Core Structure

CORE STRUCTURE
for training curricula on Integrated Vector Management

World Health Organization
Design & Layout: Patrick Tissot WHO/HTM/NTD
CORE STRUCTURE
FOR TRAiNiNG CURRiCULA ON iNTEGRATED VECTOR
MANAGEMENT
^ World Health w
Organization
I
a
WHO Lirary Cata!oguing"in"Pu!ication Data
Core structure #or training curricu!a on integrate$ %ector &anage&ent'
!'Mos(uito contro! " e$ucation' )'Disease %ectors " *re%ention an$ contro!' +'Pest
contro!' ,'Curricu!u&' -'Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation'
-S0N 123 1) , 456)23 3 7NLM c!assi#ication: 89 :56;
WHO/HTM/NTD/<EM/)64)'4 = Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation )64)
>!! rig.ts reser%e$' Pu!ications o# t.e Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation are a%ai!a!e on
t.e WHO ?e site 7???'?.o'int; or can e *urc.ase$ #ro& WHO Press@ Wor!$ Hea!t.
Organi/ation@ )6 >%enue >**ia@ 4)44 Aene%a )2@ S?it/er!an$ 7te!': B,4 )) 214
+):,C #aD: B,4 )) 214 ,352C e"&ai!: ookor$ersE?.o'int;'
Re(uests #or *er&ission to re*ro$uce or trans!ate WHO *u!ications " ?.et.er #or
sa!e or #or nonco&&ercia! $istriution " s.ou!$ e a$$resse$ to WHO Press t.roug.
t.e WHO ?e site 7.tt*://???'?.o'int/ aout/!icensing/co*yrig.tF#or&/en/in$eD'.t&!;'
T.e $esignations e&*!oye$ an$ t.e *resentation o# t.e &ateria! in t.is *u!ication
$o not i&*!y t.e eD*ression o# any o*inion ?.atsoe%er on t.e *art o# t.e Wor!$
Hea!t. Organi/ation concerning t.e !ega! status o# any country@ territory@ city or
area or o# its aut.orities@ or concerning t.e $e!i&itation o# its #rontiers or
oun$aries' Dotte$ !ines on &a*s re*resent a**roDi&ate or$er !ines #or ?.ic.
t.ere &ay not yet e #u!! agree&ent'
T.e &ention o# s*eci#ic co&*anies or o# certain &anu#acturersG *ro$ucts $oes not
i&*!y t.at t.ey are en$orse$ or reco&&en$e$ y t.e Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation in
*re#erence to ot.ers o# a si&i!ar nature t.at are not &entione$' Errors an$ o&issions
eDce*te$@ t.e na&es o# *ro*rietary *ro$ucts are $istinguis.e$ y initia! ca*ita!
!etters'
>!! reasona!e *recautions .a%e een taken y t.e Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation to
%eri#y t.e in#or&ation containe$ in t.is *u!ication' Ho?e%er@ t.e *u!is.e$
&ateria! is eing $istriute$ ?it.out ?arranty o# any kin$@ eit.er eD*resse$ or
i&*!ie$' T.e res*onsii!ity #or t.e inter*retation an$ use o# t.e &ateria! !ies ?it.
t.e rea$er' -n no e%ent s.a!! t.e Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation e !ia!e #or $a&ages
arising #ro& its use'
Printe$ in Hrance
CONTENTS
!REFACE
T.e *ur*ose o# t.is $ocu&ent is to *ro%i$e gui$ance #or WHO regions *re*aring
t.eir o?n training curricu!u& #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent 7-<M;C it s.ou!$
e a$a*te$ to t.e re(uire&ents an$ con$itions o# eac. region' >s agree$ at a recent
tec.nica! ?orks.o* in Was.ington DC@ US>@
4
t.e curricu!u& #or -<M s.ou!$ not
$u*!icate ut e co&*ati!e ?it. eDisting s*ecia!i/e$ courses on &e$ica!
ento&o!ogy an$ %ector contro!@ y concentrating on t.e &anage&ent as*ects o#
-<M' Conse(uent!y@ !itt!e attention is *ai$ in t.is $ocu&ent to genera! ento&o!ogy@
e*i$e&io!ogy or &et.o$s o# %ector an$ $isease contro!' Se*arate $ocu&ents on
t.ese issues are a%ai!a!e or ?i!! e *re*are$ as re#erence &ateria!s'
-n *re*aring t.is $ocu&ent@ care ?as taken to ensure consistency ?it. t.e
o*erationa! #ra&e?ork *resente$ in t.e -<M Handbook, to ensure c!arity aout
-<M' T.us@ t.e tit!es o# t.e &o$u!es corres*on$ to t.e c.a*ters o# t.e Handbook,
an$ cross"re#erences are &a$e'
T.e ai& o# t.e -<M strategy is to in%o!%e stake.o!$ers in .ea!t. an$ ot.er sectors
at $i##erent !e%e!s o# a$&inistration as ?e!! as co&&unity re*resentati%es in Ioint
*!anning an$ i&*!e&entation o# %ector contro!' T.ere#ore@ t.e targets au$ience #or
t.e core curricu!u& ranges #ro& *eo*!e ?it. no ackgroun$ in %ector"orne $isease
contro! to s*ecia!ists' Mo$u!es can e se!ecte$ accor$ing to t.e target grou*@ as
eD*!aine$ in t.e -ntro$uction'
T.e #irst $ra#t ?as *re*are$ y Dr Henk %an $en 0erg 7Wageningen Uni%ersity@
T.e Net.er!an$s; an$ ?as #ie!$"teste$ at t?o regiona! training ?orks.o*s@ in
Nairoi@ Jenya@ an$ in Mani!a@ P.i!i**ines@ in )646' T.e $ra#t ?as *eer"re%ie?e$
$uring t.e secon$ -<M Working Arou* &eeting on ca*acity"ui!$ing an$ training@
.e!$ on )6")) Octoer )646 in Was.ington DC 7>nneD 4;' Using t.e co&&ents o#
t.e ?orking grou*@ Dr %an $en 0erg re%ise$ an$ #ina!i/e$ t.e $ocu&ent@ in
consu!tation ?it. Dr J' -c.i&ori 7WHO; an$ Dr R' <e!ayu$.an 7WHO;'
T.e *rinci*!e source o# #inancia! su**ort #or t.e *re*aration an$ *u!ication o# t.is
training *ackage ?as t.e Ao%ern&ent o# Ka*an@ ?.ic. is grate#u!!y ackno?!e$ge$'
WHO a!so ?is.es to t.ank t.e Unite$ States >gency #or -nternationa! De%e!o*&ent
an$ RT- -nternationa! Lt$ 7Researc. Triang!e Park@ Nort. Caro!ina@ US>; #or
continue$ su**ort an$ co!!aoration t.roug.out *re*aration o# t.is $ocu&ent'
4i%
4
Works.o* on ca*acity strengt.ening an$ $e%e!o*&ent o# an -<M .an$ook@ )3"
+6 May )661@ Was.ington DC'
Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation@ RT- -nternationa! Lt$@ Unite$ States >gency #or
-nternationa! De%e!o*&ent'
Core structure
INTRODUCTION
<ector contro! is an i&*ortant co&*onent o# t.e *re%ention o# %ector"orne $iseases' No
e##ecti%e %accine or &e$ication is a%ai!a!e #or so&e $iseases@ so t.at %ector contro! is
t.e on!y o*tion' >!t.oug. %ector contro! &et.o$s .a%e se%era! ?eaknesses@ ?.ic. are
out!ine$ in t.e Han$ook@ t.ey cou!$ e &a$e &ore e##icient@ e##ecti%e an$ eco!ogica!!y
soun$@ t.roug. a co&ination o# a**roac.es: asing $ecisions increasing!y on !oca!
e%i$ence@ using a range o# inter%entions@ co%ering se%era! $iseases an$ using eDisting
syste&s an$ !oca! .u&an resources' T.ese a**roac.es are centra! to integrate$ %ector
&anage&ent 7-<M;@ ?.ic. is $e#ine$ as rationa! $ecision"&aking #or o*ti&a! use o#
resources #or %ector contro!'
T.e asic *rinci*!es o# -<M are out!ine$ in t.e A!oa! Strategic Hra&e?ork'
)
-n )663@
WHO issue$ a *osition state&ent on -<M to su**ort its use in %ector"orne $isease
contro!' T.e g!oa! strategic *!an e&*.asi/es t.e urgent nee$ #or ca*acity"ui!$ing@
?.i!e t.e g!oa! action *!an *ro*oses *re*aration o# a co&*re.ensi%e &o$u!ar training
*ackage on -<M'
On t.e asis o# eDa&*!es an$ !essons #ro& t.e regions an$ t.e #ra&e?ork in t.e -<M
Han$ook@ siD &o$u!es ?ere $esigne$: a asic intro$uction to %ectors o# .u&an $isease@
*!anning an$ i&*!e&entation@ organi/ation an$ &anage&ent@ *o!icy an$ institutiona!
arrange&ents@ a$%ocacy an$ co&&unication@ an$ &onitoring an$ e%a!uation' Eac.
&o$u!e contains se%era! !earning units' EDce*t #or t.e #irst intro$uctory &o$u!e@ a!! t.e
ot.ers are co%ere$ y corres*on$ing c.a*ters in t.e -<M Han$ook'
> *ro!e&"so!%ing a**roac. is use$ in t.e &o$u!es@ in ?.ic. course *artici*ants are
encourage$ to ?ork in s&a!! grou*s 7#our to siD *eo*!e; on *ractica! eDercises to
sti&u!ate acti%e !earning in re!ation to a #ie!$ situation' -n eac. &o$u!e@ &et.o$s o#
ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking are use$ ?it. oser%ations@ a%ai!a!e $ata an$ case stu$ies'
Hor&a! *resentations are ke*t to a &ini&u&@ e'g' to intro$uce a suIect or to *ro%i$e
in#or&ation t.at co&*!e&ents t.e outco&es o# t.e ?orking grou*s'
T.e core structure ?i!! ser%e as a asis #or a &u!ti"tier curricu!u& ai&e$ at %arious target
grou*s@ to e $eter&ine$ !ater' Learner an$ tutor &anua!s s.ou!$ e *re*are$ y eac.
country' T.ree roa$ target grou*s@ corres*on$ing to t.ree training !e%e!s@ .a%e
*ro%isiona!!y een i$enti#ie$: nons*ecia!ists 7asic !e%e!;@ *u!ic .ea!t. *ro#essiona!s
7inter&e$iate !e%e!; an$ aca$e&ics an$ stu$ents 7a$%ance$ !e%e!;' T.e core curricu!u&
?as *re*are$ #or t.e inter&e$iate !e%e!C t.e re(uire&ents #or t.e asic an$ a$%ance$
!e%e!s are out!ine$ in eac. !earning unit'
T.e co&*!ete curricu!u& is inten$e$ #or training courses o# no !onger t.an ) ?eeks'
Longer courses@ ?.ic. .a%e een con$ucte$ in se%era! regions@ .a%e !i&itations@ ecause@
in genera!@ it is $i##icu!t #or sta## in t.e *u!ic an$ *ri%ate sectors an$ #or re*resentati%es
o# ci%i! society to take ti&e #or !ong training' S.orter training o# &ore *eo*!e s.ou!$ e
t.e ai&@ es*ecia!!y in $ecentra!i/e$ areas' T.e ai& o# t.e -<M *rogra&&e is to in%o!%e
an$
)A!oa! strategic #ra&e?ork #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent' Aene%a@ Wor!$ Hea!t.
Organi/ation@ )66,'
Core structure
%
train *eo*!e #ro& %arious ackgroun$s at %arious !e%e!s o# a$&inistration'
Courses #or nons*ecia!ists cou!$ !ast #or 4") ?eeks@ ?it. &o$u!es se!ecte$
in accor$ance ?it. t.e *artici*antsG ackgroun$ an$ ro!es' Courses #or
aca$e&ic stu$ents cou!$ e con$ucte$ o%er one se&ester@ so t.at &ore ti&e
can e s*ent on &e$ica! ento&o!ogy an$ %ector contro! &et.o$s'
T.e re!ati%e ?eig.t gi%en to eac. &o$u!e is s.o?n in Table 1'
> asic intro$uction on %ectors o# .u&an $isease 7&o$u!e 4; is re(uire$ #or
a!! target grou*s@ ut t.is s.ou!$ e rie# an$ ase$ on si&*!e@ *ractica!
&et.o$s@ co%ering %ector i$enti#ication@ !i#e"cyc!es@ eco!ogy an$ $isease
trans&ission' T.is ackgroun$ kno?!e$ge ?i!! .e!* nons*ecia!ists to
*artici*ate in -<M an$ *ro%i$e re#res.&ent training #or *u!ic .ea!t.
*ro#essiona!s' Mo$u!e ) 7P!anning an$ i&*!e&entation; is t.e &ost
i&*ortant@ ot. in ter&s o# training ti&e an$ ecause units )',")'2 are a
stan$ar$ re(uire&ent #or a!! target grou*s' Hor &ost o# t.e !earning units@ a
$escri*tion o# t.e eDisting situation or case eDa&*!es ?i!! e &a$e a%ai!a!e
or roug.t y t.e *artici*ants'
T.e inten$e$ uses o# t.e &o$u!es an$ units #or eac. target grou* are
in$icate$ in Table 2. T.e core #unctions an$ co&*etences re(uire$ #or
-<M@ as out!ine$ in t.e Handbook, are s.o?n in Table 3. Most o# t.e
#unctions are co%ere$ in in$i%i$ua! &o$u!esC .o?e%er@ training@ su*er%ision
an$ e&ergency res*onse &ust e a$$resse$ y countries'
Ta!e 4' Re!ati%e ?eig.t gi%en to eac. &o$u!e accor$ing to t.e target
training grou*
Module Weight
(%)
Target group
onspec
ialists
!ublic health
pro"essionals
acade
#ics
1. introduction to
$ectors and disease
45 B B B
2. !lanning and
i#ple#entation
+6 B B B
3. %rgani&ation
and #anage#ent
)6 L B B
'. !olic( and
institutional
46 " B B
). ad$ocac( and
co##unication
46 L B B
*. #onitoring and
e$aluation
45 L B B
B@ re(uire$C L@ o*tiona!C "@ not re(uirec
Core structure
*
Ta!e )' -nten$e$ uses o# t.e &o$u!es an$ units #or eac. target grou*
Target group #odule and
units
+ur
atio
1 2 3 ' ) * (da
(s)
Nons*ecia!ists@
co&&unities
'4"
4',
)',"
)'2
" " " :') ,"3
Nons*ecia!ists@
%i!!ages@ $istricts
'4"
4',
)',"
)'2
+
'
4"
+'+
" 5')"5'+ :'4":'+ :"3
Pu!ic .ea!t.
*ro#essiona!s
'4"4
',
)'4"
)'2
+
'
4
"+'
+
,'4"
,'+
5'4"5'+ :'4":'+ 3"46
>ca$e&ics an$
stu$ents 4
'4"4
',
)'4"
)'2
+
'
4
"+'
+
,'4"
,'+
5'4"5'+ :'4":'+ M45
Ta!e + Core #unctions an$ co&*etences re(uire$ #or integrate$ %ector
&anage&ent
Core "unction ,ield o"
co#petence
Mod
ule
0asic un$erstan$ing o# %ector
io!ogy
Tec.nica! kno?!e$ge 4
E*i$e&io!ogy an$ %ector assess&ent@
strati#ication
Tec.nica! kno?!e$ge )
Loca! *!anning an$ i&*!e&entation >na!ysis an$
$ecision"&aking
)
-&*!e&enting .ea!t. inter%entions O*erationa! ski!!s )
Loca! %ector sur%ei!!ance Tec.nica! kno?!e$ge )
Organi/ation an$ &anage&ent Manage&ent +
Esta!is.&ent o# intersectora!
