JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MAJOR PROJECT SYNOPSIS ON

CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES BASED ON PILOT ARRANGEMENT IN OFDM SYSTEMS

__________________________________________________________
Supervisor : Mrs.Reema Budhiraja

Submitted To: Mrs. Juhi Gupta Mr. Pankaj Kr. Yadav

Submitted By: Anubhav Kr. Saurav(9102346) Prabhat Singh (9502935)

Introduction:
In an OFDM system, the transmitter modulates the message bit sequence into PSK/QAM symbols, performs IFFT on the symbols to convert them into time-domain signals, and sends them out through a (wireless) channel. The received signal is usually distorted by the channel characteristics. In order to recover the transmitted bits, the channel effect must be estimated and compensated in the receiver . As each subcarrier can be regarded as an independent channel, as long as no ICI (Inter-Carrier Interference) occurs, and thus preserving the orthogonality among subcarriers. The orthogonality allows each subcarrier component of the received signal to be expressed as the product of the transmitted signal and channel frequency response at the subcarrier. Thus, the transmitted signal can be recovered by estimating the channel response just at each subcarrier. In general, the channel can be estimated by using a preamble or pilot symbols known to both transmitter and receiver, which employ various interpolation techniques to estimate the channel response of the subcarriers between pilot tones. In general, data signal as well as training signal, or both, can be used for channel estimation. In order to choose the channel estimation technique for the OFDM system under consideration, many different aspects of implementations, including the required performance, computational complexity and time-variation of the channel must be taken into account.The interpolation of the channel for comb-type based channel estimation can depend on linear interpolation, second order
interpolation, low-pass interpolation, spline cubic interpolation, and time domain interpolation.

Pilot Arrangement:
Depending on the arrangement of pilots, two different types of pilot structures are considered: block type, comb type. Block Type Pilot arrangement: A block type of pilot arrangement is depicted in the figure below. In this type, OFDM symbols with pilots at all subcarriers (referred to as pilot symbols herein) are transmitted periodically for channel estimation. Using these pilots, a time-domain interpolation is performed to estimate the channel along the time axis.The period of the pilot symbol must be less than or equal to the coherence time of the channel in order to keep of the time varying channel characteristics. Let St be the period of pilot symbol,then

Since pilot tones are inserted into all subcarriers of pilot symbols with a period in time, the block-type pilot arrangement is suitable for frequency-selective channels. For the fast-fading channels, however, it might incur too much overhead to track the channel variation by reducing

the pilot symbol period.

Fig: Block Type Pilot Arrangement

Fig: Comb Type Pilot arrangement

Comb Type Pilot Arrangement: Comb-type pilot arrangement is depicted in above figure. In this type, every OFDM symbol has pilot tones at the periodically-located subcarriers, which are used for a frequency-domain interpolation to estimate the channel along the frequency axis. Let S f be the period of pilot tones in frequency. In order to keep track of the frequency-selective channel characteristics, the pilot symbols must be placed as frequently as coherent bandwidth is. As the coherence bandwidth is determined by an inverse of the maximum delay spread smax, the pilot symbol period must satisfy the following inequality:

As opposed to the block-type pilot arrangement, the comb-type pilot arrangement is suitable or fastfading channels, but not for frequency-selective channels.

Channel Estimation using Least Square Error(LSE) Algorithm:

Receiver has to estimate the channel to reduce the eect of the channel in the signal transmitted. In LSE algorithm ,the channel is estimated by using the following formula:

.Source Reference [4]

Where D(sp) and D(sp)H are the diagonal matrix of transmitted pilots and coorresponding Hermitian transpose, F p and (Fp)H are the matrix of dimension L (channel length) by P(number of pilot sub carriers)and corresponding Hermitian transpose and Ep be the transmitted power in each pilot subcarrier.We can get the estimated the channel coecients by multiplying G with received pilots.

Work Done Till Date

1)Channel estimation using Least Square Error (LSE) algorithm based on Comb type Pilot arrangement structure in an OFDM system . 2)Performance of the OFDM system in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel. 3)Comparison of BER vs SNR using various modulation techniques such as M-PSK and M-QAM in Rayleigh Fading Channel.

References:
[1]Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri, and Ahmad Bahai; Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 48, NO. 3,
SEPTEMBER 2002

[2] Huimei Yuan , Yingzhuan Ling, Hao Sun, Wen Chen, Research on Channel Estimation for OFDM Receiver Based on IEEE 802.11aThe IEEE International Conference on Industrial
Informatics,DCC,Korea,July 13-16,2008.

[3] Taewon Hwang, Chenyang Yang, Senior Member, IEEE,GangWu, Member, IEEE, Shaoqian Li, andGeoffrey Ye Li, Fellow, IEEE; OFDM and Its Wireless Applications: A Survey IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 58, NO. 4, MAY 2009

[4] Xiaodong Cai and Georgios B. Giannakis, Error Probability Minimizing Pilots for OFDM With M-PSK Modulation Over Rayleigh-Fading Channels, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular technology, vol. 53, No. 1,pp 146-155, Jan. 2004.