Βιταμίνες-Ιχνοστοιχεία Συμπληρώματα Διατροφής και Δρόγες (Τόμος Β)

2005

.....................................................................................................................9
Agnus Castus ( ) ............................................................14
Alflf () .........................................................................................................18
Aloes ().................................................................................................................23
loe Vera .......................................................................................................................27
Angelica () ...................................................................................................30
Aniseed () ...............................................................................................37
Apricot ( ) ..............................................................44
Arnica () ...........................................................................................................49
Artichoke (A) .................................................................................................54
Asafoetida () ....................................................................................................58
Avens ( ) .....................................................................................................62
Burdok ............................................................................................................................64
Bilberry ( , ) .......................................................68
Blue Flag ........................................................................................................................76
Boldo (B) ..............................................................................................................78
Broom () .........................................................................................................82
Buchu ..............................................................................................................................85
Calamus () ..................................................................................................88
Capsicum () ....................................................................................................93
Cascara ...........................................................................................................................99
Cassia () ............................................................................................................102
Cats claw ....................................................................................................................105
Celery () ...........................................................................................................111
Cereus ( ) ..................................................................................115
Chamomile, Roman ( ) .........................................................117
Chamomile, (German) ( ) ...........................................................121
Chaparral () ..............................................................................................129
Cinnamon ()................................................................................................133
Clivers ( ) .......................................................................................136
Clove () ................................................................................................138
Cohosh, Black (T) ..........................................................................141
Cohosh Blue ................................................................................................................146
Cola () .................................................................................................................149
Coltsfoot () .......................................................................................................152
Comfrey () ................................................................................................157
Corn Silk ......................................................................................................................161
Couchgrass ( , Agropyron repeus L.) .................................164
Cowslip ()..................................................................................................167
Cranberry ( )..................................................................170
Damiana ( ) ......................................................................174
Dandelion ().............................................................................................177
3
Drosera ......................................................................................................................... 181

Echinacea () ............................................................................................. 184
Elder () .................................................................................................... 189
Euphorbia (E) ............................................................................................. 193
Eucalyptus (E )....................................................... 195
Eyebright () .............................................................................................. 198
False Unicorn, Reratrum Luteum L. ( ) .......................... 201
Figwort () ......................................................................................... 203
Fucus () ................................................................................................... 206
Fragula () ............................................................................................... 211
Gentian () .................................................................................................... 215
Ginger () ................................................................................................ 218
Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis L., ) ........................................... 222
Gravel Root () ........................................................................................ 226
Ground Ivy () ............................................................................................ 228
Hawthorn, Crataegus Oxycantha L. ( ) .................. 232
Hops () ....................................................................................................... 237
Horehound, Black ( )............................................................. 241
Horehound White ( ) ........................................................... 243
Horse-chestnut (I) ............................................................................. 246
orseradish () ................................................................................................. 251
Hydrangea ()............................................................................................. 254
Ispaghula () ................................................................................................. 256
Java Tea ( ) ....................................................................................... 261
Juniper .......................................................................................................................... 265
Laurus nobilis ( , ) ......... 269
Liquorice ()............................................................................................ 272
Valerian () ............................................................................................... 281
....................................................................................................... 289
()............................................................................. 289
(Basil) ...................................................................................................... 291
(Carnation) ........................................................................................... 292
....................................................................................................... 294
(Rosemary, Rosmarinum Officinallis) ..................................... 295
(Thyme) ........................................................................................................ 297
() (Illicium verum) ..................................................................... 299
(Cinnamon) ................................................................................................. 300
() (Curcuma Longa) ................................................... 301
() (Saffran) .................................................................................... 304
(Cumin) ......................................................................................................... 306
(Marjoram) ...................................................................................... 307
(fenel) ........................................................................................................ 308
o (Balm-mint Melissa Officinalis) ........................................... 309
() (Mentha Piperita, Viridis, Pylegium) ................................ 310
(Mustard) ............................................................................................. 312
(Borrago Officinalis) ........................................................................ 313
4
(Pepper) ..........................................................................................................315
(Chilli) ............................................................................................316
...............................................................................................................318
..............................................................................................................320
....................................................................................................................321
(Pimiento) ...............................................................................322
.....................................................................................................323
....................................................................................................324
(Origanum Vulgare) ....................................................................................325
(Garlic) ..........................................................................................................327
() (T. Caurelea T. Foenumgraecum) .................329
..................................................................331
........................................................................................................334
................................334

............................................................................................................................360
............................................................................................................364

.

. , ,
, .

.
,
, . .
:
.
.
, (, ...)
.
.
.
.
.
.
, 135 .

.
, .
,
. , ,
,
.
,
. , ,
, .
9
,
,
.
, .

.

:
, ,

. ,

.
.
2700 .. , - ( ) 365 ,
. (2800 ..)
,
250 4500 .
,
. 8
.. 12
().
, , , (), , ,
, , .. , 6
.. , ,
() .
107 .
: ,
.
.

, .
(460-367 ..)
.
, ,
, ,
10
,
.
,
. .
237 . 147
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.

,
,
.

.
,
. (392-287 ..)
,
. , ,
. 1 ..
,
,
Codex Constantinopolitanus,
.
, 600
.

, ,
(, , )
: ( , ,
).
(
11
).
,
. , (ayur),
, (veda), .
.
, ,

.
, (swatha).
.

,
961
.

. 16 ,

. (
) (130-199 ..). ,
, .
.
.
.
,

, .
. (4 ..)

(6 ..) 13
2 ..
9 ,
.
(980-1037 ..),
.
100 . ,
, , ,
12
, , . ,
.
, ,
. ,
13
, .
16 ,
, (1439-1541 ..).
,
.
,
.

.
.
= + ) . (
).
13
Agnus Castus ( )
(Vitex agnus-castus L.), 60 Verbenaceae ( Vitex

negundo, V. Trifoliate).
,
Chasteberry, Chaste Tree Monks Pepper (Hoberg et al, 1961).
(), (, 6,7--13--8,14-), ( ,
, , ,
), (, ---
, 0.5%
( ).
(Belie et al, 1999).
0.5-1.0g : 30-40 mg
(Gomaa et al, 1978).
1:5 (g/ml), 50-70% (v/v) 0.15-0.2 ml.
14

FH
LH .
in vitro ,
.
D2
.
.
6,7--13---8,14- (Wollenweber et al,
1972).
,
(Rimpleretal et al, 1972).

IC50 20 g/ml (-) 10 g/ml (-).
agnus castus
,
-.
-

(Kustrak et al, 1994).
:

, .
,
(Zwaving et al, 1994).
,
(120 mg)
(480 mg) .

.
15

,
(Houghton et al, 1994).

, ,
,
.

.

. , , .
.
, ,
,
. H

, .

, .

,
,
.
.
.
16

,
,
.

.

.
1.
Hoberg et al. Diterpene aus agni-casti fructus und ihre analytik. Phytother 1999;
20: 140-158.
2.
Belie et al. Constituents of Vitex agnus castus seeds. Part 1. Casticin. J Chem Soc
1961; 2523-2525.
3.
Gomaa CS et al. Flavonoids and iridoids from Vitex agnus castus. lanta Med 1978;
33: 277.
4.
Wollenweber E, Mann K. Flavonols from fruits of Vitex agnus castus. Planta Med
1983; 48: 126-127.
5.
Rimpler . Verbenaceae. Iridoids and ecdysones from Vitex species. Phytochemistry

1972; 11: 2653-2654.
6.
Kustrak D et al. The composition of the volatile oil of Vitex agnus castus. Planta Med
1992; 58(Suppl.1): 681.
7.
Zwaving JH, Bos R. Composition of the essential fruit oil of Vitex agnus castus.
Pharm World Sci 1993; 15(Suppl.H): 15.
8.
Houghton PJ. Agnus castus. Pharm J 1944; 253: 720-721.
9.
mann W. Umkehrung der pharmakologischen wirkung von Agnus castus bei

niedriger
dosierung.
(Gleichzeitig
ein
beitrang
zur
endokrinologie
der
sexualhormone). Forsch Praxis Fortbildung (Med) 1966; 7: 229-233.

10.
Jarry et al. Auf der suche nach dopaminergen substanzen in agni-casti-fructusprparaten: warum eigentlich? Z Phytother 1999; 20: 140-15.
17
Alflf ()
(Medicago sativa L.) ,

. Fabaceae/Leguminosae.

Luzerne, Medicago Purple Medick.

( , , , , ,
, ), (..
, ),
(..), (, , , , , ,
, , , , ). -
(0.9-1.2 mg/g), (0.6-0.9
mg/g) (5-14 mg/g) (Oleszek et al,1995).
(), (, ,
, ), ( ,
, A-F .
, , , , )
(, , - ( ), ).
(.. ,
, , ), (, 1, 6, 12, C, E, K),
, (, , -, ), ,
(Benny et al,1995).
.
18

5-10 .
5-10 ml (1:1 25%) .

( )

(HDL), ,
.
, ,
(Malinow et al, 1977).

, ,

.
, ,
Candida, Torulopsis, Geotrichum candidum Rhodotorula

glutinis. alfalfa

.
(medicago).

,
.
.

(medicago)
in vitro .
19

45.5mg/kg

.

,
(Swanston et al, 1990).
lfalfa
( 2 3).

,
) . , GRAS
( ).

.

, , .
,
.
, .
, C, , , .
,C, E , . (Sroka et al,
1997).
(SLE)
. (
) ,
.

,
.
.
20
, alfalfa
.

. ,
,

.
.

(SLE) .
,
in vitro.

, ,
. .

.
(8.33-13.6 mg/kg),
.
(80-160 g/),
.
(ATS)

. ,
,
.

(SLE).

Salmonella TA98 100.
21

,
.
.
1. Oleszek W, Jurzsta . Isolation, chemical characterization and biological activity of

alfalfa (edicago media Pers.) root saponins. Acta Soc Bot l 1986; 55: 23-33.
2. Berry . Alfalfa. Pharm J 1995; 255: 353-354.
3. Malinow MR et al. Lack of toxicity of alfalfa saponins in cynomolgus macaques. J Med
Primatol 1982; 11: 106-118.
4. alinow MR et al. Prevention of elevated cholesterolemia in monkeys by alfalfa
saponins. Steroids 1977; 29: 105-110.
5. Swanston-Flatt SK et al. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 462-464.
6. Garrett BJ et al. Consumption of poisonous plants (Senecio jacobaea, Symphytum
officinale, Pteridium aquilinum, Hypericum perforatum) by rats: chronic toxicity,
mineral metabolism, and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol Lett 1982; 10:
183-188.
7. Sroka et al. Stimulation of pancreatic lipase activity by saponins isolated from
Medicago sativa L. Naturforschung, Section C, J iosci 1997; 52: 235-239.
8. Polacheck et al. Activity of compound G2 isolated from alfalfa roots against medically
important yeasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30: 290-294.
9. Jurzysta , Waller GK. Antifungal and haemolytic activity of aerial parts of alfalfa
(Medicago) species in relation to saponin composition. Adu Expl Med iol 1996; 404:
565-574.
10. Zhao WS et al. Immunopotentiating effects of polysaccharides isolated from Medicago
sativa L. Acta Pharmacol Sinica 1993; 14: 273-276
22
Aloes ()
,
, loe
Liliaceae. 350 ,
. loe ferox Mill.
(Cap aloes), A. vera (L.) Burm. F
(loe barbadensis Mill.)
Barbados (Curacao aloes). T aloe
.

. 6 ,
.
. ,
,
Barbados (Speranza et al, 1993).
C- (, ,
C-10- , 8---7--
, , ), (,
, D, 8-C--7--- ,
..), - 1--
(Park et al, 1998).
23

: 50-200 mg .
,
10-30 mg ( ) .

.

.

. -
C- . --9(Reynolds et al,1994).
,
, .

+/+ Cl-.
, .

( 3).
,

.
0,1mg/kg 50mg/kg . ..,
GRAS.
,
.
.
.
, ,
24
,
, .. .
,
. ,
(.. Crohn,
), , , ,
. .

, .

, .

.
(Rauwald et al, 1993).

,
, ,
, .
,
( ),
.

.
,
, .
50mg/kg/ 12
,

. Salmonella
typhimurium Va7, DNA, .

C-.
25
, ,
,
, .. .
,
.
1. Park et al. Analysis of 13 phenolic compounds in Aloe species by high performance

liquid chromatography. Phytochem Anal 1998; 9: 186-191.
2. Okamura N et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic
compounds in Aloe species. J Chromatogr 1996; 746: 225-231.
3. Van Wyk E-E et al. Geographical ariation in the major compounds of Aloe ferox leaf
exudate. lanta Med 1995; 61: 250-253.
4. Reynolds T. Chromatographic examination of some old samples of drug aloes.
harmazie 1994; 49: 524-529.
5. Rauwald HW, Sigler A. Simultaneous determination of 18 polyketides typical of Aloe
by high performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection. Phytochem
Anal 1994; 5: 266-270.
6. Rauwald HW, Bell . High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and
determination of diastereomeric anthrone-C-glucosyls in Cape aloes. J Chromatogr
1993; 639: 359-362.
7. Rauwald HW et al. Three 8-C-glucosyl-5-methylchromones from Aloe barbadensis (Ph.
ur. 1997). Pharmazie 1997; 52: 962-964.
8. Speranza G et al. Studies on aloe, 12. Furoaloesone, a new 5-methylchromone from
Cape aloe. J Nat Prod 1993; 56: 1089-1094.
9. Speranza G et al. Studies on aloe, 15. Two new 5-methylchromones from Cape aloe. J
Nat Prod 1997; 60: 692-694.
10. Izzo AA et al. The role of nitric oxide in aloe-induced diarrhoea in the rat. ur J
Pharmacol 1999;368:43-48.
26
loe Vera
loe vera ()
loe barbadensis Mill., Aloe ferox
Mill. Aloe Africana Mill. Aloe Spicata Baker (Liliaceae).
. ,
, , , ( -o),
, .

,
.
loe vera. Aloe vera .
loe vera
.
loe vera .
27
, , loe vera
, ,
(Cuzzell et al, 1986).
Aloe vera,
loe vera
(Afzal et al, 1991).

loe vera
. , loe
vera,
. ,
(Parmar et al, 1986).

.
. ,

(Davis et al, 1987).
28

1. Afzal et al. Identification of some prostanoids in Aloe vera extracts. lanta Med 1991;
57: 38-40.
2. Parmar NS et al. Evaluation of Aloe vera leaf exudate and gel for gastric and duodenal
anti-ulcer activity. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 380-381.
3. Davis RH et al. Biological activity of Aloe vera. Med Sci Res 1987; 15: 235.
4. Davis RH et al, Topical effect of aloe with ribonucleic and vitamin C on adjuvant
arthritis. I m Pod Med Assoc 1985; 75: 229-237.
5. Davis RH et al. Antiarthritic activity of anthraquinones found in aloe for podiatric
medicine. I m Pod Med Assoc 1986; 76: 61-66.
6. Cuzzell JZ. Readers remedies for pressure sores. m I Nurs 1986; 86: 923-924.
7. Shida et al. Effect of Aloe extract on peripheral phagocytosis in adult bronchial
asthma. lant Med 1985; 51: 273-27S.
8. Plemons JM et al. Evaluation of acemannan in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis.
Wounds 1994; 6: 40-45.
9. Ghanam et al. The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental
observations. Hormone Res 1986; 24: 288-294.
10. Marshall JM. Aloe vera gel: What is the evidence? Pharm J 1990; 244: 360-362.
29
Angelica ()
Angelica archangelica L., , , ,

Apiaceae/Umbelliferae.
, , . .
.
. ,
, .
Angelica Silvestris.
, .
Archangelica officinalis
Moench Hoffm.
(, , ,
, , ,
0,2%,
2`--3`-
-2`--o -2`--), (
, : - -, - -, ,
-, , , .
, ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
(Czygan et al, 1998).
30

: 2-5 , .
: 2-5ml (1:1 25%), .
: 2-5ml (1:5 45%), .
/: 4,5 1-2, .
/: 0,5-2,0ml (1:1 25% ), .
/: 0,5-2,0ml (1:5 50% ), .
: 1-2gr
in vitro ,
angelica (
) 100mg .
45 .
1%.
,
. 45%
, 5mg ,
(Harmala et al, 1992).
angelica
:
Mycobacterium avium,
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis
Salmonella typhi. ,
, 14 15 .
, ,
, .
.archangelica
IC50 265g/ml . ,

. ( )
242 146g/ml, .
.archangelic
.
,
31
,
IC50 1,2g/ml ( 2g/ml).
GH4C1
.
, ,
,
. 3g (Sun et
al, 1986).
.sinesis .
.archangelic,
-1 (COX-1) 5(5-LO) in vitro.
COX-1,
5-LO.
,
angelica . ,
(5--)
PUVA (psolaren and high intensity long-wavelength ultraviolet irradiation)
.

(:
1 : 4, ).
angelica GRAS, .
, ,
,
. ,
, - , ,
,
( )
(Holum et al, 1997).

, .
32
,
.sinensis (dong quai), , , ( Roos et
al, 1997).
,
. , ,
,
, .
.

. , (International
Fragrance Association) ,
angelica, ,
0,78%.

,
. ,
,
.

, ,
, .

.
, .
angelica . : ) , ) 8-
()
8--
().

.

.
33

,
.
,
. (LD50)
2,2g ( , )
11,16g ( , ).
. ,
,
. LD50 5g (
).
8
, 1,5g .
,
.
, , Angelica
koreana,
. ,
1 2.
.
,
, A.angelica. ,
Angelica sinesis
(Izzo et al, 1996).
,
,
.

.
. A.sinesis A.acutiloba
, .angelica,
,
34
. ,
. ,
.
( ),
(Opdyke et al, 1975).
.sinesis (dong quai)
(TCM) 70%
, , ,
.
(naturopaths) dong quai
, ,
, ,
. C (over the counter)
dong quai, .
dong quai .archangelica.
, .
, . , ,
, .
. ,
. , ,
, EHRLICH

. ,

. A.sinesis
.
,
(UV) . dong
quai ,
,
.
,
dong quai.
,
dong quai.
35

1. Czygan F-C. (Root of the holy ghost or Angelica root - Angelica archangelica).
Phytother 1998; 19:342-348.
2. Harmala et al. furanocoumarin from Angelica archangelica. lanta Med 1992; 58:
287-289.
3. Sun , Jakupovic J. Further heraclenol derivatives from Angelica archangelica.
Pharmazie 1986; 41: 888-889.
4. olm et al. Enantiomeric composition of monoterpene hydrocarbons in n-hexane
extracts of Angelica archangelica L. roots and seeds. Flavour Fragrance, J 1997; 12:
397-400.
5. Zielinska-Jenczylik J et al. Effect of plant extracts on the in vitro interferon synthesis.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp 1984; 32: 577.
6. Opdyke DLJ. Angelica root oil. Fond Cosmet Toxicol 1975; 13(Suppl.): 713.
7. Izzo et al. Spasmoltic activity of medicinal plants used for the treatment of
disorders involving smooth muscles. Phytother Res 1996; 10: S107-S108.
8. Harmala et al. Choice of solvent in the extraction of Angelica archangelica roots with
reference to calcium blocking activity. lanta Med 1992; 58: 176-183.
9. armala et al. Isolation and testing of calcium blocking activity of furanocoumarins
from Angelica archangelica. Planta Med 1991; 57: A58-59.
10. Roos G et al. Isolation, identification and screening for CO-1 and 5-LO inhibition of
coumarins from Angelica archangelica. hrmaceut Pharmacol Lett 1997; 7: 157-160.
36
Aniseed ()
Pimpinella anisum L., ,

(Umbelliferae). (460-370 ..)
.
.
: Anise, Anisum, Anisum officinarum Moench,
Anisum unlare Gaertn Anisi Fructus ( ).
(, , , ),
( (,
), .. -3-, , -7-, -7, (C-). , 2-6%
trans- (80-95%) ,
-- -.
( ), ,
, -, --, , -,
, , -, -, - -, , d-,
- (Burkhardt et al,1986).
(50%), 16% (
), - (), ( ),
.
.
37

: 1.0-5.0 . 150 ml
. 0-1 , 1.0 .
. 1-4 , 2.0 . 4 , .
: 0.05-0.2 ml 3 .
: (BPC 1949) 0.3-1.0 ml 3 .
: (BPC 1949) 15-30 ml 3 .
,
, .

.
in vitro .
,
, .
, .

(200 mg/l)
.

(6.4 gr/140ml)
.

, .
.

(
)
.

( )

, .
- (GABA) .
38

, ,
. ( 0.25 1.0 ml/kg)
,

.
.
.

(Al Harbi et al,1995).

(250-1000 mg/kg) albino
hrlich .
(-,
), () .
(100 mg/kg )
.
,
.

( 2).
,
( )
. GRAS.
, ,
,
, , ,
, , .
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
39

.
,
.
. .

,
,
.
,

(Newberne et al,1999).
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
(Albert-Puleo et
al,1980).

. ,
, .
.

.
ml (1-5 ml) , ,
(Dhar et al, 1995).
LD-50 trans 2.7g 2-3g .
(695 mg/kg)
.
(1%) 15 .
40
0.25% .
trans- 90 ,
. (0.3%, 1.0%, 3.0%)
.
(Pougholami et al,1999).
trans- (50-80 mg/kg)
.
-, , -, (Franks et al, 1998).
Whistar trans- (125 250 mg/kg)
10
1
2. P450, UDP- 4- 4, .
trans- 2
in vivo.
trans- (4---)

(FEMA).
, . , trans-
,
O- -, ,
. ,
, .
trans-
, .
,
30 mg .
trans- .

. trans-
GRAS, .
, trans-
41
,
trans- .

,
,
. , ,
, .

.
. ,
, .

.
,

. GRAS 1997
trans-
.
.
42

1. Burkhardt G et al. Terpene hydrocarbons in Pimpinella anisum L. Pharm Weekbl (Sci)
1986; 8: 190-193.
2. Newberne P et al. The FEMA GRAS assessment of tras-anethole used as a flavouring
substance. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 789-811.
3. Albert-Puleo M. Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. J Ethnopharmacol 1980; 2:
337-344.
4. Abdul-Ghani A-S et al. Anticonvulsant effects of some Arab medicinal plants. Int J
Crude Drug Res 1987; 25: 39-43.
5. Pourgholami MH et al. The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum exerts
anticonvulsant effects in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 66: 211-215.
6. Al-Harbi MM et al. Influence of anethole treatment on the tumour included by Ehrlich
ascites carcinoma cells in paw of Swiss albino mice. Eur J Cancer Prevent 1995; 4:
307-318.
7. Chandler RF, Hawkes D. Aniseed a spice, a flavor, a drug. Can Pharm J 1984; 117:
28-29.
8. Garcia-Bravo B et al. Occupational contact dermatitis from anethole in food handlers.
Contact Dermatitis 1997; 37: 38.
9. Franks A. Contact allergy to anethole in toothpaste associated with loss of taste.
Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38: 354-355.
10. Dhar SK. Anti-fertility activity and hormonal profile of trans-anethole in rats. Indian J
Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 39: 63-67.
43
Apricot ( )
To apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

, . Rosaceae.
( , -
,
, (, )
2 200 mg/100 g). ,
(, .
, (0,09%) (
) -.
(, )
(Moller B et al,1983).