*artners.i*s an$ net?orking
>ccess@
co&&unication
+
Setting strategic $irection P!anning ,
>$%ising on *o!icy an$ institutiona!
arrange&ents
Po!icy ana!ysis ,
>$%ocacy >ccess@
co&&unication
5
E$ucation an$ a?areness"raising Co&&unication 5
Monitoring an$ e%a!uation Tec.nica! kno?!e$ge :
%ther re-uire#ents, not co$ered in the #odules
Curricu!u& *re*aration an$ training
o# trainers
Training
Su*er%ision o# $ecentra!i/e$
*!anning an$ i&*!e&entation
Su*er%ision an$
#aci!itation
&onitoring an$ e%a!uation
Su*er%ision an$
#aci!itation
organi/ation an$ &anage&ent
Su*er%ision an$
#aci!itation
Coor$ination o# e&ergency res*onse Tec.nica! kno?!e$ge@
&anage&ent
Core structure
.
MODULE "# $ASIC INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS OF %UMAN DISEASE
$AC&GROUND
0asic kno?!e$ge o# !oca!!y *re%a!ent %ectors o# .u&an $isease is a *rere(uisite #or
*eo*!eGs in%o!%e&ent in %ector contro!@ *ersona! *rotection an$ %ector sur%ei!!ance' T.e
#our units in t.is &o$u!e are *resente$ as eDa&*!es #or i&*ro%ing kno?!e$ge in #our
areas i&*ortant #or *eo*!e in%o!%e$ in -<M: i$enti#ying %ectors@ un$erstan$ing t.eir !i#e"
cyc!e@ i$enti#ying %ector ree$ing sites an$ un$erstan$ing t.e ro!e o# %ectors in
trans&itting $isease' T.e eDa&*!es re#er to &os(uito %ectors an$ s.ou!$ e a$a*te$ to
!oca! %ectors an$ situations' Li%e &ateria!s an$ actua! #ie!$ situations s.ou!$ e use$ in
t.ese !earning units ?.en *ossi!e' T.e eDercises are &eant to generate interest an$
&oti%ation in co&&unities@ ci%i! society organi/ations an$ sta## o# *u!ic an$ *ri%ate
sectors #or *artici*ating in -<M'
-# t.e country inten$s to co&ine t.e curricu!u& on -<M ?it. an eDisting curricu!u& on
&e$ica! ento&o!ogy or %ector contro!@ t.e asic !earning units &ay e re$un$ant' More
co&*!eD to*ics@ suc. as %ector incri&ination@ %ectoria! ca*acity an$ &et.o$s #or
$etecting in#ecti%ity@ are not co%ere$ in t.is &o$u!e an$ s.ou!$ e taug.t in s*ecia!i/e$
courses on &e$ica! ento&o!ogy or %ector contro!'
unit 1. 1 'ector identification
T.e ai& o# t.is eDercise is to *resent an$ teac. si&*!e &et.o$s o# i$enti#ication o#
&os(uitoes t.at can e re*ro$uce$ in t.e #ie!$ y nons*ecia!ists@ ?it.out s*ecia!
e(ui*&ent' Laoratory tec.ni(ues #or i$enti#ication are eyon$ t.e sco*e o# t.is
eDercise' -n &ost conteDts@ si&*!e i$enti#ication ?i!! e *ossi!e at genus ut not at
s*ecies !e%e!'
-$enti#ication@ e%en at genus !e%e!@ is a asic re(uire&ent #or %ector contro! an$
sur%ei!!ance' Moreo%er@ eing a!e to recogni/e an$ $i##erentiate %ectors an$ non%ectors
generates interest a&ong nons*ecia!ists' Met.o$s o# i$enti#ication s.ou!$ e $e%e!o*e$
in accor$ance ?it. t.e *re%ai!ing %ector"orne $iseases@ !oca! %ectors 7inc!u$ing non"
&os(uito %ectors; an$ re!ate$ organis&s'
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to $istinguis. et?een t.e !ar%ae an$ a$u!ts o# t.e &ain grou*s
o# %ectors an$ re!ate$ non"%ector grou*s y oser%ation o# &or*.o!ogica! an$
e.a%ioura! c.aracteristics ?it. t.e nake$ eye
Le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
-nter&e$iate: as in$icate$
>$%ance$: &ore $etai!e$ oser%ations
Re+uirement*
T.e trainer s.ou!$ co!!ect su##icient !ar%ae an$ a$u!ts o# t.e &ain %ector s*ecies an$
re!ate$ organis&s t.at occur !oca!!y 7#or eDa&*!e@ Cu!eD@ >e$es an$ >no*.e!es
Core structure
/
&os(uitoes; as !i%e &ateria! #or oser%ation o# &or*.o!ogica! an$ e.a%ioura!
c.aracteristics'
T.e trainer s.ou!$ *ro%i$e eD*ert kno?!e$ge to su**ort t.e oser%ations an$ *re*are
re#erence &ateria!s@ ?it. $ra?ings o# t.e t.ree &os(uito genera c!ear!y s.o?ing
%isi!e $i##erences 7a$u!ts an$ !ar%ae;'
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Di%i$e *artici*ants into s&a!! grou*s an$ $istriute t.e &ateria! co!!ecte$ in t.e #ie!$'
)' >sk t.e *artici*ants to oser%e t.e !ar%ae or a(uatic stage o# eac. organis& 7#or
eDa&*!e@ !ar%ae o# Cu!eD@ >e$es an$ >no*.e!es; an$ i$enti#y t.eir &or*.o!ogica!
an$ e.a%ioura! c.aracteristics 7e'g' $i##erences in &o%e&ents or resting *osition;'
>sk t.e *artici*ants to &ake $ra?ings'
+' Do t.e sa&e #or t.e a$u!t stage o# eac. organis&' -# *ossi!e@ $i##erentiate et?een
&a!es an$ #e&a!es'
,' To?ar$s t.e en$ o# t.e eDercise@ s.o? re#erence &ateria!s'
!oint* for di*cu**ion
Ho? can t.e !ar%ae o# $i##erent %ectors 7an$ non"%ectors; e $istinguis.e$N Ho? can
t.e a$u!ts o# $i##erent %ectors 7an$ non"%ectors; e $istinguis.e$N
W.ic. c.aracteristics can e use$ &ost easi!y on t.e #ie!$ #or re!ia!e i$enti#ication y
nons*ecia!istsN
W.y is i$enti#ication i&*ortantN
Table ' gi%es an eDa&*!e o# si&*!e c.aracteristics #or $i##erentiating t.ree &os(uito
genera@ ?.ic. cou!$ e a$a*te$ to !oca!!y *re%a!ent %ectors'
UNIT "#, VECTOR LIFE-C.CLE
Un$erstan$ing t.e !i#e"cyc!e o# a %ector is centra! to %ector contro! an$ sur%ei!!ance'
Certain $e%e!o*&enta! stages &ig.t e *articu!ar!y %u!nera!e to %ector contro!'
Stu$ying t.e !i#e"cyc!e y regu!ar oser%ation o# t.e %ectorGs $e%e!o*&enta! stages in
arti#icia! containers *ro%i$es insig.t into t.eir io!ogy an$ generates interest in
co&&unities in *artici*ating in -<M' Hor eDa&*!e@ *eo*!e &ig.t not e a?are t.at
!ar%ae ree$ing insi$e ?ater Iars near t.eir .ouses $e%e!o* into a$u!t %ectors o# .u&an
$isease'
Training o()ecti'e
Ta!e ,' Si&*!e c.aracteristics #or $i##erentiating t.ree &os(uito
genera
,o
r#
Characte
ristic
0edes Cule1 0nopheles
Lar
%a
>ir tue
7si*.on;
Me$iu& Long >sent
Position in
?ater
>t an ang!e >t an ang!e Hori/onta!@ at
sur#ace
0e.a%iour S?i#t /ig"/ag
&o%e&ent
Oig"/ag
&o%e&ent
Sti##@ static
Ot.er Cur%e$ o$y Cur%e$ o$y W.ite co!!ar
>$u
!t
Resting
stance
0ent 0ent >t an ang!e to
sur#ace
0o$y S&a!! Stout S!en$er
0o$y
&arkings
W.ite Du!! co!our Du!! co!our
>$o&en Pointe$ at en$ 0!unt@
roun$e$ at
0!unt@ roun$e$
at en$
Core structure
2
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to rear %ectors #ro& !ar%a! to a$u!t stages in or$er to un$erstan$
t.eir !i#e"cyc!e an$ recogni/e t.eir $e%e!o*&ent stages'
le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
>$%ance$: &ore $etai!e$ oser%ations'
Re+uirement*
T.e trainer ?i!! co!!ect %ectors at %arious $e%e!o*&enta! stages@ inc!u$ing eggs i#
*ossi!e@ an$ kee* t.e& in trans*arent Iars ?it. nutrients *ro%i$e$ y an in#usion o#
grasses' Pre"testing t.e &ateria!s an$ &et.o$s is i&*ortant to ensure t.e success o#
t.e eDercise'
Pre*are re#erence &ateria!s@ s.o?ing $ra?ings o# eac. %ector !i#e stage'
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4 ' T?o ty*es o# oser%ation can e &a$e: a )". oser%ation $uring t.e session itse!#@ or
$ai!y oser%ations o%er aout 4 ?eek 7$e*en$ing on t.e $e%e!o*&ent cyc!e o# t.e
organis&;' Hor eDa&*!e@ $uring a )". oser%ation@ t.e e&ergence o# &os(uito *u*ae
to t.e a$u!t stage can e $e&onstrate$C .o?e%er@ 4 ?eek is nee$e$ to oser%e ot.er
stages o# a !i#e"cyc!e'
)' >sk *artici*ants to *re*are trans*arent Iars 7?it. grass in#usion #or &os(uito %ectors;
an$ to a$$ one stage o# t.e %ector 7e'g' se%era! eggs@ se%era! young !ar%ae o#
t.e sa&e age or se%era! *u*ae;' Make sure t.ere is s*ace ao%e t.e ?ater sur#ace #or
e&erging a$u!ts an$ t.at t.e Iar is co%ere$ ?it. &es. to kee* t.e e&erging a$u!ts
ca*ti%e'
+' Dai!y oser%ations ?i!! inc!u$e si/e an$ &or*.o!ogica! an$ e.a%ioura! as*ects@ ?it.
$ra?ings' >t t.e en$@ t.e !i#e"cyc!e@ ?it. in$i%i$ua! stages an$ ti&es@ ?i!! e $ra?n'
To ca!cu!ate t.e egg"to"egg *erio$@ #i!! in any &issing in#or&ation 7e'g' *re"
o%i*osition *erio$;'
Ho? !ong $oes t.e co&*!ete !i#e"cyc!e takeN
W.at con$itions in t.e en%iron&ent are essentia! #or t.e %ector to co&*!ete its
!i#ecyc!eN
>t ?.ic. ti&es in t.e !i#e"cyc!e can t.e %ector e attacke$N
UNIT "#/ VECTOR ECOLOG.
<ectors t.ri%e in ecosyste&s t.at *ro%i$e suita!e .aitats #or ree$ing an$ a**ro*riate
con$itions #or #ee$ing on .u&an or ani&a! .osts' T.e %ectors o# &any $iseases re(uire
?ater o$ies to co&*!ete t.eir !i#e"cyc!e@ an$ so&e %ectors are se!ecti%e in t.e ty*es o#
?ater o$ies t.ey c.oose #or !aying t.eir eggs' -t is i&*ortant to un$erstan$ t.e ree$ing
*re#erences o# targete$ %ectors in *!anning %ector contro! inter%entions@ so t.at !i&ite$
resources are use$ e##icient!y'
T.e $e%e!o*&ent stages o# &ost %ectors are %u!nera!e to attack y *re$atory insects or
s&a!! #is.' T.ere#ore@ *re$ators are ene#icia! organis&s t.at s.ou!$ e conser%e$'
Core structure
1
0roa$"s*ectru& insectici$es use$ to ki!! t.e %ector 7e'g' in !ar%ici$ing; a!so $estroy &ost
o# t.e *re$ators t.at nor&a!!y #ee$ on t.e %ectors ?.en !e#t un$isture$' >#ter s*raying@
%ectors can re"co!oni/e re!ati%e!y (uick!y@ ut &ost *re$ators reco%er on!y s!o?!y@ gi%ing
t.e %ector an a$%antage'
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to $eter&ine t.e *re#erence o# %ectors #or *articu!ar ?ater
o$ies an$ !earn to a**reciate t.e ro!e o# *re$ators'
le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
Re+uirement*
T.e trainer s.ou!$ sur%ey an area ?it.in easy reac. o# t.e training %enue to $eter&ine
t.e *resence o# $i##erent ty*es o# ?ater o$ies@ so&e o# ?.ic. &ay .arour %ectors'
Ti&e re(uire$: +", .
A**ignment
Aui$e t.e *artici*ants to a nu&er o# ?ater o$ies or ot.er kno?n %ector"ree$ing sites@
ot. #a%oura!e an$ un#a%oura!e #or %ector ree$ing' >sk t.e *artici*ants to recor$ t.e
*resence o# %ectors an$ *re$ators 7e'g' insects@ #is.; an$ to $escrie
Core structure
1
t.e c.aracteristics o# eac. ree$ing .aitat' Hor eDa&*!e@ ?ater
o$ies can e c.aracteri/e$ y criteria suc. as si/e@ turi$ity@
%egetation@ #!o?@ s.a$iness@ $e*t. an$ *resence o# *re$ators'
)' >#ter &aking oser%ations at a nu&er o# .aitats@ ask *artici*ants
to ana!yse an$ *resent t.eir resu!ts
I
W.ic. ty*e o# ree$ing site $oes eac. *re%a!ent %ector *re#erN
W.ic. ty*es o# ree$ing site are easi!y contro!!e$ or re&o%e$@ an$ ?.ic. are
notN
Ta!e 5 gi%es eDa&*!es o# t.e c.aracteristics o# ree$ing sites #or t.ree
ty*es o# &os(uito %ectorC it cou!$ e a$a*te$ to !oca!!y *re%a!ent
%ectors'
UNIT "#0 DISEASE TRANSMISSION
T.e cyc!e o# %ector"orne $iseases in%o!%es *arasites@ %ectors@ .u&ans
an$ t.e en%iron&ent' -# co&&unities un$erstan$ t.e $isease cyc!e@
t.ey can *!ay a &ore e##ecti%e ro!e in interru*ting it'
T.e $isease cyc!e cannot e $e&onstrate$ to co&&unities as a rea!"!i#e
oser%ation@ ecause $isease *at.ogens can e oser%e$ on!y t.roug.
a &icrosco*e' >!ternati%e &et.o$s &ust t.ere#ore e use$'
!oint* for
Ta!e 5' C.aracteristics o# ree$ing sites #or t.ree ty*es o# &os(uito
%ector
Character
istic
0edes Cule1 0nopheles
Ty*e o#
?ater o$y
P!astic
containers@ tyres@
tree .o!es@ !ea#
aDi!s@ *u$$!es@
0!ocke$ $rains@
*u$$!es@ s.a$e$
*oo!s
Roo#to*s@ sun!it
*oo!s@ tire tracks@
.oo#*rints@ see*age
*oo!s
Per&anent
or
te&*orary
Te&*orary Main!y
te&*orary
Main!y te&*orary
Large or
s&a!!
S&a!! S&a!! or !arge S&a!! or !arge
H!o?ing or
stagnant
Stagnant Stagnant or
s!ig.t!y #!o?ing
Stagnant or s!ig.t!y
#!o?ing
C!ear or
turi$
C!ear or turi$ Turi$ C!ear
Sun!it or
s.a$y
S.a$y S.a$y Sun!it
Dee* or
s.a!!o?
S.a!!o? S.a!!o? S.a!!o?
Pre$ators Rare!y #oun$ in
*resence o#
*re$ators
Rare!y #oun$ in
*resence o#
*re$ators
Rare!y #oun$ in
*resence o#
*re$ators
Core structure "or
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to un$erstan$ t.e cyc!e o# %ector"orne $isease an$ t.e
ro!e o# t.e %ector'
Core structure
Le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
Re+uirement*
Ti&e re(uire$: 4 .
