsulat on7 ho%e/er7 s that all connect ons us n# such encapsulat ons ter( nate at the **) la!er % th n the end-s!ste(s7 s nce t s here that the pac&et (ult ple8 n# occurs.

,C &ulti#le=ing. In the .) (u8 n# (ethod7 onl! a s n#le protocol s carr ed across an ATM connect on7 % th the t!pe o3 protocol (pl c tl! dent 3 ed at connect on set-up. As a result7 no (ult ple8 n# or pac&et t!pe 3 eld s re:u red or carr ed % th n the pac&et7 thou#h the encapsulated pac&et (a! be pre3 8ed % th a pad 3 eld. The t!pe o3 encapsulat on used b! *AN+ 3or data pac&ets s actuall! a 3or( o3 .) (u8 n#.

The .) (u8 n# encapsulat on (a! be used %here d rect appl cat on to appl cat on ATM connect / t!7 b!pass n# lo%er le/el protocols7 s des red. As d scussed earl er7 ho%e/er7 such d rect connect / t! precludes the poss b l t! o3 nternet%or& n# % th nodes outs de the ATM net%or&. The **)ESNAP encapsulat on s the (ost co((on encapsulat on used n the IP o/er ATM protocols descr bed n the 3ollo% n# sect on. The IT--T has also recentl! adopted th s as the de3ault encapsulat on 3or (ult protocol transport o/er ATM7 as has the ATM 4oru(Gs Mult protocol o/er ATM Croup7 %h ch s d scussed belo%. In related %or&7 the IP o/er ATM #roup has also de3 ned a standard 3or a (a8 (u( trans3er un t 5MT-6 s ;e o/er ATM ?At& nson@. Th s de3 nes the de3ault MT- as >1=< b!tes to be al #ned % th the MT- s ;e 3or IP o/er SM1S. It does7 ho%e/er7 allo% 3or ne#ot at on o3 the MT- be!ond th s s ;e7 to the AA* $ (a8 (u( o3 '4 I lob!tes7 s nce (portant per3or(ance (pro/e(ents can be #a ned b! us n# lar#er pac&et s ;es. Th s

standard also (andates the use o3 IP Path MT- d sco/er! ?Mo#ul@ b! all nodes (ple(ent n# IP o/er ATM to preclude the ne33 c enc! o3 IP 3ra#(entat on.

%.2.2 Address Resolution

In order to operate IP o/er ATM7 a (echan s( (ust be used to resol/e IP addresses to the r correspond n# ATM addresses. 4or nstance7 cons der the case o3 t%o routers connected across an ATM net%or&. I3 one router rece /es a pac&et across a *AN nter3ace7 t % ll 3 rst chec& ts ne8t-hop table to deter( ne throu#h %h ch port7 and to %hat ne8t-hop router7 t should 3or%ard the pac&et. I3 th s loo&-up nd cates that the pac&et s to be sent across an ATM nter3ace7 the router % ll then need to consult an address resolut on table to deter( ne the ATM address o3 the dest nat on ne8t-hop router 5the table could also be con3 #ured7 o3 course7 % th the .PIE.)I /alue o3 a P.) connect n# the t%o routers6.

Figure 25% Routing $ ross $T& wit) t)e Classi al IP &odel

Th s address resolut on table could be con3 #ured (anuall!7 but th s s not a /er! scalable solut on. The IP-O/er-ATM %or& n# #roup has de3 ned a protocol to support auto(at c address resolut on o3 IP addresses n "4) 1$22 ?*aubach@. Th s protocol s &no%n as

Hclass cal IP o/er ATMH 53or reasons that are d scussed later6 and ntroduces the not on o3 a *o# cal IP Subnet 5*IS6. * &e a nor(al IP subnet7 a *IS cons sts o3 a #roup o3 IP nodes 5such as hosts or routers6 that connect to a s n#le ATM net%or& and belon# to the sa(e IP subnet. To resol/e the addresses o3 nodes % th n the *IS7 each *IS supports a s n#le ATMA"P ser/er7 %h le all nodes 5*IS )l ents6 % th n the *IS are con3 #ured % th the un :ue ATM address o3 the ATMA"P ser/er. 9hen a node co(es up % th n the *IS7 t 3 rst establ shes a connect on to the ATMA"P ser/er7 us n# the con3 #ured address. Once the ATMA"P ser/er detects a connect on 3ro( a ne% *IS cl ent7 t trans( ts an In/erse A"PA$3A re:uest to the attach n# cl ent and re:uests the nodeGs IP and ATM addresses7 %h ch t stores n ts ATMA"P table.

A$3A As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 the IP o/er ATM #roup %as d scuss n# el ( nat n# the In/erse A"P re:uest 3ro( the ATMA"P ser/er7 and ha/ n# the ser/er learn th s n3or(at on b! obser/ n# cl ent (essa#es. Th s %as so as to preclude the ATMA"P ser/er 3ro( constantl! poll n# nodes 3or the r address (app n#s7 n cases %here the nodes do not % sh to part c pate n the 1$22 protocol. Th s case (a! ar se %here the ATMA"P ser/er s supported on a plat3or( -- 3or nstance7 an ATM router -- %h ch (a! support connect ons to (an! d 33erent t!pes o3 nodes7 (an! o3 %h ch (a! not support the 1$22 protocol 53or nstance7 because the! support a d 33erent net%or& la!er protocol other than IP6.

Subse:uentl!7 an! node % th n the *IS % sh n# to resol/e a dest nat on IP address %ould send an ATMA"P re:uest to the ser/er7 %h ch %ould then respond % th a ATMA"P repl! 3 an address (app n# s 3ound. I3 not7 t returns an ATMLNAI response to nd cate the lac& o3 a re# stered address (app n#. The ATMA"P ser/er a#es out ts address table 3or robustness7 unless cl ents per od call! re3resh the r entr! % th responses to the ser/ers In/erse A"P :uer es. Once an *IS cl ent has obta ned the ATM address that corresponds to a part cular IP address7 t can then set up a connect on to the address. A co(pan on spec 3 cat on ?Pere;@

descr bes ho% IP o/er ATM (ple(entat ons should use -NI 3.<E3.1 s #nal n# procedures 3or th s purpose. The operat on o3 the class cal (odel s /er! s (ple. It does7 ho%e/er7 su33er 3ro( a nu(ber o3 l ( tat ons. One o3 these l ( tat ons s nd cated b! the phrase Hclass cal.H 9hat th s (eans s that the protocol does not atte(pt to chan#e the IP host re:u re(ent ?,raden2@ that an! pac&et 3or a dest nat on outs de the source nodeGs IP subnet (ust be sent to a de3ault router. Th s re:u re(ent7 ho%e/er7 s not a #ood 3 t to the operat on o3 IP o/er ATM7 and a %hole class o3 other Hnon-broadcast (ult -accessH 5N,MA6 net%or&s7 such as 3ra(e rela! or J.2$. In all such net%or&s7 t s poss ble to de3 ne (ult ple *ISs7 and the net%or& tsel3 could support d rect co((un cat ons bet%een t%o hosts on t%o d 33erent *ISs. 0o%e/er7 s nce "4) 1$22 preser/es the host re:u re(ents7 n the conte8t o3 IP o/er ATM7 co((un cat ons bet%een t%o nodes on t%o d 33erent *ISs on the sa(e ATM net%or& (ust tra/erse each ATM router on the nter(ed ate hops on the path bet%een the source and dest nat on nodes. Th s s clearl! ne33 c ent7 s nce the ATM routers beco(e bottlenec&sB th s also precludes the establ sh(ent o3 a s n#le connect on % th a re:uested QoS bet%een the t%o nodes. The on#o n# %or& on e8tens ons to the class cal (odel to el ( nate th s l ( tat on s d scussed ne8t.

Figure 36% Routing :etween 8I(s in t)e Classi al IP &odel

%.3 N;R
As noted abo/e7 the class cal (odel 3or IP o/er ATM su33ers 3ro( the l ( tat on (posed b! host re:u re(ents that preclude Hcut-throu#hH routes that b!pass nter(ed ate router hops 3or co((un cat ons bet%een nodes on the sa(e ATM net%or&7 but % th n t%o d 33erent *ISs. The I+T4Gs H"out n# o/er *ar#e )loudsH 5"O*)6 %or& n# #roup has been %or& n# on protocols that o/erco(e th s l ( tat on. A3ter cons der n# nu(erous d 33erent approaches ?,raden3@7 the #roup s no% 3 nal ; n# %or& on a protocol &no%n as the Ne8t 0op "esolut on Protocol 5N0"P6 ?Iat;@. In th s sect on %e br e3l! descr be the operat on o3 th s protocol. N0"P bu lds upon the )lass cal IP (odel7 subst tut n# 3or the concept o3 a *IS the not on o3 a lo# cal HNon-broadcast Mult -accessH 5N,MA6 net%or& -- that s7 a net%or& technolo#!7 such as ATM7 4ra(e "ela!7 or J.2$7 %h ch per( ts (ult ple de/ ces to be attached to the sa(e net%or&7 but %h ch does not eas l! per( t the use o3 broadcast (echan s(s7 as are co((on on *ANs. Such a net%or& cons sts o3 set o3 nodes7 each o3 %h ch s attached to the sa(e N,MA net%or& 53or the purposes o3 th s paper7 th s % ll be an ATM net%or&67 and %h ch are not ph!s call! or ad( n strat /el! restr cted 3ro( d rectl! co((un cat n# % th each other. Note7 ho%e/er7 that a s n#le N,MA net%or& could support (ult ple ad( n strat /e do(a ns7 % th n each o3 %h ch d rect connect ons (a! be allo%ed7 but bet%een %h ch such connect ons (a! be precluded -- 3or e8a(ple7 so as to (ple(ent pol c! 3 re%alls. N0"P s appl cable % th n each ad( n strat /e re# on7 but % ll per( t d rect connect ons onl! to the n#ress po nt o3 another ad( n strat /e re# on. In place o3 A"P Ser/ers7 N0"P uses the not on o3 a N0"P ser/er 5N0S6. +ach N0S (a nta ns Hne8t-hop resolut onH cache tables % th IP to ATM address (app n#s o3 all those nodes assoc ated % th that part cular N0S7 or 3or IP address pre3 8es reachable throu#h nodes 5that s7 routers6 ser/ed b! the N0S. Nodes are con3 #ured % th the ATM address o3 the r N0S and then re# ster the r o%n ATM and IP addresses % th the N0S7 us n# re# strat on pac&ets7 so that the N0S can bu ld ts cache tables.

N0Ss can be deplo!ed n one o3 t%o %a!s. In the Hser/erH (ode7 each o3 the N0Ss % th n a N,MA net%or& are stat call! con3 #ured % th the IP addresses o3 the dest nat ons ser/ed b! each o3 the other N0Ss n the net%or&. Th s s ade:uate 3or the deplo!(ent o3 N0"P % th n a s(all scale N,MA net%or& -- 3or nstance7 as an up#rade to a net%or& runn n# "4) 1$22. The need 3or con3 #urat on o3 the N0Ss7 ho%e/er7 restr ct ser/er (ode deplo!(ent to s(all net%or&s. In H3abr cH (ode7 the N0Ss ac:u re &no%led#e o3 the dest nat ons ser/ed b! the other N0Ss throu#h the use o3 ntrado(a n and nterdo(a n rout n# protocols. 4urther(ore7 t s assu(ed that the N0S ser/ n# a part cular dest nat on % ll l e alon# the routed path to that dest nat on. In pract ce7 th s (eans that all e#ress routers 3ro( the N,MA net%or& (ust ser/e as the N0Ss 3or all dest nat ons outs de the N,MA net%or& reachable throu#h the(7 %h le the routers ser/ n# N,MA attached hosts (ust also act as those hostGs N0Ss. The (ode o3 the ser/e deplo!(ent7 ho%e/er7 s transparent to the end s!ste(s -- t!p call! hosts or routers -- that use the ser/ ce. The %a! the protocol %or&s s as 3ollo%s: %hen a node deter( nes that t needs to trans( t a pac&et across the N,MA net%or&7 and hence needs to resol/e a part cular ATM address7 t 3or(ulates and trans( ts a N0"P re:uest pac&ets and sends t to ts N0S. Such re:uests7 as % th all N0"P (essa#es7 are sent n IP pac&ets. I3 the re:uested dest nat on s ser/ed b! th s N0S t returns the address n a N0S repl! to the re:uester. I3 t does not7 ho%e/er7 the N0S consults ts rout n# table to deter( ne the N0S ne8t on the path to the dest nat on address and 3or%ards the re:uest. At th s ne8t N0S7 the sa(e al#or th( s 3ollo%ed7 unt l a N0S s reached %h ch does ndeed &no% the re:uested (app n#. Th s node then returns a N0"P repl!7 t!p call! tra/ers n#7 n re/erse order7 the sa(e se:uence o3 N0Ss %h ch lead to t7 unt l the repl! reaches the re:uest n# node7 %h ch can then set up a d rect data connect on. The reason the repl! #enerall! tra/erses the return path s so that all the nter(ed ate N0Ss can also learn and cache the (app n# -- then7 the

ne8t t (e a node re:uests that (app n#7 the N0S can respond d rectl!7 % thout 3or%ard n# the re:uest 5unless the node re:uests an Hauthor tat /eH (app n#7 n %h ch case cached n3or(at on s ne/er used6. 9h le a N0"P re:uest s be n# processed7 the N0"P protocol su##ests that a node could opt onall! 3or%ard the pac&ets alon# the de3ault router path7 as opposed to bu33er n# or d scard n# the pac&ets7 so as to reduce latenc!. The spec 3 cat on does not address7 ho%e/er7 an! poss ble pac&et ( sorder n# that th s ( #ht cause7 as and %hen a d rect data connect on s e/entuall! set up. 9h le (ost net%or& la!er protocols do not #uarantee pac&et order n#7 (ost (ple(entat ons (pl c tl! assu(e th s s nce t #reatl! (pro/es end s!ste( per3or(ance.

