Report on

Enclosure Insertion Loss

Measurements
Undertaken at
Leeds Metropolitan University,
Portland Crescent,
Leeds,
West Yorkshire,
LS1 3HB

Wednesday16th October 2013

Student Number: 77144104

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Student Number: 77144104

Summary

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Student Number: 77144104

Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. i
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................ii
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................ iv
1.

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1

2.

Instrumentation ................................................................................................................... 2

3.

4.

2.1.

Sound level meter ........................................................................................................ 2

2.2.

Calibrator ..................................................................................................................... 2

2.3.

Accelerometers .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.

Equipment ................................................................................................................... 2

Measurements ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.

Measurement layout .................................................................................................... 4

3.2.

Measurement procedure .............................................................................................. 4

Measurement Results .......................................................................................................... 6

4.1.

5.

Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 7
5.1.

6.

Sound Pressure Level measurements .......................................................................... 6

Comparison models ..................................................................................................... 7

5.1.1.

Smith et al and Roberts and Shield Models ............................................................. 7

5.1.2.

Ver Model ................................................................................................................ 9

Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 11
6.1.

Insertion loss (Door 1)............................................................................................... 11

6.2.

Insertion loss (Door 2)............................................................................................... 14

6.3.

Measurement inaccuracies ........................................................................................ 17

6.3.1.

Eliminate the process ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.

Observations .............................................................................................................. 17

6.5.

Further Work ............................................................................................................. 18

References ................................................................................................................................ 19
Appendix A:Measurement setup pictures ..............................................................................A-1
Appendix B:Tabulated Insertion Loss Measurements ........................................................... B-1

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List of Figures
Figure 4-1 Insertion Loss Measurements, dB ......................................................................... 6
Figure 7-1 Measured Insertion Losses (Door 1), dB ............................................................ 11
Figure 7-2 Enclosure Layout (with no pad or absorption) .................................................... 13
Figure 7-3 Measured Insertion Losses (Door 2), dB ............................................................. 14
Figure 7-4- Measured Insertion Losses for all configurations ................................................. 15
Figure 7-5 - Transmission Loss through a Circular aperture ................................................... 16
Figure A-1 ..............................................................................................................................A-1
Figure A-2 ..............................................................................................................................A-2
Figure A-3 ..............................................................................................................................A-3
Figure A-4 ..............................................................................................................................A-4
Figure A-5 ..............................................................................................................................A-5
Figure A-6 ..............................................................................................................................A-6

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Student Number: 77144104

List of Tables
Table 5-1 Calculated Insertion Losses (Roberts and Shield model), dB ................................ 8
Table 5-1 Calculated Insertion Losses (Smith et al model), dB ............................................. 8
Table 6-1 Standing Wave resonance mode distances, m (n=4) ............................................ 14
Table B-1 Insertion Loss with no pad with no absorption (Door 1) ................................... B-1
Table B-2 Insertion Loss with pad with no absorption (Door 1) ........................................ B-1
Table B-3 Insertion Loss with no pad with absorption (Door 1) ........................................ B-1
Table B-4 Insertion Loss with pad with absorption (Door 1) ............................................. B-1
Table B-5 Insertion Loss with no pad with no absorption (Door 2) ................................... B-2
Table B-6 Insertion Loss with pad with no absorption (Door 2) ........................................ B-2
Table B-7 no pad with absorption (Door 2) ......................................................................... B-2
Table B-8 Insertion Loss with pad with absorption (Door 2) ............................................. B-2

ii

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Student Number: 77144104

Nomenclature

iv

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1.

Student Number: 77144104

Introduction

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2.

Instrumentation & equipment

2.1.

Sound level meter

Manufacturer

Norsonic

Model

140

Class type

Serial Number

1404470

Calibration due

Not specified

2.2.

Calibrator

Manufacturer

Norsonic

Model

4231

Serial Number

2389088

Calibration due

Not specified

2.3.

Microphone

Manufacturer

Norsonic

Model

1209

Serial Number

12908

Calibration due

Not specified

2.4.

