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List of References 1< Ale&ander# L<G< 1>;;< Practice And Pro$ress# Ne0 Concept En$lis3# An Inte$rated Co rse for Pre-Inter%ediate st dents# Lon$%an ? Pener!it Aanisi s# Bo$ya'arta /< Ale&ander# L<G< 1>;;< C estion And ans0er# Graded Oral Co%pre3ension E&ercises# Ne0 Edition# Lon$%an ? Pener!it Aanisi s# Bo$ya'arta< 2< Ain$# C<# N< *tanley< 1>.>< Building Skills for the T E!"# /nd Edition# Nelson-)inar pa A'sara# Ba'arta 4< Pile# M<A<# M<E< M noD< 1>.:< Test of English as a !oreign "anguage# Preparation $uide # Cliffs Notes# Bo3n 6iley 1 *ons# *in$apore< 9< Allen< 6<*< 1>.9< Livin$ En$lis3 *tr ct re# 18t3 I%pression# Lon$%an Gro p li%ited# Esse&# En$land< :< Teo3# B< 1>>2< Ad%anced English Practice< )inar pa A'sara# Ba'arta< ;< -----< 1>.4< En$lis3 for Acade%ic P rposes< &ourse notes# A stralian Lan$ a$e Centre# Ba'arta .< -----< 1>.9< En$lis3 Preparation Centre# &ourse 'otes# University of Ne0 *o t3 6ales# *ydney >< -----< Any scientific te&t!oo's 0ritten in En$lis3< 18< -----< Any scripts# t3esis# dissertations t3at contain a!stract# s %%ary# and=or synopsis<
.< Translation .1< R les 1< First of all read t3e 03ole passa$e !ein$ translated and try to nderstand 03at is all a!o t /< Find o t 03at is t3e %ission contained in a para$rap3 2< Find o t 03at are t3e %ain idea and t3e details in every para$rap3 4< Use al0ays co%pre3ensive dictionaries 9< Mind collo7 ial 0ords :< *tart translatin$ a sentence !y nderstandin$ first t3e 03ole sentence
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4< )rea' t3e passa$e into sentences< O!serve t3e s !"ect F*G# ver! F5G# and o!"ect FOG O *5O 1. +e3ydration is !est t3o $3t of as an inter%ediate step in t rnin$ a$ric lt ral o tp ts into retail prod cts< * O +e3ydration@ O O is@ O O !est t3o $3t of as an inter%ediate step in t rnin$ a$ric lt ral o tp ts into retail prod cts /< * O )y re%ovin$ 0ater fro% a prod ct nder controlled conditions of air flo0# te%perat re# and 3 %idity@ 5 O red ces@ O O t3e %oist re in t3e food to so%e certain level and 5 O in3i!its@ O O t3e %icro!ial $ro0t3 t3at 5 O ca ses@ O O decay and spoila$e< 2< * O Pretreat%ent of so%e foods !efore dryin$@ 5 O preserves@ O O flavor# color# and n trients@ 5 O prevents@ O O %icro!ial conta%ination@ and 5 O prolon$s@ O O s3elf life< 4< * O Re%oval of %oist re also@ 5 O red ces@ O O 0ei$3t< * O It@ 5 O is@ O O an i%portant consideration for s3ippin$< 9< 5 O Re%oves@ O O t3e need for refri$erated s3ippin$ and stora$e# and 5 O facilitates@ O O for% lation of pre-%i&ed retail prod cts< :< * O *everal prod ction steps@ 5 O occ r@ O O !efore dryin$# and * O several@ 5 O % st occ r@ O O after it< * O +e3ydration@ 5 O %a'es@ O O t3e conventional food and p3ar%ace tical ind stries possi!le and profita!le<