Figure 31% *#eration of '9RP

N0"P also allo%s 3or a nu(ber o3 opt onal 3eatures7 nclud n# route record n#7 to detect loops % th n the N,MA net%or&7 and 3allbac&7 %here N0Ss7 capable also o3 3or%ard n# pac&ets7 alon# the route to a part cular address7 can o33er to be an nter(ed ate 3or%ard n# po nt 3or those addresses7 n case the actual end-s!ste( s not able or % ll n# to support d rect data connect ons. Another (portant opt onal capab l t! s support 3or address a##re#at on -- N0Ss can return not Fust the N,MA address throu#h %h ch a part cular re:uested IP address s reachable7 but also a subnet (as& assoc ated % th that address. Such n3or(at on can then

be cached7 not onl! b! the re:uest n# end s!ste(7 but also b! nter(ed ate N0Ss7 so that all 5non-author tat /e6 re:uests 3or all IP addresses % th the sa(e pre3 8 can be responded to % th the sa(e N,MA address. .ar ous t (ers and re3resh (echan s(s are used to ensure that cached (app n# tables do not beco(e stale. These t!pes o3 (echan s(s can be used to pro/ de 3 re%all protect ons % th n an ATM net%or& cons st n# o3 (ult ple ad( n strat /e do(a ns. In part cular7 as noted abo/e7 an N0"P re:uest %ould onl! be 3or%arded to the n#ress N0S o3 a ne% ad( n strat /e do(a n. Instead o3 3or%ard n# the N0S re:uest7 th s n#ress N0S could then return the N,MA address o3 a 3 re%all pac&et 3or%arder re#ulat n# access to the ad( n strat /e do(a n 53or nstance7 a host or router ser/ n# as the de3ault e8ter or #ate%a!6. Such a sche(e %ould also rel!7 ho%e/er7 upon the use o3 ATM le/el address 3 lter n# to preclude d rect data connect ons nto the ad( n strat /e do(a n n cases %here so(e e8ternal ent t! has learned an ATM address % th n the do(a n throu#h other (eans. The N0"P protocol (a! be used 3or co((un cat on e ther bet%een routers or bet%een hosts. There are so(e patholo# cal cond t ons7 ho%e/er7 under %h ch a d rect router to router connect on set up b! N0"P (a! lead to a stable rout n# loop. Th s s a conse:uence o3 the 3act that cut throu#h routes / olate a 3unda(ental assu(pt on about IP rout n#7 that rout n# updates be sent across all paths across %h ch data also 3lo%s. N0"P / olates th s assu(pt on s nce a cut throu#h route establ shed bet%een t%o routers s onl! used 3or data 3or%ard n# and does not establ sh a router adFacenc!. It should be noted that nonetheless th s (a! result n stable loops onl! n cases %here (ult -ho(ed net%or&s are connected both across a N0"P net%or& and b! Hbac&-doorH routes across other net%or& paths. In (an! cases o3 nterest -- 3or e8a(ple7 the nterconnect on o3 (ult ple net%or&s across a co((on bac&bone net%or&7 such cond t ons #enerall! do not appl!. Nonetheless7 the "O*) #roup has been act /el! d scuss n# %a!s n %h ch th s proble( could be resol/ed.The latest N0"P dra3t de3 nes a Hpur#eH (essa#e %h ch a N0S sends to all nodes that ha/e rece /ed7 and (a! ha/e cached7 reachab l t! n3or(at on 3ro( the

N0S. Such pur#e (essa#es are sent b! N0S 3 and %hen the! detect an! topolo# cal chan#e that (a! e33ect the /al d t! o3 the cached n3or(at on7 and causes all rec p ents to clear the r caches % th the n3or(at on rece /ed 3ro( that N0S. N0S responses also conta n a b t to nd cate %hether or not the respond n# N0S bel e/es the reachab l t! n3or(at on to be stableB 3 t does not7 the n3or(at on cannot be cached b! an! nter(ed ate N0S. It %ould also appear that the stable loop proble( (a! onl! occur at boundar es bet%een t%o ad( n strat /e do(a ns7 %here the use o3 such nter-do(a n rout n# protocols as ,CP result n the loss o3 route (etr cs7 %h ch (a!7 n turn7 h de the e8 stence o3 such a loop. The use o3 routers at such boundar es7 preclud n# cut-throu#h routes7 s hence a s (ple 3 8 to th s proble(7 pend n# poss ble chan#es to such nter-do(a n protocols to correct these l ( tat ons. The stable loop proble( also does not ar se 3 one or both o3 the end po nts s an end s!ste(7 s nce end s!ste(s do not 3or%ard data. C /en th s7 a /er! s ( lar protocol to N0"P7 the N,MA Address "esolut on Protocol 5NA"P6 has also been de3 ned ?0e nanen2@. Th s protocol s a 3unct onal subset o3 N0"P %h ch onl! returns address (app n#s 3or IP addresses o3 nodes d rectl! connected to the N,MA net%or&7 thus preclud n# the router to router case. It s not clear7 ho%e/er7 %hether NA"P % ll e/er see (uch deplo!(ent # /en the (uch #reater po%er and appl cab l t! o3 N0"P. N0"P % ll l &el! be deplo!ed on routers7 3or use % th n 4ra(e "ela! and J.2$ net%or&s7 a(on#st others ?)anse/er@7 and t s also l &el! to be used 3or router to router co((un cat on % th n so(e ATM net%or&s. So(e spec 3 c enhance(ents (a! need to be (ade to N0"P7 ho%e/er7 3or % despread ATM deplo!(ent. 4or e8a(ple7 N0"P has no support 3or autocon3 #urat on7 thou#h th s has al%a!s been a pr (e 3ocus o3 ATM standard ;at on e33orts. As noted belo%7 t also toda! has no support 3or (ult castEbroadcast operat onB as d scussed pre/ ousl! these pose part cular proble(s % th n ATM net%or&s. The N0"P (echan s(s toda! are also /er! IP spec 3 c -- 3or nstance7 all N0"P (essa#es are sent % th n IP pac&ets.

Not% thstand n# these potent al l ( tat ons7 t s l &el! that N0"P % ll pla! an (portant role % th n ATM net%or&s7 part cularl! % th n the conte8t o3 the Mult protocol o/er ATM 5MPOA6 %or& currentl! be n# done at the ATM 4oru(. As %e descr be later7 th s %or& % ll l &el! n/ol/e e8tend n# N0"P so as to (a&e t (ore co(plete and ATM spec 3 c. An earl! #oal o3 the "O*) #roup %as to ensure nteroperab l t! bet%een a "4) 1$22 co(pl ant end s!ste(7 and one (ple(ent n# N0"PB t does not appear toda!7 ho%e/er7 that th s #oal % ll be (et. As such7 nteroperab l t! bet%een nodes on a "4) 1$22 *IS and nodes on a N0"P net%or& % ll re:u re that the t%o net%or&s be nterconnected b! a router. S ( larl!7 nterconnect on bet%een a net%or& o3 e ther such t!pe and an e(ulated *AN % ll also re:u re router support. So(e %or& %as st ll be n# done7 ho%e/er7 % th n the "O*) #roup7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 to deter( ne ( #rat on paths7 perhaps n/ol/ n# dual "4) 1$22EN0"P stac&s % th n end s!ste(s7 %h ch %ould 3ac l tate a ( #rat on 3ro( "4) 1$22 to N0"P.

%.4 Multicast Operation

Toda!7 there s no spec 3 c support n the class cal IP protocol 3or (ult cast operat on. Th s has lon# been reco#n ;ed as a cr t cal %ea&ness o3 "4) 1$227 part cularl! n co(par son to *AN+. 9h le "4) 1$22 could be used to resol/e a (ult cast IP address to an ATM address7 th s addresses ne ther the :uest on o3 ho% nodes % th n a *IS could re# ster 3or (e(bersh p % th n an IP (ult cast #roup7 nor ho% an IP (ult cast #roup could be (apped to a 3or( o3 ATM (ult cast. "ecentl!7 ho%e/er7 so(e %or& has been done to de3 ne a (echan s( 3or (ult cast n "4) 1$22 ?Ar( ta#e@. Th s %or& atte(pts to support the IP (ult cast beha/ or descr bed n "4) 1112 ?1eer n#1@7 b! a co(b nat on o3 (ult cast ser/ers and o/erla d po nt-to(ult po nt connect ons. Th s %or& s currentl! at an earl! sta#e o3 de3 n t on7 so onl! a br e3 o/er/ e% o3 th s %or& s presented here. Th s %or&7 ho%e/er7 (a! also ser/e as a (odel 3or (ult cast support n other protocols7 poss bl! nclud n# N0"P and MPOA.

?Ar( ta#e@ ntroduces the not on o3 a Mult cast Address "esolut on Ser/er 5MA"S67 %h ch can be cons dered the analo# o3 the A"P ser/er n 1$22. A MA"S ser/es a #roup o3 nodes &no%n as a Hcluster.H All end s!ste(s % th n the cluster are con3 #ured % th the ATM address o3 the MA"S. The MA"S supports (ult cast throu#h H(ult cast (eshesH o3 o/erla d po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons7 or throu#h (ult cast ser/ers. 9hen an end-s!ste( %ants to trans( t to a part cular (ult cast #roup7 t opens a connect on to the MA"S7 and ssues a MA"SL"+Q-+ST (essa#e 3or that part cular #roup. I3 an! other node has not alread! re# stered to Fo n that (ult cast address 5that s7 nd cated a des re to rece /e tra33 c on that #roup addressA$4A67 the MA"S then ssues a MA"SLNAI7 n3or( n# the re:uest n# node to Hs lentl!H drop the (ult cast pac&et. I3 the MA"S has alread! re# stered one or (ore other nodes 3or that (ult cast address7 ho%e/er7 the operat on o3 the MA"S s a 3unct on o3 %hether the re:uested (ult cast address s con3 #ured to be ser/ed b! a (ult cast ser/er or b! a (ult cast (esh. In the (ult cast ser/er case7 the MA"S returns a MA"SLM-*TI (essa#e that conta ns a Hser/er (apH o3 the one or (ore (ult cast ser/ers ser/ n# the #roup. The re:uest n# node then sets up a connect on 5po nt-to-po nt or po nt-to-(ult po nt7 depend n# upon %hether a s n#le or (ult ple (ult cast ser/er addresses are returnedA$$A6 to the set o3 (ult cast ser/ers and trans( ts ts (ult cast pac&etsA$'A.

A$4A In the IP conte8t7 an! node can trans( t to a (ult cast address. 0o%e/er7 a spec 3 c Fo n protocol that uses ICMP (ust be used to rece /e data n a (ult cast #roup. A$$A Mult ple (ult cast ser/ers (a! be used e ther 3or load balanc n# or 3or redundanc! purposesB n e ther case7 the nteract ons bet%een (ult cast ser/ers s outs de the scope o3 ?Ar( ta#e@. A$'A Note that n th s case a node %ould rece /e bac& ts o%n (ult cast pac&etsB s nce (an! appl cat ons cannot tolerate rece / n# bac& the r o%n data7 de/ ces - part cularl! routers - %ould need to 3 lter out an! (ult cast pac&ets rece /ed 3ro( a (ult cast ser/er conta n n# ts o%n source IP address. A nu(ber o3 (echan s(s 3or 3ac l tat n# th s operat on -- nclud n#7 poss bl!7 chan#es to the "4) 14=3 encapsulat ons -%ere under d scuss on as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#.

In the case %here the (ult cast address s ser/ed b! a (ult po nt (esh7 the MA"S returns a MA"SLM-*TI (essa#e that conta ns a Hhost (apH o3 addresses o3 other nodes alread! re# stered as (e(bers o3 that #roup7 nd cat n# a des re to rece /e tra33 c on the (ult cast address. In th s case7 the re:uest n# node constructs a po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on to that set o3 nodes and be# ns to trans( t pac&ets on that connect on. In e ther case7 (echan s(s are used to ensure that the address l st s trans( tted to the re:uest n# node n a rel able (anner. The (ore co(ple8 part o3 the protocol s ho% the l st o3 nodes that % sh (e(bersh p n the (ult cast #roup s collected so as to rece /e data. In "4) 11127 a node that % shes (e(bersh p % th n a (ult cast #roup (ust #enerate a Internet Cate%a! Messa#e Protocol 5ICMP6 "eport (essa#e and (ult cast th s to the Fo n n# (ult cast #roup. The 3unct on o3 th s (essa#e s to n3or( all (ult cast routers on the subnet o3 the e8 stence o3 a node that % shes (e(bersh p n a part cular #roup on that subnet. The routers then use that nd cat on to d rect (ult cast tra33 c to that subnet7 us n# a (ult cast rout n# protocol such as PIM ?1eer n#2@. Note7 there3ore7 that routers (ust l sten Hpro( scuousl!H on all (ult cast #roups. "outers7 ho%e/er7 also use a reser/ed (ult cast #roup7 dent 3 ed b! the IP address 224.<.<.17 to (on tor the status o3 (ult cast #roups % th n a subnet. All (ult cast nodes (ust also be (e(bers o3 th s #roup. "outers per od call! send ICMP Quer es 3or the part cular (ult cast #roups %h ch the! are currentl! 3or%ard n# to the reser/ed address. An! node on the subnet that s a (e(ber o3 that (ult cast #roup (ust respond % th an ICMP "eport (essa#e on the :uer ed (ult cast address7 unless so(e other node responds 3 rst. Also7 all nodes that % sh to part c pate n (ult cast operat on (ust Fo n the reser/ed (ult cast #roup n order to rece /e ICMP Quer es. ?Ar( ta#e@ supports these "4) 1112 re:u re(ents b! also us n# the MA"S ser/er as a (ult cast ser/er to support t%o (ult cast #roups 3or the reser/ed (ult cast #roup: the Ser/er)ontrol.)7 %h ch l n&s all (ult cast ser/ers7 and )luster)ontrol.)7 %h ch l n&s all end s!ste(s 5 nclud n# routers6 n the cluster.

An! (ult cast ser/er that % shes to ser/e one or (ore part cular (ult cast #roups (ust 3 rst re# ster tsel3 % th the MA"S to nd cate ts ntent ons7 us n# a MA"SLMS+". (essa#e. The MA"S uses such re# strat on (essa#es to construct the ser/er (ap 3or each (ult cast address7 %h ch conta ns the ATM addresses o3 those ser/ers that % sh to ser/e the part cular (ult cast #roup7 to return t n an! subse:uent MA"SL"+Q-+ST (essa#e 3or the #roup. The MA"S also adds an! re# ster n# ser/er to ts Ser/er)ontrol.). Mult cast ser/ers obta n the l st o3 nodes that % sh to rece /e data on a part cular address b! send n# a MA"SL"+Q-+ST to the MA"S7 Fust as % th an! other end s!ste(. The MA"S7 ho%e/er7 reco#n ;es that the re:uester s a (ult cast ser/er b! not n# ts address n the ser/er (ap7 and returns the correspond n# host (ap so that the ser/er can construct ts po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on. An! end node that % shes to Fo n and trans( t to an! (ult cast #roup -- 3or nstance7 as tr ##ered b! an ICMP "eport -- (ust 3 rst re# ster % th the MA"S ser/er7 us n# a MA"SLNOIN (essa#e 3or the IP address <.<.<.<. The MA"S then adds the node as a lea3 o3 ts )luster)ontrol.). The node can the ssue another MA"LNOIN (essa#e 3or to re:uest (e(bersh p n an! IP (ult cast #roup. The MA"S ser/er then stores the address o3 the re:uest n# node n the host l st that s assoc ated % th that #roup7 so t can be returned n an! subse:uent MA"SL"+Q-+ST (essa#e 3or the #roup. The MA"S then adds an! node that sends a MA"SL"+Q-+ST 3or the #roup to th s .). Note that all nodes n the cluster7 re#ardless o3 %hether or not the! % sh to trans( t data to a #roup7 (ust also send a MA"SLNOIN to be added to the (ult cast #roup 3or the reser/ed address. The subse:uent operat on o3 the MA"S s then a 3unct on o3 %hether the #roup s be n# ser/ed b! a (ult cast (esh or b! (ult cast ser/ers. In the 3or(er case7 %here (ult cast (eshes are used7 the MA"S 3or%ards the MA"SLNOIN (essa#e on the )luster)ontrol.) to n3or( an! nodes that (a! alread! be (e(bers o3 the re:uested (ult cast #roup o3 the e8 stence o3 a ne% (e(ber. All nodes