A**ignment
4' Posters an$ !ea#!ets cou!$ e use$ to i!!ustrate t.e $isease cyc!e an$ t.e
ro!e o# t.e %ector'
)' De*en$ing on t.e target grou*@ ro!e"*!ay cou!$ e use$ to i!!ustrate t.e
$isease cyc!e@ ?it. one *erson *!aying t.e ro!e o# .u&ans an$ anot.er t.e
ro!e o# t.e %ector@ taking t.e *arasite #ro& one *erson an$ trans&itting it
to ot.ers'
Ho? $oes t.e $isease *arasite s*rea$N
W.at .a**ens i# t.e %ector is re&o%e$N
-n ?.ic. season $o you eD*ect t.e .ig.est risk #or t.e $iseaseN W.yN
Ho? can *eo*!e *rotect t.e&se!%es against trans&ission o# t.e $isease *arasiteN
MODULE ,# !LANNING AND IM!LEMENTATION
$AC&GROUND
-n t.is &o$u!e@ *!anning too!s are intro$uce$ #or ensuring e##icient@ e##ecti%e@
eco!ogica!!y soun$ i&*!e&entation o# %ector contro! at ot. centra! an$
$ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s' -n *!anning #or i&*!e&entation@ $ecisions &ust e taken on@
e'g' t.e ty*es o# inter%ention@ t.eir targeting an$ ti&ing@ &anage&ent o#
resources an$ stake.o!$er *artici*ation' >!! $ecisions s.ou!$ e ase$ on %a!i$@
accurate oser%ations 7or $ata; an$ a *ro*er ana!ysis' Moreo%er@ $ecision"
&aking s.ou!$ e a**ro*riate #or t.e !ocation'
P!anning s.ou!$ #o!!o? t.e ste*s *resente$ in se(uence in t.e !earning units
e!o? an$ as s.o?n in ,igure 1' P!anning starts ?it. a tec.nica! co&*onent:
assessing t.e e*i$e&io!ogy an$ %ector situation an$ con$ucting strati#ication #or
setting *riorities' T.e outco&e o# t.is co&*onent #or&s t.e asis #or t.e
o*erationa! ste*s to e con$ucte$ at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!@ ?.ic. are ana!ysis
an$ &a**ing o# !oca! $eter&inants o# $isease@ se!ection o# %ector contro!
&et.o$s@ assess&ent o# nee$s an$ a%ai!a!e resources@ *re*aration o# a !oca!
-<M strategy@ &onitoring an$ e%a!uation'
Core structure
1
T.e *!anning too!s are $esigne$ to encourage $ecentra!i/ation an$ *artici*ation'
Moreo%er@ t.ey a!!o? a co&*re.ensi%e a**roac. to $isease *re%ention@ y
in%o!%ing a!! t.e $eter&inants o# $isease' Eac. !earning unit is ase$ on a &o$e!
?it. t.ree e!e&ents: oser%ations 7or use o# a%ai!a!e $ata or case stu$ies;@ an
ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking'
UNIT ,#"# E!IDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
T.e #irst ste* is to con$uct an e*i$e&io!ogica! assess&ent in or$er to $eter&ine
t.e actua! ur$en o# $isease' T.e *ur*ose is t?o#o!$: to assist in $ecision"&aking
on resource a!!ocation an$ to a!!o? e%a!uation o# t.e i&*act o# t.e inter%ention
strategy' Wit.out a so!i$ e*i$e&io!ogica! assess&ent@ it ?i!! e $i##icu!t to *!an
e##ecti%e!y@ an$ it ?i!! e i&*ossi!e to assess ?.et.er any i&*act .as een &a$e
a#ter t.e inter%entions .a%e een co&*!ete$'
T.e ur$en o# $isease is &easure$ #ro& $ata on $isease inci$ence@ *re%a!ence
an$ &orta!ity@ su**!e&ente$ ?it. in#or&ation on ?ork $ays !ost@ sc.oo! $ays
!ost@ seasona! %ariation@ su"*o*u!ations a##ecte$ an$ t.e *ro*ortion o#
out*atients a##ecte$' Data on t.e inci$ence an$ *re%a!ence o# $isease are t.e
&ost co&&on' -n -<M@ $ata are nee$e$ #or eac. %ector"orne $isease'
Data can e co!!ecte$ $uring *assi%e case $etection@ acti%e case $etection@
sentine! sur%ei!!ance or s*ecia! stu$ies 7e'g' in an outreak;' Passi%e inci$ence
$ata@ in t.e #or& o# re*orts on $iagnoses at c!inics an$ .os*ita!s@ are t.e
co&&onest ty*e o# $ata' Passi%e $ata gi%e an in$ication o# inci$ence rates ut@
ecause not a!! *atients re*ort to .ea!t. #aci!ities@ t.ese $ata co&&on!y resu!t in
an un$eresti&ate o# $isease inci$ence'
>cti%e $ata co!!ection consists o# recor$ing $isease sy&*to&s or e%i$ence o#
*at.ogens in target *o*u!ations' >cti%e sur%ei!!ance is not co&&on ecause it
re(uires a$$itiona! resources' Hea!t. &anage&ent in#or&ation syste&s .a%e
Core structure
Higure 4' Decision"&aking in integrate$ %ector &anage&ent@ ?it. a tec.nica!
co&*onent an$ o*erationa! ste*s 7t.e cyc!e suggests continuous $ecision"
&aking in res*onse to c.anges in !oca! con$itions o# $isease;
a
Tec1nical
P Source: Han$ook #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent' Aene%a Wor!$ Hea!t.
Organi/ation@ )64)'
1
een set u* in certain countries@ an$ t.ese .a%e i&*ro%e$ t.e #re(uency an$
co%erage o# $ata on $isease $ata'
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to e%a!uate t.e a%ai!a!e $ata on %ector"orne $isease
e*i$e&io!ogy an$ suggest ste*s to i&*ro%e t.e assess&ent'
Le'el*
Data on t.e inci$ence@ *re%a!ence an$ &orta!ity o# t.e $isease@ su**!e&ente$
7?.en *ossi!e; ?it. $ata on ?ork $ays !ost@ sc.oo! $ays !ost@ seasona!
%ariation@ su*o*u!ations a##ecte$@ an$ *ro*ortion o# out*atients' T.e $ata
sources s.ou!$ inc!u$e recor$s o# *assi%e an$ acti%e sur%ei!!ance o# a!!
re!e%ant %ector"orne $iseases'
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
Re+uirement*
Ti&e re(uire$: 4 .
A**ignment
4' Construct a &atriD ?it. $ata ty*es 7.ori/onta!!y; an$ *re%a!ent %ector"orne
$iseases 7%ertica!!y; to $eter&ine syste&atica!!y t.e *resence or asence o#
$ata #or eac. ce!! o# t.e &atriD'
)' -n$icate in eac. ce!! t.e year o# t.e &ost recent $ata'
+' Hig.!ig.t t.e $ata otaine$ y acti%e sur%ei!!ance or s*ecia! stu$ies@
?.ic. are eD*ecte$ to e t.e &ost accurate'
,' E%a!uate t.e re!iai!ity o# t.e $ata in t.e &atriD'
5' On t.e asis o# t.e a%ai!a!e $ata@ assess t.e o%era!! situation o# %ector"
orne $iseases'
W.at are t.e ga*s an$ s.ortco&ings in t.e e*i$e&io!ogica! assess&entN
W.at is nee$e$ to i&*ro%e t.e assess&entN
W.at are t.e a$%antages o# co&ining a!! %ector"orne $iseases into a
sing!e assess&entN
W.at are t.e a$%antages an$ $isa$%antages o# *assi%e case $etectionN
W.at are t.e a$%antages an$ $isa$%antages o# acti%e case $etectionN
UNIT ,#,# VECTOR ASSESSMENT
Hor %ector contro! to e e##ecti%e@ a t.oroug. un$erstan$ing o# t.e %ectors is
nee$e$' W.ic. s*ecies can e eD*ecte$ to occur in a certain ecosyste&N >re t.e
sus*ecte$ %ectors actua!!y res*onsi!e #or trans&itting $iseaseN W.ere an$ ?.en
$o t.e %ectors ree$N W.ere an$ ?.en $o t.ey ite an$ restN >re t.e %ectors
to!erant or resistant to t.e a%ai!a!e insectici$esN T.ese #i%e (uestions are
a$$resse$ se(uentia!!y 7see section +'+ o# t.e -<M Han$ook #or #urt.er
in#or&ation;'
Core structure
1
T.e i&*ortance o# t.e ty*e o# ecosyste& &ust e un$erstoo$@ ecause eac. ty*e
*ro%i$es uni(ue con$itions #or ree$ing@ resting an$ .ost"#in$ing o# %ectors'
EDa&*!es o# ecosyste& ty*es are uran@ agricu!ture 7irrigate$@ unirrigate$;@
#oreste$@ coasta!@ ri%erine@ sa%anna. an$ *!antations'
<ector incri&ination consists o# $eter&ining ?.et.er a s*ecies acts as a %ector
o# $isease in rea!"!i#e circu&stances' -t in%o!%es stu$ying t.e association o# t.e
s*ecies ?it. .u&ans in s*ace an$ ti&e@ its $irect contact ?it. .u&ans an$
e%i$ence o# *at.ogens insi$e t.e %ector'
<ectors .a%e *re#erences #or ree$ing in certain &icro.aitats (Table 5;' T.e
seasona! #!uctuations o# %ector s*ecies s.ou!$ a!so e kno?n' T.e ti&e o# iting
an$ ?.et.er iting occurs in$oors or out$oors .a%e i&*ortant i&*!ications #or
se!ecting an inter%ention &et.o$' > *re#erence #or #ee$ing on .u&ans rat.er t.an
ani&a!s is a #actor in t.e trans&ission o# $isease' -t is a!so critica! to $eter&ine
?.ere t.e a$u!t %ectors rest@ *articu!ar!y #or &os(uito %ectors'
Core structure
1
W.ere insectici$es are use$ to #or %ector contro!@ t.e susce*tii!ity o#
%ectors to t.e
insectici$es use$ s.ou!$ e ascertaine$ y t.e stan$ar$ &et.o$s
reco&&en$e$ y WHO'
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn t.e asic re(uire&ents an$ &et.o$s #or
%ector assess&ent'
Le'el*
0asic: ana!ysis o# !oca! in#or&ation
-nter&e$iate: ana!ysis o# in#or&ation a%ai!a!e at nationa! !e%e! 7as
in$icate$;
>$%ance$: *!anning #or generating ne? $ata
Re+uirement*
Ma* s.o?ing /ones an$ &aIor ecosyste&s
Data on t.e %ector s*ecies@ ?it. !ocations@ o# eac. *re%a!ent %ector"
orne $isease 7re#er to $iseases !iste$ un$er unit )'4;
-n#or&ation on %ector incri&ination@ &icro.aitat *re#erence@
seasona!ity an$ iting an$ resting e.a%iour o# %ectors 7nationa!
an$ regiona! $ata;
Most recent resu!ts o# tests #or susce*tii!ity o# t.e %ectors to t.e
insectici$es use$
Ti&e re(uire$: , . 7inter&e$iate !e%e!;
A**ignment
4' Ecosyste&s: Deter&ine t.e &aIor ty*es o# ecosyste& 7e'g' coasta!@
ri%erine@ sa%anna.@ uran@ #orest@ agricu!ture@ .ig. a!titu$e@
*!antation;@ an$ construct a &atriD ?it. t.e ecosyste& ty*es
.ori/onta!!y an$ t.e *re%a!ent %ector"orne $iseases 7e'g' &a!aria@
$engue; %ertica!!y'
)' -nto eac. ce!! o# t.e &atriD@ !ist t.e *otentia! %ectors #or eac.
$isease an$ ecosyste& 7in rackets ?.en t.e occurrence o# a %ector
is uncertain;C *ut a (uestion &ark ?.en no in#or&ation is a%ai!a!e'
+' <ector incri&ination: List t.e *otentia! %ectors #or eac. *re%a!ent
$isease@ an$ $eter&ine #or eac. %ector ?.et.er t.ere is e%i$ence o#
t.e s*eciesG occurrence near .u&an .aitation@ its $irect contact
?it. .u&ans@ an$ e%i$ence o# $isease *at.ogens insi$e t.e %ector
7?it.in t.e country or in t.e region;'
,' Micro.aitats an$ seasona!ity: List t.e *otentia! %ectors o# $isease
an$ $eter&ine t.eir *re#erre$ &icro.aitat #or ree$ing 7e'g' ty*e
an$ c.aracteristics o# ?ater o$ies;' -n$icate ga*s in kno?!e$ge'
5' Seasona!ity: -n$icate in a gra*. seasona! #!uctuations o%er 4 year in
t.e *o*u!ation o# eac. %ector'
:' 0iting an$ resting: Pre*are a &atriD o# t.e *otentia! %ectors@ an$@
#or eac. %ector@ !ist t.e a%ai!a!e in#or&ation on iting an$ resting
e.a%iour 7in$icating &issing in#or&ation ?it. a (uestion &ark;'
Core structure
List t.e %ectors %ertica!!y in t.e #irst co!u&n' -n t.e secon$ co!u&n@
!ist t.e ti&e o# iting $uring t.e $ay or nig.t 7or contact ?it. t.e
%ector;' -n t.e t.ir$ co!u&n@ state ?.et.er iting occurs in$oors or
out$oors' -n t.e #ourt. co!u&n@ enter ?.et.er t.e %ector rests
in$oors or out$oors 7?.en a**!ica!e;'
10 -n t.e #i#t. co!u&n@ state ?.et.er t.e %ector *re#ers to #ee$ on
.u&ans rat.er t.an
ani&a!s' -n$icate ga*s in kno?!e$ge'
Core structure "or
2' Susce*tii!ity to insectici$es: List t.e %ectors against ?.ic. insectici$es
are eing use$ #or contro! *ur*oses' -n$icate t.e insectici$es use$ against
eac. %ector' S*eci#y t.e susce*tii!ity status in eac. category@ in$icating
t.e year o# t.e &ost recent test' -n$icate ga*s in kno?!e$ge'
Reca*itu!ate t.e %ector assess&ent@ *ointing out its strengt.s an$
?eaknesses'
W.at are t.e *riorities #or #urt.er stu$yN
UNIT ,#/# STRATIFICATION
Disease an$ $isease risks are ne%er uni#or&!y $istriute$ ut are &ore
concentrate$ in certain areas t.an ot.ers' Strati#ication re#ers to c!assi#ication
o# $isease"en$e&ic areas #or i$enti#ying t.e a**roac.es re(uire$ #or $isease
contro!' -n t.is unit@ a si&*!e #or& o# strati#ication is *ro*ose$'
T.e &ain *ur*ose o# strati#ication is to $i##erentiate et?een areas accor$ing
to t.e inci$ence an$ *re%a!ence rates o# a $isease' -t is con$ucte$ #or eac.
%ector"orne $isease' O%er!ay &a*s o# t.e $i##erent $iseases .e!* in
i$enti#ying areas in ?.ic. se%era! $iseases are *re%a!ent'
Strati#ication is usua!!y con$ucte$ on t.e asis o# a$&inistrati%e units@ suc.
as $istrictsC #or eDa&*!e@ $istrict > .as a !o? inci$ence o# a $isease an$
$istrict 0 a &e$iu& inci$ence' Strati#ication at a$&inistrati%e !e%e! is !ogica!@
as $ata on $isease inci$ence are usua!!y co!!ecte$ at t.is !e%e!@ e%en i# t.e
inci$ence ?it.in an area is not uni#or&' Hurt.er&ore@ u$gets #or $isease
contro! are usua!!y a!!ocate$ an$ acti%ities organi/e$ y a$&inistrati%e unit'
>!ternati%e!y@ $isease inci$ence cou!$ e strati#ie$ accor$ing to strong!y
associate$ %aria!es@ suc. as a!titu$e@ rain#a!! or ecosyste&'
T.e &ain #unction o# strati#ication is to *er&it a!!ocation o# t.e nationa!
u$get to !o?er !e%e!s o# t.e a$&inistration accor$ing to t.e en$e&icity o#
%ector"orne $iseases' T.e i&*!e&entation strategy #or $istricts ?.ere t.e
$isease is .ig.!y en$e&ic &ig.t e $i##erent #ro& t.e strategy #or t.ose ?it.
a risk #or e*i$e&ics'
More co&*!eD #or&s o# strati#ication are eyon$ t.e sco*e o# t.is &anua!'