Student Number: 77144104

Equipment

Manufacturer

Wharfedale Speaker (Pink Noise Source Speaker)

Model

30D 6

Serial Number

121118

Calibration due

Not specified

Manufacturer

NTI Minarator (Signal Generator)

Model

MR Pro

Serial Number

Not specified

Calibration due

Not specified
2

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Student Number: 77144104

Manufacturer

Bruel & Kjaer Power Amplifier

Model

2706

Serial Number

391922

Calibration due

Not specified

2.5.

Materials

Material 1

4 sided enclosure comprising of 9mm plywood

Material 2

25mm upholstery absorption

Material 3

Anti-Vibration pad

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3.

Measurements

3.1.

Measurement layout

Student Number: 77144104

Both Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2 illustrate the insertion loss measurement layouts. Photos of
the layouts (including photos of doors 1 and 2) can also be found within Appendix A:.

Measurement Position
Noise Source
SPL0

9mm plywood enclosure panels

SPLE

Figure 3-1 Insertion loss measurement setup (without pad and absorption)

Anti-Vibration Pad

SPL0

SPLE
25mm absorption

Figure 3-2 Insertion loss measurement setup (with pad and absorption)

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3.2.

Student Number: 77144104

Measurement procedure

Sound pressure level measurements of various enclosure configurations (referred to within

Table 3-1) were undertaken within the reverberation room at Leeds Metropolitan University,
Portland Crescent, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS1 3HB. From these measurements an insertion
loss1 for each configuration was then computed
Table 3-1 Measurement Descriptions
Measurement Number

Measurement description

No pad and no absorption

Pad and no absorption

No pad with absorption

Pad with absorption

The supplied noise signal was that of pink noise which was amplified via a power amplifier
and relayed through a loudspeaker. No note was taken of noise source directionality.
All equipment was inspected prior to and after measurements.

For ease of measurements it was assumed that the enclosure with one panel removed (door 1
&2) was the same as if the enclosure was not installed.

Measurements were made at 1m from the edge of the enclosure at a height of 1.3m from the
ground. The SLM was mounted upon a tripod and was not moved throughout the
measurement process.

Prior to the commencing measurements, the calibration of the SLM described in Section 2.1
was undertaken using the calibrator (referred to in Section 2.2). The calibrator level was
measured correctly at 114 dB(A)

The calibration of the SLM was re-checked successfully on completion of the measurements

(sound pressure level before introduction of enclosure sound pressure level with enclosure installed)

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4.

Student Number: 77144104

Measurement Results

Figure 4-1 is a plot of all sound pressure level measurements (for both Door 1 and 2) in dB.
From this the insertion loss was computed by subtracting the measured sound pressure levels
(for doors 1 & 2) when installed from the sound pressure levels measured with the doors not
present. These results are also presented in tabular form within Appendix B:
4.1.

Sound Pressure Level measurements

Figure 4-1 Insertion Loss Measurements, dB

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5.

Analysis

5.1.

Comparison models

Student Number: 77144104

To understand if empirical insertion loss prediction models such as (Roberts and Shield, n.d),
(Smith et al., 1996) and (Ver, 2006) are accurate and/or usable a series of simple calculations
was undertaken. For ease of calculation all models were computed within a spreadsheet and
only one configuration (Door 1 with pad and absorption) was chosen. The computed
frequency range was 125Hz to 4000Hz. Values of sound reduction index, R and absorption
coefficients () were extracted from Appendix B of (Barron, 2003).

5.1.1. Smith et al and Roberts and Shield Models

(Roberts and Shield, n.d) and (Smith et al., 1996) outline the same insertion loss model albeit
with a slightly different formulations.

The (Roberts and Shield, n.d) model states that the reduction in sound pressure within the
receiving room can be predicted from Equation (5.1).

1
I.L = R - 10log10

(3.1)

where R is the sound reduction index of the panels of the enclosure, dB,at the relevant
frequency, Hz and

is the total average sound absorption coefficients of all inside surfaces

of the enclosure at the relevant frequency, Hz.