trans( tt n# to the #roup o/er e8 st n# po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons then add the ne% re:uest n# node to the r connect ons us n# add-lea3 (essa#es. S ( larl!7 an! node that % shes to lea/e a (ult cast (esh (ult cast #roup sends a MA"SL*+A.+ re:uest to the MA"S Ser/er. Th s re(o/es the nodeGs ATM address 3ro( the l st o3 ATM addresses re# stered % th the IP (ult cast address and then 3or%ards the (essa#e on ts )luster)ontrol.). Th s allo%s trans( tt n# end s!ste(s to re(o/e the lea/ n# node 3ro( the r po nt-to-(ult po nt connect on. Trans( tt n# nodes use t (ers and other (echan s(s to clear nact /e connect ons and conser/e connect on resources. In the case o3 #roup ser/ed b! (ult cast ser/ers7 the MA"S 3or%ards an! MA"SLNOIN or MA"SL*+A.+ re:uest to the re# stered (ult cast ser/ers us n# the Ser/er)ontrol.). Th s allo%s the rele/ant (ult cast ser/ers7 %h ch ser/e the #roup n concern7 to e ther add or delete the re:uest n# node 3ro( the r o%n po nt-to-(ult po nt connect ons. Mult cast routers 3or( a spec al case o3 end s!ste(s s nce the! (ust7 as per "4) 11127 rece /e ICMP "eports on an! and all (ult cast #roup addresses. The! (ust pro( scuousl! Fo n all #roups b! send n# a bloc& Fo n (essa#e to the MA"S 3or all addresses. An! node that sends a MA"SL"+Q-+ST subse:uentl! ends up also trans( tt n# to the router7 e ther throu#h a (ult cast ser/er7 or throu#h ts o%n po nt-to(ult po nt connect on. Note7 ho%e/er7 that %h le routers (ust re# ster to Fo n all (ult cast #roups7 the! do not need to allocate connect ons to an! #roups that do not ha/e trans( tt n# nodes. ?Ar( ta#e@ also proposes (echan s(s to allo% routers to re# ster and to pro( scuousl! l sten to onl! a subset o3 (ult cast connect ons. "outers (ust also re# ster to trans( t to the reser/ed #roup b! send n# a MA"SL"+Q-+ST 3or the reser/ed address. "outers then use the reser/ed (ult cast #roup to trans( t ICMP (essa#es. S nce all nodes that are (e(bers o3 (ult cast #roups are also (e(bers o3 th s reser/ed #roup7 the! (on tor such ICMP Quer es and respond to the correspond n# (ult cast #roups. The routers ser/ n# these #roups then rece /e the ICMP "esponses.

?Ar( ta#e@ also presents so(e d scuss on o3 redundant ser/er operat on7 the operat on o3 H( 8edH #roups7 %here a s n#le (ult cast #roup s ser/ed b! a co(b nat on o3 (ult cast (eshes and ser/er7 and so on. Th s %or& s st ll currentl! under de/elop(ent b! the IPO/er-ATM %or& n# #roup. As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n# there had been no 3or(al %or& on the support o3 (ult cast % th n N0"P or7 (ore #enerall!7 on the support o3 (ult cast #roups % th n a N,MA do(a n %here cut-throu#h routes are supported. So(e prel ( nar! %or&7 ho%e/er7 %ould appear to nd cate that e8tend n# the MA"S protocol to such an en/ ron(ent should be relat /el! stra #ht3or%ard7 at least 3or such ad/anced rout n# protocols as PIM. Spec 3 call!7 the cluster not on o3 ?Ar( ta#e@ %ould be e8tended to nclude nodes 3ro( all o3 the subnets supported on the N,MA 3abr c7 and the (ult cast d str but on connect ons7 be the! 3ro( (ult cast ser/ers7 or po nt-to-(ult po nt (eshes7 %ould nclude re:uest n# nodes 3ro( an! o3 the subnets. The (ult cast routers connected to that do(a n %ould be con3 #ured to trans( t onl! a s n#le cop! o3 the pac&ets o3 an! re:uested (ult cast #roup onto that 3abr c7 and not one to each o3 the subnets on %h ch re:uest n# nodes ( #ht be7 as the! %ould nor(all!. It %ould appear that PIM7 at least7 can read l! support such a (ode o3 operat on.

%.! <irect &ersus Router +onnections

One o3 the l ( tat ons o3 1$22 s that t does not address the ssue o3 connect on set-up latenc!. -nl &e *AN+7 t does not ha/e a de3ault data path on %h ch data can be sent pr or to address resolut on7 connect on rout n#7 and establ sh(ent. There has been so(e recent %or& ?"e&hter@ that ra ses nterest n# :uest ons about the role o3 routers n nat /e (ode ATM en/ ron(ents. ?"e&hter@ proposes that d rect ATM paths7 e ther % th n or bet%een *ISs7 be used onl! %here the IP 3lo%s re:u re the QoS #uarantees pro/ ded b! ATM. In such cases7 t s presu(ed that the h #h connect on set-up latenc! s acceptable. 4or all other cases7 ho%e/er7 ?"e&hter@ su##ests that all data s to be rela!ed throu#h one or (ore routers7 e/en %hen the data 3lo% s % th n a s n#le IP subnet 5*IS67 to a/o d th s latenc!. Th s

beha/ or re:u res chan#es to the current operat on o3 routers7 s nce toda! the! %ould send I)MP red rects 3or pac&ets that are sent to the( 3or a local subnet. It s also not clear7 (oreo/er7 that such an operat on s opt (al s nce connect ons that do not re:u re #uaranteed QoS ( #ht st ll use (ore band% dth than a router can handle. A better approach ( #ht be to se#re#ate d rect connect ons and router-rela!ed 3lo%s b! the H/olat l t!H o3 the data 3lo% alon# the connect on. That s7 lon# l /ed7 h #h band% dth 3lo%s should use d rect ATM connect ons7 ndependent o3 %hether or not the! re:u re #uaranteed QoS7 %h le lo% band% dth7 short l /ed data 3lo%s should be sent throu#h a router s nce such 3lo%s %ould not Fust 3! the latenc! o3 a connect on set-up. Th s approach %ould be a (ore opt (al solut on than re:u r n# d rect connect ons 3or all data 3lo%s7 espec all! s nce (an! such 3lo%s 5such as telnet tra33 c or SNMP traps6 n net%or&s consu(e /er! l ttle band% dth but do re:u re lo% latenc es7 and hence could eas l! be handled b! routers. It s l &el!7 there3ore7 that n (an! product on ATM net%or&s7 routers % ll cont nue to pro/ de such Hconnect onlessH ser/ ce7 %h le h #h /olu(e data trans3ers 5such as 4TP6 %ould be done o/er d rect ATM connect ons us n# nat /e (ode protocols. The N0"P spec 3 cat on does su##est the poss ble use o3 local routers as connect onless ser/ers 3or such tra33 c 3lo%s. The Mult protocol O/er ATM 5MPOA6 %or& currentl! be n# de/eloped b! the ATM 4oru( % ll l &el! support such (odes o3 operat on. Th s %or& % ll be d scussed n the ne8t sect on.

'.0 Multiprotocol O&er ATM

Not% thstand n# the %or& done on nat /e (ode protocol support 3or IP o/er ATM7 there s % despread consensus n the ndustr! that (ore needs to be done to accelerate nat /e (ode protocol de/elop(ent7 part cularl! to correct the l ( tat ons o3 the e8 st n# nat /e (ode protocols7 and to nclude protocols other than IP. To th s end7 the ATM 4oru( has recentl! set up a %or& n# #roup to cons der the de/elop(ent o3 H(ult protocol o/er ATMH 5MPOA6 standards. 9h le th s %or& s at a /er! earl! sta#e7 the #roup has

cons dered /ar ous approaches to the proble(s. These are br e3l! descr bed here7 s nce the! ser/e to nd cate so(e 3uture d rect ons 3or nternet%or& n# across ATM. Three /er! d 33erent (odels ha/e been presented 3or (ult protocol operat on o/er ATM:

'.1 eer Models

A nu(ber o3 contr but ons ha/e proposed a ne% /ar ant o3 the peer (odel as a replace(ent 3or the current o/erla! (odel 5?Per& ns1@7 ?Per& ns2@7 ?4 n&@6. -nl &e the earl er peer (odel that proposed that ATM net%or&s also use current net%or& la!er address n# sche(es and rout n# protocols7 these ne% proposals su##est a d 33erent approach. The! propose an al#or th( c (app n# o3 all net%or& la!er addresses nto NSAP 3or(at addresses7 so that the s #nal n# re:uests that conta n such addresses can be routed us n# the P-NNI protocol. Th s precludes the need 3or a separate address resolut on protocol. It s not clear7 ho%e/er7 %hether such peer address n# (odels %ould necessar l! sol/e the concerns about sub-opt (al end-to-end rout n#7 % th n a ( 8ed ATM and router en/ ron(ent7 s nce the! propose that d 33erent rout n# protocols be run % th n the t%o net%or&s. All ATM s% tches %ould also need to support address tables lar#e enou#h to ncorporate not onl! ATM NSAP addresses7 but all other address spaces as %ell. It s also not clear ho% %ell such a peer net%or& %ould %or& n an en/ ron(ent that cons sts o3 a ( 8ture o3 ATM and non-ATM7 router-based net%or&s. )oncerns ha/e been ra sed7 3or nstance7 about the d 33 cult es o3 properl! (app n# such subs d ar! protocols as I)MP properl! nto ATM n a peer (odel.

'.2 Integrated 6NNI

The ne% peer (odels descr bed abo/e assu(e that routers outs de the ATM net%or& cont nue to use e8 st n# rout n# protocols. The Inte#rated P-NNI (odel 5I-PNNI6 nstead proposes that the P-NNI protocol s to be used b! both ATM s% tches and b! pac&et routers 5?)allon1@7 ?)allon2@6. Th s s based on the not on that the P-NNI protocol s a s #n 3 cantl! (ore po%er3ul and scalable rout n# protocol than an! that e8 st n current

routed net%or&s. 9 th a 3e% (od 3 cat ons such as preclud n# ATM connect ons be n# routed throu#h routers 5a proble( that the peer (odel (a! su33er 3ro(67 t (a! %ell pro/e poss ble to operate P-NNI throu#hout a pac&et or cell-based net%or&. "outers runn n# I-PNNI %ould support a h erarch! s ( lar to ATM s% tch n# s!ste(s7 elect n# PC*s7 and so on. ATM s% tch PTSPs %ould also be 3or%arded to routers7 to allo% the( to #enerate opt (al end-to-end routes throu#h both the routed and s% tched net%or&. The I-PNNI (odel could acco((odate both the o/erla! and peer (odels. In the peer (odel7 net%or& la!er reachab l t! n3or(at on %ould be carr ed transparentl! throu#h the ATM net%or&7 %h le n the o/erla! (odel7 the addresses %ould be (apped nto NSAP addresses and processed b! ATM s% tches as an! other set o3 reachable addresses. I-PNNI (a! %ell hold pro( se as a rout n# protocol 3or the Inte#rated Ser/ ces Internet7 s nce t both supports QoS rout n#7 and nte#rates %ell % th ATM bac&bones7 %h ch % ll surel! be a (aFor co(ponent o3 the ne% Internet. On the other hand7 a nu(ber o3 s #n 3 cant techn cal and ad( n strat /e ssues 53or e8a(ple7 ( #rat on 3ro( e8 st n#7 deplo!ed rout n# protocols6 (ust 3 rst be tac&led be3ore the Inte#rated Ser/ ces Internet can be deplo!ed n an! % despread (anner7 hence t % ll l &el! be a couple o3 !ears be3ore the s #n 3 cance and role o3 I-PNNI s 3ull! clar 3 ed.

'.3 <istri8uted Router rotocols

A d 33erent approach to the (ult protocol o/er ATM %or& e33ort %as proposed to the ATM 4oru( b! ) sco S!ste(s ?Alles3@. ) sco proposed that the MPOA %or& should be based around a ne% / s on o3 / rtual *ANs7 that %ould e8tend be!ond the 3 rst #enerat on o3 *AN+-based .*ANs. As noted n Sect on $.<7 the 3 rst #enerat on o3 / rtual *ANs are bu lt around la!er 2 *AN s% tches and support the *AN+ protocol. As also noted n that sect on7 th s approach su33ers 3ro( t%o proble(s: the bottlenec& o3 re:u r n# router hops 3or / rtual *AN nterconnect on and the nab l t! to run protocols n nat /e (ode7 %h ch e8plo t the QoS 3eatures o3 ATM.

,e!ond th s 3 rst #enerat on o3 *AN+-based la!er 2 *AN s% tches7 a nu(ber o3 co(pan es ha/e announced plans to de/elop a ne% #enerat on o3 la!er 3 *AN s% tch n# s!ste(s7 nclud n# ) sco S!ste(s7 % th ts +isco=usion3t$4 arc7itecture. Such s% tches %ould act not as s (ple br d#es -- that s7 s% tch n# pac&ets purel! on the bas s o3 MA) address n3or(at on -- but %ould also s% tch pac&ets based on the r net%or& la!er addresses and other h #her la!er attr butes. In essence7 a s!ste( o3 such la!er 3 s% tches %ould const tute a d str buted router. *a!er 3 based .*ANs %ould pro/ de a nu(ber o3 ad/anta#es o/er *AN+ based la!er 2 .*ANs: 1. The! could ( n ( ;e the need 3or (ult ple hops throu#h ATM routers 3or co((un cat ons bet%een t%o nodes on d 33erent / rtual *ANs. 2. As % th current routers7 la!er 3 s% tches could reduce such l n& la!er pheno(ena as broadcast stor(s and ! eld (ore robust7 scalable and (ore eas l! d a#nosable net%or&s. In part cular7 la!er 3 based s!ste(s7 be n# capable o3 d rectl! rout n# all pac&ets7 %ould not need the 3lood n# (echan s(s o3 la!er 2 based s!ste(s7 %h ch tends to be a 3unda(ental constra nt upon the scalab l t! o3 the latter. 3. *a!er 3 s% tches7 b! allo% n# operat ons on h #her la!er 3 elds7 could # /e net%or& ad( n strators (ore control o/er net%or&s throu#h such (echan s(s as 3 lter n# on h #her la!er attr butes. 4. *a!er 3 s% tches could (ore eas l! use the QoS bene3 ts o3 ATM b! runn n# nat /e (ode protocols7 as descr bed earl er. In part cular7 la!er 3 s% tches7 b! be n# capable o3 nterpret n# and process n# la!er 3 pac&et headers7 could trap control (essa#es 3ro( protocols l &e "S.P7 and use these to set up ATM connect ons % th the appropr ate QoS. S ( larl!7 the! could (ap la!er 3 3lo%s to correspond n# ATM connect ons. Such operat on are (uch (ore d 33 cult to do % th n la!er 2 s% tches7 s nce such products t!p call! onl! process la!er 2 pac&et headers. To (a&e la!er 3 s% tches cost-e33ect /e 3or %or& #roup deplo!(ent7 ho%e/er7 such de/ ces could not be bu lt n the sa(e (anner that routers are bu lt toda!. "outer ports