Strati#ication can@ #or instance@ e use$ to Q!ayerR $i##erent ty*es o#
in#or&ation@ suc. as a!titu$e@ ecosyste&s an$ socioecono&ic con$itions@ e'g'
to $i##erentiate et?een $isease inci$ence in .ig.!an$ an$ !o?!an$ areas' T.e
*ur*ose o# a co&*!eD ana!ysis ?ou!$ e to $eter&ine &ore *recise!y t.e
causes an$ !ocation o# $isease an$ to $esign !oca!!y tai!ore$ contro! strategies'
Mu!ti%aria!e strati#ications are@ .o?e%er@ $i##icu!t to ac.ie%e at country !e%e!
in t.e asence o# !oca! $ata@ an$@ &u!ti*!e %aria!es are &ore a**ro*riate!y
Core structure
2
&a**e$ at !o?er !e%e!s o# a$&inistration@ in a $ecentra!i/e$ a**roac.' T.is
to*ic is $iscusse$ in &ore $etai! in unit )',@ on Loca! $eter&inants o# $isease'
Training o()ecti'e
Partici*ants at nationa! !e%e! ?i!! !earn to strati#y t.e inci$ence o# %ector"
orne $iseases'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
>$%ance$: &ore co&*!eD %ersion
Re+uirement*
Out*uts o# unit )'4@ ?it. $etai!s o# !ocations@ country &a*s ?it.
a$&inistrati%e !i&its@ 7se&i"; trans*arent s.eets@ co!oure$ &arker *ens
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' EDa&ine t.e a%ai!a!e $ata to $eter&ine t.e a%erage $isease inci$ence in
eac. a$&inistrati%e unit 7e'g' $istrict;'
)' De#ine t.e *re%a!ence o# eac. %ector"orne $isease as !o?@ &e$iu& or
.ig.'
+' Dra? a country &a* ?it. a$&inistrati%e or$ers'
,' Dra? trans*arent o%er!ays #or eac. $isease@ an$ in$icate !o?@ &e$iu& or
.ig. *re%a!ence ?it. a $i##erent *attern'
5' O%er!ay t.e &a* ?it. t.e trans*arent s.eets to $eter&ine areas ?.ere
se%era! $iseases occur@
:' Reco&&en$ t.e *ercentage o# t.e nationa! u$get #or %ector"orne
$iseases t.at s.ou!$ e a!!ocate$ to eac. a$&inistrati%e unit on t.e asis
o# t.e strati#ication'
W.at are t.e i&*!ications o# strati#icationN
W.at are t.e ga*s in in#or&ation@ an$ ?.at is nee$e$ to #i!! t.ose ga*sN
W.at are t.e ene#its o# co%ering se%era! $iseases ?it. an -<M strategy
as co&*are$ ?it. .a%ing a se*arate *rogra&&e #or eac. $iseaseN
UNIT ,#0# LOCAL DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE
T.e e*i$e&io!ogy o# %ector"orne $isease is co&*!eD an$ $e*en$s on a
%ariety o# !oca! #actors' T.ose t.at $eter&ine t.e s*rea$ o# %ector"orne
$isease are t.e $eter&inants o# $isease' -t is i&*ortant to un$erstan$ a!! t.e
$eter&inants o# $isease@ so t.at a**ro*riate actions can e taken to re$uce
risk' T.is ?i!! !ea$ to a co&*re.ensi%e a**roac. to $isease *re%ention'
Core structure
2
Deter&inants o# $isease can e $i%i$e$ into #our categories: t.ose re!ate$ to t.e
*arasite@ to t.e %ector@ to .u&an acti%ities an$ to t.e en%iron&ent' T.e .u&an
$eter&inants are e.a%iour an$ acti%ities t.at a##ect t.e risk #or trans&ission@
an$ en%iron&enta! $eter&inants are #actors in t.e en%iron&ent t.at in#!uence
trans&ission' T.ese #actors strong!y a##ect t.e risk #or $isease 7see section ,')
o# t.e -<M Han$ook #or #urt.er in#or&ation;'
<ector"orne $isease contro! *rogra&&es usua!!y a$$ress on!y t?o categories
o# $eter&inant: t.e *arasite an$ t.e %ector' -n contrast@ t.e ai& o# an -<M
strategy is to a$$ress a!! $eter&inants o# $isease@ ?.en *ossi!e' -# t.e .u&an
an$ en%iron&enta! $eter&inants are ignore$@ *eo*!e ?i!! continue to e at risk
#or in#ection@ an$ t.e %ectors ?i!! continue to *ro!i#erate in t.e en%iron&ent'
QPartici*atory &a**ingR is use#u! #or un$erstan$ing t.e s*atia! $i&ension o#
t.e $eter&inants@ i'e' ?.ere t.e %ectors ree$ an$ ?.ere *eo*!e or ot.er .osts
!i%e' >s t.e risk #or $isease can %ary o%er a s&a!! area@ !oca! &a**ing i&*ro%es
t.e targeting an$ e##iciency o# %ector contro!'
Training o()ecti'e*
Units )',")'2 are est use$ !oca!!y@ at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!@ as grou*
acti%ities ?it. t.e *artici*ation o# !oca! stake.o!$ers an$ co&&unity
&e&ers'
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to un$erstan$ t.e i&*ortance o# i$enti#ying an$
&a**ing t.e $eter&inants o# $isease'
Partici*ants ?i!! e a!e to #aci!itate *artici*atory &a**ing
Le'el*
0asic: ana!ysis at %i!!age !e%e!
-nter&e$iate: ana!ysis at $istrict !e%e! 7as in$icate$;
>$%ance$: sa&e as #or inter&e$iate !e%e!
Re+uirement*
Su&&aries o# t.e e*i$e&io!ogica! an$ %ector assess&ents o# t.e !oca! situation
Ma*s@ census $ata an$ t.e resu!ts o# sur%ei!!ance an$ !oca! sur%eys@ i#
a%ai!a!e' Hor training *ur*oses@ $ata #ro& a .y*ot.etica! or case stu$y
cou!$ e use$'
0ackgroun$ in#or&ation on t.e $eter&inants o# $isease@ #ro& c.a*ter ,
o# t.e Han$ook
Ti&e re(uire$: , .
A**ignment
4' -n or$er to e ?e!! in#or&e$ aout t.e !oca! situation ?it. regar$ to %ector"
orne $iseases@ #irst eDa&ine t.e e*i$e&io!ogica! an$ %ector assess&ents'
)' -$enti#ying t.e $eter&inants: Make a !ist o# t.e *ossi!e $eter&inants o#
%ector"orne $isease' -n$icate t.ose re!ate$ to t.e *arasite@ t.e %ector@
.u&ans an$ t.e en%iron&ent 7e'g' ?.ic. as*ects o# t.e %ector or .u&an
e.a%iour $eter&ine t.e inci$ence o# $iseaseN;'
+' -$enti#y t.ose $eter&inants t.at cou!$ e in#!uence$ y .u&an inter%ention@ an$
13
in$icate t.e ty*e o# inter%entions or actions t.at ?ou!$ a##ect t.e&'
,' Ma**ing an$ ti&ing: On a !arge s.eet@ $ra? t.e oun$aries o# t.e se!ecte$
a$&inistrati%e unit' -$enti#y re!e%ant e!e&ents 7e'g' roa$s@ resi$entia! areas@ !ocation
Core structure
o# aggregations@ ?aste!an$s@ agricu!ture an$ ot.er ecosyste&s;@ an$ a$$ t.e& to t.e
&a*@ using sy&o!s@ *atterns an$ a !egen$'
5' -$enti#y t.e !ocations at ?.ic. t.e risks #or %ector ree$ing an$ $isease trans&ission
are eD*ecte$ to e .ig.est' -# *ossi!e@ i$enti#y t.e !ocations o# trans&ission o#
$isease'
:' To construct a ca!en$ar@ $ra? a .ori/onta! ar re*resenting 4 year' >$$ #urt.er
.ori/onta! ars to in$icate t.e seasona! $eter&inants o# %ector"orne $isease 7e'g'
?eat.er@ agricu!ture@ socia! e%ents;@ an$ i$enti#y t.e *erio$ o# .ig.est risk #or $isease
+
'
W.y is it i&*ortant to un$erstan$ a!! t.e $eter&inants o# $iseaseN
W.ic. o# t.e suggeste$ actions or inter%entions are outsi$e t.e sco*e o# t.e .ea!t.
sectorN
W.at &ig.t e t.e ro!e o# ot.er sectors an$ !oca! co&&unitiesN
Ho? cou!$ t.e resu!ts o# &a**ing an$ t.e ca!en$ar e use$N
UNIT ,#2# SELECTION OF VECTOR CONTROL MET%ODS
<ector contro! &et.o$s can e en%iron&enta!@ &ec.anica!@ io!ogica! or c.e&ica! an$
can contro! $isease y re$ucing %ector *o*u!ations or y re$ucing .u&an" %ector contact
7see section ,'+ o# t.e -<M Han$ook an$ its i!iogra*.y #or #urt.er re#erences;' To
ensure a**ro*riate se!ection o# %ector contro! &et.o$s@ t.e a$%antages an$ $isa$%antages
o# eac. &et.o$ in t.e !oca! conteDt s.ou!$ e a**raise$@ taking into account
e##ecti%eness@ sa#ety@ sustainai!ity an$ a##or$ai!ity' -# *ossi!e@ non"c.e&ica! &et.o$s
an$ &et.o$s t.at *re%ent %ector ree$ing s.ou!$ e use$@ !ea%ing c.e&ica! &et.o$s as
t.e !ast resort' -nsectici$e resistance is an increasing *ro!e& in %ector contro!@
es*ecia!!y as t.e c.oice o# insectici$es #or use in *u!ic .ea!t. is !i&ite$'
Many contro! &et.o$s are e##ecti%e against t.e %ectors o# &ore t.an one $isease'
Conse(uent!y@ t.e co&*!e&entary e##ects o# %ector contro! &et.o$s on se%era! $iseases
s.ou!$ e use$ an$ &onitore$'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! e a!e to se!ect !oca!!y a**ro*riate %ector contro! &et.o$s'
Units )',")'2 are est use$ !oca!!y at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!@ as grou* acti%ities ?it. t.e
*artici*ation o# !oca! stake.o!$ers an$ co&&unity &e&ers'
Le'el*
Sa&e #or a!! !e%e!s@ ?it. &ore $etai! at inter&e$iate an$ a$%ance$ !e%e!s
Re+uirement*
0ackgroun$ in#or&ation on t.e range o# %ector contro! &et.o$s
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
+T.e critica! *erio$ #or %ector contro! &ig.t e $uring *eak *o*u!ation !e%e!s@ in or$er
to re$uce t.e trans&ission rate@ ut it &ig.t e $uring t.e !o?est *o*u!ation !e%e!@ to
interru*t t.e trans&ission cyc!e ?.en t.e %ector *o*u!ation is &ost %u!nera!e'
Core structure
4' Pre*are a &atriD@ an$ !ist t.e *ossi!e %ector contro! &et.o$s 7co!u&n 4;@
$ra?ing on re#erence &ateria!s !iste$ in QReco&&en$e$ rea$ingR'
)' Deter&ine against ?.ic. %ector"orne $iseases eac. &et.o$ cou!$ e use$
7co!u&n 2;@ consi$ering on!y t.e !oca!!y *re%a!ent %ector"orne $iseases
i$enti#ie$ in unit 2.1
+' Re*eat t.e !oca! risks #or eac. $isease i$enti#ie$ in unit )',@ in or$er to
in$icate t.e *otentia! e##icacy o# eac. contro! &et.o$' Esti&ate eac.
&et.o$Gs e##ecti%eness #or contro!!ing !oca! risks as !o?@ &e$iu& or .ig.
7co!u&n +;'
,' Deter&ine t.e a$%antages 7co!u&n ,; an$ $isa$%antages 7co!u&n 5; o# eac.
&et.o$' Possi!e a$%antages are !o? cost@ sa#ety@ o**ortunity #or
co&&unities to *artici*ate an$ use #or se%era! $iseasesC *ossi!e
$isa$%antages are re(uire&ents #or s*ecia! e(ui*&ent or &aIor in%est&ent@
a$%erse e##ects on t.e en%iron&ent an$ .u&an .ea!t.@ risk #or insectici$e
resistance an$ *oor acce*tai!ity y co&&unities'
5' >ssess t.e in#or&ation in co!u&ns 4"5@ an$ se!ect t.ose &et.o$s t.at
?ou!$ e a**ro*riate !oca!!y' Pay *articu!ar attention to t.e &et.o$s t.at
cou!$ e use$ against &ore t.an one %ector"orne $isease'
Ho? $o t.e %ector contro! &et.o$s se!ecte$ $i##er #ro& t.ose use$ current!yN
W.ic. %ector contro! &et.o$s cou!$ e use$ against &ore t.an one $iseaseN
W.at is t.e ro!e o# ot.er sectors an$ co&&unities in using t.e %ector contro!
&et.o$s se!ecte$N
W.at !e%e! o# %ector contro! is nee$e$ i# t.e oIecti%e is to contro! a $isease
!oca!!y or to e!i&inate itN
UNIT ,#3# RE4UIREMENTS AND RESOURCES
Certain resources ?i!! e re(uire$ to i&*!e&ent t.e !oca!!y a**ro*riate %ector
contro! &et.o$s i$enti#ie$ in unit )'5 on a &eaning#u! sca!e' T.ose resources
&ig.t not e a%ai!a!e in t.e .ea!t. sector@ an$ ot.er sectors an$ co&&unities
s.ou!$ contriute an$ take *art in t.e acti%ities'
T.is unit .e!*s *artici*ants to $eter&ine t.e a%ai!a!e .u&an@ #inancia! an$
tec.nica! resources at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!' Hu&an resources inc!u$e ski!!e$
an$ genera! sta## in t.e .ea!t. an$ ot.er *u!ic an$ *ri%ate sectors@ sc.oo!s@
ci%i! society organi/ations an$ co&&unity re*resentati%es' Hinancia! resources
are t.e go%ern&ent .ea!t. u$gets@
15
%ector"orne $isease contro! *rogra&&es@ su**ort #ro& ot.er sectors 7agricu!ture@ !oca!
go%ern&ent@ e$ucation@ construction@ *ri%ate sector@ nongo%ern&enta!
organi/ations; an$ in"kin$ contriutions #ro& co&&unities' Tec.nica! resources
inc!u$e eD*ertise@ ski!!s@ &ateria!s an$ e(ui*&ent'
Deter&ination o# re(uire&ents an$ resources re(uires t.e *artici*ation o# &any
sectors@ !oca! stake.o!$ers an$ co&&unity re*resentati%es' Links s.ou!$ e &a$e
?it. ot.er !oca! *rogra&&es or go%ern&ent ser%ices in or$er to coor$inate
acti%ities@ ensure consistency an$ a%oi$ $u*!ication'
Core structure
>s *!anning an$ i&*!e&entation o# -<M re(uire kno?!e$gea!e@ ski!!e$ *eo*!e@
!oca! ca*acity"strengt.ening re(uire&ents &ust e i$enti#ie$'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to i$enti#y t.e resources a%ai!a!e #or i&*!e&enting
%ector contro! &et.o$s at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!'
Units )',")'2 are est carrie$ out !oca!!y at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!@ as grou*
acti%ities ?it. t.e *artici*ation o# !oca! stake.o!$ers an$ co&&unity &e&ers'
Le'el*
Re+uirement*
-n#or&ation on .u&an@ #inancia! an$ tec.nica! resources an$ on si&i!ar
*rogra&&es in t.e target area
Out*uts #ro& units )', an$ )'5
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Re%ie? t.e out*uts o# unit )',@ an$@ on t.e asis o# t.e i$enti#ie$ risks an$
!ocations o# %ector"orne $iseases@ $eter&ine t.e nee$ #or *artici*ation o# ot.er
sectors an$ co&&unities in %ector contro! at $istrict 7or %i!!age; !e%e!'