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Student Number: 77144104

Table 5-1 Calculated Insertion Losses (Roberts and Shield model), dB

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open, dB
Measured Door 1, dB
SRI (Plywood), dB
Absorption coefficient (plywood)
Absorption coefficient (foam)

125
90
82.2
17
0.28
0.08

250
85
81.6
15
0.22
0.1

500
78.9
65.5
20
0.17
0.2

1000
75.3
59.9
24
0.09
0.3

2000
74.6
56.5
28
0.1
0.6

4000
69.4
49.5
27
0.1
0.93

Plywood m2
foam, m2

0.392
0.144

0.308
0.18

0.238
0.36

0.126
0.54

0.14
1.08

0.14
1.674

0.536

0.488

0.598

0.666

1.22

1.814

0.1685
9.2
7.8
1.4

0.153
6.8
3.4
3.4

0.1869
12.7
13.4
-0.7

0.2081
17.2
15.4
1.8

0.3813
23.8
18.1
5.7

0.5669
24.5
19.9
4.6

Total, m2
Average absorption coefficient, m
Calculated Insertion Loss, dB
Measured Insertion Loss, dB
Delta, dB

Whereas (Smith et al., 1996) gives I.L as:

I.L=R -10log10 S +10log10 A

(3.2)

where R is the sound reduction index of the panels of the enclosure, dB,at the relevant
frequency, Hz, S is the total area of the enclosure (four walls plus roof), m2and A is the
absorption area of the inside surfaces of the enclosure at the relevant frequency, Hz.
Table 5-2 Calculated Insertion Losses (Smith et al model), dB
Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open, dB
Measured Door 1, dB
SRI (Plywood), dB
Absorption coefficient (plywood)
Absorption coefficient (foam)

125
90
82.2
17
0.28
0.08

250
85
81.6
15
0.22
0.1

500
78.9
65.5
20
0.17
0.2

1000
75.3
59.9
24
0.09
0.3

2000
74.6
56.5
28
0.1
0.6

4000
69.4
49.5
27
0.1
0.93

Plywood m2
foam, m2

0.392
0.144

0.308
0.18

0.238
0.36

0.126
0.54

0.14
1.08

0.14
1.674

Total, m2
Calculated Insertion Loss, dB
Measured Insertion Loss, dB
Delta, dB

0.536
9.2
7.8
1.4

0.488
6.8
3.4
3.4

0.598
12.7
13.4
-0.7

0.666
17.2
15.4
1.8

1.22
23.8
18.1
5.7

1.814
24.5
19.9
4.6

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Student Number: 77144104

5.1.2. Ver Model

The (Ver, 2006) model is slightly more complex than (Roberts and Shield, n.d) and (Smith et
al., 1996) models in that it includes a leak factor SGj,. Within this example the leak factor was
assumed to be 1/100th of the total enclosure surface area.

Sw
I.L 10log10
R gj 10
R wi 10
Swi 10
+
S
10

Gj

(3.3)

Where SW is the total area of the enclosure (four walls plus roof), m2, therefore Swi = Sw ,

is the average sound absorption coefficients of the inside surfaces of the enclosure at the
relevant frequency, Hz, R wi and R gj are the S sound reduction index of the panels of the
enclosure, dB, at the relevant frequency.

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Student Number: 77144104

Table 5-3 Calculated Insertion Losses (Ver model), dB

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open, dB
Measured Door 1, dB
SRI (Plywood), dB
Absorption Coefficient (plywood)
Absorption coefficient (foam)