toda! are rarel! ded cated to a s n#le7 or s(all nu(ber o3 users7 due to the r cost and co(ple8 t!7 %h ch 3ollo%s naturall! 3ro( the r (uch #reater soph st cat on7 /ersus s (ple *AN concentrators or 5br d# n#6 la!er 2 s% tches. *a!er 3 s% tches7 ho%e/er7 could potent all! be bu lt to be (uch s (pler7 and hence cheaper7 than toda!Gs 3ull3unct on routers. 0o% th s s poss ble can be understood b! e8a( n n# the nternal structure o3 current routers. A router per3or(s t%o :u te d st nct 3unct ons: 1. Route Pro essing% Th s s the process n# o3 rout n# protocols -- such as +IC"P7 OSP47 or ,CP -- to deter( ne reachab l t! n3or(at on and calculate ne8t hop rout n# tables 5to &no% %here to 3or%ard a pac&et that s rece /ed b! the router6. "oute process n# represents the H ntell #enceH o3 current routers. 2. Pa !et (wit )ing% Th s s the actual 3or%ard n# o3 a rece /ed pac&et on the bas s o3 the source and dest nat on 5la!er 3 or la!er 26 addresses o3 the pac&et7 and the ne8t hop rout n# n3or(at on n the router. A nu(ber o3 other pac&et-le/el 3unct ons 5such as 3 lter n#6 (a! also be per3or(ed dur n# the 3or%ard n# operat on. In (ost (odern h #h per3or(ance routers7 these 3unct ons are per3or(ed b! d st nct co(ponents. "oute process n# s a so3t%are- ntens /e 3unct on that s t!p call! per3or(ed n a 3ast 5o3ten "IS)6 processorB such processors t!p call! also ha/e a cons derable a(ount o3 3ast (e(or! to acco((odate lar#e rout n# tables. Pac&et s% tch n#7 on the other hand7 s o3ten carr ed out b! spec al purpose hard%are7 and s opt ( ;ed 3or pac&et process n#. Such spec al ;ed but relat /el! Hun ntell #entH hard%are s suppl ed % th 3or%ard n# n3or(at on b! the route processor. To (a&e la!er 3 s% tches cost-e33ect /e 3or %or&#roup deplo!(ent7 such s% tches % ll need a d 33erent arch tecture 3ro( e8 st n# router des #ns. In part cular7 (uch o3 the cost o3 routers toda! s represented b! the h #h per3or(ance processors and (e(or! s!ste(s re:u red 3or route process n#. C /en the ncrease n the s ;e o3 nternet%or&s7 t s l &el! that route processors % ll need to cont nue to ncrease n per3or(ance and (e(or!7 and

cost. On the other hand7 because the pac&et s% tch n# 3unct on s pr (ar l! hard%are based7 t can r de the ASI) cost cur/e and % ll cont nue to decrease n cost %h le ncreas n# n per3or(ance. C /en th s7 the (ost cost e33ect /e arch tecture o3 a la!er 3 s% tch n# s!ste( %ould be to ha/e spec al ;ed hard%are ntens /e de/ ces 3or pac&et 3or%ard n# that are d str buted to %or& #roups7 %here such de/ ces %ould not all ha/e nte#rated route processors. "ather7 (an! such la!er 3 s% tches %ould use the ser/ ces o3 a central ;ed route processor7 hence reduc n# the r cost. )entral ; n# route process n# %ould also 3ac l tate central ;ed (ana#e(ent7 eas n# the ad( n strat /e burden o3 (ana# n# (an!7 d str buted routers. A route d str but on protocol %ould be used b! the route processors to do%nload the n3or(at on re:u red b! the la!er 3 s% tches to 3or%ard pac&ets rece /ed across the r 5non-ATM6 *AN or 9AN ports. The 3ollo% n# d scusses %hat th s n3or(at on ( #ht be and ho% such a s!ste( %ould operate. Arch tectures s ( lar to th s ha/e been descr bed b! a nu(ber o3 /endors7 % th the la!er 3 s% tches descr bed /ar ousl! as Mult la!er S% tches ?) sco@7 +d#e "outers7 or . rtual "outers. The bas c pr nc ples o3 operat on o3 each o3 these7 ho%e/er7 s /er! s ( lar. Man! aspects o3 such s!ste(s -- the nternal operat on o3 the la!er 3 s% tches7 the rout n# protocols per3or(ed n the route processors7 and so on -- %ould be be!ond the scope o3 standard ;at on7 and %ould allo% 3or nd / dual /endor /alue-add and d 33erent at on. There %ould be /alue7 ho%e/er7 to standard ; n# the "oute 1 str but on Protocol that s used to co((un cate bet%een the route processor and the la!er 3 s% tches7 s nce th s %ould allo% 3or open7 (ult /endor la!er 3 .*AN net%or&s7 ( 8 n# route processors and la!er 3 s% tches 3ro( (ult ple /endorsA$2A.

A$2A Note that %hat %ould be standard ;ed %ould onl! be a (echan s( 3or transport n# routes 3ro( the route processorB the protocol s not a subst tute 3or rout n#. In other %ords7 the route ser/ers st ll (ust operate rout n# protocols7 and st ll represent the H ntell #enceH n the net%or&. The protocol %ould allo%7

ho%e/er7 3or th rd part! la!er 3 s% tches to nter3ace to a route ser/er7 and hence #a n access to th s net%or& ntell #ence.

) sco proposed7 there3ore7 that the ATM 4oru( MPOA sub%or& n# #roup de/elop such a route d str but on protocol ?Alles3@. ) sco also proposed a nu(ber o3 re:u re(ents 3or such a protocol7 %h ch %ere subse:uentl! adopted b! the #roup ?,ro%n@7 and the MPOA #roup s no% en#a#ed n de/elop n# such a protocol 5the HMPOA protocolH67 based upon these re:u re(ents and scope. In part cular7 ) sco proposed to the MPOA #roup a stra%(an net%or& arch tecture and protocol re3erence (odel7 %h ch descr bed the t!pes o3 proble(s the MPOA protocol %ould need to sol/e7 and the t!pes o3 approaches that could be ta&en 3or the protocol ?Alles4@. As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 a consensus had e(er#ed % th n the MPOA #roup upon these aspects7 alon# the l nes o3 the concepts put 3or%ard b! ) sco. 9h le the MPOA spec 3 cat on %as st ll at a /er! earl! sta#e7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 the #eneral outl nes and operat on o3 the protocol %ere clearB these are descr bed belo%. As proposed n ?Alles4@7 an MPOA s!ste( %ould cons st o3 a collect on o3: *a!er 3 s% tches 5called "dge De1i es n the MPOA spec 3 cat on6 %h ch support one or (ore ports to le#ac! *AN or 9AN net%or&sB ATM-attached end- s!ste(s (ple(ent n# the MPOA protocol 5called &P*$ )osts6B and "oute Ser/ers7 all connected to an ATM net%or&. +d#e de/ ces %ould (ple(ent la!er 3 pac&et 3or%ard n#7 but %ould not support rout n# protocols. These %ould be (ple(ented on the route ser/ers7 %h ch %ould nteract % th each other7 and % th con/ent onal routers 5e ther on7 or outs de7 the ATM net%or&67 us n# con/ent onal rout n# protocols 5e.#. +IC"P7 OSP47 etc.6. All MPOA-capable de/ ces -- MPOA hosts7 ed#e de/ ces7 and routersA$=A -- %ould support a MPOA cl ent7 %here each such cl ent %ould support both one or (ore la!er 3 addresses7 and an ATM address. The la!er 3 addresses assoc ated % th a MPOA cl ent %ould represent e ther the la!er 3 address o3 the assoc ated node tsel3 5 n the case o3 a MPOA host7 3or nstance67 or the la!er 3 addresses 5e.#. IP subnets6 reachable throu#h the node 5 n the case o3 a ed#e de/ ce or router6. MPOA cl ents %ould connect to a MPOA

ser/er7 and re# ster the r ATM addresses7 as %ell as the la!er 3 addresses reachable throu#h the(.

Figure 32% $r )ite ture of t)e &P*$ Proto ol

A$=A A router (a! be d 33erent ated 3ro( an ed#e de/ ce n that %h le the! both 3or%ard pac&ets on the bas s o3 la!er 3 addresses7 the latter does not (ple(ent rout n# protocols.

MPOA cl ents %ould also (ple(ent a set o3 protocols to nteract % th the MPOA route ser/ers. These protocols %ould allo% e ther ed#e de/ ces7 or MPOA hosts7 to set up d rect data connect ons across the ATM net%or& % th each other7 based upon the la!er 3 addresses o3 the dest nat on nodes. Such connect ons7 (oreo/er7 (ust allo% 3or cutthrou#h routes -- that s7 d rect connect ons bet%een t%o MPOA cl ents on t%o d 33erent la!er 3 subnets 5e.#.7 IP subnets6 (ust be poss ble7 % thout necess tat n# an nter(ed ate hop throu#h a router. In order to set up such connect ons7 the MPOA cl ents re:u re t%o p eces o3 n3or(at on: ne8t hop la!er 3 reachab l t! n3or(at on7 and ATM address resolut on.

The 3or(er s re:u red n order to deter( ne the la!er 3 address o3 the node 5 .e. MPOA cl ent6 %h ch e ther supports the dest nat on la!er 3 address7 or throu#h %h ch the dest nat on la!er 3 address s reachable. Note that s nce the MPOA protocol (ust support cut-throu#h routes that th s ne8t hop address (ust be that o3 the H3 nalH node on the ATM net%or& throu#h %h ch the la!er 3 address s reachable7 and not that o3 an nter(ed ate node7 such as a router. Once th s 3 nal ne8t hop node s dent 3 ed7 the MPOA cl ent then % ll need to resol/e the ne8t hop nodeGs la!er 3 address7 to ts correspond n# ATM address. In pract ce7 these t%o 3unct ons % ll be co(b ned nto a s n#le re:uest. but the 3unct ons re(a n lo# call! d sFo nt. Note that th s lo# cal cl ent-ser/er structure7 and the 3unct ons per3or(ed b! the protocol7 are :u te analo#ous to those o3 the *AN +(ulat on protocol. 9here *AN+ deter( nes the *+) cl ent throu#h %h ch a part cular MA) address s reachable7 and the cl entGs ATM address7 so MPOA per3or(s correspond n# operat ons upon la!er 3 addresses. S ( larl!7 %h le the *AN+ protocol s co(pl cated b! the support o3 MA) br d#es7 and the e8tens on o3 +*ANs across and bet%een such br d#es7 so the MPOA protocol s co(pl cated b! the need to e8tend la!er 3 subnets across and bet%een ed#e s% tches. Spec 3 call!7 a la!er 2 / rtual *AN7 as d scussed earl er7 cons sts o3 the set o3 br d#ed end-s!ste(s reachable throu#h each o3 the *AN ports on the la!er 2 s% tches con3 #ured to belon# to a s n#le +*AN. A la!er 3 / rtual *AN7 correspond n#l!7 %ould cons st o3 each o3 the end-s!ste(s7 reachable throu#h the *AN or 9AN ports o3 MPOA ed#e de/ ces7 %h ch share a co((on la!er 3 subnet 5e.#. are con3 #ured % th the sa(e IP subnet pre3 86. All o3 the ed#e de/ ces support n# ports % th end s!ste(s % th such co((on la!er 3 subnets are cons dered to belon# to the sa(e 1irtual su4net. As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 t %as not clear %hether the MPOA protocol %ould be capable o3 allo% n# MPOA hosts to belon# to a / rtual subnet -- that s7 to share a co((on la!er 3 address subnet pre3 8 % th a / rtual subnet. Th s s unl &e the case % th *AN+ %here both ATM attached end-

s!ste(s7 and end- s!ste(s reachable throu#h la!er 2 s% tches can be br d#ed nto the sa(e +*AN. In an! case7 ho%e/er7 the MPOA protocol (ust support d rect connect ons bet%een ed#e de/ ces n the sa(e / rtual subnet7 bet%een t%o MPOA hosts7 re#ardless o3 address7 and bet%een MPOA hosts and ed#e de/ ces % th MPOA ed#e de/ ces n d 33erent / rtual subnets. ) sco proposed n ?Alles4@ that these d 33erent t!pes o3 connect ons represented d 33erent scales o3 proble(s7 and re:u re d 33erent protocol solut ons. In part cular7 the Hlar#e scaleH proble( o3 deter( n n# the ne8t hop address correspond n# to a part cular dest nat on la!er 3 address7 and the correspond n# ATM address o3 the MPOA cl ent throu#h %h ch the address s reachable7 s essent all! s ( lar to the proble( space be n# tac&led b! the N0"P protocol. The latter7 n part cular7 s des #ned to sol/e the Fo nt ne8t hop and address resolut on proble(s7 %h le also del /er n# cut throu#h routes. 0ence ) sco proposed that the la!er 3 ne8t hop and address resolut on co(ponents o3 the MPOA protocol be tac&led % th a protocol based upon N0"P ?,enha(@. Spec 3 call!7 the MPOA e33ort %ould spec 3! a s n#le :uer!Eresponse protocol that an! MPOA cl ent %ould use7 %hen presented % th a dest nat on la!er 3 address7 to re:uest the correspond n# ne8t hop and address resolut on n3or(at on 3ro( the MPOA cl entGs route ser/er. Th s protocol %ould essent all! be the sa(e as N0"P7 albe t % th so(e (od 3 cat onsA$>A to (a&e t (ore ATM7 and less IP7 spec 3 c 5e.# to el ( nate the current IP pac&et encapsulat on used n N0"P6.

A$>A Mod 3 cat ons ( #ht also be (ade to allo% %hole ne8t-hop tables to be do%nloaded nto ed#e de/ ces.