.
1970 1980,
laetrile (
)
.
44
laetrile .
-,
laetrile, .
, ,
- ,
. ,

-, . ,

.
,
, . ,
-
. .
laetrile 17,
, laetrile
. ,
.
laetrile
. ,
laetrile . ,
laetrile

.
, , 1984,
(Award et al, 1973).
.
(
N1 2).
, 1 mg/kg. 25 mg/kg
, 50 mg/kg
5 mg/kg . ,
GRAS(Henning et al, 1980).
45
,
, .
.
, .
, . ,
.

.
. ,
,
laetrile .
. ,
, ,
.

laetrile
20 .
.
-, , ,
( C) (HCN), .
- ,
, , ,
, , , .
pH.

, pH
(Chandlel et al, 1984).

,

.
46
: , , , , ,
, , , , ,
1 15 .
, , ,
.

,
, , , , , ,
.
,
, laetrile.
, ,
,
laetrile. laetrile.

laetrile.
,
,
. 50 mg (HCN)
. 30 gr
50-60 , 2 mg HCN/gr .
, 2,92 mg HCN/g. laetrile 500 mg
5 51 mg HCN/g.

, -
, ,
, .
(Holzbecher et al, 1984).
-
, .

. ( = )
.
.
47

1. he Medicines (Cyanogenetic Substances) Order, SI 1984 No. 187, London:
HMSO, 1984.
2. Mller B, Herrmann K. Quinic acid esters of hydroxycinnamic acids in stone
and pome fruit. Phytochemistry 1983; 22: 477-481.
3. Miller KW et al. Amygdalin metabolism and effect on reproduction of rats fed
apricot kernels. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981; 7: 457-467.
4. Award O. Steroidal estrogens of Prunus armeniaca seeds. Phytochemistry
1973; 13: 678-690.
5. Henning W, Herrmann K. Flavonol glycosides of apricots (Prunus armeniaca
L.) and peaches (Prunus persica Batch). 13. Phenolics of fruits. Z Lebensum
Unters Forsch 1980; 171: 183-188.
6. Chandlel RF et al. Laetrile in perspective Can Pharm J 1984; 117: 517-520
7. Chandlel RF et al. Controversial laetrile. Pharm J 1984; 232: 330-332.
8. Holzbecher MD rt al. The cyanide content of laetrile preparations, apricot,
peach and apple seeds. Clin Toxicol 1984; 22: 341-347.
9. Gransson K. Contact urticaria to apricot stone. Contact Dermatitis 1981; 7:
282.
48
Arnica ()
arnica (Arnica montana L.),

, .
Asteraceae/Compositae.
Leopards Bane, Mountain Tobacco Wolfs Bane (Merfort et al, 1987).
(
, (, , ),
(, ), (,
),
,
(,
, , , 3, 5, 7- - 6, 3, 4).
, , 11, 13- ,
, , , ,
( ). ,
(), , , , ,
, .
.
: (BPC 1949) 2- 4 ml
49
: , , , 5 - 25% v/v , 5 - 25% v/v

, (1:3 - 1:10), 2 g
/ 100 ml .
In vitro :

Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella
typhimurium.
Baccilus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium
insidosum, Micrococcus roseus, Mycobacterium phlei, Sarcinia lutea
Proteus vulgaris. :
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermaphyton spp Botrytis cinere.

21 5 Arnica
spp. in vitro
GLC4 ( ) COLO
320 ( )
, in vitro
.

(29%)
. H
.
- - - ,
6- - .
.
5 x 10-4 mol/l,
, c-AMP

.
5 x 10-4 mol/l,
10-3 mol/l. 11- 13
- -
50
, 5.

(hotplate tail flick analgesic) .
in vitro,

in vivo (Passreiter et al,1992).
,
, (Leven et al,
1986).
,
12
(placebo) .
, , 89
(20% ) (placebo).
, .

( 2).
,
.
, Food and Drugs Administration (FDA),
.
,
. , ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
().
(Schmidt et al, 1992).
51

,
.
, ,
.
.

(Woerdenbag et al, 1994).

.

, , , , ,
, .
. ,
, ,

(contact) . -
- ,
. ,
.
Salmonella typhimurium.
.
(,
, ).
(.. , , ),
. Ginkgo biloba
(Allium sativum).
52

1.
Merfort I, Wendisch D. Flavonoidglycoside aus Arnica montana und Arnica

chamissonis. Planta Med 1987; 53: 434-437.
2.
Merfort I. Flavonol glycosides of Arnicae flos DAB 9. Planta Med 1986; 52: 427.
3.
Merfort I, Wendisch D. Flavonolglucuronide aus den blten von Arnica montana.

Planta Med 1988; 54: 247-250.
4.
Passreiter CM et al. Tussilagine and isotussilagine: two pyrrolizidine alkaloids in

the genus Arnica. Planta Med 1992; 58: 556-557.
5.
Passreiter CM. Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with the pyrrolizidines

tussilaginic acid and isotussilaginic acid and their 1-epimers in Arnica species and
Tussilago farfara. Phytochem 1992; 31: 4135-4137.
6.
Leven W, Williuhn G. Spectrophotomeric determination of sesquiterpenlactone

(S1) in Arnicae flos DAB 9 with m-dinitrobenzene. Planta Med 1986; 52: 537538.
7.
Schmidt Th et al. First diterpenes from Arnica. Planta Med 1992; 58: A713.
8.
Lee K-H et al. Structure-antimicrobial activity relationships among the

sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds. Phytochemistry 1977; 16: 117-118.
9.
Woerdenbag HJ et al. Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones from

Arnica species against the GLC4 and the COLO 320 cell lines. Planta Med 1994;
60: 434-437.
10.
Woerdenbag HJ et al. Decreased helenalin-induced cytotoxicity by flavonoids

from Arnica as studied in a human lung carcinoma cell line. Phytomedicine 1995;
2: 127-132.
53
Artichoke (A)
(Cynara scolymus L.) Asteraceae/Compositae

. ,
. ,
, . Globe Artichoke
, Helianthus tuberosa L.
: , , - -
.. (1,5--- ) ,
( .. -7- , -7-D- ),
(-, , , , ..),
( - ), ,
, , , ,
.
. .
.
6 g
( / ),
. (1:2) 3-8
ml .
54

1.92 g
6 .

( ), ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
. (in vitro
in vivo) .

, . ,

.

.
,
.
,
(..
).

.

-CoA
(HMG-CoA).

in vitro (). ,
.
in vitro in vivo

.
55
in vitro .

(Brand et al, 1990).
,
stress
.
(), .
, , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
(Kamel et al, 1973).
,
.
Compositae (Scheider et
al, 1974).

,
Lietti
et al, 1977).

, , .
(Kraft et al, 1997).
.
56

1. Brand N. Cynara scolymus L. Die Artischoke. Z Phytother 1990; 11: 169-175.
2. Hammoula FM et al. Quantitative determination of the active constituents in Egyptian
cultivated Cynara scolymus, Int J Pharmacog 1993; 31: 299-304.
3. Kamel MY, Ghazy AM. Peroxidases of Cynara scolymus (global artichoke) leaves:
purification and properties. Acta Biol Med Germa 1973; 31: 39-49.
4. Jouany JM et al. Dosage indirect de la cynaropicrine dans la Cynara scolymus
(Compositae) par libration de sa chane latrale hydroxymthylacrylique. Plant Md
Phytothr 91975; 9: 72-78.
5. Barbetti P et al. Grosulfeimin and new related guaianolides from Cynara scolymus L. Ars
Pharmac 1992; 33: 433-439.
6. Schneider G, Thiele Kl. Die Verteilung des Bitterstoffes Cynaropicrin in der Artischoke.
Planta Med 1974; 26: 174-183.
7. Lietti A. Choleretic and cholesterol lowering properties of two artichoke extracts.
Fitoterapia 1977; 48: 153-158.
8. Adzet T et al. Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara
scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 612-617.
9. Adzet T et al. Action of an artichoke extract against CCl4-induced heptotoxicity in rats.
Acta Pharm Jugost 1987; 37: 183-187.
10. Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism,
liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine 1997; 4: 369-378.
57
Asafoetida ()
Asafoetida ( Ferula assafoetida L, Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel)

Apiaceae/Umbelliferae.
Asafetida, Asant, Devils Dung Gum Asafetida.
hing .
: (60%), (1.3%),
A,
and
C,
(..), - (..
).
. (
, ).
, , L-,
(Dawidar et al, 1979).
Ferula
, ,
(Miski et al, 1986).
C-3 4- (.. )
Ferula communis.

. (Gonzalez et al, 1988).
58

: 0.3-1g .
asafoetida: (BPC 1949) 2-4 mL.
.

. , ,
.
,
, Ferula jaeschkeana.

.
o 5%
1% .
. asafoetida ( ,
-)
( 5)
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.
Ferula
, .

.
59

. ,
,
.
(.. ),
.

. 15 gr
.
( )
- .

.
, Ferula communis,

.
, Ferula galbaniflua o Ferula rubricaulis
,
.
-
- .
.
60

1.
Kajimoto T et al. Sesquiterpenoid and disulphide derivatives from Ferula assafoetica. Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 1761-1763.
2.
Dawidar A-A et al. Marmaricin, a new sesquiterpenoid coumarin from Ferula

marmarica L. Chem Pharm Bull 1979; 27: 3153-3155.
3.
de Pascual Teresa J et al. Complex acetylenes from the roots of Ferula communis.
Planta Med 1986; 52: 458-462.
4.
Miski M. Fercoperol, an unusual cyclic-endoper-oxynerolidol derivative from

Ferula communis subsp. communis. J Nat prod 1986; 49: 916-918.
5.
Garg SN et al. Feruginidin and ferugin, two new sesquiterpenoids based on the
carotane skeleton from Ferula jaeschkeana. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 253-255.
6.
Garg SN et al. New sesquiterpenes from Ferula jaeschkeana. Planta Med 1987; 53:
341-342.
7.
Gonzalez AG et al. Phenylpropanoid and stilbene compounds from Ferula

latipinna. Planta Med 1988; 54: 184-185.
8.
Miski M. New daucane and germacrane esters from Ferula orientalis var.
orientalis. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 829-834.
9.
Miski M. New daucane esters from Ferula tingitana. J Nat Prod 1986; 49: 657-660.
10.
Samini MN and Unger W. Die gummiharze afghanischer asa foetida-liefernder

ferula-arten. Beobachtungen zur herkunft und qualitt afghanischer asa foetida.
Planta Med 1979; 36: 128-133.
61
Avens ( )
avens (Geum urbanum L.),

, Rosaceae. ,
.
. Benedicts Herb, Colewort, Geum
Herb Bennet (Paul et al, 1974).
o , , .
(),
()
30%,
, (
), ,
(Parodi et al, 1977).
.
1- 4g .
1-4 mL (1:1 25% ) .
,

(Wagner et al, 1972).
, 20% ,
.
62

(2 ).
, (
) . GSL.
, ,
, . ,
, , , .

, .

.
, ,
.

.
1.Paul BD et al. Isolation of
myricadiol, myricitrin, taraxerol, and taraxerone from
Myrica cerifera L. Root bark. J pharm Sci 1974; 63: 958-959.

2.Parodi PW. Cows milk fat components as potential carcinogenic agents. J nutr 1997;
127: 1055-1060
3.Wagner H. Phenolic compounds of pharmaceutical interest. In: Pecent Advances in
Phytochemistry, Vol. 12, Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics, 1977: 589
63
Burdok
:
Arctium majus Bernh- (Asteraceae/ Compositae)
:
Arctium lappa L. Arctium, Lappa

: , , , , - , --n- (a-guanidino-n-isovaleric), ,
, , , , ,
(Kingwatanakul et al, 1996).
: , , , , ,
.
: ( 45-50%), .
, 0.001-0.002% .
1,11- -3,5,7,9- (50%), 1,3,11- ,5,7,9- 1--3,5,7,9,11- . -,
64
-, -a, -b, , -b, -c,

- (arctate-b) - ( ).
: (0.4-0.8%) (0.07-0.18%), (arcbitters (), (), ( ),
, lignan.
: (, ) Arctium minus
(Hill) Bernh. (3)
: 2-4g 3 .
: 2-8ml (1:1 25% ) 3 .
(): 8-12 (1:10 45% ) 3 .
burdock
(Hughes et al, 1989).
burdock
,
. ,
Gram- .
Gram- . (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium
smegmatis) Gram- (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei)
burdock,
Gram- (Siciliano et al, 1996).
In vivo, .
burdock.
(5%) burdock
.
Burdock
( 2). Burdock
,
( ) (Reid et al, 1987).
65
Burdock .
, , , ,
.
.
: In vivo, .
,
, burdock
.
,
burdock .

burdock. burdock

, belladonna.

burdock Arctium .

.
burdock .
, burdock .
66

1. Kingwatanakul P, Alon US. Cranberries and urinary tract infection. Child Hosr Q
1996; 8:69-72
2. Hughes BG, Lawson LD. Nutritional content of cranberry products . Am J hosp Pharm
1989; 46:1129
3. Jankowski K, Pare JRJ. Trace glycoside from cranberries (Vacciunium oxycoccous) J
Nat Prod 1983; 46:190-193
4. Jankowski K, Alikaloids from cranberries V. Experientia 1973; 20:1334-1335.
5. Siciliano AA. Cranberry. Herbalgram 1996; 38:51-54.
6. Avorn J et ali. Reduction of becteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice,
JAMA 1994; 271:751-754.
7. Reid G, Sobel JD. Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: a
review. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:470-487.
8. Beachey EH> Bacterial adherence: adhesion receptor interactions mediating in the
attachment of bacteria to mucosal surface. J Infect Dis 1981; 143:325-345.
9. Sobota AE. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the
treatment of urinary tract infections. J Urol 1984; 131:1013-1016
10. Zafiri D et al. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice
67
Bilberry ( , )
Vaccinium myrtillus L., ,

Ericaceae.
, .
, .
Blueberry, bogberry, huckleberry, Myrtillus niger Gilib.,
Vaccinium angulosum Dulac, Vaccinium montanum Salisb. whortleberry.
Cassis,
, , .
200 , Vaccinium
macrocarpon (Cranberry), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Cowberry). blueberry
(Vaccinium).
(
, , , , , 3 ), (,
) C.
( ,
),
-,
-,
, ), .
.
68

: 20-60gr .
,
,
.
bilberry,
.
in vitro
V.myrtillus. ,
V.myrtillus

in vivo
K+ .
V.myrtillus
(LDLs) in vitro
.
,
. ,
, .
,
,
, .
V.myrtillus
in vitro - ,
V.myrtillus
5 400mg/kg .

V.myrtillus (. ).
in vitro ,

,
V.myrtillus.
69
V.myrtillus
.
,
.

, .

-

. ,

.

.
in vitro
V.myrtillus
.

.
V.myrtillus
( - ,
)
,
. yrtocyan,

y, ,

. , V.myrtillus
12 ( )
.
in
vitro,
(ODC) TPA (tumor promoter 12-myristate 13-acetate).
70
To Myrtocyan
-
.
,
.
V.myrtillus
, Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia col.
V.myrtillus .
V.myrtillus .
,
15 2 .
1 .
.
,
. V.myrtillus

, .
30
V.myrtillus (Myrtocyan)
(480mg) , 3g V.Myrtillus
, ADP .

30 60 ,
.
V.myrtillus,

.
120
.

V.myrtillus - ,

, .

, , ( )
V.myrtillus. ,
71
.

, .
, , (placebo), 40
( / )
yrtocyan (160mg) placebo .
, placebo yrtocyan .
77-99% ,
.
,
placebo. , placebo
40
yrtocyan 12 , .
, 51
V.myrtillus
,
placebo.

V.Myrtillus.
-
,
, ,
.
/ .
placebo 47
, ,

yrtocyan (480mg/) 30 . - 60
Myrtocyan (480mg/) placebo
30 , , , ,
yrtocyan,
.
V.myrtillus .
, , placebo V.myrtillus
(320mg/) 3 30
.
72
,
, .
.
60
V.myrtillus (320480mg/) , ,
V.myrtillus ,
.
, ,
V.myrtillus
,
.
,
,
. ,
V.myrtillus.

.
.
, ,

, , , ,
, .
, ( ),
, (Fraisse
et al, 1996).
V.myrtillus
, -
(Dombrowicz et
al, 1991).
73

, V.myrtillus (80 160mg)
, ,
, .
, V.myrtillus .
,
(Lapland et al, 1997).

.
Myrtocyan
, (Joseph et al, 1999).
.
1.5 g/kg .
V.myrtillus
. ,

.

, , ,
.
74

1.
Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 1996; 66: 3-29.
2.
Di Pierro F, Morazzoni P. Reaping the benefits: the role of two edible plants
(Vaccinium myrtillus and Glycine max). Proceedings of the Herbal Medicine in
the New Millenium Conference, Lismore, NSW, Australia, 1999: 146-150.
3.
Fraisse D et al. Composition polyphnolique de la feuille de myrtille. Ann Pharm

Fr 1996; 54: 280-283.
4.
Dombrowicz E et al. Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L.,

Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie 1991; 46: 680681.
5.
Martin-Aragon S et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Vaccinium

myrtillus. Pharm Biol 1999; 37: 109-113.
6.
Martin-Aragon S et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Phytother Res

1998; 12(Suppl.): S104-S106.
7.
Laplaud PM et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human

low-density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fund Clin Pharmacol 1997;
11: 35-40.
8.
Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction,

cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry
dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8114-8121.
9.
Bottecchia D et al. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of Vaccinium

myrtillus anthocyanosides on platelet aggregation and clot retraction. Fitoterapia
1987;58: 3-8.
10.
Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrtocyan, an anthocyanin complex

from Vaccinium myrtillus (VMA), on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness.
Fitoterapia 1990; 61: 13-21.
75
Blue Flag
(Iris versicolor L. Iris caroliniana Watson)

10-30 . (ridaceae).

( 0.002%, , , ,
1- ), ()
, -, .
.
: 0.6-2.0g
: 1-2ml ( 1:1 45%)
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
.
76

.
,
(Krick et al, 1983).

. ,
,
.

. ,
,
, ,
.
.
127mg (LD50,
). . ,

.
1.
Krick W et al. Isolation and structural determination of a new methylated triterpenoid from
rhizomes of Iris versicolor L. Z Naturforsch 1983; 38: 689-692.
77
Boldo (B)
To boldo (Peumus boldus Molina),

Monimiaceae. Boldus Boldus boldus (Mol.) Lyons.
. .
0.06% ( , ), , 6,7-,
,
N--,
(), . (
, (p- 28.6%, 16.1%, 1,8 16%, 9,1%, -4- 2.6%, a- 0,9%, 0.8%
0.4%) 0.5%, .
.
60-200mg , 2-5g
: 0.1-0.3 mL (1:1 45%)
.
:0.5-2.0 mL (1:10 60%) .
in vitro , boldo (
), , .
78

.

.
, ,
.

(-4-).
, ,
. ,
.
boldo
. ( 3). boldo
,

. ,
(Urzua et al ,1983).
, boldo ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, , .
(Complete German Commission )
boldo
boldo

. boldo
.
.
(Bombardelli et al, 1976).
79

boldo .

(Krug et al, 1965).

boldo .
.
-4-,
.
(LD50) boldo
0.13g
0.07g . LD50
0.625-1.25g .
3g
. , LD50 6g
( ). LD50
420 250mg (
) .
, 50
.
SOS chromotest
Escherichia coli, Ames test, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
in vitro in vivo.

micro nucleus .
80

1. Urza , Acua . Alkaloids from the bark of Peumus boldus. Fitoterapia 1983; 4: 175177.
2. Urza , Torres R. 6a,7-Dehydroboldine from the bark of Peumus boldus. J Nat Prod
1984; 47: 525-526.
3. Hughes DW et al. Alkaloids of Peumus boldus. Isolation of laurotetatine and
laurolitsine. J Pharm Sci 1968; 57: 1619-1620.
4. Hughes DW et al. Alkaloids of Peumus boldus. Isolation of (+)-reticuline and
isoboldine. J Pharm Sci 1968; 57: 1023-1025.
5. Bombardelli et al. new flavonol glycoside from Peumus boldus. Fitoterapia 1976;
46: 3-5.
6. Krug , Borkowski . Neue Flavonol-Glykoside aus den Blttern n Peumus boldus
Mlina. Pharmazie 1965; 20: 692-698.
7. Lanhers MC et al. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional
medicinal plant of Chile, Pneumus boldo. lanta Med 1991; 57:110-115.
8. Cederbaum AI et al. Inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation by boldine.
Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 1765-1772.
9. Speisky et al. Activity of boldine on rat ileum. lanta Med 1991; 57: 519-522.
10. Speisky et al. Antioxidant properties of the alkaloid boldine in systems undergoing
lipid peroxidation and enzyme inactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41: 1575-1581.
81
Broom ()
Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Koch.

Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae. Cytisus scoparius (L.)
Link, Hogweed, - Scoparius, - Spartium scoparium L.

, 0.8-1.5%, , (--),
, .
, .
:
, (bitter principles), , , ,
, , .

,
( 3).
,
.
1-2 g .
1-2 ml (1:1 25%).
(tincture) 0.5-2.0 ml (1:5 45%).
82

, .
(sparteine)
(quinidine). ,

. (sparteine)
(), ,
.
, ,
.
: . (sparteine),

,
, . (sparteine)
(quinidine) .
(sparteine), ,
.
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
. (sparteine sulfate)

.
(shock), , , .
H (sparteine),
. (sparteine),
.
.
83

.
, ,
.

.
. (sparteine), ,
, (quinidine).
, , ,
.
1.
Bisset NG, ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticas (Wichtl M., ed., German
edirtin), Stuttgart: Medpharm, 1994
2.
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996. Exeter: British Herbal Medicine

Association, 1996
3.
British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1949
4.
Council of Europe, Flavouring Substances and Natural Sources of Flavourings,

3rd edn. Strasbourg: Maisonneuve, 1981
5.
Ferow CW, Avila JR. Professionals Handbook of Complementary and

Altenative Medicines. Springhouse: Springhouse Corporation, 1999
6.
Foster S, Tylr VE, Tylers Honest Herbal, 4th edn. New York: The aorth Herbal
Press, 1999
84
Buchu
: Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans (Rutaceae)

:Barosma betulina Bart. & Wendl., Round Buchu, Short Buchu
Oval Buchu Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans (
Barosma crenulata (L.) Hook.) Long Buchu Agathosma serratifolia (Curt.)
Spreeth ( Barosma serratifolia (Curt.) Willd.)
:
: (diosmetin), (quercetin), (diosmin), 3,7 (quercetin-3,7-diglucoside), (rutin).
1.0-3.5%.
100
: (diosphenol), (limonene),
(menthone) (pulegone), (Kingwatanakul et al,
1996).
: (mucilage), (resin).
Agathosma.
1-2 g, , .
0.3-1.2 ml (1:1 90%).
(tincture) 2-4 ml (1:5 60%).
85

Buchu.
(diosmin) .
(pulegone), ( , (pennyroyal)).
(Jankowski et
al, 1983).
Buchu ,
( 3). Buchu
,
. ,
Buchu , 0.002%
(15.4ppm ).
Buchu
. , ,
.
Buchu ,
. Buchu (Siciliano et
al, 1996).
Buchu .
, ,
Buchu
(Avorn et al, 1994).