)' List *ossi!e *artners in %ector contro! acti%ities 7e'g' t.e .ea!t. sector@
!oca! go%ern&ent@ agricu!ture $e*art&ent@ ot.er !oca! *rogra&&es@
co&&unity organi/ations@ ?o&enGs c!us@ #ar&ersG associations@
*!antation *ersonne!;'
+' -n$icate t.e *otentia! contriution o# eac. *artner 7e'g' !ea$ers.i*C c!eaning u*
#ar&!an$@ ?aste!an$s@ *oo!s an$ t.e *eri"$o&estic en%iron&entC *ro%i$ing
tec.nica! su**ort or e(ui*&ent;'
,' Deter&ine ?.et.er eac. *ossi!e *artner ?i!! nee$ training in -<M'
5' Deter&ine ?.et.er #inancia! an$ tec.nica! resources 7e(ui*&ent@ &ateria!s@
trans*ort@ co&&unication; ?i!! e re(uire$@ an$ suggest .o? t.ey cou!$ e
*ro%i$e$'
16 S W.ic. o# t.e *ossi!e *artners .a%e ne%er een in%o!%e$ in %ector contro!N
W.y $o !oca! *artners an$ co&&unities re(uire training in -<MN
Core structure
UNIT ,#5# IM!LEMENTATION STRATEG.
-n units )'4")':@ $isease risks ?ere ana!yse$ an$ o*tions an$ resources i$enti#ie$' T.e
i&*!e&entation strategy ?i!! ring t.e *ieces toget.er in t.e #or& o# an action *!an #or
t.e $istrict or %i!!age'
T.e strategy is ase$ on t.e %ector contro! &et.o$s se!ecte$@ ?it. $ecisions aout ?.en
an$ ?.ere to i&*!e&ent@ ?.at to target an$ ?.o to in%o!%e in i&*!e&entation an$
e%a!uation' Hor #urt.er in#or&ation@ see section ,'5 o# t.e -<M Han$ook'
T.e out*uts o# units )'4")': ?i!! ser%e as t.e e%i$ence ase #or &aking $ecisions aout
t.e strategy' >s in *re%ious units@ t.e *artici*ation o# stake.o!$ers in *re*aring t.e
strategy is essentia!' T.e strategy s.ou!$ e regu!ar!y a$a*te$ to c.anges in !oca! eco"
e*i$e&io!ogica! or socioecono&ic con$itions'
-n or$er #or t.e strategy to e e%a!uate$@ targets &ust e set@ ?it. a sc.e$u!e an$ interi&
goa!s' T.ere are t?o ty*es o# target: o*erationa! an$ i&*act' O*erationa! targets re*resent
t.e ac.ie%e&ents to e &a$e in i&*!e&enting t.e inter%entions 7e'g' 56T o# *eo*!e
traine$ or co%ere$ y e$nets;' T.ey can e &onitore$ se*arate!y #or eac. %ector contro!
&et.o$' -&*act targets are s*eci#ic re$uctions to e ac.ie%e$ in t.e i&*act in$icators
7e'g' .u&an e.a%iour@ %ector $ensity@ trans&ission rate@ *arasite *re%a!ence@ $isease
&ori$ity;' T.ey are use$ to e%a!uate t.e e##ecti%eness o# t.e -<M strategy as a ?.o!e'
Ta!e :' EDa&*!e o# a strategy #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent in a
.y*ot.etica! %i!!age
ite# $ector control #ethods
selected
3ource
reduction
#anage#ent
o" 4asteland
and drains
insecticid
e5treated
bednets
irrigation
#anage#e
nt
W.en
to
i&*!e&
ent
>!! year roun$
ut intensi#ie$
$uring rainy
season
>ccor$ing to
cro**ing season
Continuous >ccor$ing
to *erio$s o#
rain#a!!C
#re(uent!y
W.ere
to
i&*!e&
ent
Resi$entia!
areas@ streets@
&arkets@
?oo$!an$s
Hig."risk areas@
?aste!an$s an$
$rains aroun$
t.e %i!!age
>reas
en$e&ic
?it.
&a!aria
>!! irrigate$
agricu!tura!
#ie!$s in area
o# %i!!age
Target
o#
%ector
>e$es@
>no*.e!es@
Cu!eD
>e$es@
>no*.e!es@
Cu!eD
>no*.e!es@
Cu!eD
>no*.e!es
Target
o#
inter%e
Part o#
resi$entia!
areas &anage$
>!! ?aste!an$s
&anage$
36T o#
.ouses
56T o# rice
#ie!$ ?it.
inter&ittent
Partici*
ants
Co&&unities@
!oca!
go%ern&ent@
&inistry o# t.e
en%iron&ent@
co&&un
Ministry o# t.e
en%iron&ent@
!oca!
go%ern&ent@ ity
co&&unity
.ea!t. ?orkers@
NAOs@
.ea!t.
o##icers
Har&ersG
>ssociations@
eDtension
o##icers@ !oca!
go%ern&ent@
co&&unity
Res*onsii!ity Hea!t.
o##ice
Loca!
go%ern&ent
Hea!t.
o##ice
>gricu!ture
o##ice
EDterna
!
&onito
ring &
Loca!
go%ern&ent
Hea!t. o##ice Uni%ersity Hea!t.
o##ice
Core structure
2
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! e a!e Ioint!y to *re*are a strategy on -<M #or t.e
7$istrict or %i!!age;
Units )',")'2 are est carrie$ out !oca!!y at $istrict or %i!!age !e%e!@
acti%ities ?it. t.e *artici*ation o# !oca! stake.o!$ers an$ co&&unity
> .y*ot.etica! eDa&*!e o# a strategy &atriD is *resente$ in Ta(le 3#
Le'el*
Re+uirement*
Out*uts #ro& units )'4")':
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Pre*are a &atriD@ an$ assign one co!u&n to eac. o# t.e %ector contro! &et.o$s@ ?it.
t.e ite&s o# t.e strategy in t.e ro?s'
)' >s t.e #irst ite&@ in$icate #or eac. &et.o$ ?.en it s.ou!$ e i&*!e&ente$ #or
&aDi&u& e##ect@ i'e' ?.ic. *erio$ o# t.e year' Re#er to t.e seasona! ca!en$ar
*re*are$ un$er unit )',' >!so in$icate t.e #re(uency o# use o# t.e &et.o$s'
+' >s t.e secon$ ite&@ in$icate #or eac. &et.o$ ?.ere it s.ou!$ e i&*!e&ente$@ i'e' t.e
!ocations or %u!nera!e grou*s in t.e a$&inistrati%e oun$aries' Re#er to t.e &a*
*re*are$ un$er unit )','
,' >s t.e t.ir$ ite&@ in$icate t.e %ectors an$ $iseases targete$ y eac. &et.o$'
5' >s t.e #ourt. ite&@ set rea!istic o*erationa! targets to e reac.e$ ?it.in 4 an$ ) years
7e'g' *ercentage o# .ouses co%ere$ y an inter%ention;' -# t.e i&*act is to e stu$ie$@
a!so set targets #or t.e -<M strategy as a ?.o!e 7e'g' re$uction in %ector $ensity;'
:' >s t.e #i#t. ite&@ $eter&ine *ossi!e *artners in i&*!e&entation o# eac. %ector
contro! &et.o$' Re#er to t.e out*ut #ro& unit )':'
2' >s t.e siDt. ite&@ i$enti#y t.e entity t.at ?i!! e res*onsi!e #or i&*!e&entation o#
eac. inter%ention'
3' >s t.e se%ent. ite&@ i$enti#y t.e entity t.at ?i!! &onitor an$ e%a!uate eac.
inter%ention' T.is entity s.ou!$ not e t.e sa&e as t.at res*onsi!e #or
i&*!e&entation'
Ho? $oes t.e strategy $i##er #ro& eDisting %ector contro! e##ortsN -s it an
i&*ro%e&entN
W.y s.ou!$ t.e entity res*onsi!e #or i&*!e&entation not &onitor an$ e%a!uate t.e
inter%entionN
Discuss t.e nee$ #or a !oca! organi/ationa! structure #or -<M' Suggest o*tions 7note
t.at t.is issue ?i!! e a$$resse$ in &ore $etai! in &o$u!e :;'
target
area
as
Core structure
2
MODULE /# ORGANI6ATION AND MANAGEMENT
$AC&GROUND
-<M is a &anage&ent strategy' -t in%o!%es t.e integration o# &any %ector contro!
&et.o$s co%ering &any $iseases@ ?it. &any *artners in or$er to attain its oIecti%es y
e##icient@ sa#e use o# resources' T.e &anage&ent o# #ie!$ i&*!e&entation is a$$resse$ in
&o$u!e
4' -<M@ .o?e%er@ in%o!%es &ore t.an #ie!$ i&*!e&entation: to eco&e esta!is.e$ an$
#unctiona!@ an -<M a**roac. a!so re(uires ne? organi/ationa! structures an$ ne? ro!es
an$ res*onsii!ities ot. ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector an$ in *artners.i* ?it. ot.er sectors
an$ t.e *artici*ation o# co&&unities' T.is &o$u!e a$$resses t.e organi/ationa! as*ects
o# &anage&ent'
To i&*ro%e t.e organi/ationa! structure o# %ector contro! accor$ing to t.e *rinci*!es o#
-<M@ t.e eDisting structures@ ro!es an$ res*onsii!ities s.ou!$ e un$erstoo$' >
co&*re.ensi%e Q%ector contro! nee$s assess&entR is a *rere(uisite #or syste&atic
i&*ro%e&ent o# a nationa! syste& o# %ector contro!@ as $escrie$ e!se?.ere'
,
>!t.oug.
suc. an assess&ent is eyon$ t.e sco*e o# t.is training &anua!@ a ra*i$ assess&ent o#
organi/ationa! structures an$ resources is co%ere$ in t.e neDt unit'
UNIT /#" INTEGRATION 7IT%IN T%E %EALT% SECTOR
Most $isease"en$e&ic countries are re#or&ing t.eir .ea!t. sectors@ ?it. $ecentra!i/ation
an$ *ri%ati/ation o# .ea!t. ser%ices' T.is .as !e$ to c.anges an$ re$istriution o#
resources to $istricts@ ut it .as genera!!y een $i##icu!t to $ecentra!i/e t.e ca*acity #or
ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking to t.at !e%e!' T.e -<M strategy is ase$ on t.e *rinci*!e
t.at ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking s.ou!$ e $one at t.e !o?est *ossi!e a$&inistrati%e
!e%e! in or$er to res*on$ etter to !oca! nee$s' Conse(uent!y@ -<M *ro&otes t.e
integration o# %ector contro! an$ sur%ei!!ance ser%ices into a $ecentra!i/e$ .ea!t. syste&'
-ntegration s.ou!$ not co&*ro&ise ut rat.er ene#it t.e .ea!t. syste&@ y increasing t.e
&oti%ation an$ status o# $istrict sta##' Moreo%er@ ne? structures an$ *artners.i*s create$
t.roug. -<M ?i!! eDten$ ser%ice *ro%ision ?e!! eyon$ t.e $istrict@ *otentia!!y !ea$ing to
synergy an$ cost sa%ings #or ser%ices co%ering t.e sa&e areas' -n turn@ integration ?it.in
t.e .ea!t. syste& ?i!! .e!* ensure t.e sustainai!ity o# -<M@ ?.ic. ?i!! eco&e
e&e$$e$ in .ea!t. ser%ices@ recei%e regu!ar u$get a!!ocations an$ .a%e t.e #!eDii!ity
to a$a*t to !oca!!y c.anging circu&stances'
To esta!is. -<M ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector@ sta## &ust e traine$@ t.e &anageria! an$
tec.nica! ca*acities o# $ecentra!i/e$ institutions &ust e strengt.ene$@ an$ career
o**ortunities in -<M s.ou!$ e create$' Centra! ca*acity s.ou!$ e &aintaine$@ or e%en
en.ance$@ in or$er to #aci!itate@ su**ort an$ e%a!uate $ecentra!i/e$ -<M *rogra&&es'
Certain %ector contro! inter%entions .a%e een o*erate$ as %ertica! *rogra&&es' >
c!assic eDa&*!e is in$oor resi$ua! s*raying #or &a!aria contro!' T.e !ogistics o# suc. an
inter%ention &ake it $i##icu!t to $ecentra!i/e to t.e $istrict !e%e!' W.ere %ertica!
*rogra&&es continue to eDist in *ara!!e! to a $ecentra!i/e$ .ea!t. syste&@ e##ecti%e
coor$ination et?een t.e t?o is essentia!'
,Aui$e!ines #or %ector contro! nee$s assess&ent' 0ra//a%i!!e@ WHO Regiona! O##ice
#or >#rica )66+C Aui$e!ines #or %ector contro! nee$s assess&ent' Cairo@ WHO Regiona!
O##ice #or t.e Eastern Me$iterranean@ )661'
Core structure
2
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! e a!e to ana!yse t.e syste& o# %ector contro! an$ suggest
i&*ro%e&ents'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
>$%ance$: &ore $etai!e$ assess&ent
Re+uirement*
-n#or&ation on t.e eDisting structure an$ resources #or %ector contro! in t.e .ea!t.
sector
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Situation: Deter&ine .o? contro! acti%ities #or %ector"orne $iseases are current!y
arrange$ an$ coor$inate$ 7e'g' in one unit or se*arate$ y *rogra&&e;'
)' -$enti#y t.e a%ai!a!e .u&an an$ tec.nica! resources #or %ector contro! an$ %ector
sur%ei!!ance at centra! an$ $ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s o# t.e .ea!t. sector 7nu&er o#
*ersonne!@ eD*ertise;'
+' E%a!uate .o? $ecisions aout %ector contro! i&*!e&entation are &a$e at centra! an$
$ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s 7?.at ty*es o# $ecision are &a$e at centra! an$ at $istrict !e%e!C
?.at ty*es o# $ata are use$C .o? o#ten $ecisions are u*$ate$;'
,' -$enti#y ga*s an$ s.ortco&ings in t.e current syste& o# %ector contro!'
5' Nee$s: Deter&ine t.e c.anges an$ a$$itions nee$e$ to .u&an an$ tec.nica! ca*acity
#or -<M at t.e $istrict .ea!t. o##ice an$ at centra! !e%e!' -$enti#y t.e organi/ationa!
an$ structura! c.anges re(uire$ ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector to a!!o? integration o# -<M'
:' C.aracteri/e .o? integration o# -<M at $istrict !e%e! cou!$ ene#it ot.er .ea!t.
ser%ices 7e'g' in ter&s o# a$$e$ ca*acity@ co!!aoration or *artici*ation;' Ai%e one or
&ore eDa&*!es'
W.ic. o# t.e c.anges are *rioritiesN
W.at are t.e *ossi!e $i##icu!ties in integrating -<M into t.e .ea!t. syste&N
Ho? cou!$ t.ose $i##icu!ties e o%erco&eN
UNIT /#, !ARTNERS%I!S 7IT% OT%ER SECTORS
> co&&on *ro!e& in t.e con%entiona! syste& o# %ector contro! is t.at ot.er@ re!e%ant
sectors are not acti%e!y in%o!%e$' T.us@ sectors suc. as agricu!ture@ !oca! go%ern&ent@
en%iron&ent@ construction an$ touris& are o#ten insu##icient!y a?are t.at t.eir
*rogra&&es an$ initiati%es can #a%our %ector *ro!i#eration or *ut *eo*!e at risk o#
in#ection' T.ese .ar&#u! si$e"e##ects cou!$ e a%oi$e$ i# t.e .ea!t. i&*act o# t.eir
*rogra&&es ?ere consi$ere$' T.ere#ore@ ot.er sectors s.ou!$ e &a$e *artners in a
co&&on -<M strategy@ so t.at t.e risks #or %ector ree$ing an$ $isease trans&ission are
a$$resse$ in eac. sectorGs s*.ere o# in#!uence'
Partners.i*s et?een re!e%ant sectors s.ou!$ e #aci!itate$ an$ coor$inate$ y t.e .ea!t.
sector' T.ey s.ou!$ e initiate$ at t.e nationa! !e%e! y esta!is.ing a *o!icy #ra&e?ork
an$ t.en an intersectora! steering co&&ittee on -<M@ ?it. .ig."!e%e! *artici*ation an$
&inisteria! su**ort 7&o$u!e ,;'
Core structure
2
>cti%e *artners.i*s are nee$e$ in *articu!ar at !oca! !e%e!@ as -<M re(uires $ecentra!i/e$
i&*!e&entation' Partners s.ou!$ un$ertake ana!ysis@ $ecision"&aking an$ resource
a!!ocation Ioint!y 7units )',")'2;@ $i%i$ing t.eir tasks to ensure co%erage an$ a%oi$
$u*!ication@ an$ s.ou!$ con%ene regu!ar!y to $iscuss *rogress'
T.e *artners.i* cou!$ esta!is. coor$inating co&&ittees@ ?it. re*resentation #ro& eac.
sector@ !oca! aut.orities an$ ci%i! society' Monitoring an$ e%a!uation o# eac. *artnerGs
acti%ities ?i!! e necessary in or$er to assess o%era!! *rogress an$ ensure accountai!ity'
0e#ore eco&ing in%o!%e$ in -<M acti%ities@ .o?e%er@ &ost *artners ?i!! re(uire training
in t.e asics o# %ectors an$ $iseases 7&o$u!e 4;'
T.e .ea!t. sector s.ou!$ .a%e o%era!! res*onsii!ity #or coor$ination an$ #aci!itation o#
t.e *artners.i* an$ #or training@ &onitoring an$ e%a!uation' Ot.er sectors@ ci%i! society
organi/ations an$ co&&unities ?ou!$ .a%e ro!es an$ res*onsii!ities in t.eir assigne$
areas o# i&*!e&entation@ &onitoring an$ e%a!uation'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn aout t.e organi/ationa! structure o# -<M@ ?it. ro!es an$
res*onsii!ities'
Le'el*
Re+uirement*
Re(uire$ ti&e: + .