125
90
82.2
17
0.28
0.08

250
85
81.6
15
0.22
0.1

500
78.9
65.5
20
0.17
0.2

1000
75.3
59.9
24
0.09
0.3

2000
74.6
56.5
28
0.1
0.6

4000
69.4
49.5
27
0.1
0.93

Plywood m2
foam, m2

0.392
0.144

0.308
0.18

0.238
0.36

0.126
0.54

0.14
1.08

0.14
1.674

Total, m2

0.536

0.488

0.598

0.666

1.22

1.814

Average absorption coefficient, m2

0.169

0.153

0.187

0.208

0.381

0.567

Sw * (Sw= 3.2m )
10(Rwi,gi/10)
Swi * 10(Rwi,gi/10) (Swi= 3.2m2)
Leak Factor (1/100th of surface area)
* 10(Rwi,gi/10)
[(Swi * 10(Rwi,gi/10) + * 10(Rwi,gi/10))]
Sw * / [(Swi * 10(Rwi,gi/10) + * 10(Rwi,gi/10))]
10log10 [(Sw * / [(Swi * 10(Rwi,gi/10) + * 10(Rwi,gi/10))]

0.536
0.0200
0.064
0.001
2E-05
0.063
8.39
9.2
9.2
7.8
1.4

0.488 0.598 0.666

1.22
1.814
0.0316 0.0100 0.0040 0.0016 0.0020
0.101 0.032 0.013 0.005 0.006
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
3E-06 1E-06 4E-07 1E-07 2E-07
0.101 0.032 0.012 0.005 0.006
4.82
18.69 52.28 240.5 284.1
6.8
12.7
17.2
23.8
24.5
6.8
12.7
17.2
23.8
24.5
3.4
13.4
15.4
18.1
19.9
3.4
-0.7
1.8
5.7
4.6

Calculated Insertion Loss, dB

Measured Insertion Loss, dB
Delta, dB

10

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6.

Conclusions

6.1.

Insertion loss (Door 1)

Student Number: 77144104

One can see from the first plot in Figure 6-1 that with no pad and with and without
absorption that the introduction of absorption increases I.L at relatively higher frequencies
(>500 Hz). This was expected given that the absorption coefficients of both the absorption
material (upholstery foam) and plywood panels are substantially reduced at lower
frequencies.

If we look at the enclosure with the pad installed and with and without absorption (plot 2)
one can ascertain that I.L is not dramatically improved at higher frequencies with the
introduction of the pad. This may be due to its inherent damping properties i.e. it is fairly
stiff. Further to this there is also a decrease in performance at frequencies approximately
below 250 Hz. It is also apparent that the introduction of absorption increases I.L at higher
frequencies (>500 Hz).

Figure 6-1Measured Insertion Losses (Door 1), dB

11

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Student Number: 77144104

Plot 3 illustrates the differences when the pad is and is not installed and with no
absorption. Again this confirms that I.L is only marginally improved by the introduction of
the pad
Plot 4 confirms that when the pad is and is not installed and with absorption that the
higher frequencies confirms absorption increases I.L at higher frequencies

There is also a clear dip in I.L (within every configuration) around the 250 Hz octave band.
This may be due to:

1. Acoustic coupling.

This effect occurs when the wavelength (at the lowest frequency of interest) between the
noise source and the enclosure panels is not large enough. There appears to be no set rule on
wavelength distance but to alleviate acoustic coupling (Ver, 2006, p.549) says this distance
should be at least 1 8 whereas (Roberts and Shield, n.d, p.151) states that this distance
should be 1 2 .Applying these rules to this scenario if we assume that the speed of sound is
343m/s and that the lowest frequency interest is 31.5Hz then the minimum distance between
the noise source and the absorption outer surface would be 1.4m and 5.4m respectively.
Given the enclosure is only 0.8m wide this has not been achieved. Given this one would have
to assume that acoustic coupling is present. This may also be the reason that I.L is reduced at
frequencies below 500Hz. It is worth noting that there is a wide range in what is deemed
acceptable i.e. 4m.
2. Standing wave resonances

As (Miller and Montone, 1978, p.95) explains insertion losses can be reduced at frequencies
associated with standing wave resonances(only at surfaces parallel to another). These
resonances can be easily calculated from Equation (6.1).

fn n
2
Where n is 1,2,3,4 etc and is the wavelength in m
12

(4.1)

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Student Number: 77144104

As an example if we assume the speed of sound to be 343 m/s the first resonance at a
frequency of 250Hz (worst I.L) is approximately:

343 2
1.4
fn n
1
1 0.7m
2
2
2

This is an interesting result because if we look at Figure 6-2 the approximate distance from
the top of the noise source to the underside of the top panel is 0.65m. This is very close to the
calculated resonance distance.