Buchu.
,

, .
,
(pulegone) , Buchu .
86

1. Kingwatanakul P, Alon US. Cranberries and urinary tract infection. Child Hosr Q
1996; 8:69-72
2. Hughes BG, Lawson LD. Nutritional content of cranberry products . Am J hosp Pharm
1989; 46:1129
3. Jankowski K, Pare JRJ. Trace glycoside from cranberries (Vacciunium oxycoccous) J
Nat Prod 1983; 46:190-193
4. Jankowski K, Alikaloids from cranberries V. Experientia 1973; 20:1334-1335.
5. Siciliano AA. Cranberry. Herbalgram 1996; 38:51-54.
6. Avorn J et ali. Reduction of becteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice,
JAMA 1994; 271:751-754.
7. Reid G, Sobel JD. Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: a
review. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:470-487.
8. Beachey EH> Bacterial adherence: adhesion receptor interactions mediating in the
attachment of bacteria to mucosal surface. J Infect Dis 1981; 143:325-345.
9. Sobota AE. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the
treatment of urinary tract infections. J Urol 1984; 131:1013-1016
10. Zafiri D et al. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice
87
Calamus ()
():
Acorous calamus L. (Araceae)
:
Sweet Flag
:

: , , (Keller et al, 1983).

: 1.5-3.5%. -
96% (), 5% ()
0%
()
(5%), (4%), (1%),

(1%), (0.3%) ,
(Mazza et al, 1985).
1.5%
: (.. ), ,
(2.5%), , (25-40%), .
88

: 1-3 g 3 .
: 1-3 ml (1:1 60% ) 3 .
: 2-4 ml (1:5 60% ) 3 .
.
, .

, , ,
.
. , -
.
D- L . ,
, ,
(Opdyke et al,
1977).
-
5-60%,
.
, .
,
( , ).
.
,
.
,
.
, , : , ( )
( )
(Stahl et al, 1981).
-, Asarum europaeum (Aristolochiaceae)
.
89
- ().

.
,
, .
- 0.1 mg/kg
, 1 mg/kg Acorus calamus
Asarum europaeum.
( 3).
,
.
, FDA ,
, ( )
.
.
, ,
.
-.
, ,
- . , -
.
.
.

() in vitro .
: ,
. . ,
.
.
90

,
-. -
.

, .
( ,
) -.
, -
Salmonella typhimurium.
,
. , ,
, .

, , .
( , )
-.

. ,
constituents
. ,
-,
. ,
, .
,
, .
91

1 Stahl , Keller . Zur Klassifizierung handelsublicher Kalmusdrogen. Planta Med 1981;
43: 128-140.
2 Keller , Stahl . Zusammensetzung des atherischen Oles n -asaronfreem Kalmus.
Planta Med 1983; 47: 71-74.
3 Mazza G. Gas chromarographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the
rhizome of calamus. . The volatile constituents of the essential il. J Chromatogr 1985;
328: 179-194.
4 Mazza G. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the
rhizome of calamus. . The volatile constituents f alcoholic extracts. J Chromatogr 1985;
328: 195- 206.
5 Opdyke DjL. Calamus l. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1977; 15: 623-626.
6 Keller et l. Spasmolyrische wirkung des isoasaronfreien kalmus. Plnt Med 1985; 6-9.
7 Keller et al. Pharmacological activity of calamus il with different amounts of cisisoasaron. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1983; 324(Suppl.): R55
8 Das et l. Spasmolytic activity of asarone and essential il of Acorus calamus Linn.
Arch Int Pharmadyn 1962; 135: 167-177.
9 Calamus. Lawrence Review f Natural Products. St Louis, : JB Lippincorr, 1989.
10 Gracza L. The active substances of Asarum europaeum. 16. The local anaesthetic activity
of the phenylpropanoids. Planta Med 1983; 48: 153-157.
11 Ohmoto , Sung -. Antimycotic substances in the crude drugs . Shoyakugaku Zasshi
1982; 36: 307-314.
12 Jain SR et l. Antibacterial evaluation of some indigenous volatile oils. Planta Med 1974;
26: 196-199.
13 aylor JM et l. Toxicity of il of calamus (Jammu Variery). Toxicol l Pharmacol
1967; 10: 405.
14 Gross et al. Carcinogenicity f il of calamus. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1967; 8:
24.
15 Abel G. Chromosome damaging effect on human lymphocytes by -asarone. Planta Med
1987; 251-253.
16 Goggelmann W, Schimmer O. Mutagenicity testing of -asarone and commercial calamus
drugs with Salmonella typhimurium. utat Res 1983; 121: 191-194.
17 Riazuddin S et l. Muragenicity testing of some medicinal herbs. Environ ol Mutagen
1987; 10: 141-148.
92
Capsicum ()
capsicum
C. annum L., C. baccatum L., C. chinense Jacq., C. frutescens L., C.
pubescens Ruiz & Pavlon C. minimum Roxb
Solanaceae.
Cayenne, Chilly Pepper, Hot Pepper, Paprica, Red Pepper Tabasco
Pepper.
Cayenne C. annum L. C.
frutescens L.,
,
.
Chilly Pepper C.
annum L. C. frutescens L.
Tabasco Pepper (Coniaoides) C. frutescens
L.
Paprica C.
annum L.

, 6-7 , -,
.
(, , , ),
(12-15%), (9-17%), A C.
93
, , ,
.
.
: 30-120 mg .
Capsicum: (BPC 1968) 0,3-1,0 mL: 0,005-0,01%.
Capsicum: (BPC 1934) 0,06-2,0 mL.
: 0,6 -2,0 mg.
, : 1,2 mg ( ), 1,8 mg ( ).
, : 2,5% .
, : 0,02-0,05%.
Capsicum.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
(, ).
, .

, .
/
,

, . ,
(
) (
) .
, ,
.
,
,
94
.

. ,
.
capsicum ( ) , ,
.
To capsicum ,
, .
,
, ,
.
capsicum (chilli) .
E (Council of Europe)
( 2). capsicum
,
( ) . ... capsicum
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe-
).
, capsicum ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,

( / ). (German Commission E)
,
. , , ,
().
capsicum ,

.
. capsicum
(MAO)
95
( ), ,
6 .

capsicum ,

.
. Capsicum
.

capsicum (),
.
.
capsicum (0,5g /Kg )
. capsicum
17 . ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

.
, ,
,
(Zhang et al, 1994).
capsicum
,
H2 blockers (.. , ,
, , ..) (.. ).
, capsicum
(MAO) ( ),
,
96
, 6-
(Locock et al, 1985).
, capsicum Anuum capsicum

Frutescens,
,
(Watanabe et al, 1987).

capsicum Anuum capsicum
Frutescens, ( ).
.
(Coniaoides) capsicum
Frutescens.
.

(capsicum Anuum) '
.
,
. ,
.
, . ,
(Kawada et al,
1986).
,

( ,
).

''''. capsicum ''''
() ''annus'' ''anuns'' ''''.
(
97

''''), , .
,
.
1. Locock RA. Capsicum. Can Pharm J 1985; 118: 517-519.

2. Watanabe et al. Capsaicin, a pungent principle of hot red pepper, evokes catecholamine
secretion from the adrenal medulla of anesthetized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
1987; 142: 259-264.
3. Kawada et al. Effects of capsaicin on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr
1986; 116: 1272-1278.
4. Agrawal RC et al. Chilli extract treatment and induction of eye lesions in hamsters. Toxicol
Lett 1985; 28: 1-7.
5. Maggi CA et al. Capsaicin-sensitive mechanisms and experimentally induced duodenal
ulcers in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39: 559-561.
6. Dugani , Glavin GB. Capsaicin effects on stress pathology and gastric acid secretion in rats.
Life Sci 1986; 39: 1531-1538.
7. Kawada , Iwai . In iv and in vitro metabolism of dihydrocapsaicin, a pungent principle
of hot pepper in rats. Agric Biol Chem 1985; 49: 441-448.
8. Pimparkar BND et al. Effects of commonly used spices on human gastric secretion. J Assoc
Physicians India 1972: 20: 901-910.
9. Yeoh KG et al. Chili protects against aspirin - induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in
humans. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 580-583.
10. Zhang WY et al. The effectiveness of topically applied capsaicin. ur J Clin Pharmacol
1994; 46: 517-522.
98
Cascara
cascara (Rhamnus purshiana DC), ,

Rhamnaceae. : Cascara Sacrada ( ), Rhamni
Purshianae Cortex Rhamnus frangula.
( A, B, C, D, E, F,
, -
, , physcion)
, , , , ,
(Petticrew et al, 1997).
.
: 0,3-1 gr .
: 1,5-2 gr 150ml .
Cascara (BP 1980) : 2-5ml.
: 20-30 mg ,
.
cascara .
.
cascara, (placebo),
.
99

cascara
( 4).
1, 2 3
. cascara
.
, cascara
.
.
cascara ,
.. Crohn, , ,
12 . ,
.

. ,
.

cascara
.

. cascara
, , .
, .
cascara
(.. ) .
100

1.
Petticrew M et al. Epidemiology of constipation in the general adult population. Health

Technol Assess 1997; 1: 1-52.
101
Cassia ()
cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) Lauraceae.

Cassia Bark, Cassia Lignea, Chinese Chimamon, Cinnamomum aromaticum
Nees False Cinnamon.
cassia cinnamon ( ).
( (75-90%), , ,
) , ,
( cinnamon), ,
(). cinnamon
C.cassia (Hikino et al, 1985).
.
: 0,5-1 gr, , .
Cassia: (BPC 1949) 0,05-0,2 mL, .
cassia,
. in vivo
cassia
, , stress.

(Tanaka et al, 1989).
102
cassia,
C.cassia Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon). O
,
, .

( ), ( ) , ,
,
( ) , ,
, . ,
, ,

. ,
cassia .
, ,
,
.
In vivo, ,
.
, Cinnamomum sieboldii Meisn,
cassia.
. ,
. ,
,
. , ,
.
cassia
.
700 g kg . cassia
GRAS ( ).
, , ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. Cassia
103
.
.
cassia
. cassia
0,2%.

,
,
cassia.

cassia.
. cassia
.
cassia . LD50 (
) cassia 320 mg/kg .
1. Hikino H. Oriental medicinal plants. In: Wagner H et al., eds. Economic and Medicinal
Plants, vol 1. London: Academic Press, 1985: 69-70.
2. Tanaka S et al. Antiulcerogenic compounds isolated from Chinese Cinnamon. Planta
Med 1989; 55: 245-248.
104
Cats claw
cats claw (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC., Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) Gmel.)
, .
Rubiaceae. Life giving Vine of Peru (
), Saventaro Uva de gato.
. U. tomentosa U.
guianensis ,
N- ,
, . U. tomentosa
N-o N-o .
U. tomentosa,
. ,
.
F ,
.
,
.

, (-,
, ) U. tomentosa.
Uncaria ( U. guianensis U. tomentosa)
( ).
105
, ,
.
(, ) Cats claw, 25
300 mg 400 mg 5 g .
cats
claw,
.
.
in vitro ,

cats claw.
U. tomentosa (,
, , ) o in vitro
. U.
tomentosa
.

- .
U. tomentosa
1 (IL-1) 6 (IL-6) in vitro
- IL-1 IL-6
.
U. tomentosa in vitro

Salmonella typhimurium TA102 8-
UVA . -
U. tomentosa.
H in vitro
U.
tomentosa
(tert-butylhydroperoxide-initiated
chemoluminescence) .
DNA.
106
in vitro U. tomentosa
(HL-60) -
Epstein-Barr. U. tomentosa

. C E U.
guianensis DNA
.
,
. In vitro, U.
tomentosa .

ex vivo.
,
.
.

.
/
cats claw (U. tomentosa)
.
.
cats claw (U. tomentosa) in
vitro
.
cats claw
NF-kB,
cat claw.
in
vitro RNA .
in vitro 1B.

Uncaria sinensis ( U. tomentosa)
.
, ,

.
107
H U. tomentosa 15
S. typhimurium TA98
TA100. U. tomentosa
, , .
, 13 HIV-
, 20 mg U. tomentosa (
12 mg ) 2.2- 5 .
,
, .
T4/T8 (Montenegro et al, 1976).
Cats claw . ,
Cats claw , -, ,
, .
, ,
, , .
(Phillipson et al, 1978).
cats claw,
.
U.tomentosa
.
.

in vitro,
cats claw
0.02% (Aquino et al,
1991).

, cats claw
(Yepez et al , 1991).
. , cats claw
-
.
108

H cats claw .
, cats claw
. , (<3 ) .

cats
claw ( 4 ,
) , , ,
. 3.6 mg/dL
. cats claw
( 2.7 mg/dL).
LD50 16g/kg .

.
, (Cerri et
al ,1998).
in vitro, U. tomentosa
IL-1 IL-6,

. U. tomentosa
in vitro.
in vitro U. tomentosa

(Photobacterium phosphoreum). (10100mg/mL),
CHO -
.

, cats claw
.
109
. , cats
claw -
.
E, cats claw ,

,
.
1. Hemingway SR, Phillipson JD. Alkaloids from South American species of Uncaria
(Rubiaceae). J Pharm Pharmacol 1974; 26(Suppl.): 113.
2. Laus G, Keplinger D. Separation of stereoisomeric oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria
tomentosa by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1994; 662: 243249.
3. Laus G et al. Alkaloids of Peruvian Uncaria tomentosa. Phytochemistry 1997; 45: 855860.
4. Montenegro de Matta S et al. Alkaloids and procyanidins of an Uncaria sp. from Peru. I
Farmaco-Ed Sci 1976; 31: 5227-5235.
5. Phillipson JD et al. Alkaloids of Uncaria. Part V. Their occurrence and chemotaxonomy.
Lloydia 1978; 41: 503-570.
6. Cerri R et al. New quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa. J Nat Prod 1988;
51: 257-261.
7. quino R et al. Plant metabolites. Structure and in vitro antiviral activity of quinovic
acid glycosides, from Uncaria tomentosa and Guettarda platypoda. J Nat Prod 1989; 52:
679-685.
8. Aquino R et al. Plant metabolites. New compounds, and anti-inflammatory activity of
Uncaria tomentosa. J Nat Prod 1991; 54: 453-459.
9. Yepez et al. Quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria guainensis. Phytochemistry
1991; 30: 1635-1637.
10. Aquino R et al. New polhydroxylated triterpenes from Uncaria tomentosa. J Nat Prod
1990; 53: 559-564.
110
Celery ()
celery (Apium graveolens L.),

,
. Apiacae/Umbelliferae.
Apii Fructus, Celery Fruit, Celery Seed
Smallage.
(, , , ..)
(, , , ,
,
, , 8--5-).
, - , . 3-n-
, .
, , ,
, , , , .
.
: 0,5-2,0 gr, , 1:5 .

: 0,3-1,2 mL (1:1 60%), .
(BPC 1934) 0.3-1.2 mL
111

in vitro ,
.

Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Shingella
dysenteriae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus
pumilus, Streptococcus pyogenes Pseudomonas solanacearum.
Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
in vitro
, ADP
(- ),
(PAF),
23187.

.
, .

(Kar et al, 1971).
, .
14 16
.(Innocenti et al, 1976).
(Council of Europe)
( 2).
,
( ) .
. ...
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe-
).
, ,
, - .
, , ,
(Dallacqua et al ,1975).
112

, ,
.
,
, , .
( ) .

. ,
,
.
. ,
(Carg et al, 1980).

.
.

.
. ,
,
.
.
gE

.

(raxacum officinale)
. LD50 (
), 5 gr/kg .
,
.
113

, .

.
,
.
, ,
.
.
1.
Garg S et al. Glucosides of Apium graveolens. Planta Med 1980; 38: 363-365.
2.
Garg S et al. Apiumetin a new furanocoumarin from the seeds of Apium

graveolens. Phytochemistry 1978; 17: 2135-2136.
3.
Garg SK et al. Celerin, a new coumarin from Apium graveolens. Planta Med 1980;
38: 186-188.
4.
Garg S et al. Minor phenolics of Apium graveolens seeds. Phitochemistry 1979;

18: 352.
5.
Dall Acqua et al. Biosynthesis of O-alkylfurocoumarins. Planta Med 1975; 27:

343-348.
6.
Garg S et al. Apiumoside, a new furanocoumarin glucoside from the seeds of

Apium graveolens. Phytochemistry 1979; 18: 1764-1765.
7.
Garg S et al. Coumarins from Apium graveolens seeds. Phytochemistry 1979;

18: 1580-1581.
8.
Innocenti G et al. Investigations of the content of furocoumarins in ium

graveolens and in Petro-selinum sativum. Planta Med 1976; 29: 165-170.
9.
Kar , Jain SR. Investigations on the antibacterial activity of some Indian

indigenous aromatic plants. Flavour Industry 1971; February.
10.
Beier RC et al. Hplc analysis of linear furocoumarins (psoralens) in healthy celery

(pium graveolens). Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21: 163-165.
114
Cereus ( )
Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britt. & Rose),

Cactaceae.
Cactus grandiflorus,
Cereus grandiflorus Mill. Night Blooming Cereus.
, (,
),
(,
-3--
()-) .
.
cereus: (BPC 1934) 0.06-0.6 mL.

cereus: (BPC 1934) 0.12-2.0 mL.
Cereus.
, , (Brown et al,
1968).
O Cereus . ,
,
.
, .
115

Cereus ,

(MAO) (Wagner et al, 1982).

Cereus,
.

Cereus
, . Cereus
(Petershofe et al, 1982).
Cereus ,

(MAO).
1.
Brown SD et al. Cactus alkaloids. Phytochemistry 1968; 7: 2031-2036.
2.
Wagner H, Grevel J. Neue herzwirksame drogen II, nachweis und isolierung

herzwirksamer amine durch ionenpaar-HPLC. Planta Med 1982; 44: 36-40.
3.
Petershofer-Halbmayer H et al. Isolierung von Hardenin (Cactin) aus Selenicereus

grandiflorus (L.) Britt. & Rose und Selenicereus pteranthus (Link & Otto) Britt. &
Rose. Sci Pharm 1982; 50: 29-34.
116
Chamomile, Roman ( )
(Chamaemelum nobile. (L.) All.),

, ,
Asteraceae/Compositae. Anthemis nobilis L.

(), (, ,
. , -7- ),
( o (85%), 1,8-, L-trans,
L-trans-,
, 3-, 1,10 3-,

). ( )

. (),
, , .
.
: 1-4 , .
:1-4ml (1:1 70%), .
(.
).
, . ,
- .
117
(.
).
( ), -
, 350mg/kg
.

(Mann et al, 1986).
, , 1,10- 3-, in
vitro . -

(ED50: 0,56g/ml HeLa, ED50: 1,23g/ml ,
: 4g/ml).

( 2).
, ,
, .
. ,
GRAS, (GRAS:Generally
Recognized As Safe).
, ,
,
: , , , ,
,
(Opdyke et al, 1974).
(. ),

Asteraceae/Compositae. ,
(.
). ,
(kasterline et al, 1980).

.
118

. , ,

(Melegari et al, 1988).

(. ).
. , ,
, . ,

.
.
. ,
. LD50
() ( )
5g/kg .
.
,
. , ,
-
, .

,
.
,
.
, .
,
( ).
119

1.
Mann C, Staba EJ. The chemistry, pharmacology, and commercial formulations of

chamomile. In: Craker LE, Simon JE, eds. Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants:
Recent Advances in tany, Horticulture, and harmacology, vol 1. Arizona: Oryx
Press, 1986: 235-280.
2.
Opdyke DLJ. Chamomile oil roman. Food Cosmet xicol 1974: 12: 853.
3.
Casterline CL. Allergy to chamomile tea. JAMA 1980; 4: 330-331.
4.
ausen BM et al. The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. Planta Med 1984;
50: 229-234.
5.
Melegari et al. Chemical characteristics and pharmacological properties of the

essential oils of nthemis nobilis. Fitoterapia 1988; 59: 449-455.
6.
Achterrath-Tuckermann U et al. Pharmacologisch Untersuchungen n KamillenInhaltestoffen. Planta Med 1980; 39: 38-50.
120
7.
Berry . The chamomiles. Pharm J 1995; 254: 191-193.
8.
Harris , Lewis R. Chamomile - Part 1. Int J Alt Complement Med 1994; September.
Chamomile, (German) ( )
(Matricaria recutita L. ),
,
(Asteraceae/Compositae), , 35
, , .
.

. ( )

.
Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert, Hungarian Chamomile,
Matricaria chamomilla L., Matricaria Flowers, Sweet Chamomile Wild Chamomile.
(
, ), (, , ,
, , ), ( (-)--
( 50%), (1-15%), (-)-- , (-)-- ,
(-)--, ,
. , ,
, , .
.
. , , , ,
, (. )
.
121

a : 2-8 , .
: 1-4 ml (1:1 45%), .
in vitro
, , ,
, -, .
-
-
.
.
5-
.
: , ,
cis-- (-)--. ,
, .

, (-)--.
cis- ,
, .
, .

, ,
, , 1 GABAA. (HPLC)
: )
, (cerebellum membranes)
) GABA ,
(cortical membranes), GABA . ,

.
122
-
- (-)--.
, ,
.

-
Gram-
. ,
- , (UV) .
.

.

.
, ,
,
. (-)--
, , , . cis .
,
1-2mg/mm3.

.
,
0,1ml/kg . 0,2ml/kg

.

.
,
, .

,
.
123

:

0,25%
0,1% 0,5% bufexamax,
. 161 .

0,1%
, (20mg/g)
. 25

UVB .
98 ,
50mg
(-)--
150-300mg
-7-/100g
,
, .
, , placebo, 164 ,

5-.

.
5-6 .
,
, .
. :
(Isaac et al, 1979).
5%
6
147 . (50mg
3mg /100g)
14 .
120 , ,
(Tubaro et al, 1984).
124

.
10 12
.

( 2).
,
( )
. . ,
GRAS,
(GRAS:Generally Recognized As Safe).
, ,
,
. ,
, , -, ,
, , ,
(Jakovlev et al, 1983).
:
,
, ( )
,
(Breinlich et al, 1968).

( ) ( ).
,
Asteraceae/Compositae
. ,
(. ).
,
.

.
125

. ,
, (-)--
1-3ml/kg . 3ml/kg
reabsorbed
. (-)--s 250
500mg/kg ,
. ,
.

,
.
.
( Asteraceae/Compositae).
, : , ,
, - , ,
, .
.

Asteraceae/Compositae, ( Umbelliferae).

.
,
( ) ,

.
,
-.

.
( )
. LD50
126
5g/kg
,
. LD50
( ) 2,5ml/kg .
(-)--
15ml/kg . - (-)- ( ) 1
2ml/kg . , LD50 cis ( - ) 670mg/kg .
.
,
. , ,
-
, .

,
.
.
(.
)
).
, .