Core structure
3
A**ignment
4' Hor a se!ecte$ $istrict 7or %i!!age;@ i$enti#y a!! t.e *artners t.at cou!$
contriute to %ector contro!C $eter&ine .o? eac. *artner current!y
in#!uences t.e risk #or %ector" orne $isease an$ t.eir *otentia! ro!e in
%ector contro!'
)' -$enti#y a suita!e organi/ationa! structure #or -<M: a ne? or eDisting
o$y@ re*resentation@ coor$ination an$ #re(uency o# &eetings'
+' Deter&ine t.e *otentia! ro!es an$ res*onsii!ities o# eac. *artner@ e'g'
#aci!itation@ coor$ination@ ro!e in i&*!e&entation@ a?areness"raising@
tec.nica! su**ort@ &onitoring@ e%a!uation@ %ector sur%ei!!ance@ training
an$ e$ucation'
,' -$enti#y #actors t.at cou!$ ostruct e##ecti%e co!!aoration@ an$ gi%e
*ossi!e so!utions'
5' Deter&ine ?.ic. *artners nee$ training an$ on ?.at suIects'
Ho? ?ou!$ %ector contro! contriute 7$irect!y or in$irect!y; to
ac.ie%e&ents in eac. sectorN
Ho? cou!$ -<M eco&e a *riority in sectors ot.er t.an .ea!t.N
Ho? can t.e -<M *artners.i* e sustaine$N
>re t.ere any eDa&*!es o# success#u! intersectora! co!!aoration in t.e
countryN
UNIT /#/ MO$ILI6ATION OF RESOURCES
-ne%ita!y@ trans#or&ation #ro& a con%entiona! syste& o# %ector contro!
to an -<M a**roac. ?i!! re(uire signi#icant in%est&ent #or esta!is.ing
an$ &aintaining t.e ne? structures@ ca*acities an$ acti%ities' T.ere#ore@
a**ro*riate a!!ocations or rea!!ocations o# resources ?i!! e re(uire$'
Hinancia! *!anning is nee$e$ in or$er to $eter&ine t.e #un$s nee$e$ to
trans#or& t.e eDisting syste& to -<M@ in ter&s o# ot. initia! an$
recurrent costs'
Hinancia! resources #or t.e .ea!t. sector in $isease"en$e&ic countries are
!i&ite$' -t s.ou!$ e re&e&ere$@ .o?e%er@ t.at -<M ?i!! not e a
se*arate *rogra&&e ut ?i!! e e&e$$e$ in t.e eDisting .ea!t. syste&@
an$ -<M ?ou!$ e incor*orate$ as a &eans #or i&*ro%ing t.e e##iciency
o# resource use' Hurt.er&ore@ t.e synergy o# -<M ?it. ot.er .ea!t.
ser%ices at $ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s ?i!! resu!t in re$uce$ costs'
8uanti#ication o# suc. synergies an$ cost sa%ings i&*ro%es t.e *ros*ects
#or esta!is.ing an$ sustaining -<M'
>#ter esta!is.ing a *o!icy #ra&e?ork #or -<M at nationa! !e%e!@
!oying s.ou!$ e un$ertaken #or su**ort #ro& t.e nationa! u$get an$
#or a!!ocations #ro& sectors ot.er t.an .ea!t.@ ?.ic. o#ten .a%e &ore
#inancia! resources' Suc. resources &ig.t eco&e a%ai!a!e #or -<M@ #or
eDa&*!e@ ?.en t.e a$$e$ %a!ue o# %ector contro! #or t.e *er#or&ance o#
t.e sector is $e&onstrate$ or ?.en eac. sector eco&es a?are o# its ro!e
Core structure
in re$ucing t.e risk #or %ector"orne $isease' Co!!aoration a&ong
sectors cou!$ resu!t in ?i$er@ &ore e##icient $e!i%ery o# %ector contro!'
Su**ort is a!so nee$e$ #ro& t.e *ri%ate sector an$ ci%i! society organi/ations'
-n s*ecia! econo&ic /ones@ suc. as usiness /ones@ tourist areas@ *!antations an$
&ining /ones@ )) %ector contro! s.ou!$ e *resente$ as &aking econo&ic sense'
T.e .ea!t. status o# *eo*!e " e&*!oyees@ !aourers an$ c!ients " $eter&ines
*rogress an$ success: !ost
?ork $ays@ sc.oo! asenteeis& an$ &e$ica! costs $rain t.e syste&
an$ re$uce *ro#its' Hence@ $ra?ing attention to t.e !inks et?een
%ector contro! an$ econo&ic *rogress s.ou!$ .e!* to raise #un$ing'
>$$itiona! #un$s #or -<M ?i!! e nee$e$ #ro& eDterna! $onors an$
#un$ing agencies in &any $isease"en$e&ic countries@ *articu!ar!y
$uring t.e *erio$ o# transition #ro& con%entiona! %ector contro! to an
-<M strategy' >n initia! in%est&ent is critica!@ #or eDa&*!e@ #or
assessing re(uire&ents an$ esta!is.ing tec.nica! resources an$
training at $ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s' -nternationa! net?orking@ e'g' t.roug.
t.e g!oa! net?ork on -<M or t.roug. t.e Qinternationa! usiness
*!an on $e%e!o*ing a!ternati%es to DDTR@ cou!$ .e!* i&*ro%e a
countryGs access to eDterna! #un$ing'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to i$enti#y eDisting an$ a$$itiona! resources
nee$e$ #or -<M' Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
Re+uirement*
>nnua! re*orts or ot.er tec.nica! $ocu&ents t.at su&&ari/e t.e
acti%ities in eac. re!e%ant sector@ *re#era!y ?it. u$gets
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' List t.e ste*s to e taken at nationa! an$ $istrict !e%e! to &oi!i/e
#inancia! resources #or -<M'
)' -$enti#y eDisting .u&an@ #inancia! an$ tec.nica! resources in t.e
.ea!t. sector t.at &ig.t e use$ #or -<M@ suc. as t.ose a%ai!a!e
#or con%entiona! %ector contro! o*erations' Deter&ine .o? -<M
cou!$ sa%e costs in ot.er .ea!t. ser%ices'
+' -$enti#y t.e a$$itiona! resources re(uire$ to esta!is. an$ &aintain
-<M' Di##erentiate et?een initia! an$ recurrent costs 7nee$e$ to
sustain -<M;'
,' Hor eac. re!e%ant sector 7ot.er t.an .ea!t.;@ i$enti#y t.e eDisting
.u&an@ tec.nica! an$ #inancia! resources t.at cou!$ e use$ #or
-<M ?it.out co&*ro&ising current acti%ities'
Core structure
5' -$enti#y o*tions #or -<M in s*ecia! econo&ic /ones@ ?.en a**!ica!e'
:' Deter&ine .o? ci%i! society organi/ations cou!$ contriute
#inancia!!y or in kin$ to -<M'
W.at arriers $o you #oresee in &oi!i/ing nationa! resources #or
-<MN Ho? cou!$ t.ose arriers e re&o%e$N
W.at s.ou!$ e t.e ro!e o# eDterna! #un$ingN Ho? cou!$
$e*en$ence on eDterna! #un$s e &ini&i/e$N
Ho? cou!$ internationa! net?orks e use$N )+
MODULE 0# !OLIC. AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAME7OR&
$AC&GROUND
T.e ai& o# -<M is to i&*ro%e t.e e##iciency@ cost"e##ecti%eness an$
eco!ogica! soun$ness o# %ector contro!' >s $iscusse$ in t.e -<M
Han$ook@ se%era! a**roac.es are use$ to ac.ie%e t.is ai&: e%i$ence"
ase$ $ecision"&aking@ use o# a range o# %ector contro! inter%entions@
co!!aoration ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector an$ ?it. ot.er sectors@ engage&ent
o# co&&unities@ an$ a *u!ic .ea!t. regu!atory an$ !egis!ati%e
#ra&e?ork' Setting u* t.ese a**roac.es $e&an$s sustantia! c.anges to
t.e eDisting syste& o# %ector contro! in &ost $isease"en$e&ic countries@
?it. i&*!ications #or *o!itica!@ institutiona!@ &anageria!@ tec.nica! an$
socia! structures'
Po!icy"setting #or -<M s.ou!$ e an ear!y ste* in any strategy' Wit.out
#a%oura!e *o!icies@ !egis!ation an$ en#orce&ent an$ ?it.out .ar&oni/e$
institutiona! arrange&ents@ an -<M a**roac. ?i!! e a!&ost i&*ossi!e to
esta!is. an$ &aintain' T.e #o!!o?ing units gi%e &et.o$s #or ana!ysing
*ro!e&s eD*erience$ in a nationa! syste& o# %ector contro!@ assessing
t.e *o!icy en%iron&ent an$ eDa&ining institutiona! arrange&ents' T.e
units $ra? on t.e in#or&ation t.at is a%ai!a!e in a country in or$er to
re#!ect t.e actua! situation an$ *ro*ose suita!e *o!icy o*tions an$
institutiona! arrange&ents' Hor #urt.er in#or&ation@ see C.a*ter ) o# t.e
-<M Han$ook'
unit 4. 1 anal8*ing 9ro(lem* in 'ector control
0e#ore setting *o!icy #or -<M@ t.e eDisting *ro!e&s in a countryGs
syste& o# %ector contro! s.ou!$ e un$erstoo$' Suc. *ro!e&s &ig.t
re$uce t.e e##iciency o# %ector contro!@ .a%e un$esira!e si$e"e##ects or
co&*ro&ise any ac.ie%e&ents'
Pro!e& ana!ysis is use$ to i$enti#y constraints an$ t.eir causes@ y
scrutini/ing a!! as*ects o# %ector contro!' Pro!e& ana!ysis is a
co&*onent o# a Q%ector contro! nee$s assess&entR@ ?.ic. is a se*arate
eDercise to e con$ucte$ in $isease"en$e&ic countries
5
'
Core structure
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! un$erstan$ t.e nee$ #or an$ &et.o$s o# ana!ysing
*ro!e&s in a %ector contro! syste&'
Partici*ants ?i!! con$uct a ra*i$ ana!ysis on t.e asis o# nationa! $ata'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
>$%ance$: &ore $etai!e$ ana!ysis
), FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
5
Aui$e!ines #or %ector contro! nee$s assess&ent' 0ra//a%i!!e@ WHO
Regiona! O##ice #or >#rica@ )66+C Aui$e!ines #or %ector contro! nee$s
assess&ent' Cairo@ WHO Regiona! O##ice #or t.e Eastern Me$iterranean@
)661'
Re+uirement*
>!! in#or&ation #ro& t.e country re!e%ant to t.e actua! situation
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Deter&ine t.e &ain constraints to %ector contro! in t.e countryC
consi$er *o!itica!@ &anageria!@ #inancia!@ tec.nica!@ eco!ogica!@
organi/ationa! an$ sociocu!tura! issues' >s a gui$e@ consi$er t.e
#o!!o?ing (uestions@ ?.ic. are not eD.austi%e:
W.ic. %ector contro! &et.o$s are use$ an$ on ?.at sca!eN
W.ic. $iseases are targete$N
W.at eD*ertise on %ector contro! eDistsN
Ho? an$ at ?.at !e%e! are $ecisions &a$e on inter%entions an$ targetingN
W.at e%i$ence ase is use$N
-s $ecision"&aking #!eDi!e in or$er to res*on$ to c.anging
circu&stancesN
Ho? $o t.e acti%ities o# ot.er sectors in#!uence %ector
ree$ing or $isease trans&issionN
Ho? $o co&&unities co&*!y or *artici*ateN
>re t.ere signs o# resistance to insectici$esN
)' >#ter i$enti#ying t.e &ain constraints@ $eter&ine t.e causes o# eac.'
+' Deter&ine t.e &eans #or re&o%ing or a!!e%iating eac. *ro!e&@
an$ i$enti#y ?.at is nee$e$ to ac.ie%e t.is'
W.ic. o# t.e i$enti#ie$ *ro!e&s re(uire a *o!icy c.angeN
W.ic. o# t.e *ro!e&s re(uire a c.ange in institutiona! arrange&entsN
UNIT 0#, !OLIC. ENVIRONMENT FOR INTEGRATED VECTOR
MANAGEMENT
To e e##ecti%e@ -<M &ust e e&e$$e$ ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector an$
integrate$ ?it. ot.er sectors' -<M ?i!! t.ere#ore not t.ri%e ?it.out a
Core structure
#a%oura!e *o!icy en%iron&ent' Pu!ic *o!icy is re(uire$ to
$ecentra!i/e t.e *!anning an$ i&*!e&entation o# -<M@ to esta!is.