MPOA route ser/ers %ould then operate (uch as % th 3abr c (ode based N0"P ser/ers7 operat n# rout n# protocols bet%een the(sel/es7 and % th routers7 and 3or%ard n# ne8t hop re:uests bet%een the(sel/es7 so as to deter( ne the re:u red ne8t hop address7 and to resol/e the correspond n# ATM address. The #oal %ould be to de/elop the MPOA protocol such that all d rectl! attached ATM hosts could then adopt the MPOA protocol7

n pre3erence to other nat /e (ode protocols l &e N0"P7 and hence allo% con/er#ence on a s n#le nat /e (ode protocol. The MPOA %or& n# #roup tsel37 %ould 3ocus on the support o3 IP7 s nce th s s an open protocol7 but t s the hope o3 the #roup that other bod es or or#an ;at ons %ould use the MPOA %or& as a te(plate 3or the nat /e (ode support o3 other protocols. The use o3 N0"P % ll l &el! help accelerate the de/elop(ent o3 MPOA7 s nce N0"P has alread! been %or&ed on 3or so(e t (e b! the I+T4. N0"P7 on the other hand7 does not support the not on o3 ed#e de/ ces7 or d str buted / rtual subnets7 s nce t assu(es that onl! routers and end-s!ste(s are attached to the N,MA net%or&. +d#e de/ ces7 % th / rtual subnets7 adds the co(ple8 t! o3 need n# to deter( ne throu#h %h ch port7 o3 %h ch ed#e de/ ce7 a part cular end s!ste( (a! be reachable. Th s s not a la!er 3 rout n# proble( per se7 s nce all o3 the ed#e de/ ces n the / rtual subnet share a co((on la!er 3 address pre3 8. "ather7 the onl! %a! n %h ch the appropr ate ed#e de/ ce port can be 3ound s throu#h the use o3 la!er 2 n3or(at on. Th s ar ses 3ro( the t%o d 33erent %a!s n %h ch subnets are / e%ed and treated % th n la!er 3 net%or&s. At one le/el7 the 3unct on o3 subnets s to 3ac l tate la!er 3 rout n#7 b! allo% n# 3or address su((ar ;at on and h erarch cal rout n#. 0ence7 part cular route ser/ers %ould be assoc ated % th part cular la!er 3 subnets -- that s7 all MPOA cl ents l n&ed to that ser/er %ould share a co((on subnet pre3 8 -- and %ould report reachab l t! to that pre3 8 us n# the MPOA protocol. MPOA )osts7 on the other hand7 %ould not need to be concerned % th the not on o3 subnets at all 5e.#.7 per3or( H(as& and (atchH operat ons or be con3 #ured % th de3ault router addresses7 n the case o3 IP -- s nce the MPOA protocol %ould support cut-throu#h routes7 ob/ at n# the d st nct on bet%een connect ons to s!ste(s % th the sa(e or d 33erent subnet pre3 8es. On the other hand7 subnets are o3 #reat (portance to ed#e de/ ces7 because the! support Hle#ac!H *AN or 9AN ports7 attached to %h ch are Hclass calH end s!ste(s %h ch7 as the! do toda!7 are ndeed co#n ;ant o3 subnets. In part cular7 such nodes t!p call! treat

pac&ets to other nodes % th the sa(e subnet address d 33erentl! 3ro( those to nodes % th d 33erent subnet addresses. Th s s because (ost protocols7 such as IP7 ha/e assoc ated subnets not onl! % th address su((ar ;at on7 but also % th the operat on o3 broadcast *AN (ed a. 0ence7 n the case o3 IP7 3or nstance7 hosts act as 3 an IP subnet s bound to a part cular *AN se#(ent7 and broadcast A"P pac&ets 3or nodes % th n the sa(e subnet7 %h le 3or%ard n# o33-subnet pac&ets to a de3ault router. In order to support class cal hosts reachable throu#h ed#e de/ ces7 there3ore7 an MPOA s!ste( % ll hence need to essent all! (a&e a part cular / rtual subnet loo&7 to the class cal hosts7 l &e a s n#le broadcast do(a n. That s7 all o3 the ed#e de/ ce *AN or 9AN ports % th n a s n#le / rtual subnet %ould need to be br d#ed to#ether. In order to do th s7 the MPOA protocol (ust nter3ace % th a la0er 2 su4net 1irtualization #roto ol7 %h ch pro/ des th s br d# n# 3unct on. ) sco noted to the MPOA #roup that the re:u re(ents o3 th s protocol correspond closel! % th those o3 *AN e(ulat on7 and that so(e /ar ant o3 *AN+A'<A %ould hence be the natural cho ce 3or the / rtual ;at on protocol ?4 nn@. Th s %ould allo% 3or a natural e/olut on path 3ro( *AN+ based .*ANs to MPOA7 %h le also allo% n# 3or s!ner# es n de/elop(ent. The MPOA #roup has no% accepted th s pos t on.

A'<A So(e chan#es % ll l &el! be necessar! to the phase 1 *AN+ protocol 3or MPOA purposes 5e.#.7 to support QoS7 or to allo% poss bl! 3or (ore e33 c ent encapsulat ons6. To th s end7 the *AN+ and MPOA sub%or& n# #roups % ll l &el! al #n the r e33orts so that the MPOA re:u re(ents dr /e an! 3uture enhance(ent o3 the *-NI protocol.

It s not clear %hether the / rtual ;at on protocol % ll be de/eloped b! the MPOA #roup7 or % ll 3or(all! be part o3 the MPOA protocol. On the other hand7 (uch as *AN+ %as de/eloped n 3ull co#n ;ance o3 the =<2.1d spann n# tree protocols7 so the MPOA Hlon# ran#eH protocol % ll need to be de/eloped % th a #ood understand n# o3 the Hhoo&sH re:u red to support a *AN+-based / rtual ;at on protocol. In part cular7 th s % ll be necessar! n order to e33 c entl! sol/e the proble( o3 deter( n n# throu#h %h ch port o3 %h ch ed#e de/ ce a part cular end s!ste( on a / rtual subnet s reachable.

9h le route ser/ers could part c pate as (e(bers o3 the / rtual *AN7 and use the 3lood n# (echan s(s7 to (a&e th s deter( nat on7 e33 c enc es could be #a ned b! the (ple(entat on o3 the ed#e de/ ces -- e/en 3 not the MPOA protocol -- coupl n# the la!er 2 and la!er 3 operat ons. 4or nstance7 n the case o3 IP end s!ste(s7 the ed#e de/ ces could (on tor pac&et 3lo%s throu#h the r *AN and 9AN ports and trac& res#onses to IP A"P (essa#es % th n a subnet to deter( ne ed#e de/ ce port to la!er 3 address (app n#s. That s7 the ed#e de/ ce could deter( ne 3ro( obser/ n# %h ch port the A"P response 3or a part cular IP address %as rece /ed 3ro(7 the port throu#h %h ch that IP address %as reachable7 as %ell as the MA) address o3 the end s!ste( support n# that IP address. It could then re# ster th s (app n#7 to#ether % th ts o%n ATM address % th ts MPOA ser/er7 so that the MPOA ser/er could respond % th the ed#e de/ ceGs ATM address upon rece pt o3 a MPOA re:uest 3or that IP address. Once a d rect data connect on s set up 3ro( the source MPOA cl ent to that ed#e de/ ce7 the latter could then use the IP address to port (app n# table to deter( ne %h ch port to send out the rece /ed pac&ets7 and use the cached MA) address n3or(at on to construct the re:u red MA) pac&et 3or trans( ss on out o3 the le#ac! port. Note7 ho%e/er7 that 3 a part cular class cal host had ne/er sent a pac&et throu#h ts ed#e de/ ce7 then no ed#e de/ ce %ould ha/e a record o3 throu#h %h ch port the host %as reachable. In such a case7 the *AN+ 3lood n# procedures %ould be needed to send a pac&et 53or e8a(ple7 an A"P broadcast 3or the IP address6 to that node7 n the hope o3 el c t n# a response throu#h %h ch ts locat on could be learned. S ( lar operat ons %ould be poss ble % th other protocols. In the case o3 a protocol l &e )*NP7 3or nstance7 %h ch uses ad/ert se(ents rather than A"Ps to deter( ne address (app n#s7 ed#e de/ ces could trap +nd S!ste(s to Inter(ed ate S!ste( 5+S-IS6 0ello (essa#es to deter( ne such port (app n#s. Such operat ons h #hl #ht the 3act that %h le MPOA ed#e de/ ces (a! %ell use /ar ants o3 *AN+ 3or subnet / rtual ;at on7 th s does

not (ean that such de/ ces % ll operate n the sa(e (anner as la!er 2 s% tches (ple(ent n# *AN e(ulat on. In part cular7 ed#e de/ ces % ll need to be capable o3 obser/ n# and process n# la!er 3 addresses o3 pac&ets rece /ed across le#ac! ports7 to deter( ne %hether the dest nat on l es outs de or ns de the source / rtual subnetA'1A.

A'1A In the case o3 IP7 3or nstance7 a pac&et 3ro( a class cal host on a le#ac! port %ould carr! the MA) address o3 the Hde3ault routerH o3 the subnet -- %h ch (a! %ell be a MA) address assoc ated % th that ed#e de/ ceGs MPOA cl ent -- 3 the pac&et %ere addressed outs de the hostGs o%n subnet.

In the 3or(er case7 the ed#e de/ ce %ould 3or(ulate and send to ts assoc ated MPOA ser/er a MPOA re:uest 3or the dest nat on la!er 3 address. Th s7 n turn7 %ould operate a N0"P l &e protocol7 as noted abo/e7 to deter( ne the correspond n# ne8t hop MPOA cl ent la!er 3 address7 and correspond n# ATM address7 and return th s to the re:uest n# ed#e de/ ce. The ed#e de/ ce %ould then set up a d rect7 cut-throu#h connect on to the dest nat on MPOA cl ent and 3or%ard the data. Note7 ho%e/er7 that 3 the dest nat on address %as reachable throu#h an ed#e de/ ce7 on another / rtual subnet7 then the MPOA ser/er correspond n# to that / rtual subnet %ould need to use so(e o3 the procedures d scussed pre/ ousl! to deter( ne the ATM address o3 the 3 nal ed#e de/ ce. In the case %here the ed#e de/ ce deter( nes that the dest nat on la!er 3 address s % th n the source / rtual subnet7 t could use the *AN+ procedures to deter( ne the dest nat on ed#e de/ ce7 % th n that sa(e / rtual subnet7 throu#h %h ch the address s reachable7 and set up a data d rect connect on. +/en n such a case7 ho%e/er7 the ed#e de/ ce (a! %ell nterpret the la!er 3 pac&et n3or(at on -- 3or nstance7 to set up a data d rect connect on % th a re:uested QoS.

Figure 33% Distri4uted Router *#eration

The MPOA protocol (a! also borro%7 or bu ld upon7 other *AN+ (echan s(s. 4or nstance7 a *+)S l &e MPOA con3 #urat on ser/er (a! %ell be de3 ned to allo% MPOA cl ents to deter( ne %h ch MPOA ser/ers to re# ster % th7 depend n# upon7 perhaps7 the r part cular subnet address. As % th N0"P7 MPOA % ll also l &el! support the not on o3 a de3ault data 3or%arder7 %h ch MPOA cl ents (a! choose to use to 3or%ard la!er 3 pac&ets7 pend n# a success3ul address resolut on. Note that such de3ault data 3or%arders are essent all! routers. MPOA % ll also need to support (echan s(s 3or (ult cast address re# strat on -- l &el! bu ld n# upon the %or& done 3or IP o/er ATM7 d scussed pre/ ousl!. 9or& on de3 n n# the MPOA protocol s st ll at a /er! earl! sta#e7 so 3urther deta ls % ll not be presented here. It s unl &el! that the MPOA protocol % ll be 3ull! spec 3 ed be3ore earl! 1>>'. It should be noted that %h le MPOA % ll bu ld upon N0"P and *AN+7 t s not clear that MPOA cl ents % ll be d rectl! nteroperable % th nodes that (ple(ent these protocols 5an! (ore so than 1$227 *AN+7 and N0"P are nteroperable6. The #oal s to de/elop a s n#le protocol to %h ch all nodes could e/entuall! ( #rateB n the (eant (e7 ho%e/er7 nternet%or& n# de/ ces such as routers7 % ll be needed to nterconnect nodes that (ple(ent each o3 these protocols. The ATM 4oru( has currentl! deter( ned that t should 3ocus on the de/elop(ent o3 the MPOA protocol d scussed abo/e7 and has de3erred %or& on an! peer (odels. Th s %as

based on the real ;at on that the three approaches are solut ons to d 33erent proble(s7 and could ndeed co(ple(ent each other. MPOA 3or nstance7 s a (ed (ostl! at bu ld n# d str buted routersB th s proble( s dependent upon the nature o3 the rout n# and address n# (odels used % th n the ATM net%or&7 but also re:u res the solut on to (an! other ndependent proble(s. The I-PNNI (odel holds #reat pro( se7 but also probabl! cannot be 3ull! tac&led unt l the P-NNI Phase 1 protocol s 3ull! de3 ned. The peer (odel7 on the other hand7 at best7 can be / e%ed as an opt ( ;at on o3 the I-PNNI (odel7 ob/ at n# the need 3or address resolut on. Inte#rated rout n#7 on the other hand7 does not necessar l! (pl! or re:u re nte#rated address n#. The MPOA #roup proposes hence to 3 rst 3ocus ts e33orts on the de/elop(ent o3 the MPOA protocol 3or o/erla! ATM net%or&s7 %h le %or& n# n parallel to 3 n sh the PNNI Phase 1 protocol7 then e8tend t 3or I-PNNI. Once th s s done7 t (a! recons der an! peer (odels.

(.0 )ide Area Network Internetworking

The pre/ ous sect ons ha/e d scussed /ar ous %a!s o3 nternet%or& n# e8 st n# *AN and net%or& la!er protocols % th ATM. There are also7 ho%e/er7 a nu(ber o3 e8 st n# % de area net%or& n# protocols7 and so(e %or& has also been done on %a!s n %h ch these protocols could nternet%or& % th ATM. In part cular7 %or& has been done on the nternet%or& n# % th ATM o3 connect on or ented 4ra(e "ela! net%or&s and connect onless S% tched Mult (e#ab t 1ata Ser/ ceA'2A 5SM1S6 net%or&s.

A'2A SM1S s a ser/ ce o33ered n the -n ted States. In +urope7 an al(ost dent cal ser/ ce s &no%n as the )onnect onless ,roadband 1ata Ser/ ce 5),1S6. The nternet%or& n# sche(e descr bed here 3or SM1S also appl es to ),1S.

To#ether7 the 4ra(e "ela! 4oru( and the ATM 4oru( has spec 3 ed an (ple(entat on a#ree(ent ?4oru(=@ to support 4ra(e "ela!EATM P.) nter%or& n# based upon the IT--T I.$$$ "eco((endat on ?IT-1@. Th s de3 nes the (app n# o3 4ra(e "ela! pac&ets nto AA*$ pac&ets at a 4ra(e "ela!-to-ATM nter%or& n# un t. The bas c operat on s /er! s (ple: the 4ra(e "ela! 1ata * n& )onnect on Ident 3 er 51*)I6 s (apped d rectl! nto the .PIE.)I /alue o3 the AA*$ pac&et7 and / ce /ersa. Procedures are also de3 ned 3or (app n# /ar ous 4ra(e "ela! spec 3 c header 3 elds nto the r analo#s % th n the ATM net%or& 53or e8a(ple7 the 4ra(e "ela! con#est on nd cat on b ts nto the ATM +4)I b t7 and the 1 scard +l # b l t! b ts nto the ATM )*P b t67 and 3or (app n# the )o(( tted In3or(at on "ate 5)I"6 o3 4ra(e "ela! connect ons nto .," tra33 c para(eters. The onl! co(pl cat on n 4"EATM nter%or& n# s n the protocol dent 3 ers used 3or encapsulated pac&ets. 9 th n 4ra(e "ela! net%or&s7 a Net%or& *a!er Protocol I1 5N*PI16 header s appended to an! encapsulated pac&et to dent 3! ts t!pe7 as de3 ned n "4) 14>< ?,radle!@. 9 th n ATM net%or&s7 as noted pre/ ousl!7 the **)ESNAP encapsulat on (ethod s (ore co((on7 as de3 ned n "4) 14=3 ?0e nanen1@. A 4"EATM nter%or& n# un t % ll need to (od 3! these headers be3ore pac&ets are 3or%arded.