.
127

1. Isaac . Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile I. On the
pharmacology of (-)--bisabolol and bisabolol oxides (review). Planta Med 1979; 35: 118124.
2. Mann C, Staba EJ. The chemistry, pharmacology, and commercial formulations of
chamomile. In: Craker LE, Simon JE, eds. Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent
Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology, vol 1. Arizona: Oryx Press, 1986:
235-280.
3. Tubaro A et al. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of a chamomile extract after topical
application. Planta Med 1984; 50: 359.
4. Jakovlev V et al. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile VI.
Investigations on the antiphlogistic effects of chamazulene and matricine. Planta Med 1983;
49: 67-73.
5. Jacovlev V et al. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile . New
investigations on the antiphlogistic effects of (-)--bisabolol and bisabolol oxides. Planta
Med 1979; 35: 125-140.
6. Breinlich VJ, Scharnagel . Pharmakologische Eigenschaften des EN-IN-dicyclothers aus
Matricari chamomilla. Arzneimittelforschung 1968; 18: 429-431.
7. Szelenyi et al. Pharmacological experiments with compounds of chamomile .
Experimental studies of the ulcerprotective effect of chamomile. Planta Med 1979; 35: 218227.
8. Suganda AG et al. Effets inhibiteurs de quelques extraits bruts et semi purifis de plantes
indignes franaises sur la multiplication de l herpesvirus humain 1 et du poliovirus humain
2 en culture cellulaire. J Nat Prod 1983; 46: 626-632.
9. Achterrath-Tuckermann U et al. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of
chamomile. V. Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and
Kamillosan on the isolated guinea pig ileum. Planta Med 1980; 39: 38-50.
10. Hlzl J et al. Preparation of 14C-spiro ethers by chamomile and their use by an investigation
of absorption. Planta Med 1986; 52: 533.
128
Chaparral ()
chaparral (Larrea tridentate (DC.) Coville), ,

,
Zygophyllaceae. Creosote
Bush. L. tridentate. Larrea
divaricata Gav. .
(, , ,
, , , , , , , ), 20
, ,

(gossypetin, herbacetin) C- -.
(NDGA),
, o o : ,
, - - , 2- .
.
, .
.
in vitro :
129
Entamoeba histolytica
chaparral (0.01%). ,
NDGA
,
, , , Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bernhard et al,
1981).
NDGA
.
chaparral

85- . ,
- chaparral
(Sakibara et al, 1977).
chaparral , , Larrea
mexicana Moric., creosote bush,
( N2).
creosote bush ,
(
) . , NDGA

. ( , ).
, chaparral
, , , , ,
.

chaparral, NGDA,
.
(MAO),
.
130

In vitro, chaparral .
, chaparral
(Gisvold et al, 1974).

chaparral.
chaparral . chaparral
.

chaparral.

chaparral. - .
NDGA .
NDGA 400mg/kg
5-6 , .
LD50 NDGA 4g/kg
(),
5.5g/kg
()
830mg/kg
().
( , 0,25-1.0% )
,
.
0.5% (feeding
level). NGDA . ,
( NDGA 3%
% )
. , NGDA GRAS
(Generally Recognized As Safe) ,
(Fronczek et al, 1987).
Chaparral :
, Parkinson (
)
, .. , , .
131

Chaparral
, NDGA. ,
chaparral.
, chaparral
.
1.
Bernhard , Thiele K. Additional flavonoids from the leaves of Larrea

tridentata. Planta Med 1981; 41: 100-103.
2.
Sakakibara
et
al.
6,8-Di-C-glucosylflavones
from
Larrea
tridentata
(Zygophyllaceae). Phytochemistry 1977; 16: 1113-1114.

3.
Sakakibara et al. new 8-hydroxyflavonol from Larrea tridentata.

Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 2097-2098.
4.
Sakakihara
et
al.
New
8-hydroxyflavonols
from
Larrea
tridenta.

5.
Sakakibara M et al. Flavonoid methyl ethers on the external leaf surface of Larrea
tridentata and L. divaricata. Phytochemistry 1976; 15: 727-731.
6.
Chirikdjian
JJ.
Isolation
of
kumatakenin
and
4',5-dihydroxy-3,3',7-
trimethoxyflavone from Larrea tridentata. Pharmazie 1974; 29: 292-293.

7.
Chirikdjian JJ. Flavonoids of Larrea tridentata. Naturforsch 1973; 28: 32-35.
8.
Gisvold O, Thaker . Lignans from Larrea divaricata. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63: 19051907.
9.
Fronczek FR et al. The molecular structure of 3'-demethoxynorisoguaiacin

triacetate from creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 497-499.
10.
Page JO. Determination of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in creosote bush. Anal Chem

1955; 27: 1266-1268.
132
Cinnamon ()
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Bl., Cinnamomum
loureirri Nees Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees) Bl

o Lauraceae. , , ,
. ,
.
Ceylon Cinnamon,
Cinnamomum verum J.S.Presl., True Cinnamon, Cinnamomum obtusifolium Nees
var.loureirii Perr. & Eb., Saigon Cassia, Saigon Cinnamon, Batavia Cassia, Batavia
Cinnamon, Padang-Cassia Padang Cinnamon.
(, , , , , , ,
, , , , ..).
, C. zeylanicum .

80 96%, .
Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.,
(60%) 3% .
cassia.
, .
, , , ,
, , .
.
133

: 0.5-1.0g ,
: 0.5-1.0ml (1:1 70%), .
: (BPC 1949) 2-4ml.
, ,
. (0.1%)
,
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans. (. cassia)
,
, .
.

HeLa

( 2).
,
( )
. ,
.
700g
. Gras (Generally
Recommended As Safe).
, ,
, , , ,
. , ,
, , ,
.

.
134

, ,
.
.
. .

,
(ausen et al, 1984).

.
, . LD50
690mg/kg .
2.5mg/kg
.

, , ,
, .
.

.
1. Wagner H, Wolff P (eds). New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with
Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutical Activity. Berlin: Springer Verlag,
1977.
2. ausen BM et al. The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. Planta Med 1984;
50: 229-234.
135
Clivers ( )
(Galium aparine L.), , ,

(Rubiaceae). 40
.
Cleavers, Galium Goosegrass.
( , - , , , ), (
Galium cruciata Galium tauricum),
(, ), , (C19-C31) .
.
(Hegnauer et al, 1973).
: 2-4g, , .
: 2-4mL (1:1 25%), .
: 3-15mL, (Borisov et al ,1974).
clivers.
.
15
, .
(Grimshaw et al, 1961).
136

. ,
. ,
, , (Corrigar et al,
1978).

.

,
.

.
1. Hegnauer . Chemtaxonomie der flanzen, ol 6. Basel and Stuttgart: Birhauser

Verlag, 1973: 158-159.
2. Borisov MI. Coumarins of the genus Asperula and Galium. Khim Prir Soedin 1974;
10: 82.
3. Grimshaw J. Structure of asperuloside. Chem nd 1961:403-404.
4. Corrigan D et al. Iridoids and alkanes in twelve species of Glium and Asperula.
5. Buckova et al. Contents of tannins in some species of the Asperula and Galium
genera. Acta Fac Pharm Univ Cmeniana 1970; 19: 7-28.
6. Inouye et al. Purgative activities of iridoid glucosides. lanta Med 1974; 25: 285288.
137
Clove ()
(Syzygium aromaticum L.),

, , ,
, , , .
Myrtaceae.
.
Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica L., Eygenia
caryophyllata Thunb. Eugenia caryophyllus.
.
(15-18 %) , -,
, , .. 82-88% .
90-95 % (Chakraborty et al, 1986).
, , , ,
, , , .
,
.
120 300 mg.

0,05 0,2 ml.
,
.
138

, ,
.
.
(15%
70%) (athletes
foot).

( 2).

( )
.
. GRAS (
).
,
, ,
.
(ausen et al, 1984).

.
.
,
.

.

,
.
139

.
.
(LD50, : , )
2,65 gr/ .
2,5 mg/ .

1. Chakraborty D et al. A new neuropsychopharmacological study of Syzygium cuminii.

Planta Med 1986; 52: 139-143.
2. Wagner H, Wolff P (eds). New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with
Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutical Activity. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1977.
3. ausen BM et al. The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. Planta Med 1984;
50: 229-234.
140
Cohosh, Black (T)
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa utt.)

Ranunculaceae. Cimicifuga (Ranunculaceae),
18 , (C. europaea),
. ( C. foetida).
. Cimicifuga,
, cimex (, ) fugare
( ). Black Cohosh black
(=) cohosh .
Actaea Racemosa Radix, Black Snakeroot, Cimicifuga Macrotys
Actaea.
(), ,
( , ).
(, , , , , , ,
, ..), , , , ,
.
.
/: 40-200 mg .
40
mg
/ .
141
: 0.4-2 mL (1:10 60%) .

Black Cohosh,
Remiferin. 20 mg 1 mg ,
27- 40 mg 24
.
, , ,
, Blach Cohosh
.
.

.
, in vitro
in vivo
.
Blach Cohosh
.
, , acteina,

.
.
in vivo,

in vitro.

.
in vitro Plasmodium
falciparum.
, Cimicifuga dahurica,
Gram+ Gram- .
,
, . ,

.
Black Cohosh in vitro
142

(Bedir et al, 2000).
Black Cohosh
. ,
.
.
, Black Cohosh
acteina
.
.
Black Cohosh . ...,

(FDA)
.
, , ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
. - (Shao et al, 2000).
,
Black Cohosh.

.
,
.

In vitro
. ,
. ,

.
143

, Black Blue Cohosh
.

Black Cohosh, .
,
Black Cohosh .
, , ,
.

, , , ,
.

.
3 (Jarry et al, 1985).
(
)
(McKenna et al, 2001).
144

1.
McKenna DJ et al. Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and
preclinical applications. Altern Ther 2001; 7: 93-100.
2.
Jarry , Harnischfeger G. Untersuchungen zur endokrinen wirksamkeit on

inhaltsstoffen aus Cimicifuga racemosa 1. Einfluss auf die serumspiegel von
hypophysenhormonen ovariektomierter ratten. Planta Med 1985; 51: 46-49.
3.
Jarry et al. Untersuchungen zur endokrinen wirksamkeit on inhaltsstoffen aus

Cimicifuga racemosa 2. In vitro-bindung von inhaltsstoffen an strogenrezeptoren.
Planta Med 1985; 51: 316-319.
4.
Linde . Die inhaltsstoffe von Cimicifuga racemosa 2. Mitt.: zur struktur des
acteins. Arch Pharm 1967; 300: 885-892.
5.
Linde . Die inhaltsstoffe von Cimicifuga racemosa 3. Mitt.: ber die konstitution
der ringe , and C des acteins. Arch Pharm 1967; 300: 982-992.
6.
Linde . Die inhaltsstoffe von Cimicifuga racemosa 4. Mitt.: actein: der ring D
und seitenkette. Arch Pharm 1968; 301: 120-138.
7.
Linde
Die
inhaltsstoffe
von
Cimicifuga
racemosa
5.
Mitt.:
27-
desoxyacetylacteol. Arch harm 1968; 301: 335-341.

8.
Radics L et al. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of some polycyclic triterpenoids.

Tetrahedron Lett 1975; 48:4287-4290.
9.
Bedir , Khan . Cimiracemoside : a new cyclolanostanol xyloside from the

rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa. Chem Pharm Bull 2000; 48: 425-427.
10.
Shao et al. Triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga racemosa. J Nat Prod 2000;
63: 905-910.
145
Cohosh Blue
(Caulophyllum thalictroides L.) Berberidaceae.

Caulophyllum, Papoose
root Squaw root.

(, , , ), (,
D, ) , - ,
, .
.
/: 0,3-1 g, , .
: 0,5- 1 ml (1:1 70%), .
blue cohosh .
in vitro , ,

(Flom et al, 1967).
,
.
146
,
,
, . (
). ,
.

, ,
.
, ,

.

55% .

.
. ,
, . ,
. , ,
,
.

.
,
(Strigina et al, 1976).
, .

, .
.
147

, .

.
, blue cohosh.
,
,
(Chaudrasekhar et al, 1974).

(.. , , ..).
1. Flom MS et al. Isolation and characterization f alkaloids from Caulophyllum thalictroides. J

Pharm Sci 1967; 56: 1515-1517.
2. Strigina LI et al. Cauloside D a new triterpenoid glycoside from Caulophyllum robustum.
Maxim. Identification of cauloside . Phytochemisty 1976; 15: 1583-1586.
3. Pilcher JD et al. The action of various female remedies on the excised uterus of the guineapig. Arch Intern Med 1916; 18: 557-583.
4. Chaudrasekhar , Sarma GHR. Observations on the effect of low and high doses of
Caulophyllum on the ovaries and the consequential changes in the uterus and thyroid in rats.
J Reprod Fertil 1974; 38: 236-237.
5. Chaudrasekhar , Raa Vishwanath C. Studies on the effect of Caulophyllum on implantation
in rats J Reprod Fertil 1974; 38: 245-246.
6. Ferguson HC, Edwards LD. pharmacological study of a crystalline glycoside of
Caulophyllum: thalictroides. J Am Pharm Assoc 1954; 43: 16-21.
7. Bennit PS et al. Biological and phytochemical evaluation of plants XIV. Anti-inflammatory
evaluation of 163 species of plants. Lloydia 1976; 393: 160-171.
148
Cola ()
H (Cola nitida A. Chev., Cola acuminate Schott& Endl., Sterculia acuminata Beauv.
),
, , .
Sterculiaceae.
Cola seed, Guru nut Kola nut.
(, ),
() , , ,
, , , .
.
: 1-3g, , .
: (BPC 1949) 0.6-1.2mL (1:1 60%).
: (BPC 1934) 1-4ml (1:5 60%).
, ,
.
,
149
, ,
, .

(Cola : 4,
) H Cola . ,
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe).
,

, . , ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
.

.

,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.

, , , .
150
. ,
,
.

Cola . Cola

Cola.
1. British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1949

2. Council of Europe, Flavouring Substances and Natural Sources of Flavourings, 3rd edn.
Strasbourg: Maisonneuve, 1981
3. Ferow CW, Avila JR. Professionals Handbook of Complementary and Altenative
Medicines. Springhouse: Springhouse Corporation, 1999
4. Foster S, Tylr VE, Tylers Honest Herbal, 4th edn. New York: The aorth Herbal Press,
1999
151
Coltsfoot ()
(Tussilago farfara L.),

, Asteraceae/Compositae.
.
. : Farfara.
( , - , , , , , ),
(, , ,
, ) (),
(, ), (.. ,
), (),
,, (, , ),
(), .
.
: 0,6-2,0 g, , .
: 0,6-2,0 ml (1:1 25%), .
: 2-8 ml (1:5 45%) .
: 2-8 ml ( 1:4 ) .
152

Gram- Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus hauseri, Bordetella
pertussis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus vulgaris .

Selye

.

.
(PAF)
, .
PAF .
, L-652,469,
PAF
.

PAF. ,
,
PAF.

( )
(blocker) .

.
, .
.
, , .

(Engalycheva et al, 1982) .

( 4).
153
,
.
, ,
, .
, , .
,
.
( ), ,
. , coltsfoot
.

, ,
.
, (Rosberger et al, 1981).

coltsfoot .

.
, .

4 33%. 600 ,
4%,
( )
. ,

,
. ,
0,015%,

.

.
,
154
coltsfoot Senecio ( ).
,

.
.

.
,
.
10 gr 70
g 1,4 mg . , ,
.
,
( LD50 64 mg/kg , ). ,

.
,
(Didry et al, 1980).
155

1.
Didry et al. Phenolic compounds from Tussilago farfara. Ann Pharm Fr 1980;
38: 237-241.
2.
Culvenor CCJ et al. The occurrence of senkirkine in Tussilago farfara. Aust J

Chem 1976; 29: 229-230.
3.
Rosberger DF et al. The occurrence of senecione in Tussilag farfara. Mitt Geb

Lebensm Hyg 1981; 72: 432-436.
4.
Rder et al. Tussilagine a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Tussilago farfara.

Planta Med 1981; 41: 99-102.
5.
Haaland . Water-soluble polysaccharides from the leaves of Tussilago farfara L.

Acta Chem Scand 1969; 23: 2546-2548.
6.
Yi-Ping L, Wang -. Evaluation of tussilagone: a cardiovascular-respiratory

stimulant isolated from Chinese herbal medicine. Gen Pharmacol 1988; 19: 261263.
7.
Didry et al. Components and activity of Tussilago farfara. Ann Pharm Fr 1982;
40: 75-80.
8.
Didry , Pinkas . Antibacterial activity of fresh leaves of Tussilago spp. Bull

Soc harm (Lille) 1982; 38: 51-52.
9.
Ieven M et al. Screening of higher plants for biological activities . Antimicrobial

activity. Planta Med 1979; 36: 311-321.
10.
Engalycheva - et al. Anti -inflammatory activity of polysaccharides obtained

from Tussilago farfara L. Farmatsiya 1982; 31: 37-40.
156
Comfrey ()
Symphytum officinale L., , ,

- (Boraginaceae).
. .
, .
Consolidae Radix, Symphytum peregrinum Ledeb.
Symphytum Radix. Prickly Comfrey (Symphytum asperum),
Quaker Russian Comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum, S. officinale x S. asperum).
(,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
), ( , , , ,
),
(, , , ).
, , , , ,
, .
, .
/: 2-4 g, , .
: 2-4 ml (1:1 25%) .
: 10-15% , ,
.
157
: 2-8 g, , .
: 2-8 ml (1:1 25%) .
.

.
,
.
, ,
-oxides
.
(S. Officinale)
in-vitro.
.
, ,
.
.
-- .
in-vitro.

, , shepherds
purse, St Johns wort uva-ursi.
,
,
.

(food flavouring) ( 4).
, ,
.
,
, ,
158
. ,
, ,
.

, .
,
.

.
,
(Huizing et al, 1987).

,
Crotalaria, Heliotropium Senecio.

. ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
(Ames),
(Culvenor et al, 1980).
159

1. Culvenor CCJ et al. Structure and toxicity of the alkaloids of Russian comfrey
(Symphytum x uplandicum yman), a medicinal herb and item of human diet.
Experientia 1980; 36: 377-379.
2. Smith LW, Culvenor CCJ. Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Nat Prod 1981; 44:
129-152.
3. Huizing HJ. Phytochemistry, systematics and biogenesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids of
Symphytum taxa. Pharm Weekbl (Sci) 1987; 9: 185-187.
4. Mattocks AR. Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey. Lancet 1980; ii: 1136-1137.
5. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria 80. Geneva: WHO, 1988.
6. Abbott PJ. Comfrey: assessing the low-dose health risk. Med J ust 1988; 149: 678682.
7. wang DVC. Comfrey. Can Pharm J 1987; 120: 101-104.
8. McLean . The toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. hrmacol Rev
1970; 22: 429-483.
9. Huxtable RJ. Herbal teas and toxins: novel aspect, of pyrrolizidine poisoning in the
United States. Perspect Biol Med 1980; 24: 1-14.
10. Mattocks AR. Chemistry and Toxicology Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. London: Academic
Press, 1986.
160
Corn Silk
Zea mays L.,

Gramineae. :
Stigma maydis, Zea.

Zea, ( , ,
),
,
), , , (.. , ),
, , C .
() .
: 4-8g, , .
, Maize stigmas: 4-8 ml (BPC 1923).
: 5-15 ml (1:5 25%) .
, Maize stigmas sirop: 8-15 ml (BPC 1923).
in vitro ,
, . ,

.
161
.
.
(1940 1960), ,
, .

.
,

.

.

( N2).

.
GRAS. N1
.
(Chaput et al, 1972).
, corn silk
.
, , ,
, .
T
.
, , . ,
.

T
. ,

.
162

,
. .

.
1,5mg/kg , 250mg/kg. T
,
.
,
. ,
(Seigler et al, 1976).
1.
Seigler DS. Plants of the northeastern United States that produce cyanogenic
compounds. Economic Bot 1976; 30: 395-407.
2.
Bever BO, Zahnd GR. Plants with oral hypoglycaemic action. Q J Crude Drug Res
1979; 17: 139-196.
3.
Hahn SJ. Pharmacological action of Maydis stigma. K at ollik Taehak Uihakpu

Nonmunjip 1973; 25: 127-141.
4.
Chaput A et al. Action of Zea mays L. unsaponifiable titre extract on experimental

periodontolysis in hamsters. Med Hyg (Geneve) 1972; 30: 1470-1471.
163
Couchgrass ( , Agropyron repeus L.)
(Agropyron repens L.), ,

(Gramineae). (),

. Agropyron, Dogs
Grass, Quackgrass, Triticum, Triticum repens L. Twitchgrass.
(, , , , , ),
), , (, trans-, ,
, -, ).
.
.
: 4-8 g, , .
: 4-8 ml (1:5 25%) .
: 5 15 ml (1:5 40%) .

, .
, .
164

(Mascolo et al, 1987).
.
.

( 2).

( ) .
GRAS.
,
. , ,
, ,
(Boesel et al, 1979).

.

,
.

.
.
.
165

1. Boesel , Schilcher H. Composition of the essential oil of Agropyrum repens rhizone.
Planta Med 1989; 55: 399-400.
2. Mascolo N. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory
activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28-29.
3. Weston LA et al. Isolation, characterization and activity of phytotoxic compounds
from quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]. J Chem Ecol 1987; 13: 403-421.
166
Cowslip ()
cowslip (Primula veris L.), , ,

Primulaceae. Paigle, Peagle, Primula
Primula officinalis (L.) Hill.
(, , , , ,
), (, ,
, , ), (
- ), (
), (
),
..
2 .. , ), .
.
.
.
(5-10%) ,
, , , .
,
, 45%.
.
: 1-2gr, , .
: 1-2 ml (1:1 25%) .
167

.
in vitro ,

.
In vitro
(PG), ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, , .
,
. .
. , Primula
eliator,
. ( 2).
,
2mg/kg.
, Primula ,
, , .
, ,
.
.
, ,
(Kartnig et al, 1973).

Primula .
, .
168

.

.
(patch test) ,
. LD50 ( , )
24,5mg/kg .

.
.
. ,

(Karl et al, 1981)
,
(Grecu et al, 1975).
1. Karl C et al. Die flavonoide in den blten on Primula officinalis. lanta Med 1981;
41: 96-99.
2. Grecu L, Cucu V. Saponine aus rimula officinalis und Primula elatior. Planta Med
1975; 27: 247-253.
3. Kartnig , Ri CY. Dnnschichtchromatographische untersuchungen all den
zuckerkomponenten der saponine aus den wurzeln n Primula veris und . elatior.
lanta Med 1973; 23: 379-380.
169
Cranberry ( )

cranberry. o cranberry Vaccinium
macrocarpon Ait Vaccinium oxycoccus Ericaceae.

. Large
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
uropean Cranberry, Mosberry Small Cranberry
Vaccinium oxycoccus.
(, , ),
( ), (
) .
.
.

(Jankowski et al, 1983).
170

cranberry
.
in vitro cranberry
.
cranberry,
,
. , ,
cranberry

- . ,
.

.
( ),
.
in vitro
in vitro cranberry , ,

Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum
Trichophyton, Candida albicans. , /
, cranberry
.

cranberry
.
.

. Cranberry
(: 1).
, Cranberry
.
, Cranberry ,
171
, , , ,

cranberry
. cranberry , ,

. cranberry
, cranberry
, ,
.
cranberry
,
cranberry .

cranberry
.
cranberry
.

.
cranberry
,
cranberry. cranberry
. , cranberry
, ,
, . (Kingwatanakul
et al, 1996).
172

1. Kingwatanakul , lon US. Cranberries and urinary tract infection. Child osp Q 1996; 8: 6972.
2. Hughes BG, Lawson LD. Nutritional content of cranberry products. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989;
46: 1129.
3. Jankowski , Par JRJ. Trace glycoside from cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus). J Nat Prod
1983; 46: 190-193.
4. Jankowski . Alkaloids of cranberries V. Experientia 1973; 29: 1334-1335.
5. Siciliano . Cranberry. Herbalgram 1996; 38: 51-54.
6. orn J et al. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA
1994; 271: 751-754.
7. Reid G, Sobel JD. Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: a review.
Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 470-487.
8. Beachey EH. Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of
bacteria to mucosal surface. J Infect Dis 1981; 143: 325-345.
9. Sobota . Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment
of urinary tract infections. J Urol 1984; 131: 1013-1016.
10. Zafiri D et al. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type 2 P
fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 9298.
173
Damiana ( )
damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd. var. aphrodisiaca Urb.)