0.65m

Figure 6-2 Enclosure Layout (with no pad or absorption)

13

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Student Number: 77144104

Table 6-1 details other possible resonance distances in metres.

Table 6-1 Standing Wave resonance mode distances, m (n=4)
Octave Band, Hz
1st mode,m
2nd mode, m
3rd mode, m
4th mode, m

6.2.

31.5
5.4
10.9
16.3
21.8

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

2.7 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
5.4 2.7 1.4 0.7 0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
8.2 4.1 2.1 1.0 0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
10.9 5.5 2.7 1.4 0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1

Insertion loss (Door 2)

From Figure 6-1 there are similarities between door 1 and door 2 in that the introduction of
absorption increases I.L (at higher frequencies). Once again the introduction of the pad does
not have a significant effect on I.L performance. The 250Hz I.L dip is also present which
confirms that acoustic coupling and/or standing wave resonances are occurring within the
cavity.

Figure 6-3 Measured Insertion Losses (Door 2), dB

14

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Student Number: 77144104

If we compare all configurations (Figure 6-4) it is clear to see that when introducing the
circular aperture into the enclosure there is a clear loss in I.L performance at higher
frequencies (>400Hz) i.e. higher frequencies break through the aperture.

For the measured enclosure the sound reduction or transmission loss starts at approximately
3dB which then starts to drops off around the first open-open tube resonance this gradually
goes to zero at the wavelength approaching the aperture diameter of 0.055m. All of these
features are clearly identifiable within Figure 6-5 which was plotted from an expression given
within (Long, 2006, p.348)

Figure 6-4- Measured Insertion Losses for all configurations

For example the first open-open tube resonance is calculated from:

fn

c
2L

(4.2)

where c is the speed of sound (343 m/s) and L is the depth of the enclosure panels (0.09m).
This gives an open-open first tube resonance of approximately 15Hz.
15

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Student Number: 77144104

The wavelength is easily calculated from:

c
f

(4.3)

By iteration the frequency at which equals 0.055m is 6250Hz. From Figure 6-5 we can see
that at this frequency the sound reduction is 0dB.

Figure 6-5 - Transmission loss through a circular aperture

16

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6.3.

Student Number: 77144104

Prediction model conclusions

All model the same insertion loss!

Figure 6-6 Comparison of measured I.L Vs Calculated Models (with error bars)

6.4.

Measurement inaccuracies

6.5.

Observations

Get rid of standing waves acoustic coupling by adding absorption and damping and changing
dimension of enclosure
It was noted before measurement that some of the equipment was positioned upon the top of
the enclosure this may have affected the damping/insulation properties of this panel i.e.
increased mass which would increase the insertion loss (not dramatically

17

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6.6.

Student Number: 77144104

Further Work

More tests on acoustic coupling models

Directionality of noise source
Damping of panels
Enlarge density of panels

18

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Student Number: 77144104

References

19

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Appendix A:

Student Number: 77144104

Measurement setup pictures

Figure A-1

A-1

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Student Number: 77144104

Figure A-2

A-2

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Student Number: 77144104

FigureA-3

A-3

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Student Number: 77144104

Figure A-4

A-4

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Student Number: 77144104

FigureA-5

A-5

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FigureA-6

A-6

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Appendix B:

Student Number: 77144104

Tabulated Insertion Loss Measurements

Table B-1Insertion Loss with no pad with no absorption (Door 1)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 1
I.L, dB

31.5
67.1
60.2
6.9

63
85.9
81.9
4

no pad with no absorption

125 250 500 1000 2000
91.3 89.2 87.2
86
81.6
82.7 86.5 75.3 73.1
71.1
8.6
2.7 11.9 12.9
10.5

4000
78.9
65.6
13.3

8000
81
60.9
20.1

TableB-2Insertion Loss with pad with no absorption (Door 1)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 1
I.L