6RITING ENGLI*, General r les to 0rite an essay Fpop lar# scientific# novelette# novel# etcG( 1< C3oose and decide 03at is t3e topic of t3e essay to !e 0ritten /< C3oose and decide 03at is t3e title of t3e essay 0ritin$ 2< Ma'e pointers 03at 0ill !e and s3o ld !e 0ritten 4< Arran$e pointers in lin'ed and lo$ical 0ay 9< +ecide and 0rite t3e %ain idea of eac3 pointer :< T3in' and i%provise t3e details of eac3 %ain idea ;< Cate$oriDe t3e 03ole into .< Revise t3e arran$ed pointers to s it t3e %ain lin' of 0ritin$ >< Concl de t3e 0ritin$ 63at 0ill !e 0ritten( 1< Article FscientificG /< Report 0ritin$ Fp re or applied researc3 pro"ectG 2< Te&t!oo' 6ritin$ 4< * %%ary 9< *ynopsis :< A!stract TE*T A< Translate into .ndonesian and find the main idea in this passage For several t3o sand years after people !e$an to c ltivate t3e soil# 3 %an ener$y 0as sed for all far% 0or'< T3e % scle po0er of t3e far%ers t3e%selves s pplied t3e ener$y to till# plant# and 3arvest t3e field< T3e Indians in t3e A%ericas 0ere still far%in$ land in t3is %anner 03en Colo%! s arrived in t3e late fifteent3 cent ry# f lly .888 years after t3e earliest 'no0n c ltivation of plants in t3e 6estern ,e%isp3ere< B. Translate into English and find the main idea in this passage Per !a3an yan$ ter"adi dala% d a dasa0arsa tera'3ir ini san$at !esar pen$ar 3nya ter3adap nilai %an sia# se3in$$a % nc l pertanyaan !a$ai%ana pen$ar 3 %esin sa3a tani di %asa %endatan$ ter3adap 'ese"a3teraan %an sia< *ela%a !e!erapa a!ad tera'3ir terdapat 'e%a" an dala% pertanian yan$
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*e%ester Genap /889=/88: - Final E&a%( ta'e 3o%e test Na%e( A< Read t3e passa$e caref lly * rface and s !s rface draina$e are essential a$ric lt ral %ana$e%ent practices in 3 %id re$ions 0it3 slo0ly per%ea!le soils to ac3ieve econo%ically via!le levels< +raina$e 0ater is 'no0n to increase t3e 7 antity of offside flo0s and to contain sol !le n trients# a$roc3e%icals# and salts t3at can ne$etively i%pact t3e receivin$ 0ater !ody< Environ%ental and ecolo$ical i%pacts %ay res lt fro% t3ese poll tans s c3 as increased floodin$# la'e e trop3ication# develop%ent of 3ypo&ic Dones# loss of 3a!itat# reprod ctive fail res in 0ildlife species# and conta%ination of drin'in$ 0ater s pplies< +raina$e %ana$e%ent 3as t3e potential to red ce t3ese offsite effects< A replicated field plot e&peri%ent 0as cond cted to e&a%ine t3e 3ydrolo$y# 0ater 7 ality# and crop yield i%pacts of draina$e %ana$e%ent practices incl din$ controlled draina$e# ncontrolled draina$e# and s !irri$ation draina$e on ,oytville silty cly soil in O3io< Ann al s !s rface draina$e vol %e 0as $reatest 0it3 s !irri$ation draina$e and least 0it3 controlled draina$e< T3e concentration of nitrate in t3e s !s rface draina$e 0ater 0as t3e $reatest 0it3 ncontrolled draina$e and least 0it3 s !irri$ation draina$e< Ann al load of nitrate in t3e s !s rface draina$e 0ater 0as least 0it3controlled draina$e and $reatest 0it3 ncontrolled draina$e< T3e concentration of nitrate in t3e s3allo0 $ro nd 0ater 0as least !eneat3 s !irri$ation draina$e and $reatest !eneat3 ncontrolled draina$e< F1G Translate into .ndonesian and find the main idea in this passage F/G 6rite 03at title is s ita!le for t3e passa$e F2G An0er t3e follo0in$ 7 estions( FaG 03at i%portant factors are re7 ired in lo0 soil per%ea!ility to ac3ieve t3e level of econo%ic via!ilityP F!G 03at is t3e f nction of draina$e 0aterP FcG 63at are t3e poll tans indicated in t3e passa$eP FdG na%e t3e offsite effects F4G If availa!le# find( FaG t3e pro!le% 4b6 the method 4c6 the result 4d6 the recommendation 476 bser%e the underlined /ords,terms abo%e8 4a6 define each /ord , term 4b6 identif9 /hich ones are8 ad5ecti%es# ad%erbs# nouns# or %erbs