, ,
Bigno-Turneraceae.
Damiana
aphrodisiaca, Turnera, Turnera aphrodisiaca L.F. Ward Turnera microphyllia Desv.

,
.
( 13,5%, 6%, ),
( ), ( 7,0%), , o o
( 20 1,8- (11%), - (2%),
- - (2%), -, - ). 1,8-
- .
(, ), (.. ), ( ),
, - .
.
: 2-4 g, , .
damiana: 2-4 ml (BPC 1934).
damiana,
.
174

damiana.
,
.
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus ,
damiana. ,

, damiana.

.
, Tumera -.
, damiana ,

,
(Westendorf et al, 1982).
H damiana
( 2).

( ) .
, damiana .
, damiana ,
.
, , ,
.

. damiana
(Auterhoff et al, 1968).

damiana .
,
.
175

200gr. damiana. .
damiana.
(.. 1g) ,
damiana (1g 100 )
(Spencer et al,
1981).
damiana .
1. Spencer KC, Siegler DS. Tetraphyllin from Turnera diffusa. Planta Med 1981; 43:
175-178.
2. Auterhoff , Hufel -. Inhaltsstoffe der damiana-droge. Arch Pharm 1968; 301:
537-544.
3. Dominguez , Hinojosa . Mexican medicinal plants. XXVIII Isolation of 5hydroxy-7,3',4' - trimethox-flavone from Turnera diffusa. Planta Med 1976; 30: 6871.
4. Braun JK, alone . Legal highs. Clin Toxicol 1978; 12: 1-31.
5. Prez RM et al. study of the hypoglycemic effect of some Mexican plants. J
Ethnopharmacol 1984; 12: 253-262.
6. Jiu J. survey of some medical plants of Mexico for selected biological activity.
Lloydia 1966; 29: 250-259.
7. Westendorf J. Carito-In-vitro-Untersuchungen zum Nachweis spasmolytischer und
kontraktiler Einflsse. Therapiewoche 1982; 32: 6291-6297.
8. Lowr . Damiana. J Psychoactive Drugs 1984; 16: 267-268.
176
Dandelion ()
Taraxacum officinale Weber, ,

, , Asteraceae/Compositae.
Lions Tooth, issenlit, Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Lam & DC.,
Leontodon taraxacum L., Taraxacum.
, , .
( , - , , ,
- , , , ),
( ), (-7-
-7-), ( 4,5% , 2,45% ),
(), ( - ), ( 14000 IU/100g
). , , , , (..
,
),
(..
, , ), (.. -, , ).
.
: 4-10. .
, : 4-10ml (1:1 25%) .
: 2-5ml.
, : 5-10ml.
177
: 2-8. .
: 5-10ml (1:5 45%) .
: Taraxacum (BPC 1949) 2-8mL.
Taraxacum: (BCP 1949) 4-8mL.
,
, ,
.

.
In vitro,
ddY-Ehrlich C3H/He-MM46.

(lentinan).

.
(80%) (100 mg/kg)
, 43%
.

( 5gr ).
.
, ,
. 500mg/kg
,
24 . 2g/kg
65%
500 mg/kg . (.. )
- .
.
, .
.
178

( 2).

( ) .
, ,
, . ,
, , , , .
Complete German Commission E
, ,
.

.

.
,
. ,
.
.
,
.

.
.
- -,
(Williams et al, 1996).
, LD50 ( ,
) 36,8g/kg 28,8g/kg
.
3,4,5 6g/kg
7 . , .
179

(Clifford et al, 1987).
1.
Clifford MN et al. The chlorogenic acids content of coffee substitutes. Food Chem
1987; 24: 99-107.
2.
Williams CA et al. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different
tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Phytochem 1996; 42:
121-127.
3.
Hook et al. Evaluation of dandelion for diuretic activity and variation in potassium
content. nt J Pharmacog 1993; 31: 29-34.
4.
Hausen
BM.
Taraxinsure-1'-O--D-glucopyranosid,
das
kontaktallergen
des
lwenzahns (Taraxacum officinale Wiggers). Dermatosen 1982; 30: 51-53.

5.
Hnsel R et al. Sequiterpenlacton--d-glucopyranoside sowie ein neues eudesmanolid

aus Taraxacum officinale. Phytochem 1980; 19: 857-861.
6.
Rcz-Kotilla et al. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and
diuresis laboratory animals. Planta Med 1974; 26: 212-217.
7.
Tita et al. Taraxacum officinale W.: Pharmacological effect of ethanol extract.

Pharmacol Res 1993; 27: 23-24.
8.
Mascolo et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28-29.
9.
Akhtar MS et al. Effects of Portulaca oleracae (kulfa) and Taraxacum officinale

(dhudhal) in normoglycaemic and alloxan-treated hyperglycaemic rabbits. J Pak Med
Assoc 1985; 35: 207-210.
10.
Baba et al. Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum

officinale - correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration.
Yagugaku Zasshi 1981; 101: 538-543.
180
Drosera
H drosera (Drosera rotundifolia L.) Droseraceae.

Sundew.
(, , ),
(, ),
, (.. , , ,
, , ), , ( )
( C).
.
: 1-2 gr, , .
: 0.5-2.0 ml (1 : 1 25%) .
: 0.5-1.0 ml (1 : 5 60%) .
,
.
in vitro , drosera

(Oliver-Bever et al, 1986).
,
.
.
181
, . n vivo,
Gram- Gram-
, , , . In vitro,
(1:50000)
, (Gram- ),
Haemophilus pertussis (Gram- ).
,
Lamblia muris . Microsporum
0.250.5% ( 40%) 1%.
drosera .
In vitro, drosera , 0.01-1.0 mg/ml,
,
.
.
,
.
drosera ,
, .
, , , ,
.
.

drosera .
,
(Vinkenborg et al, 1967).

drosera .

LD50, 15 mg/kg .
182
drosera ( n
vitro ) (Ayuga et al, 1985).
1. Ayuga C et al. Contribucin al estudio de flavonoides en D. rotundifolia L. An R Acad

Farm 1985; 51: 321-326.
2. Wagner et al. Immunological investigations of naphthoquinone-containing plant
extracts, isolated quinones and other cytostatic compounds in cellular immunosystems.
Phytochem.
3. Vinkenborg J et al. De aanwezigheid van hydro-plumbagin-glucoside in Drosera
rotundifolia. Pharm Weekbl 1969; 104: 45-49.
4. Sampara-Rumantir . Rossoliside. Pharm Weekbl 1971; 106: 653-664.
5. Oliver-Bever . Plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge, 1986: 129.
6. Vichkanova S et al. Chemotherapeutic properties of plumbagin. In: Aizenman BE,
ed. Fitontsidy Mater Soveshch, 6th 1969. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1972: 183-185.
183
Echinacea ()
echinacea (Purple Coneflower).

. A
Compositae. 3 , Echinacea
angustifolia
(DC.) Hell, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Brit Echinacea purpurea
Moensch. ,
Black Sampson Coneflower.
(
Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea),
(, 20 , C11-C16
,) (
), (),
(, , ).

( .. 0.5-1.0%,
- - E. Angustifolia),
( E. pallida. ,
E. angustifolia E.
Purpurea), (
).
184
(), , ,
( E. pallida).
E. purpurea ( ),
(), , --
.
.
/ 1 gr, , .

0.25-1.0 mL (1:1 45% ) .
1-2 L (1:5 45% ) .

,
.
.
:
1. . ,
,
2. , .. .
3. .
4. , . angustifolia.
5. .
6.
7. .

8. .
, -
.
, ,

,
.
185
Echinacin (
) Esberitox ( Echinacea purpurea,
Echinaca angustifolia, Baptista tincoria Thuja occidentalis). H
. O
,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
.
,
.
. ,
, .
, , ,
, , , . .
, .
.

.
,
.
(Tubaro et al, 1987).

.
,
(Schulte et al, 1967).

.
( ) ,

,
186
. ,
.

( Comfrey).

.
in vivo in vitro TNF
. TNF

( ) ( ).
TNF .
, TNF
.
TNF (Bauer et al, 1989).
187

1.
Bauer R et al. Alkamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia. Phytochemistry

1989; 28: 505-508.
2.
Wagner et al. lmmunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans) of higher plants.

Arzneimittelforschung 1985; 35: 1069-1075.
3.
Tubaro et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide fraction of Echinacea

angustifolia. JPharm Pharmacol 1987; 39: 567-569.
4.
Protsch , Wagner . Structural analysis of a 4--methylgluconoarabinoxylan with

immunostimulating activity from Echinacea purpurea. Phytochemistry 1987; 26:
1989-1993.
5.
Becker et al. Structure of echinoside. Naturforsch 1982; 37c: 351-353.
6.
Becker , Hsieh WC. Cichoric acid and its derivatives from Echinacea species.
Naturforsch 1985; 40c: 585-587.
7.
Schulte KE et al. Das Vorkommen von Polyacetylen-Verbindungen in Echinacea

purpurea Mnch. und Echinacea angustifolia DC. Arzneimittelforschung 1967; 17:
825-829.
8.
Bauer R et al. Two acetylenic compounds from Echinacea pallida roots.

9.
Bauer R et al. Structure and stereochemistry of new sesquiterpene esters from

Echinacea purpurea. Helv Chim Acta 1985; 68: 2355-2358.
10.
Bauer R et al. Nachweis einer Verflschung von Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench mit
Parthenium integrifolium L. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1987; 127: 1325.
188
Elder ()
elder (Sambucus niger L.), (

, , , , )
Caprifoliaceae. Black Elder, European Elder Sambucus.
( ,
, ),
(- -, ), (
, C19, C21, C32, C25).
, ,
.(1) ,
, , (),(2) .
(0,042%), ,
( ),(3) , (, ),
(,
),
(-
, ), , , .
(G41)
( 140000) / ,
/ , ,(4) , (, -, , , -). (6)
(Jensen et al, 1973).
2-4g (G6, G7)

2-4mL (1:1 25% ) (G6, G7)
189

, in vivo ,
elder .
.
( , /)
( ) elder. (10)

.
(4)
.
. (11)

. ,
. (5) In vitro,

. (G45)

.(5)
. (G45)

Sambucus formosana Nakai. (12)

( 1 2). 1
. 2
. 1mg/kg
, 1mg/kg , 5mg/kg
, 25mg/kg 50mg/kg .
(G16)
, . (G41)
, .
, ,
.
(G8)
Elder ,
.
190
(G2, G6, G7,G8,G41,G49,G64)
. ,
, , .
,
.
(Toulemonde et al,
1983).

elder .
, elder
.

o elder.
Sambucus. (13) ,

, , .
(13)
. (13)
elder
.
(5)
, .
,

(Scawen et al, 1974).
191

1.
Toulemonde , Richard HMJ. Volatile constituents of dry elder (Sambucus nigra L.)
flowers. J Agric Food Chem 1983; 31: 365-370.
2.
Scawen MD et al. The amino-acid sequence of plastocyanin from Sambucus nigra L.

(elder). Fur, J Biochem 1974; 44: 299-303.
3.
Jensen SR, Nielsen BJ. Cyanogenic glucosides in Sambucus nigra L. Acta Chem
Scand 1973; 27: 2661-2685.
4.
Broekaert WF et al. lectin from elder (Sambucus nigra L.) back. Biochem J 1984;
221: 163-169.
5.
aulo . Effect of phytohaemagglutinin (A) from the bark of Sambucus nigra on

embryonic and foetal development in mice. Folia Biol (Krakw) 1976; 24: 213-222.
6.
Lawrie W et al. Triterpenoids in the bark of elder (Sambucus nigra). Phytochemistry

1964; 3: 267-268.
7.
Mascolo et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28.
8.
Serkedjieva J et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of

Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria
officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 97.
9.
Rebuelta et al. tude de l' effet diurtique de diffrentes prparations des fleurs du
Sambucus nigra L. Plant Md Phytothr 1983; 77: 173-181.
10.
Richter . Changes in the motor activity of smooth muscles of the rat uterus in vitro
as the effect of phytohaemagglutinins from Sambucus nigra. Folia il 1973; 21: 3348.
192
Euphorbia (E)
euphorbia (Euphorbia hirta L.), ,

uphorbiaceae.
Euphorbia capitata Lam., Euphorbia pilulifera L., Pillbearing Spurge Snakeweed.
(, , ),
(- -, , , ,
) , , , (..
, , ), .
.
120 300 mg .(G7)

uphorbia (BPC 1949) 0,12 0,3 mL
uphorbia (BPC 1923) 0,6 2,0 mL
, euphorbia,

.
in vitro , euphorbia
.
in vitro ( )
, .
In vivo (Basit et al, 1977) .
in vivo Gram- Gram .
193
. In vitro, euphorbia,
Entamoeba histolytica ( ).
euphorbia .
, euphorbia
, , , .
(G7, G64)
.

euphorbia .
.
, euphorbia
(EI-Naggar et al, 1978).

.
1.
EI-Naggar L et al. note on the isolation and identification of two pharmacologically

active constituents of Euphorbia pilulifera. Lloydia 1978; 41: 73-75.
2.
jao AO et al. Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia hirta. Fitoterapia 1985; 56: 165167.
3.
Basit et al. In vitro effect of extracts of Euphorbia hirta Linn. on Entamoeba

histolytica. Riv Parasitol 1977; 38: 259-262.
194
Eucalyptus (E )
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), ,

, 19
. Myrtaceae.
, + Globulus, .
fevertree, .
Gum Tree Tasmanian
Bluegum.

,
, , .
(, , , ,
), ( , -, , d-, p-, -, , ,
, , , , ledol, viridiflorol,
.. .., ).
(.. , ), .
, ,
,
E. citriodora , citronella
.
( BPC 1973) 0.05-0.2 ml

(BPC 1973) 0.05-0.2 ml
195
2-4 g
30 ml 500 ml
,
.
gram (+) gram () .
gram (+) , Bacillus subtillis Micrococcus
glutamious.

.
.
in vitro ,
.
,
, ,
.
.

(food flavouring) (, : 4,
).
.

(flavouring agent).
,
,
( ).
.
, .
, .

196

(Kumar et al, 1988).

,
.
. 3.5mL.
, ,
, , , , ,
(Shaparenko et al, 1979).
1. Kumar A et al. Antibacterial properties of some ucalpytus oils. Fitoterapia 1988; 59:
141-144.
2. Shaparenko et al. On use of medicinal plants for treatment of patients with chronic
suppurative otitis. Zh Ushn Gorl lezn 1979; 39: 48-51.
197
Eyebright ()
eyebright , , .
20 . .
Euphrasia (Euphrasia brevipila Burnat & Gremli, Euphrasia
officinalis L. Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne)
Scrophulariaceae.
. Officinalis ( ),
, ( ),
(), , , .
, , ,
(.. , , ) C.
.
2-4 g
2-4 ml (1:1 25% )
2-6 ml (1: 5 45% )
Eyebright.
,
. 0.05
198
.
(Salama et al, 2003-2004).

( 3).
,
, , .
, ,
.
, ,
(Sticher et al, 1981).
eyebright .

.
,
.

10 60
, ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , (Harkiss et al, 1973.
199

1.
Harkiss J, Timmins . Studies in the Scrophulariaceae Part VIII. Phytochemical

investigation of Euphrasia officinalis. Planta Med 1973; 23: 342-347.
2.
Sticher O, Salama . Iridoid glucosides from Euphrasia rostkoviana. Planta Med

1981; 42: 122-123.
3.
Salama et al. lignan glucoside from Euphrasia rostkoiana. Phytochemistry 1981;

20: 2003-2004.
4.
Sticher et al. Structure analysis of eukovoside, a new phenylpropanoid glycoside

from Euphrasia rostkoviana. Planta Med 1982; 45: 159.
5.
Salama , Sticher . Iridoidglucoside n Euphrasia rostkoviana 4. Mitteilung ber

Euphrasia - Glykoside. Planta Med 1983; 47: 90-94.
6.
nouye et al. Purgative activities of iridoid glycosides. Planta Med 1974; 25: 285288.
200
False Unicorn, Reratrum Luteum L. ( )
false unicorn (Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A Gray), Liliaceae.

Blazing Star, Chamaelirium carolianum Wild.,
Helonias, Helonias dioica Pursh., Helonias lutea Ker-Gawl., Starwort Veratrum luteum L.
.
,
.
.
/ 1-2 g
1-2 ml (1:1 45% )
2-5 ml (1: 5 45% )
false unicorn . ,
.
, .
.
201

.

false unicorn .
, ,
, false unicorn
.

.
false unicorn .
1. British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1949

2. Council of Europe, Flavouring Substances and Natural Sources of Flavourings, 3rd
edn. Strasbourg: Maisonneuve, 1981
3. Ferow CW, Avila JR. Professionals Handbook of Complementary and Altenative
4. Foster S, Tylr VE, Tylers Honest Herbal, 4th edn. New York: The aorth Herbal Press,
1999
202
Figwort ()
figwort (Scrophularia nodosa L.), Scrophulariaceae.

Common () figwort
scrophularia.
(, , , ,
, , ), (,
),
(,
, ).
figwort devils claw,
.

, ,
,
.
.
2-8
2-8 ml (1:1 25% )
2-4 ml (1:10 45% )
in vitro
.
203

( Devils claw).
, .
, (Swiatek et al, 1972).
figwort . ,

. ,
, (Toth et al, 1977).
figwort .

figwort . ,
Figwort
(Marczal et al, 1974).

.
204

1.
Toth L et al. Amino acids in Scrophulariaceae species. Bot Kozl 1977; 64: 43-52.
2.
Marczal G et al. Flavonoids as biologically active agents and their occurrence in the
Scrophulariaceae family. Acta Pharm Hung 1974: 44(Suppl.): 83-90.
3.
Swann , Melville C. Iridoid content of some Scrophularia species. J Pharm

harmacol 1972; 24: 170P.
4.
Swiatek L. lridoid glycosides in the Scrophulariaceae family. Acta Pol Pharm 1973;
30: 203-212.
5.
Weinges , Von der Eltz . Natural products from medicinal plants. II. lridoid
glycosides from Scrophularia nodosa L. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 1978; 12: 19681973.
6.
Swiatek L. Phenolic acids of underground parts of Scrophularia nodosa. l J

Pharmacol Pharm 1973; 25: 461-464.
7.
Swiatek L. Pharmacobotanical investigations of some Scrophulariaceae species. Diss

Pharm Pharmacol 1970; 22: 321-328.
8.
lnouye et al. Purgative activities of iridoid glucosides. lanta Med 1974; 25: 285288.
205
Fucus ()
fucus (Fucus vesiculosus L. Fucus )

. Black Tang, Bladdewrack,
Kelp, Kelpware, Rockweed Seawrack.
Fucus, Ascophyllum, Laminaria Macrocystis. T Kelps
Laminaria Macrocystis, Kelps
Fucus.
( ,
), (0,07% - 0,76% )
Laminaria.
, (0,013 0,077% ).
(thallus).
: 5-10 gr, ,
: 4-8 ml (1:1 25% )
Fucus vesiculosus,

(Burkholder et al, 1963).
206

25- 35
.

.
. ,
, Laminaria.
, , Fucus vesiculosus 40-50%
.

. , Fucus vesiculosus
.
fucus vesiculosus
in vitro
(, ) .
(30.000-100.000).

(in vivo, ) in vitro

.

( Laminaria),
. ,

Laminaria .
(kelp)
.
fucus,
,
. fucus
207
. fucus
,
( ) .
, fucus
, . ,
, , ,
.
-
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.

.
(Whistler
et al, 1973).

(kelp)
.
,
,
.

. 15
.
, . ,
208
,
.
algae () (Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus vericulosus)
(VHOCs). VHOCs
, ,
,
( ). VHOCs

.
,
. (138 293 mg/24)
.

16 58 g g .
.
Ascophyllum nodosum
, ,
, .
Ascophyllum nodosum
.
. nodosum (5- 10%)
,
, 2/3 .
,
Fucus serratus. . nodosum
,
.
-
(Wood et al, 1974).
209

1.
Wood CG. Seaweed extracts. A unique ocean resource. J Chem Ed 1974; 51: 449-452.
2.
Algae as food for man. In: Chapman VJ, ed. Seaweeds and their Uses. London:
Methuen, 1970: 115.
3.
Whistler RL, ed. Industrial Gums, 2nd edn. New York: Academic Press, 1973: 13.
4.
Burkholder PR. Drugs from the sea. Armed Forces Chem J 1963; 17: 6, 8, 10, 12-16.
5.
Doner LW. Fucoidan. In: Whistler RL, ed. Industrial Gums, 2nd edn. New York:
Academic Press, 1973: 115-121.
6.
Barwell CJ et al. Inhibitors of mammalian digestive enzymes in some species of

marine brown algae. Br Phycol J 1983; 18: 200.
7.
Murata . Suppression of lipid synthesis in cultured aortic cells by laminaran sulfate.

J Atheroscl Res 1969; 10: 371-378.
8.
Funayama S, ikino . Hypotensive principle of Laminaria and allied seaweeds.

lanta Med 1981; 41: 29-33.
9.
Kathan RH. Kelp extracts as antiviral substances. Ann Acad Sci 1965; 130: 390397.
10.
Shilo S, Hirsch HJ. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in a patient with a normal thyroid

gland. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62: 661-662.
210
Fragula ()
fragula (Rhamnus frangula L.)

. , .
Rhamnaceae.
. Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus
Mill.
. ,
, (
) ( ). ,
, C , .
,
. .
: 0,5-2,5 g
: 2-5 ml (1:1 25% )
frangula
( ). - .
211

H Frangula
( 4). frangula
,
1, 2, 3.
, frangula
.
fragula
, , (.. Crohn,
), , ,
.
, , frangula
.
, .
.
2 .

, ,
.
frangula .
,
, . ,
, ..
frangula,
.
frangula
.
frangula . ,
(.. )
. .

(pseudomelanosis coli)
.
212
,
: , ,
( ),
.
,
.
, ,
, , .
(Murata et al, 1969).
,
, ,
. frangula
in vitro ( ,
DNA ).
. ,
frangula,
( in vitro).
, ,
(Barwell et al, 1983).
( )

(.. ).
(.. ,
) (Wood et
al, 1974).
213

1.
Wood CG. Seaweed extracts. A unique ocean resource. J Chem Ed 1974; 51: 449-452.
2. Algae as food for man. In: Chapman VJ, ed. Seaweeds and their Uses. London:
Methuen, 1970: 115.
3. Whistler RL, ed. Industrial Gums, 2nd edn. New York: Academic Press, 1973: 13.
4. Burkholder PR. Drugs from the sea. Armed Forces Chem J 1963; 17: 6, 8, 10, 12-16.
5. Doner LW. Fucoidan. In: Whistler RL, ed. Industrial Gums, 2nd edn. New York:
Academic Press, 1973: 115-121.
6. Barwell CJ et al. Inhibitors of mammalian digestive enzymes in some species of marine
brown algae. Br Phycol J 1983; 18: 200.
7. Murata . Suppression of lipid synthesis in cultured aortic cells by laminaran sulfate. J
Atheroscl Res 1969; 10: 371-378.
8. Funayama S, ikino . Hypotensive principle of Laminaria and allied seaweeds. lanta
Med 1981; 41: 29-33.
9. Kathan RH. Kelp extracts as antiviral substances. Ann Acad Sci 1965; 130: 390397.
10. Shilo S, Hirsch HJ. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in a patient with a normal thyroid
gland. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62: 661-662.
214
Gentian ()
gentian (Gentiana Lutea L.), ,

. . Gentianaceae.
itter Root, Gentiana
Yellow Gentian.
( 0,6-0,8%,
),
( ) 2%,
(0,01-0,04%).
. ,
Gentiana purpurea Gentiana punctata Gentiana lutea.
(, , , 1,3,7-)
(, ), ,
(), (-, ) ().
.
/: 0,6-2g, , ,
: 1-4ml ( 1:5 45% )
.
,
.
215
, .
,
.
(, )
( 4, ).
... .
, ,

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
. angelica
caraway, ,
(Glatzel et al, 1967).
, ,
.
-

. ,
.