go%erning o$ies@ to o%ersee co!!aoration a&ong sectors an$ to
ensure trans*arency in strategic *!anning' Po!icy is a!so re(uire$ to
regu!ate t.e *ro$ucts use$ in %ector contro!@ to o%ersee training an$
researc. $irections an$ to gui$e u$get a!!ocation'
>na!ysis o# t.e eDisting *u!ic *o!icy en%iron&ent is a &eans #or
strengt.ening t.e *o!icy an$ !ega! #ra&e?ork #or -<M@ y i$enti#ying
ga*s an$ inconsistencies' T.e *o!icy en%iron&ent #or -<M inc!u$es
t.e nationa! .ea!t. *o!icy@ gui$e!ines on %ector contro! an$ re!e%ant
*o!icies an$ acti%ities in sectors suc. as t.e en%iron&ent@ agricu!ture
an$ !oca! go%ern&ent t.at in#!uence %ector"orne $isease'
Po!icy instru&ents are t.e too!s t.at a go%ern&ent uses to set an$ i&*!e&ent a
*o!icy@
Suc. instru&ents inc!u$e !egis!ation@ regu!ations@ *ersuasion@ *rogra&&es an$
.ea!t. i&*act assess&ents'
25
Signi#icant a$%ances .a%e een &a$e in so&e countries in *o!icy
ana!ysis #or *u!ic .ea!t. *estici$e &anage&ent@ a co&*onent o# -<M' >
si&i!ar a**roac. cou!$ e use$ #or -<M as a ?.o!e'
WHO .as e!aorate$ *o!icy gui$e!ines #or -<M@ ?.ic. cou!$ assist
countries in *o!icy re#or&' T.ese gui$e!ines inc!u$e a g!oa! strategic
#ra&e?ork@ a *osition state&ent on -<M an$ regiona! reso!utions on
-<M' Moreo%er@ Wor!$ Hea!t. >sse&!y reso!ution 56'4+ a$%ocates an
integrate$ a**roac. to %ector contro! in or$er to re$uce re!iance on
c.e&ica! *estici$es'
Po!icies &ust e ase$ on conte&*orary e%i$ence' Oser%ation o# t.e
coeDistence o# se%era! %ector"orne $iseases cou!$ encourage su**ort #or
a &u!ti"$isease contro! strategy' Like?ise@ e%i$ence t.at t.e *rogra&&es
an$ actions o# ot.er sectors an$ co&&unities in#!uence t.e risk #or@ an$
inci$ence o#@ %ector"orne $iseases cou!$ initiate re#or& o# *o!icies on
intersectora! co!!aoration an$ co&&unity *artici*ation' Hea!t. i&*act
assess&ents cou!$ e use$ to eDa&ine t.e i&*act o# ot.er sectors on
%ector" orne $isease' Hence@ ot.er sectors cou!$ e re(uire$ to co%er
-<M in t.eir u$gets' Aoo$ *o!icies $o not necessari!y resu!t in goo$
outco&es' To e e##ecti%e@ a *o!icy &ust e trans!ate$ into strategies an$
action *!ans@ ?it. u$gets@ acti%ities an$ in$icators' Hurt.er&ore@ !a?s
an$ regu!ations &ust e en#orce$ a**ro*riate!y' Aa*s et?een *o!icy an$
actua! *ractice s.ou!$ e &a$e a**arent in or$er to e #i!!e$'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to ana!yse t.e *o!icy en%iron&ent an$ i$enti#y
ga*s an$ inconsistencies ?it. regar$ to -<M' T.e training ?ou!$
ene#it #ro& t.e *resence o# sta## #ro& sectors ot.er t.an .ea!t.@
eit.er as *artici*ants or as resource *ersons'
Le'el*
Core structure
0asic: not re(uire$
Re+uirement*
-n#or&ation on .ea!t. *o!icies@ !ega! instru&ents an$ nationa!
gui$e!ines on %ector contro!C !e%e! o# *riority o# %ector"orne $isease
contro!C in#or&ation on re!e%ant *rogra&&es in ot.er sectorsC ot.er
re!e%ant $ocu&ents
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' -$enti#y t.e *o!icies@ !a?s an$ regu!ations a**!ica!e to t.e .ea!t.
sector t.at are re!e%ant to %ector"orne $iseases' -$enti#y t.e *o!icy on
taDes an$ susi$ies on t.e i&*ort@ &anu#acture an$ sa!e o# %ector
contro! *ro$ucts@ suc. as insectici$e"treate$ nets' S*eci#y .o? eac.
*o!icy su**orts or i&*e$es %ector contro!'
)' -$enti#y t.e *o!icies an$ *o!icy instru&ents in sectors ot.er t.an
.ea!t. 7*articu!ar!y in agricu!ture an$ t.e en%iron&ent; t.at su**ort or
i&*e$e %ector contro!' S*eci#ica!!y@
26 i$enti#y *o!icies on *estici$e &anage&ent an$ integrate$ *est
&anage&ent an$
*o!icies on .ea!t. i&*act assess&ents in t.e conteDt o# $e%e!o*&ent *roIects'
Core structure
+' -$enti#y *o!icies an$ *o!icy instru&ents on intersectora! co!!aoration 7e'g' on a%ian
in#!uen/a; an$ suggest .o? t.ey cou!$ e use$ to su**ort -<M'
,' Descrie t.e *resence or asence o# *roce$ures to en#orce t.e *o!icies@ !a?s an$
regu!ations re!e%ant to -<M'
5' On t.e asis o# t.e nationa! *o!icies i$enti#ie$ an$ WHOGs gui$ance on -<M@
$eter&ine t.e &aIor s.ortco&ings o# t.e current *o!icy #ra&e?ork an$ its
en#orce&ent ?it. regar$ to -<M'
:' Descrie .o? *o!icies in t.e .ea!t. an$ ot.er sectors cou!$ e a$Iuste$ to su**ort
-<M'
W.at are t.e *riorities #or *o!icy c.ange in your countryN
W.at are t.e *ossi!e arriers to *o!icy c.angeN
UNIT 0#/ INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
-nstitutiona! arrange&ents can e $e#ine$ as t.e set o# ru!es #or ?.o $oes ?.at@ ?.en an$
.o?' Usua!!y@ e!e&ents o# t.e *u!ic sector ?ork &ore or !ess in$e*en$ent!y@ ?it. !itt!e
coor$ination ?it. ot.er e!e&ents an$ ?it. !inear interna! accountai!ity' T.is se*aration
*oses *ro!e&s ?.en t.e ru!es #or $i##erent organi/ations con#!ict'
Poor coor$ination a&ong sectors &ani#ests as con#!icting *o!icies@ inconsistent
$e%e!o*&ent acti%ities an$ researc. t.at cannot e a**!ie$' Coor$ination an$
co!!aoration a&ong sectors an$ ?it. researc. institutes cou!$ e i&*ro%e$ y
*ro&oting *o!icy integration@ co&&on goa!s an$ synergyC e'g' inter&ittent irrigation
*ro&otes ot. rice *ro$uction an$ %ector contro!' Hurt.er&ore@ Ioint $ecision"&aking
re(uires co!!aoration'
>n -<M a**roac. &ig.t re(uire *artners.i*s a&ong stake.o!$ers@ inc!u$ing t.e *u!ic
an$ *ri%ate sectors@ researc. an$ training agencies an$ ci%i! organi/ations' T.ey s.ou!$
a!! *artici*ate in &aking $ecisions aout %ector contro!@ ut inco&*ati!e stan$ar$s or
con#!icting ru!es &ig.t .in$er suc. co!!aoration' Hor eDa&*!e@ sectors ot.er t.an .ea!t.
&ig.t not .a%e ru!es re!ate$ to %ector *ro!i#eration or en%iron&enta! sanitation' Too!s
suc. as .ea!t. i&*act assess&ents can .e!* in reso!%ing suc. inconsistencies'
W.en institutions Ioin a strategy@ t.ey &ig.t .a%e to a$o*t ne? ru!es an$ stan$ar$s@
i&*ose sanctions@ s.are res*onsii!ity an$ accountai!ity an$ &ake u$getary a!!ocations
#or %ector contro!' -n or$er to $o so@ t.ey ?i!! nee$ a**ro*riate strengt.ening in t.e
&anageria! an$ tec.nica! as*ects o# %ector contro!@ e'g' t.roug. training or eDc.anges'
>t centra! !e%e!@ coor$ination cou!$ e *ro&ote$ y esta!is.ing an inter&inisteria!
steering co&&ittee on -<M@ ?.ic. ?i!! *ro%i$e o%ersig.t@ assign *artner ro!es@
coor$inate resource &oi!i/ation@ an$ re%ie? an$ a$Iust *o!icies@ strategies an$
?ork*!ans on -<M' Un$er t.is o$y@ tec.nica! ?orking grou*s cou!$ e set u*@ #or
eDa&*!e on &onitoring an$ e%a!uation@ *o!icy re%ie? an$ *rioriti/ation o# o*erationa!
researc.'
E%i$ence"ase$ -<M re(uires t.e tec.nica! eD*ertise o# *u!ic .ea!t. ento&o!ogists
s*ecia!i/e$ in -<M@ ut suc. *eo*!e are !ike!y to e in s.ort su**!y' O**ortunities #or
.ig.er e$ucation an$ *ro#essions an$ careers in -<M s.ou!$ e #ostere$ or create$'
Training o()ecti'e*
Core structure
3
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to ana!yse eDisting institutiona! arrange&ents an$ *ro*ose
a$Iust&ents #or -<M' Training ?ou!$ ene#it #ro& t.e *resence o# sta## #ro& sectors
ot.er t.an .ea!t.@ eit.er as *artici*ants or as resources'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
Re+uirement*
-# not re*resente$ y t.e *artici*ants@ .u&an resources #ro& ot.er sectors s.ou!$ e
consu!te$'
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' -$enti#y t.e *eo*!e concerne$ ?it. -<M in t.e country@ concentrating on t.e .ea!t.
an$ one ot.er sector@
)' Hor t.ese t?o sectors@ i$enti#y t.e institutiona! con$itions t.at su**ort co!!aoration
?it. ot.er sectors an$ *artici*ation in %ector contro!C e'g' !e%e! o# $ecentra!i/e$
$ecision"&aking@ eD*erience in co&&unity *artici*ation@ organi/ationa!
arrange&ents@ any eDisting co!!aoration an$ any eDisting %ector contro! or eco!ogica!
stan$ar$s'
+' -$enti#y a co&&on goa! #or t.e t?o sectors'
,' Hor eac. sector@ i$enti#y t.e institutiona! arriers to co!!aoration ?it. ot.er sectors
an$ to *artici*ation in %ector contro!@ at ot. centra! an$ $istrict !e%e!C e'g' a *o!icy on
irrigation t.at con#!icts ?it. %ector contro!C $i##erence in geogra*.ica! area@ e'g'
a$&inistrati%e unit %ersus irrigation sc.e&eC !o? *riority gi%en to intersectora! issuesC
o*erations t.at $o not take into account %ector ree$ing or %ector contactC no .istory
o# co!!aorationC organi/ationa! structureC $i##erent sta## arrange&entsC an$ $i##erent
accountai!ity'
5' EDa&ine .o? eac. *ro!e& cou!$ e reso!%e$C e'g' at ?.at !e%e!@ ?it. ?.ic. too!sC
t.e nee$ #or training@ #oru&s or ?orks.o*sC a$o*tion o# ne? ru!es or ne?
res*onsii!itiesC u$get re%isionC i&*osition o# sanctions'
:' ED*!ore ot.er eDa&*!es o# intersectora! co!!aoration@ *re#era!y in%o!%ing t.e .ea!t.
sectorC e'g' #or a%ian in#!uen/a@ ot.er /oonotic $iseases or *estici$e &anage&ent'
>na!yse one eDa&*!e to $eter&ine .o? t.e eD*erience cou!$ e use$ #or -<MC e'g'
?it. si&i!ar #oru&s@ coor$ination or structures'
2' Deter&ine eDisting !inks or co!!aoration et?een %ector contro! *rogra&&es an$
researc. agencies' -n *articu!ar@ consi$er ?.et.er current researc. a$$resses rea! #ie!$
*ro!e&s re!ate$ to -<M@ ?.o $eter&ines t.e researc. agen$a@ .o? researc. resu!ts
are use$ an$ ?.et.er &eetings an$ eDc.ange %isits take *!ace in t.e #ie!$'
Core structure
3
W.at %a!i$ reasons cou!$ e *ut #or?ar$ #or t.e agricu!ture sector or !oca!
go%ern&ent to assu&e res*onsii!ity #or %ector contro! in t.eir areasN
Ho? cou!$ t.e !inks et?een researc. an$ i&*!e&entation e
strengt.ene$N W.at are t.e arriersN
Core structure
3
I
MODULE 2# ADVOCAC. AND COMMUNICATION
$AC&GROUND
T.e oIecti%e o# a$%ocacy is to co&&unicate t.e oIecti%es o# -<M
e##ecti%e!y ot. at *o!icy !e%e! an$ at #ie!$ !e%e!' T.e -<M strategy
in%o!%es signi#icant c.anges in t.e syste& o# %ector contro!@ in t.e
.ea!t. sector@ in *artners.i*s ?it. ot.er sectors an$ in t.e
*artici*ation o# co&&unities' To ac.ie%e t.ese c.anges@ t.e conce*t
o# -<M &ust e a$%ocate$ an$ co&&unicate$ at a!! !e%e!s 7see 67M
Handbook, Chapter 5;'
T.e -<M conce*t s.ou!$ e #or&u!ate$ c!ear!y an$ una&iguous!y
#or a$%ocacy to *o!icy"&akers an$ $ecision"&akers' Hurt.er&ore@
co&&unication strategies #or socia! &oi!i/ation an$ co&&unity
e&*o?er&ent s.ou!$ e a$o*te$'
UNIT 2#" ADVOCAC. TO !OLIC.-MA&ERS
> strong case &ust e &a$e #or -<M y *ointing out t.e *ro!e&s
?it. t.e eDisting syste& o# %ector contro!@ suc. as !ack o# e%i$ence"
ase$ $ecision"&aking@ $e%e!o*&ent o# insectici$e resistance@ *oor
integration ?it.in t.e .ea!t. sector@ !ack o# in%o!%e&ent o# ot.er
sectors@ !ack o# co&&unity *artici*ation an$ !ack o# a$a*tation to
c.anging circu&stances 7see a!so t.e outco&e o# unit )'4;' T.e
*ur*ose o# -<M is to so!%e t.ese *ro!e&s in one integrate$@
inte!!igent!y targete$ strategy'
T.e -<M conce*t is@ .o?e%er@ intangi!e an$ &ust e $escrie$ in
*!ain ter&s' -t consists asica!!y o# #our *rinci*!es: $ecisions ase$ on
e%i$enceC a &u!ti"$isease a**roac.C co&ine$ %ector contro!
inter%entions ut ?it. Iu$icious use o# insectici$esC an$ in%o!%e&ent
o# ot.er sectors an$ co&&unities' >!! #our *rinci*!es &ust e taken
into account' Hor eDa&*!e@ i# a %ector contro! strategy is concentrate$
on &a!aria an$ not on ot.er !oca!!y *re%a!ent %ector"orne $iseases
t.at cou!$ .a%e een co%ere$ in t.e sa&e strategy@ it #ai!s to ai$e y
t.e &u!ti"$isease *rinci*!e'
To con%ince *o!icy"&akers an$ $ecision"&akers@ t.ey &ust e gi%en
e%i$ence t.at -<M ?orks' >!t.oug. e%i$ence #or i&*!e&entation o# a
#u!! -<M strategy is sti!! scarce@ as -<M is a ne? conce*t@ t.ere is
e%i$ence #or t.e ene#its o# co&*onents on -<M ?it.in countries or
?it.in a region' Ne? e%i$ence@ in t.e #or& o# case stu$ies@ s.ou!$ e
co!!ecte$'
-<M cou!$ a!so *!ay an i&*ortant ro!e $uring e!i&ination o# a $isease@
y sustaining an$ conso!i$ating t.e ac.ie%e&ents' -n t.e e!i&ination
*.ase@ a$%ocacy is essentia! #or continue$ attention to an$ in%est&ent
in -<M to ac.ie%e e!i&ination an$ suse(uent!y to re$uce t.e risk #or
re"e&ergence o# t.e $isease'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to $esign Qa$%ocacy *ackagesQ an$ a$%ocate
#or -<M'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
Re+uirement*
Case stu$ies on co&*onents o# -<M
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' Hor&u!ate concise state&ents $escriing t.e *ro!e&s in t.e eDisting syste&
o# %ector contro! in t.e country@ inc!u$ing: a%ai!a!e ca*acity@ .o? $ecisions
are &a$e@ t.e use o# sur%ei!!ance $ata@ $isease #ocus@ !inkage ?it. t.e .ea!t.
syste&@ ?.et.er it
is centra!i/e$ or $ecentra!i/e$@ &onitoring #or insectici$e resistance@
co!!aoration ?it. ot.er sectors an$ *artici*ation o# co&&unities' ED*!ain
?.y eac. as*ect is a *ro!e&'
)' ED*!ain c!ear!y .o? -<M ?ou!$ so!%e eac. *ro!e& or contriute to
e!i&ination o# $isease in your country@
+' EDa&ine case stu$ies to $eter&ine t.e e%i$ence #or an$ eD*erience ?it. -<M'
,' Make a case #or -<M y $esigning an Qa$%ocacy *ackageR@ s*eci#ying t.e
nee$ #or -<M@ ?.at -<M is an$ t.e e%i$ence t.at -<M ?i!! e ene#icia!'