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A< Read t3e passa$e !elo0 caref lly Anti!iotics are secondary %eta!olites prod ced !y %icroor$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill a 0ide spectr % of ot3er %icro-or$anis%s< Most of t3e sef l ones are prod ced !y %olds and !acteria of t3e $en s strepto%yces< *o%e anti!ioticli'e s !stances are prod ced !y )acill s spp<# and at least one# nisin# is prod ced !y so%e strains of Lactococ s lactis< Alt3o $3 nisin is a lanti!iotic Fcontains t3e rare a%ino acids# %eso-lant3ionine and 2-%et3yl-lant3ionneG# it is !est 'no0n as a !acteriocin< It !elon$s to class of t3e fo r %a"or classes of !acteriocins< Li'e anti!iotics# !acteriocins are c3e%ical co%po nds prod ced !y %icro-or$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill ot3er %icro-or$anis%s# ! t# nli'e t3e tr e anti!iotics# t3ey in3i!it or 'ill $enerally only closely related species or strains of t3e sa%e species< T0o anti!iotics are approved for se in food in a lar$e n %!er of co ntries Fnisin and nata%ycinG# and t3ree ot3ers Ftetracycline# s !tilin and tylosinG 3ave !een st died and fo nd effective for vario s food applications< T3ree anti!iotics 3ave !een investi$ated intensively as 3eat ad" nct for canned foods( s !tilin# tylosin and nisin< Nisin# 3o0ever# is sed %ost 0idely in c3eeses< C3lortetracycline and o&ytetracycline 0ere 0idely st died for t3eir application to fres3 foods# 03ereas nata%ycin is e%ployed as a food f n$i stat< In $eneral t3e se of c3e%ical preservatives in foods is not pop lar a%on$ %any cons %ers@ t3e idea of e%ployin$ anti!iotics is even less pop lar< *o%e ris's %ay !e anticipated fro% t3e se of any food additives# ! t t3e ris's s3o ld not o t0ei$3 t3e F G F1G Translate into Indonesian and find t3e %ain idea of t3e passa$e F/G 6rite 03at title is s ita!le for t3e passa$e F2G Ans0er t3e follo0in$ 7 estions( FaG 63at does t3e a t3or %ean 0it3 !acteriocinP F!G 63at anti!iotics co ld in3i!it or 'ill ot3er %icro-or$anis%sP FcG 6as t3ere any investi$ation a!o t nisinP 63at forP FdG 63at 0ord do yo t3in' s ita!le to fill in t3e !rac'etP F4G If t3e passa$e a!ove is an a!stract# if availa!le# find( FaG t3e pro!le%@ F!G t3e %et3od@ FcG t3e res lt F9G O!serve t3e nderlined 0ords=ter%s a!ove( FaG +efine eac3 0ord = ter%@ F!G identify 03ic3 ones are( ad"ectives# adver!s# no ns# or ver!s FcG Ma'e a co%pre3ensive sentence fro% eac3 0ord=ter% 0it3 yo r o0n 0ords )< *'i% t3e passa$e !elo0 and $et a $eneral i%pression of 03at a te&t is a!o t i< One tec3nical advance 03ic3 0o ld per%it e&panded se of coal is t3e develop%ent of clean f els !y %eans of coal $asification< Li7 id f els and petrol can also !e o!tained fro% coal $asification and 0o ld provide cleaner f els t3an t3e direct co%! stion of coal ii< * rface strip-%inin$ destroys ve$etation# increases erosion# contri! tes i<e< 0ater poll tion and $enerally devastates t3e landscape< *trip-%ined area can !e reclai%ed ! t t3e cost %ay avera$e T:888 per acre ? a price not vol ntarily ass %ed !y t3e coal %inin$ operator or $overn%ent iii< E&a%ples can !e cited of l n$ diseases in 0or'ers e&posed to occ pational 3aDards# s c3 as !lac' l n$ disease a%on$ coal %iners 03o in3aled %ine d st to %any years# or as!estosis a%on$ pipe fitters e&posed to air!orne as!estos fi!ers<