, , .
.
,
(Verotta et al,
1985).
216

1)
Verotta L. Isolation and HPLC determination of the active principles of Rosmarinus

officinalis and Gentiana lutea. Filoterapia 1985; 56: 25-29
2)
Glatzel vonH, Hackenberg K. Rontgenologische untersuchungen der wirkungen von

bittermitteln auf die verdauunogsorgane. Planta Med 1967; 15: 223-232
3)
Mrimoto I et al. Mutagenic activities of gentisin and isogentisin from Gentianae radix
(Gentianaceae). Mutat Res 1983; 116: 103-117.
217
Ginger ()
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), ,

Zinggiberaceae.
,
.
. Zingiber.
,
(.. ,,, , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , ginger- , C). , ,
,
, shogaol ,
( ) ..
- , , , , -, - (cis trans)
, (. , ,
, , , d-)
(.., , ,
, , , , ), , ,
(), , () .
,
.
218

: 1-2 ., 30
, 0,5 ., .

0,25-1 .,
1.5-3mL (1 :5) , 1.7- 5 ml.
, ,
, in vitro
. ,
,
, ,

.
.
.

, .

.
, ,
( ) .
. , GRAS (Gnerally
Recognized As Safety) ( ).
,
. , ,
. ,
,
219
(Yoshikawa et al , 1992).
in vitro
in vivo.
, .
, (6)-shogaol, (
) in vivo.

.
, ,
(Lawrence et al, 1984).

.
, ,
.
.
LD50 ( ,
) 5 /kg .
, shogaol Salmonella typhimurium.
.
,
6-, .
6
.
,
, . (Denyer et al, 1944).
220

1.
Denyer CV et al. Isolation of antirhinoviral sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber

officinale). J Nat Prod 1944; 57: 658-662.
2.
Lawrence BM, Reynolds RJ. Major tropical spices ginger (Zingiber officinale
Rosc.). Perf Flav 1984; 9: 1-40.
3.
Yoshikawa M et al. 6-Gingesulfonic acid, a new anti-ulcer principle, and

gingerglycolipids A, and C, three new monoacyldigalactosylglycerols from
Zingiberis rhizoma originating in Taiwan. Chem Pharm Bull 1992; 40: 2239-2241.
4.
Chen C-C et al. Chromatographic analyses of gingerol compounds in ginger (Zingiber

officinale Roscoe) extracted by liquid carbon dioxide. J Chromatogr 1986; 360: 163174.
5.
Charles R et al. New gingerdione from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Fitoterapia
2000; 71: 716-718.
6.
Huang Q et al. Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine3 effect of galanolactone, diterpenoid

isolated from ginger. Chem Pharm Bull 1991; 39: 397-399.
7.
Langner et al. Ginger: history and use. Adv Ther 1998; 15: 25-44.
8.
Yamahara J et al. Active components of ginger exhibiting anti-serotonergic action.

Phytother Res 1989; 3: 70-71.
9.
Chang -, But PP-H, eds. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese ateria

edica, l 1. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 1986: 366-369.
10.
Kawai et al. Anti-emetic principles of Magnolia obovata bark and Zingiber

officinale rhizome. Planta Med 1994; 60: 17-20.
221
Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis L., )
golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis L. ), (),

.
Ranunculaceae. , ,
,
. Yellow Root.
,
,
.
, , Goldenseal, I
.
(, , , ,
) .

, Berberis vulgaris B. Aquifolium, Coptis chinensis.
, , (75%
, 25% ), (), , (
).
.
: 0,5-1., ,
Hydrastis (BPC 1949) 0,3-1ml.
222
Hydrastis (BPC 1949) 2-4ml.

, ,
. .
.
, , ,
, , , .

( ,
).
, in vitro, guinea-pigs
. ,
.
. ,
.
:
1. ,
2. .
3. ,
.
4. ,
, .
5. ,
. Staphylococcus spp.,
Streptococcus spp., Chlamydia aureus, Corynobacterium diphteriae, Salmonella typhi,
Diplococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenterie, Trichomonas
uaginalis, Neiseria meningitides, Treponema pallidum, Giarda lamblia Leishmania
donovani.
6.
, Vibrio cholerae Esherichia coli.
7. .
8. , .
, Golden Seal.

223
, ..
, ,
Chlamydia trachomatis,
.
, ,
,
.
Golden Seal ,
. , ,
0,1mg/kg 10mg/kg .
, Golden Seal
, ,
. ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
.
.
.
.

, , .

(l-Masry et al, 1980).

. ,
,
. .
, ,
, (Genest et al, 1969).
224

, , , .
,
,
. .
,
.
.
. ,
(Gleye et al,
1974).
1.
Gleye J et al. La canadaline: nouel alcaloide d Hydrastis canadensis. Phytochemistry

1974; 13: 675-676.
2.
l-Masry S et al. Colorimetric and spectrophotometric determination of Hydrastis

alkaloids in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Sci 1980; 69: 597-598.
3.
Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aquitolium
and other berberine containing plants. In: Textbook of Natural Medicine. Seattle: John
Bastyr College Publications, 1985 (looseleaf).
4.
Genest , Hughes DW. Natural products in Canadian pharmaceuticals iv. Hydrastis

canadensis. Can J Pharm Sci 1969; 4: 41-45.
5.
Nishino et al. Berberine sulphate inhibits tumour-promoting activity of teleocidin in

two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology 1986; 43: 131-134.
6.
Wisniewski W, Gorta . Effect of temperature on the oxidation of hydrastine to

hydrastinine in liquid extracts and rhizomes of Hydrastis canadensis in the presence of
air and steam. Acta ol Pharm 1969; 26: 313-317.
7.
Preininger V. The pharmacology and toxicology of the Papaveraceae alkaloids. In:

Manske RHF. Holmes HL, eds. The Alkaloids, ol 15. ew York: Academic Press,
1975: 239.
8.
Hardin JW, Arena JM. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants, 2nd edn.
Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1974.
225
Gravel Root ()
To gravel root (Eupatorium purpureaum L.), ,

, ,
Joe-Pye weed, Kydney Root, Purple Boneset Queen of the Meadow.
gravel root .
( ),
(), .
,
.
.
/ 2-4 , ,
2-4 ml (1:1 25% )
: 1-2ml (1:5 4% )
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
226
, , ,
(Murata et al, 1969).
.

,
, Gravel Root
.

.
.
( Comfrey).
, ,
(WHO, 1988).
1. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria 80. Geneva: WHO, 1988.

2. Murata . Suppression of lipid synthesis in cultured aortic cells by laminaran sulfate.
J Atheroscl Res 1969; 10: 371-378.
3. Funayama S, ikino . Hypotensive principle of Laminaria and allied seaweeds.
lanta Med 1981; 41: 29-33.
227
Ground Ivy ()
ground ivy (Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trek.),

- 30 .
Labiatae. .
Glechoma hederacae L.
( , , ,
),
..
, .. ,
). (-), ( ,
- , - ), (p-, , ,
, -, -, , , , ).
, , ,
(), , , (), ,
.
.
: 2-4 , ,
: 2-4 ml (1:1 25% )
228

,
.
in vivo
Ground Ivy, (27%)
.

2 2-
.
Ground Ivy ,
.
-
.

.
Epstein-Barr .

,
.

.
Groynd Ivy
( 3). Groynd Ivy
,
,
.
, Ground Ivy
, , , .
, , , , ,
.
Groynd Ivy
.
.
229

, Ground Ivy

Ground Ivy
. ,
, , , , ,
.
.
Ground Ivy
.
,
(Zieba et al, 1973).
.
.. , , ..
Ground Ivy (Stahl et al, 1972).
230

1.
Zieba J. Isolation and identification of flavonoids from Glechoma hederacea. l J

Pharmacol Pharm 1973; 25: 593-597.
2.
Zieba J. Isolation and identification of nonheteroside triterpenoids from Glechoma

hederacea. l J Pharmacol harm 1973; 25: 587-592.
3.
Stahl , Datta SN. New sesquiterpenoids of the ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea).
Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 1972; 757: 23-32.
4.
Mascolo et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory

activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28-31.
5.
Okuyama et al Isolation and identification of ursolic acid-related compounds as the

principles of Glechoma hederacea having an antiulcerogenic activity. Shoyakugaku
Zasshi 1983; 37: 52-55.
6.
Okuda et al. The components of tannic activities in Labiatae plants. . Rosmarinic

acid from Labiatae plants in Japan. Yakugaku Zasshi 1986; 106:1108-1111.
7.
Tokuda et al. Inhibitory effects of ursolic and oleanolic acid on skin tumor
promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Lett 1986; 33: 279-285.
8.
Lee - et al. The cytotoxic principles of runell vulgaris, Psychotria serpens, and
Hyptis capitata: Ursolic acid and related derivatives. lanta Med 1988; 54: 308.
9.
MAFF. isonous Plants in Britain. London: HMSO, 1984: 139.
231
Hawthorn, Crataegus Oxycantha L. ( )
hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata (Pois) DC. Crataegus monogyna Jacq.),

,
. Rosaceae.
, , .
,
, .
Whitethorn.
(, - ),
( .. , .. ,
, , , , ,
. .
.
.
0,3-1,0 g, , .
0,5-1,0 ml (1:1 25%) .
(tincture) 1-2 ml (1:5 45%) .

232
, (Ficarra et al, 1984).

:
1. ,
, .
2.
,
,
, ). ,
.
3. ,
,
.
4.
5. , .
6. ,
.
7.
.
.
8. .
(C. pinnatifidia),
(SOD),
.(19) , ,
.
,
()
.
. ,
(
2).
, , (
) (Nikolov et al, 1982).
,
, . ,
233
, , ,
, , Buerger. German
Commission E
..
, ,

, .
,
.

, .

,
.

, ,
, .
, , , ,

. (LD50) (
) 50-2600 mg/kg ( ) 6
g/kg ( ) (Wagner et al, 1982).
234

1 Wagner H, Grevel J. Cardioacrive drugs IV. Cardiotonic amines from Crataegus
oxyacantha. Plant Med 1982; 45: 99-101.
2 Nikolov N et al. New flavonoid glycosides from Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus
pentagyna. Planta Med 1982; 44: 50-53.
3 Ficarra P et al. High-performance liquid chromatography of flavonoids in Crataegus
oxyacantha L. Il Farmaco Ed Pr 1984; 39: 148-157.
4 Ficcara P et al. Analysis of 2-phenyl-chromon derivatives and chlorogenic acid. II - Highperformance thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography in
flowers, leaves and buds extractives of Crataegus
oxyacantha L. // Farmaco Ed Pr 1984; 39: 342-354.
5 Pietta P et al. Isocratic liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination
of Passiflora incarnata L. and Crataegus monogyna flavonoids in drugs. J Chromatogr 1986;
357: 233-238.
6 Racz-Kotilla E et al. Hypotensive and beta-blocking effect of procyanidins of Crataegus
monogyna. Planta Med 1980; 39: 239.
7 Vanhaelen M, Vanhaelen-Fastre R. TLC-densitometric determination of 2,3-cis-procyanidin
mono-mer and oligo-mers from hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna). J Pharm
Biomed Anal 1989; 7: 1871-1875.
8 Ammon HPT, Handel M. Crataegus, toxicology and pharmacology. Part I: Toxicity, Planta
Med 1981;43: 105-120.
9 Ammon HPT, Handel M. Crataegus, toxicology and pharmacology. Part II:
Pharmacodynamics. Planta Med 1981;43: 209-239.
10 Ammon HPT, Handel M. Crataegus, toxicology and pharmacology. Part III:
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Planta Med 1981; 43: 313-322.
11 Lievre M et al. Assessment in the anesthetized dog of the cardiovascular effects of a pure
extract (hyperoside) from hawthorn. Ann Pharm Fr 1985; 43: 471-477.
12 Abdul-Ghani A-S et al. Hypotensive effect of Crateagus oxyacantha. Int J Crude Drug
Res 1987; 25:216-220.
13 Petkov V. Plants with hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action. Am J
Chin Med 1979; 7: 197-236.
14 Leukel A et al. Studies on the activity of Crataegus compounds upon the isolated guinea
pig heart. Planta Med 1986; 52: 65.
235
15 Thompson EB et al. Preliminary study of potential antiarrhythmic effects of Crataegus

monogyna. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63: 1936-1937.
16 Lianda L et al. Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. I. Effect on myocardial
ischemia and hemodynamics in dogs. J Trad Chin Med 1984; 4: 283-288.
17 Lianda L et al. Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. II. Effects on cultured rat heart
cells deprived of oxygen and glucose. J Trad Chin Med 1984; 4:289-292.
18 Della Loggia R et al. Depressive effect of Crataegus oxyacantha L. on central nervous
system in mice. Sci Pharm 1983; 51: 319-324.
19 Dai Y-R et al. Effect of extracts of some medicinal plants on superoxide dismutase activity
in mice. Planta Med 1987; 53: 309-310.
236
Hops ()
hops (Humulus lupulus L.), ,

(, ) (
) , .
Cannabinaceae.
(, , ,
), (, , 6, 3-2, 4--4, 6- , 2,6--4 , 4-),
(,
2--3--2-,
),
(), (- , ).
, , - ,
().
: 0,5-1,0 g, . 1-2 g
: 0,5-2,0 ml (1:1 45 % )
: 1-2 ml (1:5 60 % )
1. , Gram (+)
. .
237
.
Gram (-)
.
2.
. ,
Trichophyton, Candida, Fusarium Mucor.
Trichophyton Mucor
Staphylococcus aureus
3.
4.
. -
.
5.
,
.
,
. ,
.
, , -,
.
, , una-ursi
-,
.

( 2) .

( ) .
GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe =
(Mizobuchi et al, 1982).

, ,
. ,
, , , , , crural
ulcers , /
238
. ,
, .
.
,
.
,
.

, .
.
,
.
,
,

, (Hansel et al, 1982).

in vitro .
,
.

,
. (patch test),
, .
.

. .
,
(Song-San et al, 1989).
239

1.
Song-San S et al. Chalcones from umulus lupulus. Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 17761777.
2.
Hansel R et al. The sedative-hypnotic principle of hops. 3. Communication: Contents

of 2-methyl-3butene-2-ol in hops and hop preparations. Planta Med 1982; 45: 224228.
3.
Wohlfart R et al. Detection of sedative-hypnotic hop constituents, V: Degradation of

humulones and lupulones to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-l, a hop constituent possessing
sedative-hypnotic activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1982; 315: 132-137.
4.
Gorissen et al. Separation and identification of (+)-gallocatechin in hops. Arch nt

Physiol Biochem 1968; 76: 932-934.
5.
Fenselau C, alalay . Is oestrogenic activity present in hops? Fond Cosmet Toxicol

1973; 11: 597-603.
6.
Hnsel R, Wohlfart R. Narcotic action of 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol contained in the

exhalation of hops. Naturforsch 1980; 35: 1096-1097.
7.
Teuber , Schmalreck AF. Membrane leakage in Bacillus subtilis 168 induced by the
hop constituents lupulone, humulone, isohumulone and humulinic acid. Arch
ikrobiol 1973; 94: 154-171.
8.
Schmalreck AF et al. Structural features determining the antibiotic potencies of natural

and synthetic hop bitter resins, their precursors and derivatives. Can J Microbiol
1975; 21: 205-212.
9.
Mizobuchi S, Sato . Antifungal activities of hop bitter resins and related compounds.
Agric iol Chem 1985; 49: 399-405.
10.
Mizobuchi S, Sato . new flavanone with antifungal activity isolated from hops.
Agric Biol Chem 1984; 48: 2771-2775.
240
Horehound, Black ( )
horehound black (Ballota nigra L.), ,

, 80 ,
. Labiatae.
, ,
Ballota.
, .
(..
, , .
.
: 2-4gr ,
: 1-3ml (1:1 25 % ),
: 1-2ml ( 1:10 45 % ),

241

horehound black
( 3) .

(Savona et al, 1976).

,
. , , ,
.

black horehound .
, ,
(runo et al, 1986).

1.
runo M et al. Preleosibirin, a prefuranic labdane diterpene from Ballota nigra subsp.
foetida. Phytochemistry 1986; 25: 538-539.
2.
Savona G et al. Structure of ballotinone, a diterpenoid from Ballota nigra. J Chem Soc
erkin Trans 1 1976; 1607-1609.
3.
Savona G et al. Structure of ballotenol, a new diterpenoid from Ballota nigra. J Chem
Soc erkin Trans 1 1977; 497-499.
242
Horehound White ( )
horehound white (Marrubium vulgare L.),

Labiatae.

, , .
common Hoarhound, Hoarhound, Horehound Marrubium.

(, cis
), (, , ),
( ),
(, , p-, , -, , ..).
, , -, .
: 1-2 g, ,
: 2-4 ml (1:1 20 % ) ,
1. .
2.

. , white horehound
,
, .
243
3. , ,
, , ,
.
4. ( ),
.
5. white horehound bitter , .
6. white horehound .
7.
white horehound
( 2) .

( ) .
).
, white horehound
. , ,
, , , (Cahen et al,
1970).
. 5-
.

white horehound .
, ,
. (Henderson
et al, 1969).

,
. ,
LD50 ( , ) 370mg/kg
. Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium (Kowalewski et al, 1978).
244

1.
Kowalewski , Matlawska . Flavonoid compounds in the herb of Marrubium vulgare

L. Herba l 1978; 24: 183-186.
2.
Henderson MS, McCrindle R. Premarrubiin. diterpernoid from Marrubium vulgare

L. J Chem Soc 1969; (C): 2014.
3.
Cahen R. Pharmacologic spectrum of Marrubium vulgare. C R Soc Biol 1970; 164:

1467-1472.
4.
Karryev MO et al. Some therapeutic properties and phytochemistr of common

horehound. Izv Akad Nauk Turkm SSR Ser il Nauk 1976; 3: 86-88.
5.
Krejci , Zadina R. Die Gallentreibende Wirkung Marrubiin und Marrabinsure.

lanta Med; 1959; 7: 1-7.
6.
Saleh , Glombitza KW. Volatile oil of Marrubium vulgare and its antischistosomal activity. lanta Med 1989; 55: 105.
245
Horse-chestnut (I)
horse-chestnut (sculus hippocastanum L.)

20-30 Hippocastanaceae.

. ,
.

(, , ), (,
), (
(3%-10%) - - ),
, (, , ),
, .
.
0.2-1.0g,
, 50-150 mg
1:5 (g/mL), 50-70% (v/v) 0.15-0.2 mL.(G4)

, .
in vitro ,
:
246
:

.
(sealing factor)
, .
:
.
,
,
.

.
Fa .
in vitro PGF2a
.
1. In vitro
.
2. in vitro
influenza.
3.
.
4.
.
, .
1.

,
.
2. .

(),
(
).
,
.
.
247
,
.
3. ,
.
. ,
, , , ,
.
.
horse-chestnut ,
. ,
.
( ).
, ,
.
, .

. ,
(Longiave et al, 1978).

.
, ,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
,
, .

248
( 50%) .

.

, ,
, , ,
(Tsutsumi et al, 1967).
(
)
pseudopulus .
.

, .
.
(LD 50) ,
134 720mg/kg
1,4-15,2mg/kg .
( )
(LD50 46,5mg/kg 9,5mg/kg). O
6000, 9500-12500
(100mg/kg )
(10% )
Ames test salmonella typhimurium, .
(
). , ,
(Benoit et al, 1976).

,
. ,
.

,
249
. , ,

.

. (Farnswo et al, 1976).
1.
Farnswo NR, Crdell GA. review of some biologically active compounds

isolated from plants as reported in the 1974-75 literature. Lloydia 1976; 39: 420-455.
2.
Benoit PS et al. Biological and phytochemical evaluation of plants. XIV. Antiinflammatory evaluation of 163 species of plants. Lloydia 1976; 39: 160-171.
3.
Cebo et al. Pharmacological properties of saponin fractions from Polish crude drugs:
Saponaria officinalis, Primula officinalis, and Aesculus hippocastanum. Herba ol
1976; 22: 154-162.
4.
Vogel G et al. Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus der therapeutischen und toxischen

Wirkung des Rosskastanien-saponins aescin. rzneimittelforschung 1970; 20: 699705.
5.
Tsutsumi S, Ishizuka S. Anti-inflammatory effects of the extract Aesculus

hippocastanum and seed. Shikwa-Cakutto 1967; 67: 1324-1328.
6.
De Pascale V et al. Effect of an escin-cyclonamine mixture on capillary permeability.

Boll Chim Farm 1974; 113: 600-614.
7.
Longiave D et al. The mode of action of aescin on isolated veins: Relationship with
PGF2. harmacol Res Cmmum 1978; 10: 145-153.
8.
Rao SG, Cochran KW. Antiviral activity of triterpenoid saponins containing acylated
-amyrin aglycones. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63: 471.
9.
Rothkopf . Effects of age, sex and phenobarbital pretreatment on the acute toxicitv
of the horse chestnut saponin aescin in rats. aunyn-Schmied-archpharm 1977;
297(Suppl.): R18.
10.
Pittler , Ernst . Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. A

criteria-based systematic review. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 1356-1360.
250
orseradish ()
horseradish (Radicula armoracia L.),

Brassicaceae/Cruciferae.
Armoracia lopathifolia Gilib., A. rusticana (Gaertn) Mey & Scherb.,
Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia Fries Roripa armoracia Hitch.
(, ), (
, - .
),
(, ) , ,
, , .
.
.
(), 2-4g .
.
,
.
, . ,
251

( 2).
,
.
... GRAS ( Generally Recognised As Safe).
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, .

.
,
.

, .
.

.
.

(isothiocyanates)
. .

(collapse) (Stoehr et al, 1975).
252
1 Stoehr H, Herrman K. Phenolic acids of vegetables. III. Hydroxycinnamic acids and

hydroxybenzoic acids of root vegetables. Lebensm-Unters Forsch 1975: 159:219-224.
2 Hansen H. Content of glucosinolates in horseradish [Armoracia rusticana). Tidsskr
Planteavl 1974; 73: 408-410.
3 Kojima M. Volatile components of Wasabia japonica. II. Volatile components other than
isothiocyanates. Hakko Kngakii Zasshi 1971; 49:
650-653.
4 Kojima M et al. Studies on the volatile components of Wasabia japonica, Brassica juncea,
and Cocho-learia armoracia by gas chromatography-mass spectromerrv. \akugaku Zasshi
1973; 93: 453-459.
5 Sjaastad 0V et al. Hypotensive effects in cats caused by horseradish peroxidase mediated by
metabolites of arachidonic acid. J Histochem Cytochem 1984; 32: 1328-1330
253
Hydrangea ()
hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.), ,

(Saxifragaceae).
.
Mountain Hydrangea, Seven Barks, Smooth Hydrangea Wild
Hydrangea.
.
(. , , ), (. , ,
), , , . .
.
/: 2-4g, ,
: 2-4ml (1:1 45 % ),
: 2-10ml (1:5 60 % ),
.
,
.
254

. ,
.
,
. , , ,
, , ,
.
.