Figure 34% Fra+e Rela0 and (&D( to $T& Internetwor!ing

SM1S nternet%or& n# % th ATM s also relat /el! s (ple7 as de3 ned n IT--T I.3'4 ?IT-2@ and the (ple(entat on a#ree(ents reached bet%een the ATM 4oru( and the -S and +uropean SM1S Interest Croups. SM1S pac&ets are (apped nto AA* 3E4 pac&ets at an nter%or& n# un t7 and are then carr ed % th n the AA* 3E4 cells on a %ell &no%n .PIE.)I /alue. The SM1S connect onless ser/ ce s e(ulated b! a connect onless ser/er % th n the ATM net%or& that rece /es all SM1S pac&ets sent across the %ell &no%n .PIE.)I /alue. It then 3or%ards the( on the bas s o3 the encapsulated SM1S addresses. So(e procedures are also de3 ned 3or (app n# SM1S access classes nto ATM tra33 c para(eters. In add t on to the %or& on 4ra(e "ela! and SM1S7 so(e %or& has recentl! started at the ATM 4oru( and % th n the IT--T on Narro%band IS1N nternet%or& n# % th ATMB others ha/e also e8pressed nterest n J.2$EATM nternet%or& n#. Such nternet%or& n# spec 3 cat ons % ll ser/e t%o purposes. 4 rst7 the! % ll be used b! publ c net%or& pro/ ders to con/er#e the r e8 st n# 9AN net%or&s to#ether o/er a co((on ATM bac&bone net%or&7 real ; n# econo( es o3 scale and prepar n# 3or a poss ble (o/e(ent to a nat /e ATM ser/ ce. To allo% 3or such con/er#ence7 (an! publ c net%or& pro/ des are deplo! n# (ult ser/ ce plat3or(s that support (ult ple t!pes o3 9AN nter3aces and nterconnect % th each other across ATM l n&s. Second7 such spec 3 cat ons (a! also be used to de3 ne ser/ ces pro/ ded across publ c -NI. Instead o3 a nat /e ATM ser/ ce7 the publ c net%or& pro/ der can pro/ de a 4ra(e "ela! or SM1S o/er ATM ser/ ce nter3ace to the end user. Th s (a! 3ac l tate a ( #rat on to ATM 3or e8 st n# users o3 current 9AN technolo# es. There s also (uch nterest % th n the publ c net%or& co((un t! on (ethods o3 pro/ d n# *AN nterconnect ser/ ces across publ c ATM net%or&s. *AN e(ulat on (a! pro/e to be one solut on to th s proble(7 but concerns ha/e been ra sed about ts scalab l t!7 due to the need 3or 3lood n# throu#h the ,-S7 and also the rel ab l t! ssues due to the s n#le po nt o3 3a lure n the *AN+ Phase 1 protocol. The MPOA protocol (a!

pro/e to be a better solut on n the lon# ter(7 s nce t % ll allo% 3or the scalab l t! and robustness o3 a routed solut on7 %h le allo% n# 3or ease o3 ad( n strat on7 due to the central ; n# o3 the rout n# 3unct ons. Much %or& re(a ns to be done7 ho%e/er7 n 3ull! scop n# and spec 3! n# such *AN nterconnect ser/ ces.

*.0 +onclusions
The #oal o3 the (an! protocols descr bed n th s paper s to enable the deplo!(ent o3 s% tched nternet%or&s -- net%or&s that cons st o3 a co(b nat on o3 ATM s% tches7 ATM routers7 and *AN s% tches. S% tched nternet%or&s % ll o33er s #n 3 cantl! #reater band% dth7 3le8 b l t!7 and QoS ser/ ce support than s poss ble on toda!Gs net%or&s bu lt % th shared (ed a hubs and routed nternet%or&s. The deplo!(ent o3 s% tched nternet%or&s % ll chan#e the 3ace o3 net%or&s7 n the % r n# closet7 % th n the enterpr se bac&bone7 and be!ond. It s poss ble toda! to put to#ether a road (ap 3or ho% such net%or&s %ould be bu lt and ho% the! % ll e/ol/e. The core o3 such net%or&s % ll be bu lt % th ATM s% tches. Toda!7 % th the -NI s #nal n# protocols7 t s poss ble to deplo! s(all-scale ATM bac&bone net%or&sB 3or nstance7 Hrouter clustersH that cons st o3 (ult ple collapsed bac&bone routers nterconnected b! ATM s% tches. Such router clusters are o3ten used to replace e8 st n# 411I bac&bones7 s nce the! o33er cons derabl! (ore band% dth. The de/elop(ent o3 the IISP protocol % ll allo% such s(all net%or&s to scale to a do;en or so s% tches7 perhaps spann n# a ca(pus7 %h le the 3ull P-NNI protocols % ll e/entuall! allo% such net%or&s to span ent re enterpr ses. Attached to such ATM bac&bones % ll be a co(b nat on o3 ATM %or&#roup and *AN s% tches 3or des&top connect / t!. The latter7 n part cular7 are l &el! to beco(e the do( nant des&top net%or& n# de/ ce7 supplant n# shared (ed a hubs7 s nce the! o33er users s #n 3 cantl! #reater band% dth7 (ore than ade:uate 3or the /ast (aFor t! o3 needs7 %h le st ll preser/ n# the r e8 st n# nstalled based o3 des&top protocols and NI)s. Such *AN s% tches % ll support / rtual *AN ser/ ces to 3ac l tate net%or& ad( n strat on and control. In the 3 rst nstance7 such / rtual *ANs % ll be bu lt us n# the *AN+ protocols

and % ll nter3ace to the 3 rst #enerat on o3 *a!er 2 *AN s% tches. In the 3uture7 as (ore soph st cated Mult *a!er S% tches are deplo!ed7 protocols l &e MPOA % ll #raduall! supplant *AN+.

Figure 35% T)e "1olution of (wit )ed Internetwor!s

Th s e/olut on % ll l &el! be dr /en b! the e/olut on o3 e8 st n# net%or& la!er protocols7 as the! ac:u re #reater QoS support and nter3ace (ore e33ect /el! to ATM. Nat /e (ode protocol support % ll be (portant n th s e/olut onB n part cular7 ATM hosts and routers % ll l &el! use such protocols as 1$227 and N0"P n add t on to *AN+. O/er t (e7 t s hoped that these % ll e/ol/e nto a co((on protocol l &e MPOA. 1esp te popular ( sconcept ons to the contrar!7 (ult protocol routers % ll st ll be needed7 and % ll pla! a nu(ber o3 (portant roles7 % th n such net%or&s. 4 rst7 # /en that (ost net%or&s are7 and % ll re(a n7 non-ATM 3or the 3oreseeable 3uture7 the! % ll be used to allo% 3or the nterconnect on o3 such net%or&s % th ne%er ATM-based de/ ces. Second7 the! % ll be used 3or / rtual *AN nterconnect on. As d scussed pre/ ousl!7 ATM routers

are cr t cal 3or nternet%or& n# bet%een (ult ple +*ANs. The! are also necessar! 3or nterconnect on bet%een the (an! d 33erent t!pes o3 / rtual *AN protocols l &e *AN+7 1$227 N0"P7 MPOA7 and so on -- that are currentl! be n# de/eloped. O/er t (e7 such routers (a! end up be n# d str buted to a co(b nat on o3 Mult *a!er s% tches and "oute Ser/ers7 but the nternet%or& n# 3unct on % ll re(a n7 albe t d str buted throu#hout the net%or&. As d scussed pre/ ousl!7 routers % ll also re(a n (portant unt l and unless the ATM 3 re%all proble( s sol/ed7 and (a! also be used to pro/ de a local connect onless ser/ ce7 as d scussed abo/e. 4 nall!7 routers (a! also be / e%ed as natural plat3or(s upon %h ch to deplo! the (an! ser/ers 5such as *+Ss or N0"P ser/ers6 used % th ATM protocols7 s nce routers are h #h a/a lab l t!7 h #h per3or(ance s!ste(s. I(portant s!ner# es could also be dra%n bet%een such ser/er 3unct ons and the #eneral net%or& state and 3 lter n# operat ons supported b! routers toda!. 9h le the role o3 part cular ph!s cal net%or& ele(ents7 such as (ult protocol routers7 and ATM and *AN s% tches7 % ll chan#e as the e/olut on to s% tched nternet%or&s proceed7 %hat % ll re(a n constant % ll be the co(ple8 so3t%are n3rastructure that % ll o/erla! and l n& all o3 these ele(ents. Th s n3rastructure % ll pro/ de a co((on ser/ ce nter3ace7 across (ult ple t!pes o3 net%or& technolo#!7 %h le 3ac l tat n# the nte#rat on o3 e8 st n# net%or&s7 and allo% n# 3or the scalable deplo!(ent o3 ne%er s% tched technolo# es. 9h le the plethora o3 protocols descr bed here (a! see( daunt n#7 the! re3lect the 3unda(ental co(ple8 t! o3 the tas& that s n/ol/ed n bu ld n# such lar#e scale7 ATMbased s% tched nternet%or&s. )ontrar! to so(e earl er e8pectat ons7 t s clear that the e/olut on to ATM % ll be co(ple87 and % ll re:u re protocols o3 the soph st cat on o3 those descr bed here7 both to e8plo t the bene3 ts o3 ATM7 and to enable a s(ooth e/olut on 3ro( e8 st n# net%or&s. The lon# ter( success o3 part cular ATM /endors -and o3 the users %ho partner % th the( -- % ll hence be at least as (uch a 3unct on o3 the r capab l t! to del /er th s e/ol/ n# so3t%are n3rastructure7 as t % ll be a 3unct on o3 the r part cular s% tch plat3or(s.

10.0 Re,erences
?Alles1@ Alles7 A.7 et al. >$T&?Foru+ 54/6563% Pro#osal for a P)ase 6 P/''I Proto ol@> Nune 1>>4. ?Alles2@ Alles7 A. and 4 nn7 N. -- >$T& Foru+ 55/6126% Future To#i s for 8$'" (AB@> Nanuar! 1>>$. ?Alles3@ Alles7 A. and Tra na7 P -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6363% Pro#osal for a Aor! "ffort for a 8a0er 3 Route Distri4ution Proto ol@> Septe(ber 1>>4. ?Alles4@ Alles7 A. and 4 nn7 N. -- >$T& Foru+ 54/1266% $r )ite tural *1er1iew for a 8a0er 3 Route Distri4ution<;uer0 Proto ol@> No/e(ber 1>>4. ?Ar( ta#e@ Ar( ta#e7 C. -- >(u##ort for &ulti ast o1er 7'I 3.1 :ased $T& 'etwor!s@ Internet Draft@> Apr l 1>>$. ?At& nson@ At& nson7 ". -- >RFC 1626% Default IP &T7 for use o1er $T& $$8 5@> Ma! 1>>4. ?,enha(@ ,enha(7 1. and 4 nn7 N. -- >$T& Foru+ 55/6415% (traw+an &P*$ ;uer0<Res#onse Content@> Apr l 1>>$. ?,or(an@ ,or(an7 1.7 et al -- >RFC 1323% TCP "=tensions for 9ig) Perfor+an e@> Ma! 1>>2. ?,ottor33@ ,ottor337 P. -- IPC Interwor!ing o1er $T&@ +n# neer n# )on3erence Notes7 Net%orldOInterOp +n# neer n# )on3erence7 Ma! 1>>4. ?,raden1@ ,raden7 ".7 )lar&7 1. and Shen&er7 S. -- >RFC 1633% Integrated (er1i e in t)e Internet $r )ite ture% $n *1er1iew@> Nul! 1>>4. ?,raden2@ ,raden7 ". -- >RFC 1122 // (TD 3% ReDuire+ent for Internet 9osts // Co++uni ation 8a0ers@> October 1>=>.

?,raden3@ ,raden7 ".7 et al -- >RFC 1626% Internet $r )ite ture "=tensions for ()ared &edia@> Ma! 1>>4. ?,radle!@ ,radle!7 T.7 et al -- >RFC 1456% &ulti#roto ol Inter onne t *1er Fra+e Rela0@> Nul! 1>>3. ?,radner@ ,radner7 S. and Man& n7 A. -- >RFC 1252% T)e Re o++endation for t)e IP 'e=t Beneration Proto ol@> Nanuar! 1>>$. ?,ro%n@ ,ro%n7 ). -- >$T& Foru+ 55/6664r1% ( o#e and ReDuire+ents for &ulti#roto ol (u4/Aor!ing Brou#@> 4ebruar! 1>>$. ?)allon1@ )allon7 ". -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6235% Integrated P/''I for &ulti#roto ol Routing@> Septe(ber 1>>4. ?)allon2@ )allon7 ". -- >$T& Foru+ 54/1653% 9oo!s in P''I to (u##ort Integrated Routing@> No/e(ber 1>>4. ?)anse/er@ )anser/er7 1. -- >'9RP Proto ol $##li a4ilit0 (tate+ent@> Internet 1ra3t7 March 1>>$. ?)heru&ur @ )heru&ur 7 ". ed. -- >$T& Foru+<55/6221R1% Draft P''I (ignaling@> March 1>>$. ?) sco@ ) sco S!ste(s -- >Cis oFusion% $n $r )ite ture for (wit )ed Internetwor!s@> March 1>>$. ?)ole@ )ole7 ".C. et al -- >IP o1er $T&% $ Fra+ewor! Do u+ent@> Internet 1ra3t7 Apr l 1>>$. ?1eer n#1@ 1eer n#7 S. -- >RFC 1112% 9ost "=tensions for IP &ulti asting@> Au#ust 1>>2. ?1eer n#2@ 1eer n#7 S.7 et al -- >Proto ol Inde#endent &ulti ast -PI&.% &oti1ation and $r )ite ture@> Internet 1ra3t7 Nanuar! 1>>$.

?1 c& e@ 1 c& e7 M. -- >Routing in Toda0Es Internetwor!s@> 1>>47 .an Nostrand "e nhold. ?1ro(s@ 1ro(s7 ". -- >RFC 1541% T)e D0na+i 9ost Configuration Proto ol@> October 1>>3. ?4 n&@ 4 n&7 ,. -- >IP<$T& Integrated Routing F $ddressing -IR$. &odel@> Internet 1ra3t7 March 1>>$. ?4 nn@ 4 nn7 N. and Mc)lo#hr e7 I. -- >$T& Foru+ 55/6352% 8$' "+ulation and &P*$@> March 1>>$. ?4oru(1@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& 7ser/'etwor! Interfa e (#e ifi ation ,ersion 3.1@> ATM 4oru( Spec 3 cat on7 Septe(ber 1>>4. Th s % ll shortl! be a/a lable 3ro( Prent ce 0all. ?4oru(2@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& 7ser/'etwor! Interfa e (#e ifi ation ,ersion 3.6@> ATM 4oru( Spec 3 cat on7 Septe(ber 1>>37 Prent ce 0all. ?4oru(3@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& Foru+ 54/1613R2% Draft of 7'I (ignaling 4.6@> Apr l 1>>$. ?4oru(4@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T&?Foru+ 54/136R5% $ Draft of t)e :/ICI (#e ifi ation Do u+ent ,ersion 2.6@> 4ebruar! 1>>$. ?4oru($@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T&?Foru+ 54/6421R2% P/''I Draft (#e ifi ation@> March 1>>$. ?4oru('@ ATM 4oru( -- >Interi+ Inter/(wit ) (ignaling Proto ol@> ATM 4oru( Spec 3 cat on7 4ebruar! 1>>$. ?4oru(2@ ATM 4oru( -- >8$' "+ulation *1er $T& (#e ifi ation // ,ersion 1@> ATM 4oru( Spec 3 cat on7 4ebruar! 1>>$. ?4oru(=@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6556% Fra+e Rela0 Foru+ FR<$T& (er1i e Interwor!ing I+#le+entation $gree+ent@> No/e(ber 1>>4.