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A< Translate into .ndonesian and find the main idea in this passage For several t3o sand years after people !e$an to c ltivate t3e soil# 3 %an ener$y 0as sed for all far% 0or'< T3e % scle po0er of t3e far%ers t3e%selves s pplied t3e ener$y to till# plant# and 3arvest t3e field< T3e Indians in t3e A%ericas 0ere still far%in$ land in t3is %anner 03en Colo%! s arrived in t3e late fifteent3 cent ry# f lly .888 years after t3e earliest 'no0n c ltivation of plants in t3e 6estern ,e%isp3ere< B. Translate into English and find the main idea in this passage Per !a3an yan$ ter"adi dala% d a dasa0arsa tera'3ir ini san$at !esar pen$ar 3nya ter3adap nilai %an sia# se3in$$a % nc l pertanyaan !a$ai%ana pen$ar 3 %esin sa3a tani di %asa %endatan$ ter3adap 'ese"a3teraan %an sia< *ela%a !e!erapa a!ad tera'3ir terdapat 'e%a" an dala% pertanian yan$ le!i3 !esar dala% sel r 3 se"ara3 d nia se!el %nya< )ole3 di'ata'an !a30a prod 'si sa3a tani di A%eri'a *eri'at 3a%pir sel r 3ya tela3 di%e'anisasi'an< &. !orm each of the statement belo/ to build up a meaningful te3t or passage and determine the main point An a!sence of eit3er one 0o ld !e disastro s to present food prod ction t3ro $3o t % c3 of t3e 0orld< *econdly# %ac3ines replaced draft ani%als# 0it3 t3e res lt t3at %odern a$ric lt ral operations !eca%e dependent on petrole % and electricity< T3ey ena!led %an to do far %ore 0or' and to c ltivate and 3arvest $reater acrea$e< T3e invention of t3e electric %otor and t3e internal co%! tion en$ine in t3e nineteent3 cent ry c3an$ed t3is orientation co%pletely< Firstly# t3ese %ac3ines 0ere a startlin$ !oost to prod ctivity< D. &hoose the appropriate /ord to complete the sentence belo/ 1< T3e offer in t3is !roc3 re concerns only 0it3 3o se3old appliances# RR'itc3en set# ta!le# c p!oard# sofa and ot3er intrestin$ st ff ( a< i<e< !< in ot3er 0ord c< na%ely d< or rat3er e< s c3 as /< Forei$ners often find t3e %ont3 of B ly and A $ st % c3 too 3otRR<< B ly and A $ st al0ays a $ood ti%e for travel ( a< i<e< !< in ot3er 0ord c< na%ely d< or rat3er 2< Only t0o co ntry 3ave sent people into space#RRT3e U<*< and *oviet Union< a< s c3 as !< in ot3er 0ord c< viD d< na%ely d< t3at is#
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*e%ester Genap /88;=/88. - FinalTest( ta'e 3o%e test Na%e( A< Read t3e passa$e caref lly * rface and s !s rface draina$e are essential a$ric lt ral %ana$e%ent practices in 3 %id re$ions 0it3 slo0ly per%ea!le soils to ac3ieve econo%ically via!le levels< +raina$e 0ater is 'no0n to increase t3e 7 antity of offside flo0s and to contain sol !le n trients# a$roc3e%icals# and salts t3at can ne$etively i%pact t3e receivin$ 0ater !ody< Environ%ental and ecolo$ical i%pacts %ay res lt fro% t3ese poll tans s c3 as increased floodin$# la'e e trop3ication# develop%ent of 3ypo&ic Dones# loss of 3a!itat# reprod ctive fail res in 0ildlife species# and conta%ination of drin'in$ 0ater s pplies< +raina$e %ana$e%ent 3as t3e potential to red ce t3ese offsite effects< A replicated field plot e&peri%ent 0as cond cted to e&a%ine t3e 3ydrolo$y# 0ater 7 ality# and crop yield i%pacts of draina$e %ana$e%ent practices incl din$ controlled