, ,

(Harborne et al, 1993).

.
.
(Kakegawa et al, 1988).
1.
Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary. London: Taylor and Francis, 1993.
2.
Kakegawa H et al. Inhibitory effects of hydrangeol derivatives in the activation of

hyaluronidase and their anti-allergic activities. Planta Med 1988; 54: 385-389.
255
Ispaghula ()
ispaghula (Plantago ovata Forsk.), , ,

40 Plantaginaceae.
Blond Psyllium, Indian
Plantago, Ispagol, Pale Psyllium Spogel.
(+) (), (+)- () .
,
, 2-()-.
. , (,
, ), (), , (, , ), (- -), (.. ,
, , ), .
: 5-10 (3 ), , 12-40 , 420 , 3-5 . 6-12 . 6

.
: 2-4 ml (1:1 25% )
: 3-5 .
.
256
7-11 1 3 7-20
2 .
. :
1. : ,
, ,
.
2. :
, ,
.
3. :
,
, LDL
LDL HDL .

,
LDL
0 23%.
.
.
4. :
,
, .
5. ,

. , .
6. , Plantago
,
.
, .
,
257
, , . ,
.

.. ,
, ,
.
European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA) Herbal Medicinal products Working
group (HMPWG) (SPC)
:
1.
, ..
.
2.
.
3. .
,
, ,
. ,
, .

.
.
(Stevens et al,
1988).
EMEA HMPWG :
1.
, .
, , ( ),
,
,
.
258
2.
,
, (). ,
,
, .
3. 150ml ,
. ,
, , .
,
. .

.

,
.
( ) , .
, (Leng-Peschlow et
al, 1991).

(.. , , , ), (12),
. ,
0.5-1 .
, ,
(Inouye et al, 1974).
259

1.
Inouye et al. Purgative activities of iridoid glycosides. Planta Med 1974; 25: 285288.
2.
Leng-Peschlow . Plantago ovata seeds as dietary fibre supplement: physiological and

metabolic effects in rats. Br J Nutr 1991; 66: 331-349.
3.
Stevens J et al. Comparison of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on

gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics. J Am Diet Assoc 1988; 88: 323326.
4.
Thorburn et al. Does ispaghula husk stimulate the entire colon in diverticular
disease? Gut 1992; 33:352-356.
5.
Marlett JA et al. Comparative laxation of psyllium with and without senna in an

ambulatory constipated population. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 333-337.
6.
McRorie JW et al. Psyllium is superior to docusate sodium for treatment of chronic

constipation. Aliment harmacol her 1998; 12: 491-497.
7.
Qvitzau S et al. Treatment of chronic diarrhoea: loperamide versus isphaghula husk

and calcium. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 1237-1240.
8.
Eherer AJ et al. Effect of psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, and wheat bran on

secretory diarrhea induced by phenolphthalein. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 10071012.
9.
Smalley JR et al. Use of psyllium in the management of chronic nonspecific diarrhea

of childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol utr 1982; 1: 361-363.
10.
Anderson JW et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for

hypercholesterolemic men. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 29-296.
260
Java Tea ( )
java tea (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth),

, 1.5 Lamiaceae.

Misai Kucing (
), Orthosiphon aristatus Miq. Orthosiphon spicatus

(Thundb.) Bak.
),
(
(
, , , F, G, H I , ,
), (-, -, -,
, ..), (, , ,
, , , , ..).
, , () .

.
: 2-3 g 150 mL , ,
261

java tea
, , , .
in vitro java tea :
1.
. stamineus . aristatus,
. aristatus. ,
.
,
.
2.
3.

.
.
4.
in vitro
.
().
O. stamineus
in vitro.
5.
O. aristatus
Streptococcus mutans. . statmineus
:
Saccharomyces pastorianus, Candida albicans, Rhizopus nigricans Trichophyton
mentagrophytes.
java tea . , java

tea .

, , . java tea
.
262

java tea, ,
, . (2 lt
) .

java tea ,
. ,
(Malterud et al, 1989).

. java tea
,
.
263

1.
Shibuya et al. Indonesian medicinal plants. XX. 1) Chemical structures of two new
isopimaranae-type diterpenes, orthosiphonones and B, and a new benzochromene,
orthochromene A from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus (Lamiaceae). Chem Pharm
Bull 1999; 47: 695-698.
2.
Guerin J-C, Reveillere -. Orthosiphon stamineus as a potent source of

methylripariochromene A. J Nat Prod 1989; 52: 171-173.
3.
Masuda et al. Orthosiphol A and , novel diterpenoid inhibitors of A (12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) induced inflammation, from Orthosiphon stamineus,
Tetrahedron 1992; 48: 6787-6792.
4.
Stampoulis et al. Staminol A, a novel diterpene from Orthosiphon stamineus.

Tetrahedron Lett 1999; 40: 4239-4242.
5.
Shibuya et al. Two novel migrated pimaranetype diterpenes, neoorthosiphols A and

B, from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus (Lamiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull 1999; 47:
911-912.
6.
Schut G, Zwaving JH. Content and composition of the essential oil of Orthosiphon
aristatus. Planta Med 1986; 52: 240-241.
7.
Bombardelli et al. Flavonoid constituents of Orthosiphon stamineus. Fitoterapia

1972; 43: 35.
8.
Schneider G, Tan HS. Die lipophilen Flavone on Folia Orthosiphonis. Dtsch Apoth
Ztg 1973; 113: 201.
9.
Wollenweber , ann . Weitere Flavonoide aus Orthosiphon spicatus. lanta Med

1985; 51: 459-460.
10.
Malterud et al. Flavonoids from Orthosiphon spicatus. Planta Med 1989; 55: 569570.
264
Juniper
juniper juniperus communis L. (Pinaceae).

juniper Baccae Juniperi, Genievre, Wacholderbeeren, Zimpro.
To juniper
.
:
, .
, , , ,
.
(), .
0,2-3,42 %. ( 58%),
-, (), , , 1,4-, p, - -, , -, -, -4-,
,
-,
, --7-.
(C12
),
), (), .
265

100 mL, (1:20 ),
.
1-2 ., , . 2-10 . ( 20-100 mg
).
2-4 mL (1:1 25% ), .
1-2 mL (1:5 45% ), .
0,03-0,2 mL (1:5 45% ), .
Juniper
.
,
.
-4-,
Juniper, .
. .
60
70. .
Juniper
1
(Herpes Simplex Virus- type 1).
. -
.
Juniper .
Juniper Penicillium notatum.
Juniper
.
.
Juniper .
Juniper
( 2, 3). 2

( ) . 3
266

. , Juniper
.
E
E. Juniper , .
,

.
To juniper .
.
. ,
.
juniper savin .
juniper .
.

juniper .
.
juniper
(Chandler et al, 1986).

,
.
-4-
.
juniper
test.
juniper.

: ,
, .
, :
, , , , ,
, .
LD50 3g/kg.
267

juniper
, .
juniper .
, .
juniper
.
1. Chandler RF. n inconspicuous but insidious grug. Rev Pharm Can 1986; 563566.
2. Friedrich , Engelshowe R. Tannin producing monomecic substances in juniperus
communis. Plant Med 1978; 33: 251-257.
3. Wagner , Wolff , eds. New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with
Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutical Activity. Berlin: Springer-Verkag,
1977.
4. Fenarolis Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press,
1975.
5. Thomas AF, Ozainne M. Junionone [1-(2,2-Dimethylcyclobutyl) but-1-en-3one], the first vegetable monocyclic cyclobutane mnoterprenoid. J C S Chem
Commun 1973; 746.
6. Markkanen et al. Antiherpetic agent from juniper tree (Juniperus communis), its
purification, and testing identification, and testing in primary Human amnion cell
cultures. Drugs xp Clin Res 1981; 7: 691-697.
7. Agrawal OP et al. Antifertility effects of fruits of juniperus communis. Plant Med
1980; 40(Suppl.): 98-101.
8. Prakash AO et al. Anti-implantation activity of some indigenous plants in rats.
Acta ur Fertil 1985; 16: 441-448.
9. Prakash AO. Biological evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts for
contraceptive efficacy. Contracept Deliv Syst 1984; 5: 9.
10. Marrkanen . Antiherpetic agent(s) from juniper tree (Juniperus communis)
Preliminary communication. Drugs xp Clin Res 1981; 7: 69-73.
268
Laurus nobilis ( , )
,
20 . (Lauraceae)
.
,
. ,
. .
. .
, . , ,
. ,
, 3% , .
. 30-50% ,
, , , .
, ,
45 .
, ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
.
,
. , ,
269
. , ,
.
.
,
, , ,
, .
.
, (
),
.
, . ,
.
, ,
2%.
.
, 1-5
.
.
.
() 5-15 . .

.

(
...), (Najmi et al, 2004).
, .

,
.
270

1. Manuel Medina F, Adolfo Ramirez G, Hernandez A. Avian pox in white-tailed
laurel-pigeons from the Canary Islands. J Wildl Dis. 2004 Apr;40(2):351-5.
2. Najmi AH, Magruder SF. Estimation of hospital emergency room data using OTC
pharmaceutical sales and least mean square filters. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak.
2004 Mar 15;4(1):5.
271
Liquorice ()
glycyrrhiza (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), ,

, , .
,
Leguminosae.
(, , , ,
GU-7 3 ). (
: , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
,
, , , , ).
(
,
, , , , - .
(, , , ,
, , , , , , - ,
, , - .
, , , , , (-, ),
.
G.glabra :
( , , , ).
(, ), , - .
272
.
,
' ,
,
. , ,
,
, .
1-4 g, , .(G6, G7)

(BPC 1973) 0,6-2,0 g.
1. in vitro
. (GA)
, ,

.
,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
2. in vitro 3, GU-7, .
3. ,

. ,
, ,
273

.
4.
UV.

.
5.
Epstein-Barr .
6.
Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis Candida albicans.

(,
).
,
,
.
7.
in
vitro
(CCl4), .
450,
CCl4 CCl3. H Glycyrrhiza
uralensis Fisch ,
70%.
G.uralensis
, , ,
.
, ,
.

.
.

( 2).
274
,
.
).
, ,
, , . ,
, .
, , , ,
.

,
.

. , .
, ,
. ,
(
in vivo).

,
,
,
. ,
,
( ) (Mierhing et
al, 1989).

,
.
, ,
, , ,
, .
275
(),
,
, .
10-45 g

.

,

(Mitscher et al, 1980).
.
,
700 g
8 . ,
, .
(
),
.
,

.

. , ,

.

(ACE), .
,
(Tawata et al, 1995).
, ,
.
, .
.
276

.
,
. ,
,

.
,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,

.
277

1 Tawata et l. Anti-platelet action of GU-7, a 3arylcoumari derivative, purified from
G/ycyrrhizae radix. P/anta Med 1990; 56: 259-263.
2 Mitscher et /. Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Antimicrobial isoflavanoids and
relared substances from Glycyrrhiza g/abra L. var. typica. J Nat Prod 1980; 43: 259-269.
3 Mierhing , Speicher-Brinker . NeoIicuroside - new cha!cone glycoside from rhe roors
G/ycyrrhiza g/abra. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1989; 322: 141-143.
4 akino et l. Quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid in Liquorice roots and extracts
by TLC-densitometry. Planta Med 1979; 36: 74-78.
5 Kameoka , Nakai . Components of essential oil from the root of G/ycyrrhiza glabra.
Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi [J Ag Chem Soc Japan] 1987; 61: 1119-1121.
6 Jimenez J et /. Flavonoids of Helianthemum cinereum. Fitoterapia 1989; 60: 189.
7 Chandler RF. Licorice, more than just a flavour. Can PharmJ 1985; 118: 421-424.
8 Pzzorno JE, Murray . G/ycyrrhiza g/abra. . Textbook of Natural Medicine. Seattle, W :
John Basyr College Publications, 1985 (looseleaf).
9 Tamaya D et l. Possible mechanism of sterd action f the plant herb extracts glycyrrhizin,
glycyrrherinic acid, and paeoniflorin: Inhibition by plant herb extracts of steroid protein
binding in the rabbit. Am j Obstet Gyneco/1986; 155: 1134-1139.
10 Armanini D et l. Binding of agonists and antagonists to mineralocorticoid receptors in human
peripheral mononuclear leucocytes. J Hypertens 1985; 3(5uppI.3): 5157-159.
11 Armanini D et l. Affinity of liquorice derivatives for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid
receptors. Clin Endocrino/1983; 19: 609-612.
12 Stewart et l. Mineralocorticoid activityy of liquorice: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase deficiency comes f age. Lancet 1987; ii: 821-824.
13 Forslund et l. Effecrs f licorice n plasma atrial nartiureric peptide in healthy volunteers. ]
Intern Med 1989; 225: 95-99.
14 Aida et l. Isoliquiririgenin: new aldose reductase inhibitor from Glycyrrhizae radix.
Plnt Med 1990; 56: 254-258.
15 Yun-ping , ]ia-qing . Oral baicalin and liquid extract f Iicorice reduce sorbiroI levels in red
blood cell of diabetic rats. Chin Med J 1989; 102: 203-206.
16 Fujita et al. Antiinflammatory effect of glycyrhizinic acid. Effects of glycyrrhizinic acid
against carrageenin-induced edema, UV-eryrhema and skin reaction sensitised with DCNB.
Pharmacometrics 1980; 19: 48-484.
17 Amagaya S et al. Separarion and quantitative analysis of 18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18glycyrrhetinic acid G/ycyrrhizae radix by gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1985;
278
320: 430434.
18 Kimura et l. Effects of chalcones isolated from licorice roots on leukotriene biosynthesis in
human poIymorphonucIear neutrophils. Phytother Res 1988; 2: 140-145.
19 Inque et l. Pharmacological activities of glycerrherinic acid derivatives: Analgesic and antitype IV allergic effects. Chem Pharm Bull 1987; 35: 3888-3893.
20 Tokuda et /. Inhibitory effects of ursolic and .oleandolic acid n skin tumor promotion by
12-O-tetradecanoylphorboI-13-acetate. Cancer Lett 1986; 33: 279-285.
21 Pompei R et l. Antiviral activity of gIycyrrhizic acid. Experientia 1980; 36: 304.
22 Kiso et /. Mechanism of antihepatotoxc acriviy of glycyrrhizin, ; Effect on free radical
generation and lipid peroxidarion. P/anta ed 1984; 50: 298-302.
23 Chang et al. Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. Singapore: World
Scientifc, 1985
24 Sharma et /. Antifertility screening of plants. Part . Effect of ten indigenous plants on
early pregnancy in albino rats. Int ] Crude Drug Res 1983; 21: 183-187.
25 Guslandi . Ulcer-healing drugs and endogenous rostaglandins. Int J Clin Pharmaco/ Ther
co/ 1985; 23: 398-402.
26 Gonn J et l. Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Hypertension, hypokalaemia,
aldosteronopenia and suppressed plasma renin activity_JAMA 1968; 205: 492-496.
27 Epstein et l. Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal
subjects. ] 1977; 1: 488-490.
28 Mantero F. Exogenous mineralocorricoid-like disorders. Clin Endocrino/ Metab 1981; 10:
465-478.
29 Ichikawa et /. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling of g!ycyrrhizin in rats. ] Pharm
Sci 1986; 75: 672-675.
30 Chamberlain TJ. Licorice poisoning, pseudoaldosteronism, heart failure. ] 1970; 213:
1343.
31 Corrocher R et /. Pseudoprimary hyperaldosteronism due to Iiquorice intoxication. Eur Rev
Med Pharmaco/ Sci 1983; 5: 467-470.
32 Piette et /. Hypokaliemie majeure avec Liquorice rhabdomyolase secondaire a l'ingesrio
de pastis non alcoolise. Ann Med lnterne (Paris) 1984; 135: 296-298.
33 Cibelli G et /. Hypokalemic myopathy associated with liquorice ingestion. ltal J Neurol Sci
1984; 5: 463-466.
34 Heidermann , Kreuzfelder . Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria due
licorice ingestion and diuretic treatment. K/in Wochenschr 1983; 61: 303-305.
35 Ruggeri CS et /. L. Carnetia cloruro e KCl nel trattamento di un caso di rabdomiolisi
atraumatica senza mioglobinuria da ingestione di liquerizia. Minn Mcd 1985; 76: 725-728.
279
36 Bannisrer et /.Cardiac arrest due to liquorice induced hypokalaemia. ] 1977; 2: 738739.

37 Maresca MC et /. Low blood potassium and rhabdomyolosis. Description of three cases with
different aetiologies. Minerva Med 1988; 79: 7981.
38 Molhuyse JA. liquorice extract with deoxycortone-like action. Lancet 1950; : 381-386.
39 Jamil et /. Hyperglycaemia related to licorice-induced hypokalaemia. J Kwt Med Assoc
1986; 20: 69-71.
280
Valerian ()
(Valeriana officinalis), . (Valerianaceae),

, ,
, .
( ) .

.
1 1,5 . .
.
.
, .
, ( , , ).
.
Valeriana officinalis, V.
Walichii DC. ( ) V. edulis Nutt. .
: , ,
, Valerian All- Heal, V. Easy step, V. Nighttime.
.
(0,5- 2%) ( , ,
) ().
. valepotriates
(valerian epoxide triesters). T valepotriates ,
281
, .. valepotriates
.
, , (, -- ,
, ), , , ,
. ( ), , , , .

.
/ : 1-3 gr , , .
: 3-5 ml (1: 5 70%), , 1- 3 ml,
.
: 1-3 gr , , (1:2) 2-6
ml .
400-900 mg 30- 60
.
(0,8% ): 180 mg, 200 mg,
250 mg, 400 mg, 410 mg, 450 mg, 493 mg, 500 mg, 520 mg, 530 mg, 550 mg.
Valeriana ,
. .
,
.
/ Valeriana
.
valepotriates .

valepotriates ().
valepotriates ( ).
, valepotriates ,
,
. ,
. ,
Valeriana. ,
282
/ valepotriates in vitro
.
Valeriana
. ,

.
Valeriana,
, GABA (- ) . ,
GABA. , GABA
. GABA
.
in vitro :
1.
,
.

, ,
hangover effect ( ) . ,
GABA.
2. Valeriana
. (10-10 10-8 mg/ ml)
,
.
3. valepotriates
.
.
4. In vitro ( DNA
) valepotriates, .
, . In vivo,
.
valepotriates ,
in vivo .
283
Valeriana
.

. Valerian

hangover effect.

.
.
:
1) Valeriana (400mg)
.
.
2) , , 450mg
Valeriana
900mg
hangover effect.
3) Valeriana
(oxazepam) - - ,

.
4) Valeriana
, (Humulus lupulus) / (Melissa officinalis). T

. Valeriana St. Johns
wort (Hypericum perforatum)
(Morazzoni et al, 1995).
Valeriana
( 2 ).
,
, .
. ,
. : American Herbal Pharmacopoeia,
284
BHC, Complete German Commission E, , WHO ..

, GSL. EMEA HMPWG proposed core SPC
:
.
, Valeriana
, , , , , ,
, , .
.
. ,
.
.
(Houghton et al, 1988).
.
Valeriana
.
, .
(
) 2 Valeriana,
.
Valeriana
.
Valeriana ( 2,5 gr).

,
.
Valeriana .
40-60%
, .
, Valeriana
.

. (V. walichii)
285
. Valeriana
.

Valeriana.
hangover ( )
. ,
1-2
Valeriana. , .
Valeriana,
.
,
Valeriana
), Valeriana
hangover effect. .
,
Valeriana
Valeriana.
, ,
Valeriana (Upton et al, 1999). ,
Valeriana.
, in vitro
Valepotriates
. ,
, , .
( ) :
286
: , , ,
: ,
: .

! Valeriana .
/
Valeriana .
! Valeriana GABA
.
! .
( , , )
Valeriana .
!
.
1. Upton R, ed. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium.

Valerian root. Valeriana officinalis. Analytical, Quality Control and Therapeutic
Monograph. Santa Cruz: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1999.
2. Houghton PJ. The biological activity of valerian and related plants. J
Ethnofarmacol 1988; 22: 121-142.
3. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Valeriana officinalis : traditional use and recent
evaluation of activity. Fitoterapia 1995; 66: 99-112.
4. Houghton P. The scientific basis for the reputed activity of valerian. J Pharm
Pharmacol 1999; 51: 505-512.
5. Houghton PJ, ed. Valerian. The genus Valeriana. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic
Publishers, 1997.
6. Inouye H et al. The absolute configuration of valerosidate and of didrovaltrate.
Tetrahedron Lett 1974; 30:2317-2325.
7. Bos R et al. Isolation and identification valerenane sesquiterpenoids from
Valeriana Officinalis. Phytochemistry 1986; 25: 133-135.
8. Bos R et al. Isolation of sesquiterpene alcohol pacifigorgiol from Valeriana
officinalis. Phytochemistry 1986; 25:1234-1235.
9. Stoll A et al. New investigations on Valerian. Schweiz Apotheker- Zeitung 1957;
95: 115-120.
10. Hendricks H et al. Eugenyl isovaltrate and isoeugenyl isovaltrate in the essential
oil of Valerian root. Phytochemistry 1977; 16:1853-1854.
287
288
()
289
290
(Basil)
"" ,
.
( )
, . ,

, ,
(Jaggi et al, 2003)

, (Kintzios et al, 2004).
1. Jaggi RK, Madaan R, Singh B. Anticonvulsant potential of holy basil, Ocimum

sanctum Linn.,and its cultures. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003:41(11) pp1329-1333.
2. Kintzios S, Kollias H, Straitouris E, Makri O. Scale-up micropropagation of sweet
basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in an airlift bioreactor and accumulation of rosmarinic
acid. Biotechnol Lett. 2004 Mar;26(6):521-3.
291
(Carnation)
, ,
3,000 ..
, 16 .
.
, "" .

( )
.

. Dr
H.Clark, AIDS
( Fasciolopsis buskii) ,

(Nukui et al, 2004).

( "")
, .

, (Casanova
et al, 2004).
,
.
292

1. Casanova E, Valdes AE, Fernandez B, Moysset L, Trillas MI. Levels and
immunolocalization
of
endogenous
cytokinins
in
thidiazuron-induced
shoot
organogenesis in carnation.J Plant Physiol. 2004 Jan;161(1):95-104

2. Nukui H, Kudo S, Yamashita A, Satoh S. Repressed ethylene production in the
gynoecium of long-lasting flowers of the carnation 'White Candle': role of the

gynoecium in carnation flower senescence. J Exp Bot. 2004 Mar;55(397):641-50.
293
.
, , , , .

(Daynia et al, 1989).
1. Daynia E, Ballot, A Patrick MacPhail, Thomas Hbothwell, Mary Gillooly, and
Fatima G Mayer. Fortification of curry powder with NaFe(111)Edta in an iron

deficient population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989: 49:149-162
294
(Rosemary, Rosmarinum Officinallis)

.

, .
.

(
"" ).

(Cook et al, 2004)..
, ,
"" :
( )
( ),
. ,

.