?4oru(>@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& Foru+ 55/6613R2% Draft ,ersion 3.6 of $T& Foru+ Traffi &anage+ent (#e ifi ation ,ersion 4.6@> Apr l 1>>$. ?4oru(1<@ ATM 4oru( -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6236R4% ;o( :aseline Do u+ent@> March 1>>$. ?Cross(an@ Cross(an7 1. -- >$T&?Foru+ 54/1156% Per+anent ,CCs in P/''I@> No/e(ber 1>>4. ?0e nanen1@ 0e nanen7 N. -- >RFC 1433% &ulti#roto ol "n a#sulation o1er $T& $da#tation 8a0er 5@> Nul! 1>>3. ?0e nanen2@ 0e nanen7 N. -- >RFC 1235% ':&$ $ddress Resolution Proto ol -'$RP.@> 1ece(ber 1>>4. ?0 nden@ 0 nden7 ". -- >IP 'e=t Beneration *1er1iew@> Internet 1ra3t7 October 1>>4. ?0u#hes@ 0u#hes7 1. and 0oosh(and7 I. -- >$:R (tret )es $T& 'etwor! Resour es@> 1ata )o((un cat ons7 Apr l 1>>$. ?I+++@ I+++ -- >I""" (td 362.1D//1556 // I""" (tandards for 8o al and &etro#olitan $rea 'etwor!s% &edia $ ess Control -&$C. :ridges@> I+++7 1>>1. ?ISO@ ISOEI+) 1<<3=: ANSIEI+++ Std. =<2.11: >Infor+ation Pro essing (0ste+s // 8o al $rea 'etwor!s // &$C (u4la0er Inter onne tion -&$C :ridges..> ?IT-1@ IT--T -- >IT7/T I.555 // Fra+e Rela0ing :earer (er1i e Interwor!ing@ Co+ 13 R2/"@> Nul! 1>>3. ?IT-2@ IT--T -- >IT7/T I.364 // (u##ort of :road4and Conne tionless Data (er1i e on :/I(D'@> March7 1>>3. ?Na n@ Na n7 ". -- >Congestion Control and Traffi &anage+ent in $T& 'etwor!s% Re ent $d1an es and a (ur1e0@> Nanuar! 1>>$7 to be publ shed n >Co+#uter 'etwor!s and I(D' (0ste+s.>

?Iat;@ Iat;7 1. and P sc tello7 1. -- >':&$ 'e=t 9o# Resolution Proto ol -'9RP.@> Internet 1ra3t7 Ma! 1>>$. ?*ANQuest@ *ANQuest *abs -- >$T& Cell Congestion 8oss $ ross (wit ) -CC8$(. T)roug)#ut $nal0sis -Januar0 1555.@> *ANQuest *abs7 Nanuar! 1>>$. ?*aubach@ *aubach7 M. -- >RFC 1522% Classi al IP and $RP o1er $T&@> Nanuar! 1>>4. ?Mc1!san@ Mc1!san7 1.7 Sphon7 1. -- >$T& // T)eor0 and $##li ation@> McCra% 0 ll7 1>>$. ?M nol @ M nol 7 1. and . tella7 1. -- >$T& F Cell Rela0 (er1i e for Cor#orate "n1iron+ents@> McCra%-0 ll7 1>>4. ?Mo#ul@ Mo#ul7 N. and 1eer n#7 S. -- >RFC 1151% Pat) &T7 Dis o1er0@> No/e(ber 1>>4. ?Partr d#e1@ Partr d#e7 ). et al -- >RFC 1546% 9ost $n0 asting (er1i e@> No/e(ber 1>>3. ?Partr d#e2@ Partr d#e7 ). -- >RFC 1363% $ Pro#osed Flow (#e ifi ation@> Septe(ber 1>>2. ?Partr d#e3@ Partr d#e7 ). -- >Biga4it 'etwor!ing@> Add son-9esle!7 1>>4. ?Pere;@ Pere;7 M. et al -- >RFC 1255% $T& (ignaling (u##ort for IP o1er $T&@> 4ebruar! 1>>$. ?Per& ns1@ Per& ns7 1. and * a%7 4. -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6535% :e0ond Classi al IP // Integrated IP and $T& $r )ite ture *1er1iew@> Septe(ber 1>>4. ?Per& ns2@ Per& ns7 1. and * a%7 4. -- >$T& Foru+ 54/6536% :e0ond Classi al IP // Integrated IP and $T& Proto ol (#e ifi ation@> Septe(ber 1>>4. ?Pr!c&er@ 1e Pr!c&er7 M. -- >$s0n )ronous Transfer &ode // (olution for :road4and I(D'@ 2nd "dition@> +ll s 0or%ood7 1>>3.

?"e&hter@ "e&hter7 K.7 Iandlur7 1. -- >IP $r )ite ture "=tensions for $T&@> Internet 1ra3t7 Nanuar! 1>>$. ?Schul;r nne@ Schul;r nne7 0. et al -- >RTP% $ Trans#ort Proto ol for Real/Ti+e $##li ations@> Internet 1ra3t7 March 1>>$. ?S%allo%@ S%allo%7 C. -- >P''I% Aea1ing a &ulti1endor $T& 'etwor!@> 1ata )o((un cat ons7 1ece(ber 1>>4. ?Mhan#@ Mhan#7 *.7 et al -- >Resour e Re(er,ation Proto ol -R(,P. // ,ersion 1 Fun tional (#e ifi ation@> Internet 1ra3t7 March 1>>$.

Re,erence Sources

ATM 4oru( contr but ons are a/a lable onl! to Pr nc pal Me(bers o3 the ATM 4oru(. Publ shed ATM 4oru( spec 3 cat ons are a/a lable 3or purchase throu#h the ATM 4oru(. )all the ATM 4oru( 3a8 ser/er at O1 541$6 $2$ <1=27 or send e-(a l to af-info@atmforum.com 3or (ore deta ls on ATM 4oru( (e(bersh p.

The -NI 3.< spec 3 cat on s publ shed b! Prent ce 0all and should be a/a lable at (ost techn cal boo&stores. In3or(at on about ) sco products and ser/ ces can be obta ned 3ro( the ) sco )onnect on Onl ne 5))O6 999 0o(e Pa#e at http://www.cisco.com/. ) sco can be contacted at 1 5=<<6 $$3 '3=27 or throu#h an! ) sco sales o33 ce.

1eta ls on obta n n# Internet "4)s throu#h anon!(ous 4TP or e-(a l (a! be obta ned b! send n# e-(a l to rfc-info@ISI.EDU % th the (essa#e:

help: ways_to_get_rfcs

Internet 1ra3ts are a/a lable b! anon!(ous 4TP. Internet-1ra3ts d rector es are located at:
o o o o

-S +ast )oast: ds.internic.net -S 9est )oast: ftp.isi.edu +urope: nic.nordu.net Pac 3 c " (: munnari.o .au

Appendi- A. A Sur&e/ o, ATM Tra,,ic Manage$ent

One o3 the pr (ar! bene3 ts o3 ATM net%or&s s that the! can pro/ de users % th a #uaranteed Qual t! o3 Ser/ ce 5QoS6. To do th s7 the user (ust n3or( the net%or&7 upon connect on set-up7 o3 both the e8pected nature o3 the tra33 c that % ll be sent alon# the connect on7 and o3 the t!pe o3 :ual t! o3 ser/ ce that the connect on re:u res. The 3or(er s descr bed b! a set o3 tra33 c para(eters7 %h le the latter s spec 3 ed b! a set o3 des red QoS para(eters. The source node (ust n3or( the net%or& o3 the tra33 c para(eters and des red QoS 3or each d rect on o3 the re:uested connect on upon n t al set-upB these para(eters (a! be d 33erent7 ho%e/er7 n each d rect on o3 the connect on. ATM net%or&s o33er a spec 3 c set o3 ser/ ce classes7 and at connect on set-up7 the user (ust re:uest a spec 3 c ser/ ce class 3ro( the net%or& 3or that connect on. Ser/ ce classes are used b! ATM net%or&s to d 33erent ate bet%een spec 3 c t!pes o3 connect ons7 each % th a part cular ( 8 o3 tra33 c and QoS para(eters7 s nce such tra33 c (a! need to be d 33erent ated % th n the net%or&7 3or nstance7 b! us n# pr or t es to allo% 3or the re:uested beha/ or. The current set o3 QoS classesA'3A7 %h ch the 4oru( s de3 n n# 3or -NI 4.< s as 3ollo%s: 1. Continuous :it Rate GC:RH% +nd s!ste(s %ould use )," connect on t!pes to carr! constant b t rate tra33 c % th a 3 8ed t ( n# relat onsh p bet%een data sa(ples7 t!p call! 3or c rcu t e(ulat on. 2. ,aria4le :it Rate // Real Ti+e G,:R-RT.H% The .,"5"T6 ser/ ce class s used 3or connect ons that carr! /ar able b t rate tra33 c7 n %h ch there s a 3 8ed t ( n# relat onsh p bet%een sa(plesB 3or nstance7 3or such appl cat ons as /ar able b t rate / deo co(press on. 3. ,aria4le :it Rate // 'on/Real Ti+e I64IG,:R-'RT.H% The .,"5N"T6 ser/ ce class s used 3or connect ons that carr! /ar able b t rate tra33 c n %h ch there s no t ( n# relat onsh p bet%een data sa(ples7 but a #uarantee o3 QoS 5on band% dth or latenc!6 s st ll re:u red. Such a ser/ ce class ( #ht be used 3or 4ra(e "ela! nternet%or& n#7 n %h ch the )o(( tted In3or(at on "ate 5)I"6 o3 the 4ra(e "ela! connect on s (apped nto a band% dth #uarantee % th n the ATM net%or&.

A'3A The A," and .,"5N"T6 classes %ere not de3 ned n -NI 3.1. A'4A As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 t %as not clear %hether or not the .,"5N"T6 ser/ ce %ould actuall! be 3or(all! spec 3 ed % th n -NI 4.<7 s nce t s not de3 ned b! the IT--T7 and ts use and ut l t! %as contro/ers al % th n the ATM 4oru(.

4. $1aila4le :it Rate G$:RH% The ATM 4oru( s currentl! 3ocus n# ts %or& on the A," ser/ ce 5?4oru(>@7 ?Na n@7 ?0u#hes@6. As % th the .,"5N"T6 ser/ ce7 A," supports /ar able rate data trans( ss ons and does not preser/e an! t ( n# relat onsh ps bet%een source and dest nat on. -nl &e the .,"5N"T6 ser/ ce7 ho%e/er7 the A," ser/ ce does not pro/ de an! #uaranteed band% dth to the user. "ather7 the net%or& pro/ des a Hbest e33ortH ser/ ce7 n %h ch 3eedbac& 53lo% control (echan s(s6 s used to ncrease the band% dth a/a lable to the user -- the Allo%ed )ell "ate 5A)"6 -- 3 the net%or& s not con#ested and to reduce the band% dth %hen there s con#est on. Throu#h such 3lo% control (echan s(s7 the net%or& can control the a(ount o3 tra33 c that t allo%s nto the net%or&7 and ( n ( ;e cell loss % th n the net%or& due to con#est on. The ATM 4oru( s currentl! %or& n# on a Hrate basedH (echan s( 3or A," con#est on control7 %here "esource Mana#e(ent 5"M6 )ells or the e8pl c t 3or%ard con#est on nd cat on 5+4)I6 b t % th n ATM cells are used to nd cate the presence o3 con#est on % th n the net%or& to the source s!ste(. A spec 3 ed tra33 c pac n# al#or th(7 controll n# the A)"7 s used at the source to control the tra33 c rate nto the net%or&7 based e ther upon the nu(ber o3 "M cells rece /ed % th a con#est on nd cat on or an e8pl c t rate nd cat on 3ro( the net%or&. "e3er to ?4oru(>@ 3or (ore deta ls. A," s des #ned to (ap to e8 st n# *AN protocols that opportun st call! use as (uch band% dth as s a/a lable 3ro( the net%or&7 but can e ther bac& o337 or be bu33ered n the presence o3 con#est on. A," s hence deal 3or carr! n# *AN tra33 c 53or nstance7 us n# *AN +(ulat on6 across ATM net%or&s.

The A," ser/ ce can opt onall! pro/ de a #uaranteed M n (u( )ell "ate 5M)"6 3or an A," connect on7 but the e8act nature o3 th s #uarantee s currentl! a (atter o3 debate % th n the ATM 4oru(. $. 7ns#e ified :it Rate G7:RH% The -," ser/ ce does not o33er an! ser/ ce #uarantees. The user s 3ree to send an! a(ount o3 data up to a spec 3 ed (a8 (u( %h le the net%or& (a&es no #uarantees at all on the cell loss rate7 dela!7 or dela! /ar at on that ( #ht be e8per enced. The -," ser/ ce s currentl! the best (atch to *AN protocols7 # /en that the A," spec 3 cat on has !et to be co(pleted. As o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#7 t appeared that the A," spec 3 cat on %ould not be co(pleted unt l %ell nto the second hal3 o3 1>>$. 1eplo!(ent o3 A," co(pl ant e:u p(ent % ll l &el! ta&e e/en lon#er. In the (eant (e7 -," s the onl! ser/ ce currentl! a/a lable 3or data transport. S nce -," does not ha/e an! 3lo% control (echan s(s7 ho%e/er7 to control or l ( t con#est on7 t % ll be (portant that ATM s% tches e ther (ple(ent pre-standard con#est on control (echan s(s7 or support ade:uate bu33er n# to ( n ( ;e the probab l t! o3 cell loss %hen (ult ple lar#e data bursts are rece /ed concurrentl! at a s% tch7 as ( #ht be e8pected7 3or nstance7 n a t!p cal cl ent-ser/er en/ ron(ent ?*ANQuest@. There s no e8pl c t pr or t! 3 eld assoc ated % th ATM connect on t!pes7 thou#h7 as % ll be d scussed7 such pr or t es are re:u red % th n ATM s% tches. The onl! nd cat on o3 relat /e pr or t! % th n an ATM cell s the )ell *oss Pr or t! 5)*P6 b t that s carr ed % th n the cell headerB sett n# th s b t to 1 5)*PD16 nd cates that the cell (a! be dropped7 n pre3erence to cells % th )*PD<. 9h le th s b t (a! be set b! end s!ste(s7 t s (ore l &el! to be set b! the net%or&7 as descr bed belo%. Tra33 c sent alon# connect ons o3 an! t!pe are de3 ned b! a set o3 tra33 c para(eters:
o o

Pea& )ell "ate 5P)"6 )ell 1ela! .ar at on Tolerance 5)1.T6

o o o

Susta nable )ell "ate 5S)"6 ,urst Tolerance 5,T6 M n (u( )ell "ate 5M)"67 3or A," onl!