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A< Read t3e passa$e !elo0 caref lly Anti!iotics are secondary %eta!olites prod ced !y %icroor$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill a 0ide spectr % of ot3er %icro-or$anis%s< Most of t3e sef l ones are prod ced !y %olds and !acteria of t3e $en s strepto%yces< *o%e anti!ioticli'e s !stances are prod ced !y )acill s spp<# and at least one# nisin# is prod ced !y so%e strains of Lactococ s lactis< Alt3o $3 nisin is a lanti!iotic Fcontains t3e rare a%ino acids# %eso-lant3ionine and 2-%et3yl-lant3ionneG# it is !est 'no0n as a !acteriocin< It !elon$s to class of t3e fo r %a"or classes of !acteriocins< Li'e anti!iotics# !acteriocins are c3e%ical co%po nds prod ced !y %icro-or$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill ot3er %icro-or$anis%s# ! t# nli'e t3e tr e anti!iotics# t3ey in3i!it or 'ill $enerally only closely related species or strains of t3e sa%e species< T0o anti!iotics are approved for se in food in a lar$e n %!er of co ntries Fnisin and nata%ycinG# and t3ree ot3ers Ftetracycline# s !tilin and tylosinG 3ave !een st died and fo nd effective for vario s food applications< T3ree anti!iotics 3ave !een investi$ated intensively as 3eat ad" nct for canned foods( s !tilin# tylosin and nisin< Nisin# 3o0ever# is sed %ost 0idely in c3eeses< C3lortetracycline and o&ytetracycline 0ere 0idely st died for t3eir application to fres3 foods# 03ereas nata%ycin is e%ployed as a food f n$i stat< In $eneral t3e se of c3e%ical preservatives in foods is not pop lar a%on$ %any cons %ers@ t3e idea of e%ployin$ anti!iotics is even less pop lar< *o%e ris's %ay !e anticipated fro% t3e se of any food additives# ! t t3e ris's s3o ld not o t0ei$3 t3e sa$e<
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A< Translate into .ndonesian and find the main idea in this passage For several t3o sand years after people !e$an to c ltivate t3e soil# 3 %an ener$y 0as sed for all far% 0or'< T3e % scle po0er of t3e far%ers t3e%selves s pplied t3e ener$y to till# plant# and 3arvest t3e field< T3e Indians in t3e A%ericas 0ere still far%in$ land in t3is %anner 03en Colo%! s arrived in t3e late fifteent3 cent ry# f lly .888 years after t3e earliest 'no0n c ltivation of plants in t3e 6estern ,e%isp3ere< B. Translate into English and find the main idea in this passage Per !a3an yan$ ter"adi dala% d a dasa0arsa tera'3ir ini san$at !esar pen$ar 3nya ter3adap nilai %an sia# se3in$$a % nc l pertanyaan !a$ai%ana pen$ar 3 %esin sa3a tani di %asa %endatan$ ter3adap 'ese"a3teraan %an sia< *ela%a !e!erapa a!ad tera'3ir terdapat 'e%a" an dala% pertanian yan$
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A. Translate the passage below into Indonesian and write its main idea T3e $ro0in$ of plants in $reen3o ses is essentially s !tropics p3eno%enon< In t3e early years# $reen3o ses in t3e tropics 0ere si%ply ! ilt e&actly li'e t3e s !tropics 0it3o t local cli%ate consideration<te%perate $reen3o ses i<e< 7 onset or t nnel type str ct re and $lass-covered $reen3o se 0ere sed co%%ercially< C anset tpe str ct res are act ally %eant as cold fra%es for n rsey p rposes in t3e s !tropics 03ile $lass-covered $reen3o ses are sed since $lass is t3e %ost effective tans%itter of solar li$3t and 3eat< 6it3 a!ondant solar radiation in t3e re$ion<# 3ey res lt in 3i$3 $reen3o se air te%perat re ca sin$ plant stress t3at event ally red ced t3e crop yield< Ot3er0ise# active control li'e e&3a st fans and fo$$in$ syst% 3ad to !e sed to %aintain t3e desired air te%perat re and 3 %idity inside t3e $reen3o se< *o rce( LResearc3 on Green3o se Application in t3e TropicsN< B rnal Aete'ni'an 5ol< /1 No< 4 +ec< /88; B. Translate the passage below into English and write its main idea Aand n$an n trisi "era%i padi se!a$ai pa'an ternyata tida' sei%an$ den$an nila %anfaat yan$ di'and n$nya< Apa!ila di!eri'an se!a$ai 'o%ponent n$$al dala% rans %# "era%i padi tida' %ap %en n"an$ 'e! t 3an 3id p po'# !a3'an %e%p nyai da%pa' ne$atif ter3adap perta%!a3an !o!ot !adan terna' F,o$an dan Lec3e# 1>.1@ +"a"ane$ara# 1>.2@ +ole# d''<# 1>.:@ Fle$el dan Meevoostiso%# 1>.1G< Aeter!atasan yan$ di%ili'i "era%i padi terse! t terleta' pada renda3nya 'and n$an Dat %a'anan# ala!ilitas da 'ecernaan< Bera%i padi se!a$ai sisa 3asil tana%an yan$ tela3 t a %en$and n str ct re "arin$an penyan$$a a'i!at proses li$nifi'asi< +oyle d''< F1>.:G %ecatat pada !er!a$ai varietas "era%i padi !erdasar'an !a3an 'erin$nya ter'and n$ sel losa se!esar /;-91Q# 3e%isel losa /-21Q dan li$nin 4-11Q# se3in$$a !a3an 'erin$nya 3anya %a%p dicerna se'itar 2:Q< * %!er( LEfe' "era%i padi 3asil fer%entasiRN< )ionat ra# 5ol< :# No<1 Maret /884 C. Find out the errors in the composition below and write the right composition < A very 0idely ran$in$ tec3ni7 es 0as applyin$ to processin$ of fr it and ve$eta!les< *o%e co%%only are sed in %any typin$ of 3ortic lt re prod ce@ a fe0 tec3ni7 es are ni7 es to one or t0o types only< It is % st also !e re%e%!ered t3at !y vario s process Fso%eti%es inte$rated# so%eti%es notG one types of fr it or ve$eta!le %ay yielded %any different prod ct< T3 s %an$oes can !ein$ cannin$# dried# froDen# or %ade of into p ree# sa ced# c3 tney# pic'les# concentrate# "a%# edi!le Lleat3er#N !evera$es# nectar# and panna< Papaya provided "a%# pic'les# c3 tney# nectar# toffee# pectin# and also papain@ an
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A< Read t3e passa$e !elo0 caref lly Anti!iotics are secondary %eta!olites prod ced !y %icroor$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill a 0ide spectr % of ot3er %icro-or$anis%s< Most of t3e sef l ones are prod ced !y %olds and !acteria of t3e $en s strepto%yces< *o%e anti!ioticli'e s !stances are prod ced !y )acill s spp<# and at least one# nisin# is prod ced !y so%e strains of Lactococ s lactis< Alt3o $3 nisin is a lanti!iotic Fcontains t3e rare a%ino acids# %eso-lant3ionine and 2-%et3yl-lant3ionneG# it is !est 'no0n as a !acteriocin< It !elon$s to class of t3e fo r %a"or classes of !acteriocins< Li'e anti!iotics# !acteriocins are c3e%ical co%po nds prod ced !y %icro-or$anis%s t3at in3i!it or 'ill ot3er %icro-or$anis%s# ! t# nli'e t3e tr e anti!iotics# t3ey in3i!it or 'ill $enerally only closely related species or strains of t3e sa%e species< T0o anti!iotics are approved for se in food in a lar$e n %!er of co ntries Fnisin and nata%ycinG# and t3ree ot3ers Ftetracycline# s !tilin and tylosinG 3ave !een st died and fo nd effective