(Wellwood et al, 2004).
295

1. Cook C. Interview with dame rosemary rue. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004
Sep;26(3):220-9.
2. Wellwood CR, Cole RA. Relevance of Carnosic Acid Concentrations to the
Selection of Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis (L.), Accessions for
Optimization of Antioxidant Yield. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct
6;52(20):6101-7
296
(Thyme)

( ), . (
, ),
, .
.

.

. (
)
( ,
) (Sotomayor et al,
2004).
,
, :
(
) ,
. ,

, .
,
(Golec et al, 2004).
297

1. Sotomayor JA, Martinez RM, Garcia AJ, Jordan MJ. Thymus zygis subsp.
Gracilis: watering level effect on phytomass production and essential oil quality.
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Aug 25;52(17):5418-24.
298
() (Illicium verum)
(
, ) Illicium verum.
(Koehl et al,
2004).
,
. ,
..

, ,
(Ize-Ludlow et al, 2004).
.
1. Ize-Ludlow D, Ragone S, Bernstein JN, Bruck IS, Duchowny M, Garcia Pena BM. Chemical
composition of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) and neurotoxicity in infants. JAMA. 2004
Feb 4;291(5):562-3.
2. Koehl V, Thien LB, Heij EG, Sage TL. The Causes of self-sterility in natural
populations of the relictual angiosperm, Illicium floridanum (Illiciaceae). Ann Bot
(Lond). 2004 Jul;94(1):43-50.
299
(Cinnamon)

.
( ) "". ,
(Cheng et al, 2004).
,
, (
ginger, ),
(Qin et al, 2004).
1. Cheng SS, Liu JY, Tsai KH, Chen WJ, Chang ST. Chemical composition and
mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oils from leaves of different
Cinnamomum osmophloeum provenances. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul
14;52(14):4395-400
2. Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y. Cinnamon extract
prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet. Horm Metab
Res. 2004 Feb;36(2):119-125.
300
() (Curcuma Longa)
Curcuma Longa
.
.
, .

.
.
. .
(Syng-Ai et al,
2004).

[( (safran)],
.
,
, ,
, , .
, , .
, (
) .
,
,
301
.
.

. .
(
- ),
( )
.
,
, ,
.

.

"". "",
,

. , "",
, , , .
(turmeric),
, , .
.
ginger , .
( )
, , , ""
.

(
) (Syng-Ai et al, 2004).
, (),
( , , ).
,
( ) .
,
(Koo et al, 2004).
302

1. Syng-Ai C, Kumari AL, Khar A. Effect of curcumin on normal and tumor cells:
role of glutathione and bcl-2. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004 Sep;3(9):1101-8.
2. Koo BS, Lee WC, Chung KH, Ko JH, Kim CH. A water extract of Curcuma
longa L. (Zingiberaceae) rescues PC12 cell death caused by pyrogallol or
hypoxia/reoxygenation and attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced injury in
PC12 cells. Life Sci. 2004 Sep 24;75(19):2363-75.
303
() (Saffran)

, , ,
,
( ) 1,600 .. ,
.
Crocus Sativus ,
,
.
"", ,
, .
,
, ,
( 2),
!
, " "
.
, .
,

, . 0,45
75000 . 10
( ),
, "" .
( ),

304
, ,
.
""
.
, , , .
( , ),
, (Ferrence et al, 2004).
,
( )
, .
( ) (
"" "") (Giaccio et al,
2004).
1. Ferrence SC, Bendersky G. Therapy with saffron and the goddess at Thera. Perspect
Biol Med. 2004 Spring;47(2):199-226.
2. Giaccio M. Crocetin from saffron: an active component of an ancient spice. Crit Rev
Food Sci Nutr. 2004;44(3):155-72
305
(Cumin)

, .

.
"" (, , , ) (Hajhashemi et al, 2004).
,
.
(Gagandeep
et al, 2003).
1. Gagandeep, Dhanalakshmi S, Mendiz E, Rao AR, Kale RK. Chemopreventive effects
of Cuminum cyminum in chemically induced forestomach and uterine cervix tumors

in murine model systems. Nutr Cancer. 2003;47(2):171-80.
2. Hajhashemi V, Ghannadi A, Jafarabadi H. Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent
analgesic and antiinflammatory drug. Phytother Res. 2004 Mar;18(3):195-9.
306
(Marjoram)

.

.

, , , .
(
250 ml ), ,
(Harangi et al, 2003).

( , ...).
.
,
(Campanella et al, 2003).
1. Harangi J. Retention index calculation without n-alkanes--the virtual carbon
number. J Chromatogr A. 2003 Apr 18;993(1-2):187-95

2. Campanella L, Bonanni A, Favero G, Tomassetti M. Determination of
antioxidant properties of aromatic herbs, olives and fresh fruit using an

enzymatic sensor. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Apr;375(8):1011-6.
307
(fenel)

, .
, (490 ..)
, , , ,
, , . "",
.
,
, ,
(Parejo et al, 2004).
.
.
.
(
) ,
(Lee et al, 2004).
1.Lee HS. Acaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil
against Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May
19;52(10):2887-9
2.Parejo I, Jauregui O, Sanchez-Rabaneda F, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Codina C. Separation
and characterization of phenolic compounds in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) using liquid
chromatography-negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food
Chem. 2004 Jun 16;52(12):3679-87.
308
o (Balm-mint Melissa Officinalis)
Melissa Officinalis
. , ,
. .
. .

.
116
(Gazola et al, 2004) .
.
"" .
.
, ,
, (Samarth et al, 2004).
1. Gazola R, Machado D, Ruggiero C, Singi G, Macedo Alexandre M. Lippia
alba, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus: effects of the aqueous

extracts on the isolated hearts of rats. Pharmacol Res. 2004 Nov;50(5):477-80
2. Samarth RM, Goyal PK, Kumar A. Protection of swiss albino mice against
whole-body gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita (Linn.). Phytother Res. 2004

Jul;18(7):546-50.
309
() (Mentha Piperita, Viridis, Pylegium)
Mentha Piperita
(Mentha Viridis) (Mentha Pylegium).
Mentha Rotundifolia. , .

. .
.

, , .
,
.
. . 6
.
' (Akdogan et al, 2004).

. ,
, .

.
(Akdogan et al, 2004).
.
310

1. Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, Oncu M, Cicek E. Effects of peppermint teas on
plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and
testicular tissue in rats. Urology. 2004 Aug;64(2):394-8
311
(Mustard)
() ().
, .
.

, (Sobhi et al, 2004).

,
.
(Wormser et al, 2004).
1.Sobhi MB, Manzoor MA. Efficacy of camphorated paramonochlorophenol to a mixture
of honey and mustard oil as a root canal medicament. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004
Oct;14(10):585-8.
2.Wormser U, Langenbach R, Peddada S, Sintov A, Brodsky B, Nyska A. Reduced sulfur
mustard-induced skin toxicity in cyclooxygenase-2 knockout and celecoxib-treated
mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;200(1):40-7.
312
(Borrago Officinalis)
Borrago Officinalis,
, .
(Fiamegos et al, 2004).
, ""
.

.
. "" .
,
.

.
(Nostro et al, 2004).

.
313

1. Fiamegos YC, Nanos CG, Vervoort J, Stalikas CD. Analytical procedure for the
in-vial derivatization--extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids in methanolic
and aqueous plant extracts followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective
detection. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Jul 2;1041(1-2):11-8.
2. Nostro A, Cannatelli MA, Morelli I, Musolino AD, Scuderi F, Pizzimenti F,
Alonzo V. Efficiency of Calamintha officinalis essential oil as preservative in
two topical product types. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;97(2):395-401.
314
(Pepper)

. : ( ) , , , , ,
(Castro et al, 2004).
.

, "" (Russo et al,
2004).
1. Castro SM, Van Loey A, Saraiva JA, Smout C, Hendrickx M. Activity and process
stability of purified green pepper (Capsicum annuum) pectin methylesterase. J Agric
Food Chem. 2004 Sep 8;52(18):5724-9.
315
(Chilli)
Capsicum Anuum
Capsicum Frutescens,
,
.
chilli.

, (habanero, jalapeno, chipotle, ),
15 . capsicum
annum, , , (),
(, ).
( ),

.

, .
,
.

, .
.
, "
" .

( ),
,
316
, "
".
( )
.
C,
, .

. ( )
,
(
),

, .

, ,
, "super foods"
alfa alfa, chlorella, spirulina, , .
: , ,
, ,
( ) (Calbiani et al, 2004).
... American Merck Index
(,
, , ,
), (, ),
( ,
),
(Calbiani et al, 2004).
1. Calbiani F, Careri M, Elviri L, Mangia A, Pistara L, Zagnoni I. Development and inhouse validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry
method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III and Sudan
IV in hot chilli products. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Jul 9;1042(1-2):123-30.
317

, .
"pippali"
.. "".
,
( ...),
.
piper nigrum
. , .
,
,
. ,
( ) .
.

, . ""
( ).
,
, .

" ".
,
" ",
""
.

,
318
marica ( ), pippali
cavya (Lambert et al, 2004).
, ,

(Vijayakumar et al, 2004).

: , ,
, (Vijayakumar et al, 2004).
1. Lambert JD, Hong J, Kim DH, Mishin VM, Yang CS. Piperine enhances the
bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. J Nutr.
2004 Aug;134(8):1948-52
2. Vijayakumar RS, Surya D, Nalini N. Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper
nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress. Redox Rep.
2004;9(2):105-10
319
Capsicum Anuum
Capsicum Frutescens, ( ).
(Kuda et al, 2004).
1. Kuda T, Iwai A, Yano T. Effect of red pepper Capsicum annuum var. conoides and garlic
Allium sativum on plasma lipid levels and cecal microflora in mice fed beef tallow. Food
Chem Toxicol. 2004 Oct;42(10):1695-1700
320
(Coniaoides)
Capsicum Frutescens.
(Keshavarzi et al, 2004).
1.
Keshavarzi M, Soylu S, Brown I, Bonas U, Nicole M, Rossiter J, Mansfield J. Basal

defenses induced in pepper by lipopolysaccharides are suppressed by Xanthomonas
campestris pv. vesicatoria. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2004 Jul;17(7):805-15.
321
(Pimiento)
, , " ", ,
Pimenta Dioica
(Keshavarzi et al, 2004).
1. Keshavarzi M, Soylu S, Brown I, Bonas U, Nicole M, Rossiter J, Mansfield J. Basal

322
Aframomum melegueta (Keshavarzi

et al, 2004).
1. Keshavarzi M, Soylu S, Brown I, Bonas U, Nicole M, Rossiter J, Mansfield J. Basal

323
Xylopia Aethiopica (Asekun et al, 2004).
1. Asekun OT, Adeniyi BA. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential
oil of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria. Fitoterapia. 2004 Jun;75(3-4):368-70.
324
(Origanum Vulgare)
Origanum Vulgare. ,
50 .
, , ,
. .
"" Satureia
Hortensis . .
,
(Lemhadri et al, 2004).
" "
.
.
Origanum Vulgare
, ,
.. (..
)
.
.
.
,
/ , (Walter et al, 2004).
325

1. Lemhadri A, Zeggwagh NA, Maghrani M, Jouad H, Eddouks M. Anti-hyperglycaemic
activity of the aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare growing wild in Tafilalet region. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun;92(2-3):251-256
2. Walter BM, Bilkei G. Immunostimulatory effect of dietary oregano etheric oils on
lymphocytes
from
growth-retarded,
low-weight
growing-finishing
productivity. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2004 Mar 15;129(6):178-81.
326
pigs
and
(Garlic)
"rasona", "
". , ,
, , .
.

. , , .
, ""
.

,
. ,
(Bhattacharya et al, 2004).
,
( HDL,
"" ),
.

""
(Arivazhagan et al, 2004).
327

1. Arivazhagan S, Velmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V, Nagini S. Effects of Aqueous Extracts
of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf on Hepatic and Blood
Oxidant-Antioxidant Status During Experimental Gastric Carcinogenesis. J Med Food.
2004 Fall; 7(3):334-9.
2. Bhattacharya K, Yadava S, Papp T, Schiffmann D, Rahman Q. Reduction of chrysotile
asbestos-induced genotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by garlic
extract. Toxicol Lett. 2004 Nov 28;153(3):327-32
328
() (T. Caurelea T. Foenumgraecum)
Trigonella
T. Caurelea T. Foenumgraecum. 80
. , .
, .
(Parvizpur et
al, 2004).
T. Caurelea
, .
. T. Foenumgraecum
, ,
.
.

.
, ,
(Yadav et al, 2004).

!
329

1. Parvizpur A, Ahmadiani A, Kamalinejad M. Spinal serotonergic system is partially
involved in antinociception induced by Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) leaf
extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Nov;95(1):13-7
2. Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ. Effects of sodium-orthovanadate and Trigonella
foenum-graecum seeds on hepatic and renal lipogenic enzymes and lipid profile
during alloxan diabetes. J Biosci. 2004 Mar;29(1):81-91.
330
, .
,
,
.
, .

.
(
)
.

( "")
.

, .

.
.
,

.

.
.
.
,
.
,
.
331
()
()
.

.
.
()

,
,
.
,

.
(fenel)
M .
.
()
,
.

.
, "
" ,
,
.
,

.
332

(Ginger)
,
,
.
,
( HDL,

.
()
333

www.ayurveda.com, www.healthy.net
Acacia
catechu
(quercetin,
quercettrin,
fisetin),
.
,
.
Aegle
marmelos
334
.
Aloe vera
, ,
(-
-),

2.
Apium
graveolens
, -

335
(-
Candida albicans,
136,4
Candida parapsilasis,
mg/kgr
Candida kruseii.
C (L-
).
Azadirada
Azadirachtin A
indica
azadirachtin ,
-S-
(GST)
35,2% 61,7%
, 80,1%
336
Benincasa
hispida
chitinase.
. ,
.
Boerhaavia
diffusa
liriodendrin
syringaresinol
mono-beta-D-
glucoside
337
Carum
copticum
),
, ,
, ..
Centella
asiatica
. ,
338
Commiphor
Guggulsterone
300mg 2
10% -
33%.
LDL
a mukul

Gram(+)
Gram(-)

.
339
Eclipta alba
, -
. ,
, 4-
()
Hemidesmus
2--4-
indicus
340
(,
)
.
Holarrhena
antidysenteri
ca
antidysentericine
pyrrolizidine.
Staphylococ
cus
epidermidis,
Streptococcu
s faecalis,
Bacillus
subtilis,
Escherichia
coli
Pseudomona
s
aeruginosa.
341
Escheric
hia coli.
Mormodica
Goyaglycosides-
charantia
a, -b, -c, -d, -e, -
f, -g, -h
goyasaponins I,
II, III
83,33%
2,5%
90,90%
5%
.
,
.
342
Mucuna
(20,2
pruriens
29,3%),
(6,3
7,4%),
Parkinson.
(49,9 61,2%),
(8,7
10,5%).
(64,7
66,9%)
(48
49%).
.
343
, ,
, ,
Icthyophthiri
us multifiliis
Nardostachy
s jatamamsi
(sesquiterpenes),
desoxo-
narchinol-A,
nardosinone,
debilon,
nardosinonediol,
kanshone A
344
.
Ocimum
eugenol,
sanctum
methylchavicol,
(Tulsi)
alpha beta
bisabolen.
LDL-
(orientin,
vicenin),
cirsilineol,
cirsimaritin,
isothymusin,
DL-
isothymonin,
).

345
.
Orthosiphon
stamineus
(orthosiphols,
staminols A & B,
staminolactones
A & B,
norstaminol A)
()
346
.
Phyllanthus
fraternus
E,E-2,4-
octadienamide
E,Z-2,4-
decadienamide.
..
(.
-)
Phyllanthus
niruri
, ,
),
(.. )
347
HIV.
348
Picrorhiza
kurroa
.
Plantago
ovata
(psyllium)
35%
65%
Plumbago
zeylanica
349
Pterocarpus
santalinus
TNF-a ,
. ,

Rubia
cordifolia
. ,
RA-XV
XVI.
anthraquinones
(PAF).
cordifoliol
cordifodiol
Santalum
(Z-
album
alpha, Z-beta).
350
. ,
351
Saraca indica

Soalnum
xanthocarpum
).
(solasodine)
fumigatus ,
Swertia
chirata
amarogentine
352
Terminalia
(arjunin),
arjuna
(arjunic
acid, arjunolic acid,
arjungenin,
(),
arjunglycosides,
6,75mg/kgr
arjunetoside),
(arjunone, arjunolone,
luteolin),
, ,
(70%)
, ,
, .
Terminalia
bellerica
3---
D-
. ,
(1" 4)---1-
(,
),

353
,
HIV.
354
Tinospora
cordifolia
( ,
, C D).
C.
TSP
. ,
(arabinogalactan)
(PMAA)
upffer,

Escherichia coli

.

.
,

.
355
Tribulus
terrestris
. ,

.
Trigonella
foenum-
graecum
(,
),
(vitexin
).
Vitex
negundo

356
Escherichia Coli,
Klebsiela
aerogenes,
Proteus vulgaris,
Pseudomanas
aerogenes.
357
Vitis vinifera
, -

.
.
Withania
somnifera
(isopelletierine,
anaferin),
(withanolides,
withaferins),
358
.
,
-,

.

359
Aloe vera

( )
Apium graveolens
Azadirada indica
X .
35,2% 61,7%
80,1%
0,6/

15
9/ .

Azadirada indica

6
.
Benincasa hispida
250 mg /

( )
1

Commiphora
mukul

500mg,

,
1 2 .
360
Hemidesmus
indicus

7 gr/kgr
.
Momordica
charantia
83,33% 2,5% (2,5%
) 90,90%
5% .
2,5%
5%
.
Nardostachys
jatamamsi
800mg /

(
)
.
Rubia cordifolia
Santalum album
.
Swertia chirata

100mg/

.

25mg/

361
Tinospora
. ,
100mg/
cordifolia
, -
/ 4
362
Vitis vinifera
5,0
10,0 mg/ kgr
. ,
Withania
somnifera
400mg/ kgr
,

()
.

, 1,4 gr/ kg
,

363
( )
.

1.
www.naturaldatabase.com
2.
Bisset NG, ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticas (Wichtl M., ed., German
edirtin), Stuttgart: Medpharm, 1994
3.
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996. Exeter: British Herbal Medicine Association,

1996
4.
British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1949
5.
Council of Europe, Flavouring Substances and Natural Sources of Flavourings, 3rd

edn. Strasbourg: Maisonneuve, 1981
6.
Ferow CW, Avila JR. Professionals Handbook of Complementary and Altenative

7.
Foster S, Tylr VE, Tylers Honest Herbal, 4th edn. New York: The aorth Herbal Press,
1999
8.
Gruenwald J et al., eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2nd edn. Montvale: Medical
Economics Company, 1998
9.
The Medicines (Products other than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sales List), SI No.
769:1984, as amended SI No. 1540: 1985; SI No. 1129: 1990; and SI No. 2410: 1994.
10.
Hoppe HA. Tachenbuch der Drogenkunde, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1981.
11.
Mabey R., ed. The Complete New Herbal. London: Elm Tree Books, 1988.
12.
Martindale. Te Complete Drug Reference, 32nd edn. (Parfitt K, ed.). London: The
Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.
13.
The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biolgicals, 11th edn.
Rahway, NJ: Merck, 1989.
14.
Mills SY. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism. Wellingborough: Thorsons, 1985.
15.
Wagner H et al. Plant Drug Analysis. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1983.
16.
Wren RC. Potters New Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations (revised,
Williamson EW, Evans FJ). Saffron Walden: Daniel, 1988
364

Βιταμίνες-Ιχνοστοιχεία Συμπληρώματα Διατροφής και Δρόγες (Τόμος Β)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Βιταμίνες-Ιχνοστοιχεία Συμπληρώματα Διατροφής και Δρόγες (Τόμος Β)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2005

Drosera ......................................................................................................................... 181

(Vitex agnus-castus L.), 60 Verbenaceae ( Vitex

Rimpler . Verbenaceae. Iridoids and ecdysones from Vitex species. Phytochemistry

Houghton PJ. Agnus castus. Pharm J 1944; 253: 720-721.

mann W. Umkehrung der pharmakologischen wirkung von Agnus castus bei

sexualhormone). Forsch Praxis Fortbildung (Med) 1966; 7: 229-233.

(Medicago sativa L.) ,

Luzerne, Medicago Purple Medick.

Candida, Torulopsis, Geotrichum candidum Rhodotorula

1. Oleszek W, Jurzsta . Isolation, chemical characterization and biological activity of

1. Park et al. Analysis of 13 phenolic compounds in Aloe species by high performance

Angelica archangelica L., , , ,

Pimpinella anisum L., ,

To apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

arnica (Arnica montana L.),

: , , , 5 - 25% v/v , 5 - 25% v/v

Merfort I, Wendisch D. Flavonoidglycoside aus Arnica montana und Arnica

Merfort I, Wendisch D. Flavonolglucuronide aus den blten von Arnica montana.

Passreiter CM et al. Tussilagine and isotussilagine: two pyrrolizidine alkaloids in

Passreiter CM. Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with the pyrrolizidines

Leven W, Williuhn G. Spectrophotomeric determination of sesquiterpenlactone

Lee K-H et al. Structure-antimicrobial activity relationships among the

Woerdenbag HJ et al. Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones from

Woerdenbag HJ et al. Decreased helenalin-induced cytotoxicity by flavonoids

(Cynara scolymus L.) Asteraceae/Compositae

Asafoetida ( Ferula assafoetida L, Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel)

Dawidar A-A et al. Marmaricin, a new sesquiterpenoid coumarin from Ferula

Miski M. Fercoperol, an unusual cyclic-endoper-oxynerolidol derivative from

Gonzalez AG et al. Phenylpropanoid and stilbene compounds from Ferula

Samini MN and Unger W. Die gummiharze afghanischer asa foetida-liefernder

avens (Geum urbanum L.),

1.Paul BD et al. Isolation of

myricadiol, myricitrin, taraxerol, and taraxerone from

Myrica cerifera L. Root bark. J pharm Sci 1974; 63: 958-959.

-, -a, -b, , -b, -c,

Vaccinium myrtillus L., ,

Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 1996; 66: 3-29.

Fraisse D et al. Composition polyphnolique de la feuille de myrtille. Ann Pharm

Dombrowicz E et al. Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L.,

Martin-Aragon S et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Vaccinium

Martin-Aragon S et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Phytother Res

Laplaud PM et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human

Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction,

Bottecchia D et al. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of Vaccinium

Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrtocyan, an anthocyanin complex

(Iris versicolor L. Iris caroliniana Watson)

To boldo (Peumus boldus Molina),

Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Koch.

British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996. Exeter: British Herbal Medicine

British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1949

Council of Europe, Flavouring Substances and Natural Sources of Flavourings,

Ferow CW, Avila JR. Professionals Handbook of Complementary and

: Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans (Rutaceae)

: (diosmetin), (quercetin), (diosmin), 3,7 (quercetin-3,7-diglucoside), (rutin).

: , , (Keller et al, 1983).

(5%), (4%), (1%),

, capsicum Anuum capsicum

1. Locock RA. Capsicum. Can Pharm J 1985; 118: 517-519.

cascara (Rhamnus purshiana DC), ,

Petticrew M et al. Epidemiology of constipation in the general adult population. Health

cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) Lauraceae.

celery (Apium graveolens L.),