31.5
66.8
58.2
8.6

63
85.8
80.8
5

pad with no absorption

125 250 500 1000 2000
90.7
89
84.2 82.9
80.9
83.1 83.7 72.4
70
68.8
7.6
5.3 11.8 12.9
12.1

4000
78.2
63.4
14.8

8000
79
58.3
20.7

TableB-3Insertion Loss with no pad with absorption (Door 1)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 1
I.L, dB

31.5
66
59.7
6.3

63
84.3
79.5
4.8

125
90.3
82.1
8.2

no pad with absorption

250
500
1000
2000
86.6 80.3
72.4
72.8
84.8 66.3
58.1
56
1.8
14
14.3
16.8

4000
68
48.6
19.4

8000
66.1
43.8
22.3

4000
69.4
49.5
19.9

8000
68.3
45
23.3

TableB-4Insertion Loss with pad with absorption (Door 1)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 1
I.L, dB

31.5
66.9
60.4
6.5

63
84.3
80.1
4.2

125
90
82.2
7.8

pad with absorption

250
500
1000
85
78.9
75.3
81.6 65.5
59.9
3.4
13.4
15.4

B-1

2000
74.6
56.5
18.1

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Student Number: 77144104

TableB-5Insertion Loss with no pad with no absorption (Door 2)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 2
I.L, dB

31.5
67.1
58.9
8.2

63
85.9
82.4
3.5

no pad with no absorption

125 250 500 1000 2000
91.3 89.2 87.2
86
81.6
82.4 83.7 77.6 74.3
72.1
8.9
5.5
9.6
11.7
9.5

4000
78.9
67.5
11.4

8000
81
65.9
15.1

TableB-6Insertion Loss with pad with no absorption (Door 2)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 2
I.L, dB

31.5
66.8
59.2
7.6

No Foam Absorption ( mounted, no absorption)

63
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
85.8 90.7 89 84.2 82.9
80.9
78.2
80.8
83
82 74.1 71.1
70.2
66.2
5
7.7
7
10.1 11.8
10.7
12

8000
79
64.5
14.5

TableB-7no pad with absorption (Door 2)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 2
I.L, dB

31.5
66
58.3
7.7

Foam Absorption ( not mounted , absorption)

63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
84.3 90.3 86.6 80.3
72.4
72.8
68
80
82.7 82.5 66.4
59
57.9
51.6
4.3
7.6
4.1
13.9
13.4
14.9
16.4

8000
66.1
50
16.1

TableB-8Insertion Loss with pad with absorption (Door 2)

Octave Band, Hz
Measured Open
Measured Door 2
I.L, dB

31.5
66.9
58.3
8.6

Foam Absorption ( mounted, absorption)

63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
84.3
90
85
78.9
75.3
74.6
69.4
79.2 82.7 82.2 65.1
61.2
59.2
52.1
5.1
7.3
2.8
13.8
14.1
15.4
17.3

B-2

8000
68.3
50.2
18.1

IOA Diploma 2013-14

Student Number: 77144104

References
Barron, F.R. (2003). Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker Inc.
Long, M. (2006). Architectural Acoustics (Applications of Modern Acoustics). 1st ed. United
States of America: Elsevier Academic Press.
Miller, K.R. and Montone, V.W. (1978). Handbook of Acoustical Enclosures and Barriers.
1st ed. United States of America: Fairmount Press.
Roberts, D. and Shield, B. (n.d). Noise Control within the Industrial Environment. In:
Roberts, D. and Fairhall, D. eds. Noise Control in the Built Environment. Aldershot: Gower
Technical, p.149.
Smith, J.B. et al. (1996). Acoustics and Noise Control. 2nd ed. Harlow: Addison Wesley
Longman.
Ver, L.I. (2006). Enclosures, Cabins and Wrappings. In: Berenek, L.L. and Ver, L.I. eds.
Noise and Vibration Control Engineering: Principles and Applications. Hoboken: John
Wiley & Sons Inc, p.551.

B-1