for vario s food applications< T3ree anti!iotics 3ave !een investi$ated intensively as 3eat ad" nct for canned foods( s !tilin# tylosin and nisin< Nisin# 3o0ever# is sed %ost 0idely in c3eeses< C3lortetracycline and o&ytetracycline 0ere 0idely st died for t3eir application to fres3 foods# 03ereas nata%ycin is e%ployed as a food f n$i stat< In $eneral t3e se of c3e%ical preservatives in foods is not pop lar a%on$ %any cons %ers@ t3e idea of e%ployin$ anti!iotics is even less pop lar< *o%e ris's %ay !e anticipated fro% t3e se of any food additives# ! t t3e ris's s3o ld not o t0ei$3 URRR<V< F1G Translate into Indonesian and find t3e %ain idea of t3e passa$e Anti!ioti' adala3 3asil %eta!olit se' nder %i'ro!a yan$ dapat %en$3a%!at ata %e%! n 3 se' %p lan spectr % %i'ro!a lain< Anti!iotic yan$ palin$ !er%anfaat adala3 yan$ di3asil'an ole3 "a% r dan !acteria dari $en s strepto%yces< )e!erapa s !stans seperti anti!iotic adala3 yan$ di3asil'an ole3 )acill s spp<# antara lain# Nisin# di3asil'an dari !e!erapa t r nan Lactococ s lactis< Mes'ip n nisin adala3 lanti!ioti' F%en$and n$ asa% a%ino "aran$# %eso lant3ionine and 2-%et3yl lat3ionineG# ia pop ler di'enal se!a$ai !acteriocin< Nisin ter%as ' 'e dala% 4 'elas !esar !acteriocin< *eperti anti!iotic# !acteriocin adala3 senya0a 'i%ia %i'ro or$anis%e yan$ dapat %en$3a%!at ata %e%! n 3 %i'ro-or$anis%e lain# 3anya tida' seperti anti!iotic yan$ aseli# !acteriocin ini % %nya 3anya %en$3a%!at ata %e%! n 3 spesies yan$ !erde'atan ata t r nan dari spesies yan$ sa%a< + a anti!ioti' yan$ di!ole3'an di$ na'an pada %a'anan di !anya' Ne$ara Fnisin dan nata%ysinG dan ti$a "enis anti!ioti' lainnya Ftetracyclin# s !tilin# tylosinG tela3 diteliti dan dinyata'an efe'tif nt ' diapli'asi'an pada !er!a$ai %a'anan< Ti$a anti!iotic yan$ diteliti secara intensif se!a$ai ta%!a3an panas nt ' %a'anan 'alen$ adala3 s !tilin# tylosin dan nisin< Na% n nisin % %nya di$ na'an pada pe%! atan 'e" < C3lortetracycline dan o&ytetracycline !anya' dipela"ari dala% apli'asinya pada %a'anan se$ar# sedan$ nata%ycin di$ na'an se!a$ai s at stat %a'anan "a% r< U% %nya pen$$ naan !a3an pen$a0et 'i%ia dala% %a'anan tida' diin$in'an ole3 'ons %en# apala$i ide pen$$ naan anti!iotic dala% %a'anan< )e!erapa resi'o dala% pen$$ naan !a3an aditif ini s da3 diantisipasi den$an %ene'an resi'o terse! t serenda3 % n$'in< Main idea( *tat s pen$ naan anti!iotic dala% %a'anan F/G 6rite 03at title is s ita!le for t3e passa$e )e!erapa anti!ioti' yan$ di$ na'an dala% %a'anan F2G Ans0er t3e follo0in$ 7 estions( FaG 63at does t3e a t3or %ean 0it3 !acteriocinP !acteriocin is a c3e%ical co%po nds prod ced !y %icro-or$anis% t3at in3i!it or 'ill closely related species or so%e strains of t3e sa%e species F!G 63at anti!iotics co ld in3i!it or 'ill ot3er %icro-or$anis%sP !acteriocin FcG 6as t3ere any investi$ation a!o t nisinP 63at forP Jes# t3ere are< It is sed at processin$ c3eese
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Na%e(