These para(eters de3 ne an Hen/elopeH around a tra33 c strea(7 but not all para(eters are /al d 3or all ser/ ce classes. 4or )," connect ons7 3or nstance7 onl! the P)"7 %h ch deter( nes ho% o3ten data sa(ples are sent7 and the )1.T7 %h ch deter( nes ho% (uch F tter s tolerable 3or such sa(ples7 are rele/ant. 4or .," connect ons7 the S)" and ,T to#ether deter( ne the lon#- ter( a/era#e cell rate and the s ;e o3 the (a8 (u( burst o3 cont #uous cells that can be trans( tted. In the case o3 the A," ser/ ce7 the P)" deter( nes the (a8 (u( /alue o3 the Allo%ed )ell rate 5A)"67 %h ch s d!na( call! controlled b! the net%or&7 throu#h con#est on control (echan s(s7 to /ar! bet%een the M)" and P)". 9hen sett n# up a connect on7 the re:uest n# node n3or(s the net%or& o3 the t!pe o3 ser/ ce re:u red7 the tra33 c para(eters o3 the data 3lo%s n each d rect on o3 the connect on7 and the QoS re:uested 3or each d rect on. To#ether7 these 3or( the tra33 c descr ptors 3or the connect on. In -NI 3.<E3.17 the QoS re:uested 3or each d rect on s not e8pl c tl! spec 3 ed. Instead7 the net%or& o33ers a nu(ber o3 spec 3 ed QoS classes that correspond to so(e or all o3 the QoS ser/ ce t!pes. The net%or& ad( n strat on has the respons b l t! o3 ensur n# that the net%or& s con3 #ured such that each o3 the o33ered QoS classes pro/ des le/els o3 QoS appropr ate 3or each QoS t!pe. The ATM 4oru( dec ded7 ho%e/er7 that th s (ethod %as too a(b #uous and replaced t n -NI 4.< % th e8pl c t s #nal n# o3 QoS para(etersA'$A7 des red /alues o3 %h ch are re:uested at connect on set-up t (e ?4oru(1<@.

A'$A -NI 4.< s #nal n# (essa#es % ll carr! both the QoS ser/ ce classes and the e8pl c t para(eters7 so that s% tches could operate on e ther7 depend n# upon the r o%n (ple(entat on.

The current set o3 QoS para(eters cons st o3 three dela! para(eters7 and one dependab l t! para(eter. The three dela! para(eters are as 3ollo%s:
o o o

Pea&-to-pea& cell dela! /ar at on 5)1.6 Ma8 (u( cell trans3er dela! 5Ma8 )T16 Mean cell trans3er dela! 5Mean )1.6

The dependab l t! para(eter s as 3ollo%s:

o

)ell *oss "at o 5)*"6

The 3or(er three para(eters are treated as d!na( c7 add t /e (etr cs7 and the r e8pected /alues throu#h the net%or& % ll be cu(ulated n 5-NI 4.< and P-NNI6 s #nal n# re:uests7 %h le the latter s cons dered to be a con3 #ured l n& and node attr bute7 %h ch local )A) al#or th(s % ll str /e to (eet. Part cular co(b nat ons o3 the )1.7 Ma8 )T17 Mean )T1 and )*" 53or )*PD< strea(s onl!6 para(eters % ll be ne#ot able7 depend n# upon the ser/ ce class7 bet%een the ends!ste( and the net%or&7 n -NI 4.<. As % th the tra33 c para(eters7 not all QoS para(eters appl! to all ser/ ce classes. Ta8le 1 su((ar ;es the tra33 c para(eters and QoS para(eters appl cable to each o3 the QoS ser/ ce classes.
Table 1: Service Classes and Applicable Parameters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------!"# $ayer Ser%ice &ategories 'ara!ttri(ute ---------------------------------------------------------&)* //////////// &$* Unspecified -----------2oS Specified0 Specified0 Specified0 Specified1 +), -*". +)* -,*". !)* U)* meter

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&"D and Unspecified &D+

&D+ and 2oS #a4 &"D

&D+ and #a4 &"D 5nly

#ean &"D

Unspecified3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------'&* &D+"7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------S&* and "raffic )"7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------#&* "raffic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------&ongestion &ontrol ---------------------------------------------------------------------------0 9or &)* and +)* the &ell $oss *atio may (e unspecified for &$'/:. 1 #inimi ed for sources that ad;ust cell flow in response to control information. @ ,ot su(;ect to &!& and U'& procedures and may use different %alue from section <.=.>.? of the U,I <.: specification @9orum:A. 6 *epresents the ma4imum rate at which the source can send as controlled (y the control information. 7 "hese parameters are either e4plicitly or implicitly specified for '+&s or ,o ,o ,o 8es ,o n/a n/a n/a Specified n/a n/a Specified Specified n/a n/a and Specified "raffic Specified Specified Specified6 Specified@

S+&s

as

defined

in

section

<.=.>.?.:

of

the

U,I

<.:/<.B

specifications. 3 "he o(;ecti%e of the ser%ice is that the networC does not e4cessi%ely delay the admitted cells. *eDuirements for e4plicit specification of the &"D and &D+ is for further study.

An ATM connect on that s set up % th spec 3 ed tra33 c descr ptors const tutes a traffi ontra t bet%een the user and the net%or&. The net%or& o33ers the t!pe o3 #uaranteeA''A appropr ate to the ser/ ce class7 as lon# as the user &eeps the tra33 c on the connect on % th n the en/elope de3 ned b! the tra33 c para(eters. The net%or& can en3orce the tra33 c contract b! a (echan s( &no%n as usage #ara+eter ontrol 5-P)67 better &no%n as tra33 c pol c n#. -P) s a set o3 al#or th(s per3or(ed b! an ATM s% tch on the rece pt o3 cells % th n a connect on that deter( ne %hether or not the cell strea( s co(pl ant % th the tra33 c contract. The -NI 3.1 spec 3 cat on spec 3 ed a Hdual lea&! buc&etH al#or th( 3or -P)A'2A ?4oru(1@. In conceptual ter(s7 the dual lea&! buc&et (echan s(A'=A can be best thou#ht o3 as a (eans o3 pac n# the trans( ss on o3 cells alon# a l n& so that the tra33 c strea( (eets the spec 3 ed P)" and )1.T7 and opt onall!7 the S)" and ,T 3or the connect on 53or /ar ous co(b nat ons o3 )*PD<7 )*PD1 and )*PD<O1 cell strea(s6. The -NI 3.1 -P) (echan s( (easures cell arr /als as 3 the! %ere #enerated b! such a lea&! buc&et based G#ener c cell rate al#or th(G 5C)"A6. Th s does not necessar l! (ean that the cell trans( tted on the connect on needs to be so paced. An! t!pe o3 tra33 c shap n# can be used7 as lon# as the tra33 c Hen/elopeH 3 ts % th n the tra33 c contract para(eters. In pract ce7 ho%e/er7 tra33 c sent across ATM l n&s that are controlled b! -P) are so(et (es actuall! shaped b! us n# a lea&! buc&et al#or th( and the re:uested tra33 c para(eters7 %h ch ensures that cells % ll not be nad/ertentl! (ar&ed as non-con3or(ant. Tra33 c shap n# can also help control and reduce con#est on % th n a net%or& - 3or nstance7 b! l ( t n# the pea& rate o3 a connect on to that o3 the slo%est l n& alon# the path.

Figure 36% Traffi ()a#ing and Poli ing -7PC.

-pon the detect on o3 a non-con3or(ant cell7 a s% tch can choose to e ther select /el! d scard the cell7 or7 3 local resources and pol c es per( t7 to ta# the cell as non-con3or(ant b! sett n# ts )*P b t to 1. The cell %ould then be (ore l &el! to be d scarded 3urther % th n the ATM net%or& 3 3urther con#est on s e8per enced. -P) s pr (ar l! des #ned to be used across -NI7 s nce passa#e throu#h ATM s% tches % ll chan#e the shape o3 the tra33 c strea(A'>A due to bu33er n# dela!s and so on. -P) s l &el! to be used across publ c -NI7 ho%e/er7 s nce publ c ATM net%or&s % ll l &el! base the r tar 33s on tra33 c usa#e. Th s (a! re:u re ATM s% tches that are connected to publ c -NI to reshape the tra33 c sent across publ c -NI.

A''A In -NI 3.<E3.17 the tra33 c para(eters and re:uested QoS 3or a connect on cannot be ne#ot ated at set-up7 or chan#ed o/er the l 3et (e o3 the connect on. -NI 4.< % ll support connect on QoS ne#ot at onB ho% th s % ll be supported % th n P-NNI s 3or 3uture stud!. A'2A The -NI 3.1 -P) al#or th( appl es onl! to )," and .," connect on t!pes. No -P) (echan s( s spec 3 ed 3or -," connect ons. The 4oru( s currentl! cons der n# -P) (echan s(s 3or the A," ser/ ce.

A'=A Str ctl! spea& n#7 the dual lea&! buc&et -P) (echan s( (odels tra33 c as 3 t %ere paced b! a s n#le lea&! buc&et -- the s ;e o3 %h ch deter( nes the )1.T7 and s e(pt ed at the P)". Th s lea&! buc&et s then 3ed b! a to&en buc&et that s e(pt ed at the S)"B the s ;e o3 the to&en buc&et deter( nes the M,S. "e3er to ?Partr d#e3@ 3or a deta led d scuss on o3 lea&! buc&et tra33 c shap n# al#or th(s. A'>A The re:uested QOS7 ho%e/er7 (ust be (et end-to-end.

As descr bed n Sect on 4.<7 the ATM rout n# protocols per3or(ed b! ATM s% tches use the tra33 c descr ptors assoc ated % th a s #nal n# re:uest to both route the connect on appropr atel! to (eet the tra33 c #uarantees7 and to control connect on ad( ss on7 %h ch ensures that establ sh n# a ne% connect on % ll not ad/ersel! a33ect establ shed connect ons. To support (ult ple tra33 c classes7 ATM s% tches nternall! #enerall! (ust (ple(ent a (echan s( 3or solat n# the tra33 c 3lo%s o3 part cular connect on t!pes 3ro( each other. 4or nstance7 the s% tch (a! allocate d 33erent pr or t! le/els to the d 33erent ser/ ce classes7 so that the cells o3 so(e connect on t!pes #a n pre3erent al access to scarce resources -- t!p call! )," connect ons rece /e h #h pr or t! to ( n ( ;e the a(ount o3 latenc! and F tter e8per enced b! the cells on such connect ons.

Appendi- 0. Status o, 1e/ ATM Standards and Speci,ications

Most o3 the &e! spec 3 cat ons and standards 3or pr /ate ATM net%or&s are be n# de/eloped at the ATM 4oru( and the Internet +n# neer n# Tas& 4orce 5I+T46. The 3or(er s str ctl! an H (ple(enterGs a#ree(entH bod!7 clar 3! n# the use o3 standards de/eloped at other ATM standards bod es7 such as the IT--T and the ANSI T1S1 )o(( ttee. In pract ce7 the ATM 4oru( has cons derable e8tended such standards 3or pr /ate net%or& spec 3 c re:u re(ents7 and has created ent rel! ne% spec 3 cat ons7 such as *AN +(ulat on and the P-NNI protocols. The ATM

4oru( spec 3 cat ons can hence be cons dered the de 3acto standards 3or pr /ate net%or& ATM deplo!(ent. The I+T4 has 3ocused pr (ar l!7 as ( #ht be e8pected7 on aspects o3 IP nter%or& n# o/er ATM7 s nce (ost other la!er 3 protocols 5e.#. IPJ7 Appletal&6 are propr etar!. The %or& o3 the I+T4 has been /er! n3luent al7 ho%e/er7 and7 as noted n the paper7 ser/e as (odels 3or the %or& o3 the ATM 4oru( 5 n part cular7 3or the Mult protocol o/er ATM #roup6. 9e l st belo% so(e o3 the &e! co(pleted and pend n# spec 3 cat ons 3ro( the ATM 4oru( and the I+T4. +8pected co(plet on dates 3or pend n# spec 3 cat ons are naturall! best #uesses onl!7 as o3 the t (e o3 %r t n#. "e3er to Sect on 1<.< 3or n3or(at on on ho% to obta n the latest dra3ts o3 such spec 3 cat ons. Note7 ho%e/er7 that the deplo!(ent o3 co(pleted standards % ll t!p call! la# the r 3 nal spec 3 cat on7 due to necessar! de/elop(ent schedules7 (an! o3 %h ch cannot co((ence pr or to the 3 nal ;at on o3 the standards.

0.1 +o$pleted Speci,ications 66 ATM =oru$

:.

-NI 3.< Contents% Ph!s cal la!er7 ATM la!er7 OAM cell operat on7 I*MI7 -NI s #nal n#.

>.

-NI 3.1 Contents% ,u# 3 8es to -NI 3.<7 al #n(ent % th co(pleted IT--T SS)OP and s #nal n# standards.

<.

*AN+ Phase 1 Contents% *-NI protocol

?.

IISP

Contents% -NI 3.<E3.1 based stat c rout n# NNI protocol

0.2 +o$pleted Speci,ications 66 I#T=

E.

"4) 14=3 Contents% Mult protocol +ncapsulat on

=.

"4) 1$22 Contents% )lass cal IP O/er ATM protocol

F.

"4) 1'2' Contents% 1e3ault MT- 3or )lass cal IP

G.

"4) 12$$ Contents% S #nal n# #u del nes 3or )lass cal IP

0.3 ending Speci,ications 66 ATM =oru$

H.

P-NNI Phase 1 Contents% QoS based NNI rout n#7 h erarch cal net%or& (odel. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q3 1>>$

:B.

A," )on#est on )ontrol Contents% ,est e33ort tra33 c class and rate based con#est on control (echan s(. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q3EQ4 1>>$

::.

-NI 4.< S #nal n# Contents% A," s #nal n#7 lea3 n t ated Fo ns7 QoS ne#ot at on7 .P s #nal n#7 pro8! s #nal n# etc. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q3EQ4 1>>$

:>.

MPOA Contents% Mult protocol transport o/er ATM. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q1EQ2 1>>'

:<.

*AN+ Phase 2 Contents% *-NNI spec 3 cat on 3or redundant ser/ers. +8pected

)o(plet on 1ate: Q1EQ2 1>>'

0.4 ending Speci,ications 66 I#T=

:?.

N0"P Contents% )ut throu#h rout n# e8tens ons to )lass cal IP (odel. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q2EQ3 1>>$

:E.

Mult cast Support n 1$22 Contents% Mult cast re# strat on ser/ ces )o(plet on 1ate: Q2EQ3 1>>$ n )lass cal IP. +8pected

:=.

IP/' 5IPn#6 Contents% 4a( l! o3 spec 3 cat ons 3or co(plete IP/' protocol. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q4 1>>$

:F.

"S.P Contents% "esource reser/at on protocol 3or IP. +8pected )o(plet on 1ate: Q3 1>>$

:G.

PIM