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1G * !%it ne&t T esday# /<28 p%@ /G 0rite t3e ans0er on t3e !ac'side@ 2G copy !efore s !%ittin$@ 4G 6or' o t yo r o0n# no c3eatin$ A< TRAN*LATE INTO IN+ONE*IAN AN+ FIN+ T,E MAIN I+EA OF T,I* PA**AGE For several t3o sand years after people !e$an to c ltivate t3e soil# 3 %an ener$y 0as sed for all far% 0or'< T3e % scle po0er of t3e far%ers t3e%selves s pplied t3e ener$y to till# plant# and 3arvest t3e field< T3e Indians in t3e A%ericas 0ere still far%in$ land in t3is %anner 03en Colo%! s arrived in t3e late fifteent3 cent ry# f lly .888 years after t3e earliest 'no0n c ltivation of plants in t3e 6estern ,e%isp3ere< Selama beberapa ribu tahun setelah manusia mulai membudida9akan lahan# tenaga manusia digunakan untuk semua peker5aan tani. Kekuatan otot petani:petani tersebut merupakan asupan energi dalam mengolah tanah# menanam# dan memanen lahan. rang:orang indian di amerika masih bercocok tanam dengan cara itu ketika &olumbus tiba di sana pada penghu5ung abad ke:;7# <*** tahun setelah cara bercocok tanam mula:mula dikenal di /ila9ah barat. )< TRAN*LATE INTO ENGLI*, AN+ FIN+ T,E MAIN I+EA IN T,I* PA**AGE Per !a3an yan$ ter"adi dala% d a dasa0arsa tera'3ir ini san$at !esar pen$ar 3nya ter3adap nilai %an sia# se3in$$a % nc l pertanyaan !a$ai%ana pen$ar 3 %esin sa3a tani di %asa %endatan$ ter3adap 'ese"a3teraan %an sia< *ela%a !e!erapa a!ad tera'3ir terdapat 'e%a" an dala% pertanian yan$ le!i3 !esar dala% sel r 3 se"ara3 d nia se!el %nya< )ole3 di'ata'an !a30a prod 'si sa3a tani di ne$ara-ne$ara ind stri %a" 3a%pir sel r 3ya tela3 di%e'anisasi'an< C3an$es occ rred in t3e last t0o decades 3ad a $reat infl ence to 3 %an val es fro% 03ic3 arose 7 estions of 3o0 a$ric lt ral %ac3ines 0o ld affect on 3 %an 0elfare in t3e f t re< T3ere 0ere %ore pro$resses in a$ric lt re d rin$ t3e last several cent ries in t3e 03ole 0orld 3istory< It %i$3t !e said t3at a$ric lt ral prod ction 3ad !een entirely %ec3aniDed in developed co ntries< C< FORM EAC, OF T,E *ENTENCE* )ELO6 TO )UIL+ UP A MEANINGFUL TEET OR PA**AGE AN+ +ETERMINE T,E TITLE# T,E MAIN I+EA# T,E MI**ION# AN+ T,E +ETAIL* An a!sence of eit3er one 0o ld !e disastro s to present food prod ction t3ro $3o t % c3 of t3e 0orld< *econdly# %ac3ines replaced draft ani%als# 0it3 t3e res lt t3at %odern a$ric lt ral operations !eca%e dependent on petrole % and electricity< T3ey ena!led %an to do far %ore 0or' and to c ltivate and 3arvest $reater acrea$e< T3e invention of t3e electric %otor and t3e internal co%! tion en$ine in t3e nineteent3 cent ry c3an$ed t3is orientation co%pletely< Firstly# t3ese %ac3ines 0ere a startlin$ !oost to prod ctivity< ;. The in%ention of the electric motor and the internal combution engine in the nineteenth centur9 changed this orientation completel9. 1. !irstl9# these machines /ere a startling boost to producti%it9.
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T3e ri$3t passa$e( A %er9 /ide range techni=ue /as applied to process fruits and %egetables. Some common techni=ues /ere used in man9 t9pes of horticultural products> a fe/ techni=ues /ere uni=ue to one or t/o t9pes onl9. .t had also to be remembered that b9 %arious processes 4sometimes integrated# sometimes not6 one t9pe of fruits or %egetables might 9ield different products. Thus# mangoes could be canned# dried# fro?en# or made into puree# sauces# chutne9s# nectars# toffees# pectins# and also papain> important protein: h9drol9?ing en?9mes used at pharmaceutical# te3tile# paper:making# food# and animal:feed industries.