5' Pre*are an a$%ocacy *!an ?it.: t.e target au$ience@ ca!en$ar@ $ata re(uire$@
a$%ocacy &ateria!s re(uire$@ sc.e$u!e o# acti%ities@ eD*ecte$ outco&es an$
e%a!uation o# resu!ts'
Hor ?.at reasons ?ou!$ *o!icy"&akers an$ $ecision"&akers a$o*t -<MN
W.at reser%ations &ig.t *o!icy"&akers an$ $ecision"&akers .a%e aout
c.anging to -<MN
W.at cou!$ e $one to o%erco&e t.ose reser%ationsN
UNIT 2#, COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Co&&unities *!ay an i&*ortant ro!e in t.e trans&ission or *ro*agation o#
%ector"orne $isease@ an$ t.eir actions an$ e.a%iour are &aIor $eter&inants o#
$isease' Most $isease %ectors are c!ose!y associate$ ?it. .u&an .aitation@ an$
t.e ?ay *eo*!e &anage t.eir *eri"$o&estic en%iron&ents in#!uences %ector
ree$ing an$ $isease trans&ission' T.e *rotecti%e an$ treat&ent"seeking
e.a%iour o# *eo*!e a!so a##ects t.e trans&ission an$ inci$ence o# $isease in
t.e co&&unity' T.ere#ore@ .e!*ing co&&unities to i&*ro%e t.eir acti%ities an$
e.a%iour in re!ation to %ector contro! an$ se!#"*rotection is an i&*ortant
co&*onent o# an -<M strategy' Hor eDa&*!e@ res*onsii!ity #or %ector ree$ing
in t.e *eri"$o&estic en%iron&ent cou!$ e trans#erre$ #ro& t.e .ea!t. sector to
co&&unities'
31
T.e c.a!!enge is .o? to c.ange *eo*!eGs e.a%iour' Co&&unities &ust eco&e
intereste$ in %ector"orne $isease an$ !earn aout it@ an$ t.ey &ig.t nee$ &ore
Core structure "or
&oti%ation or incenti%es to co&*!y ?it. eDisting or ne? &easures' > nu&er o#
co&&unication strategies .a%e een use$C #our are $iscusse$ in t.is unit'
T.e &ass &e$ia are usua!!y use$ to $istriuting si&*!e &essages to a ?i$e au$ience' -n
t.e Qin#or&ation@ e$ucation an$ co&&unicationR a**roac.@ a co&ination o#
in#or&ationa!@ e$ucationa! an$ &oti%ationa! inter%entions is use$@ ?.ic. are $esigne$ to
c.ange *eo*!eGs attitu$es an$ e.a%iour'
5
T.e a**roac. is ase$ on t.e use o# &ass
&e$ia in co&ination ?it. grou* an$ inter*ersona! co&&unication: &essages are use$
in &ass &e$ia@ an$ e$ucation an$ co&&unication are use$ to teac. *eo*!e certain
e.a%iour an$ to #or& co&&unity"ase$ net?orks' -n#or&ation@ e$ucation an$
co&&unication .a%e a *ositi%e i&*act on kno?!e$ge an$ attitu$es@ ut t.e i&*act on
e.a%iour .as een (uestione$'
QCo&&unication #or e.a%ioura! i&*actR
:
can ring aout $esire$ e.a%iour in re!ation
to %ector"orne $isease 7$engue@ !y&*.atic #i!ariasis an$ &a!aria; in a ca&*aign"sty!e
a**roac. ase$ on t.e *rinci*!es o# &arketing use$ in t.e *ri%ate sector to c.ange
consu&er e.a%iour' -t starts y ana!ysing *eo*!eGs arriers to a$o*ting a certain
e.a%iour an$ i$enti#ication o# se%era! $esire$ e.a%iours' Suse(uent!y@ a targete$
strategy is $esigne$ to ring aout t.ose e.a%iours t.roug. a co&ination o# too!s@ suc.
as *u!ic re!ations@ a$%ertising an$ inter*ersona! co&&unication'
T.e e&*o?er&ent o# co&&unities re(uires signi#icant in%est&ent in *ractica! e$ucation'
> co&&on eDa&*!e ?it. $e&onstrate$ e##ects on e&*o?er&ent is t.e Q#ar&er #ie!$
sc.oo!R $esigne$ y t.e Hoo$ an$ >gricu!ture Organi/ation o# t.e Unite$ Nations to
train #ar&ers in integrate$ *est &anage&ent in agricu!ture'
2
-t is essentia!!y Qa sc.oo! in
t.e #ie!$R@ ?.erey a grou* o# *eo*!e &eet once a ?eek t.roug.out a season' T.is
e$ucationa! &o$e! is ase$ on .an$s"on !earning to $isco%er io!ogica! *rinci*!es@ ?it.
syste&atic oser%ation an$ ana!ysis as t.e asis #or $ecision"&aking in agro"ecosyste&
&anage&ent' -ts grou* a**roac. sti&u!ates co&&unication an$ co!!aoration' T.e
#ar&er #ie!$ sc.oo! curricu!u& .as een a$a*te$ #or use in %ector contro! in se%era!
countries 7see -<M Han$ook;'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn t.e $i##erent ty*es o# outco&e o# $i##erent ty*es o#
co&&unication strategy'
Le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
5-n#or&ation@ e$ucation an$ co&&unication: !essons #ro& t.e *astC *ers*ecti%es #or t.e
#uture' Aene%a@ Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation@ )664 7WHO/RHR/O4'));'
: P!anning socia! &oi!i/ation an$ co&&unication #or $engue #e%er *re%ention an$
contro!: a ste*"y"ste* gui$e' Aene%a@ Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation@ )66, 7a!so a%ai!a!e
at: .tt*://???'?.o'int/t$r/*u!ications/*u!ications/ *!ani#icacionF$engue'.t&;'
2Pontius KC@ Di!ts DR@ 0art!ett >' Ten years o# -PM training in >sia: #ro& #ar&er #ie!$
sc.oo! to co&&unity -PM' 0angkok@ Hoo$ an$ >gricu!ture Organi/ation o# t.e Unite$
Nations@ )66) 7a!so a%ai!a!e at: .tt*://???'#ao'org/$ocre*/665/ ac3+,e/ ac3+,e66'.t&;'
Core structure "or
Re+uirement*
-# not *resent a&ong t.e *artici*ants@ in%ite a *erson ?it. eD*erience in
co&&unication strategies an$ e&*o?ering co&&unities to intro$uce t.e #our
co&&unication strategies'
Re#erence &ateria!s or case stu$ies on #our co&&unication strategies: use o# t.e &ass
&e$iaC in#or&ation@ e$ucation an$ co&&unicationC co&&unication #or e.a%ioura!
i&*actC an$ co&&unity e&*o?er&ent@ e'g' in Q#ar&er #ie!$ sc.oo!sR'
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' On t.e asis o# ty*ica! con$itions at co&&unity !e%e!@ i$enti#y t.e $esire$ e.a%ioura!
outco&es #or se!#"*rotection an$ %ector contro!@ i'e' t.e as*ects t.at co&&unities
s.ou!$ c.ange in t.eir e.a%iour an$ acti%ities'
)' Construct a &atriD@ !isting in t.e #irst co!u&n t.e #our co&&unication strategies: use
o# t.e &ass &e$iaC in#or&ation@ e$ucation an$ co&&unicationC co&&unication #or
e.a%ioura! i&*actC an$ #ar&er #ie!$ sc.oo!s'
+' -n t.e secon$ an$ t.ir$ co!u&ns o# t.e &atriD@ in$icate t.e strengt.s an$ ?eaknesses
o# eac. &et.o$@ e'g' in ter&s o# ti&e an$ e##ort re(uire$@ co%erage@ i&*act@ cost@
acti%e co&&unity *artici*ation an$ sustainai!ity@
,' -n t.e #ourt. co!u&n@ !ist ?.ic. o# t.e $esire$ e.a%ioura! outco&es cou!$ e
ac.ie%e$'
W.ic. co&&unication strategies ?ou!$ e &ost suita!e #or an -<M strategyN W.yN
W.ic. strategy ?ou!$ e *re#erre$ y centra!i/e$ agenciesN W.ic. one ?ou!$
co&&unities *re#erN ED*!ain t.e $i##erence'
W.at ?ou!$ e t.e ro!e o# t.e &e$ia@ an$ .o? cou!$ t.e &e$ia e in%o!%e$N
UNIT 2#/ COMMUNIT. EM!O7ERMENT
T.e ?or$ Q*artici*ationR .as a nu&er o# inter*retations@ ranging #ro& *assi%e
*artici*ation@ in ?.ic. *eo*!e are gi%en on!y a rie# i$ea ?.at is to .a**en@ to se!#"
&oi!i/ation@ in ?.ic. *eo*!e take t.e initiati%e' Ho? an$ in ?.at ?ays s.ou!$
co&&unities *artici*ate in -<MN
>s &any o# t.e risk #actors #or %ector"orne $isease are un$er *eo*!eGs contro! an$ ?.en
*u!ic ser%ices cannot easi!y reac. t.e&@ *eo*!e .a%e to assu&e res*onsii!ity #or
t.e&se!%es' T.ey cou!$@ #or eDa&*!e@ c!ear t.eir gutters as *art o# t.e contro! o# $engue
%ectors@ rat.er t.an eD*ecting .ea!t. tea&s to c!i& onto t.eir roo#s an$ $o t.e Io #or
t.e&' 0ut .o? can *eo*!e e e&*o?ere$@ not Iust to un$erstan$ t.e risks ut a!so to take
a**ro*riate action #or se!#"*rotection an$ %ector contro! as nee$e$N
Core structure "or
'
-n genera! ter&s@ Qe&*o?er&entR &eans ena!ing *eo*!e to take
&ore contro! o%er t.eir !i%es'
1
Peo*!e nee$ to e e&*o?ere$ in or$er
to i&*ro%e t.eir situation an$ to re!y !ess on scarce eDterna! ser%ices@
#or eDa&*!e #ro& t.e .ea!t. sector' T?o asic *recon$itions to
e&*o?er&ent .a%e een suggeste$:
46
#irst@ t.e necessary &eans or
ena!ing #actors &ust e in *!ace@ inc!u$ing t.e res*onsii!ities@
o**ortunities #or &eetings@ resources an$ ca*ai!itiesC secon$@
ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking &ust e un$ertaken #or suse(uent
action' W.i!e t.e &eans co%er ca*acity"ui!$ing an$ a grou*
a**roac.@ ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking i&*!y acti%e in%o!%e&ent in
*!anning an$ i&*!e&enting -<M at !oca! !e%e!'
Ho? can co&&unity e&*o?er&ent e ac.ie%e$ #or -<MN Ca*acity"
ui!$ing@ ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking are in.erent to eDisting
&o$e!s o# e&*o?er&ent@ suc. as t.e #ar&er #ie!$ sc.oo!s@ an$ t.e
-<M strategy inc!u$es t.e sa&e ingre$ients 7see &et.o$s #or !oca!
ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking in units )',")'2;' W.en use$ at
co&&unity !e%e!@ t.ey ?i!! a!!o? co&&unities to take c.arge o#
%ector contro! in t.eir o?n en%iron&ent@ *ro%i$e$ t.at t.e ur$en o#
%ector"orne $isease is su##icient!y .ig.'
>c.ie%e&ents in e&*o?er&ent &ust e e%a!uate$@ a!t.oug.
e&*o?er&ent is $i##icu!t to &easure' >s t.e *artici*ants t.e&se!%es
are *roa!y in t.e est *osition to $escrie t.e !e%e! o#
e&*o?er&ent t.ey .a%e eD*erience$@ *artici*atory e%a!uation@ or
se!#assess&ent@ is a use#u! &et.o$'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to un$erstan$ t.e essentia! con$itions #or
co&&unity e&*o?er&ent an$ to *!an .o? to ac.ie%e t.is'
T.is !earning unit s.ou!$ e gi%en .ig. *riority in t.e conteDt o#
-<M'
Le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$
>$%ance$: as in$icate$
Re+uirement*
Re#erence &ateria! or a case stu$y o# a success#u!
a**roac. to co&&unity e&*o?er&ent 7e'g' a #ar&er #ie!$
sc.oo!;
-n%ite a *erson ?it. eD*erience in co&&unity e&*o?er&ent'
Ti&e re(uire$: , .
A**ignment
4' Stu$y a $ocu&ente$ case re!e%ant to -<M'
)' -$enti#y t.e &eans #or e&*o?er&ent in t.e conteDt o# -<M@ i'e'
t.e ena!ing #actors t.at s.ou!$ e in *!ace !oca!!y@ suc. as t.e
res*onsii!ities *eo*!e s.ou!$ assu&e@ t.e #oru& an$ #re(uency o#
&eetings@ t.e nu&er an$ re*resentation o# grou* &e&ers@ ?.o
Core structure "or
s.ou!$ #aci!itate &eetings@ re(uire$ ca*ai!ity"ui!$ing an$
training
+, """"""""""""""""""""""""
1
C.a&ers R' C.a!!enging t.e *ro#essions: #rontiers #or rura!
$e%e!o*&ent' Lon$on@ -nter&e$iate Tec.no!ogy De%e!o*&ent Arou*@
411+'
46
0art!ett >' No &ore a$o*tion ratesU Looking #or e&*o?er&ent in
agricu!tura! $e%e!o*&ent *rogra&&es' De%e!o*&ent
in Practice@ )663@ 43:5),"5+3'
Core structure
curricu!u&@ .o? o#ten *eo*!e s.ou!$ &eet@ t.e in%o!%e&ent o# !oca!
aut.orities an$ a$%isersC an$ t.e o**ortunities #or %ector contro!'
+' Deter&ine .o? ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking s.ou!$ e i&*!e&ente$ at
co&&unity !e%e!' T.e *!an cou!$ inc!u$e ?.ic. %ectors or $iseases to
a$$ress@ t.e ty*e o# oser%ations to e &a$e@ .o? t.ey s.ou!$ e
ana!yse$ an$ use$ #or $ecision&aking an$ t.e ro!e o# t.e #aci!itator'
,' Esta!is. .o? co&&unity e&*o?er&ent ?ou!$ e &onitore$ an$
e%a!uate$ an$ t.e ro!e o# *artici*atory an$ eDterna! e%a!uation'
W.at are t.e arriers to e&*o?ering co&&unitiesN Ho? cou!$ t.ey e
o%erco&eN
W.at is t.e ro!e o# t.e .ea!t. sector in #aci!itating co&&unity
*artici*ationN
W.at o*tions eDist at co&&unity !e%e! #or co&ining -<M ?it.
$e%e!o*&ent *rogra&&es or inco&e"generating acti%ities 7e'g'
co&ining training@ ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking ?it. $e%e!o*&ent
*rogra&&es;N Wou!$ t.is increase t.e incenti%e or &oti%ation o# *eo*!e
to *artici*ateN
Core structure
'
MODULE 3# MONITORING AND EVALUATION
$AC&GROUND
Monitoring an$ e%a!uation are essentia! in &anaging a *rogra&&e ecause
t.ey re%ea! its ac.ie%e&ents an$ e##ects' -n -<M@ t.ese are not !i&ite$ to t.e
inter%entions ut a!so inc!u$e t.e &anage&ent as*ects' Monitoring an$
e%a!uation .a%e se*arate ut o%er!a**ing #unctions' Monitoring re#ers to
&easure&ent o# a *rogra&&eGs *er#or&ance@ ?.ic. is $one y oser%ing an$
re*orting t.e acti%ities an$ t.eir i&&e$iate outco&es' E%a!uation is t.e
assess&ent o# outco&es an$ i&*acts t.at can e attriute$ to a *rogra&&eGs
acti%ities' Hence@ &onitoring a$$resses cause an$ e%a!uation a$$resses e##ect'
Taken toget.er@ &onitoring an$ e%a!uation re!ate a *rogra&&eGs *er#or&ance
to its outco&es in or$er to i$enti#y ga*s an$ ?eaknesses@ !ea$ing to correcti%e
actions or a$Iust&ent to c.anging circu&stances' Monitoring an$ e%a!uation
ser%e a$%ocacyC &oreo%er@ t.ey strengt.en t.e *artici*ation an$ !earning o# a
*rogra&&eGs stake.o!$ers@ es*ecia!!y ?.en con$ucte$ at $ecentra!i/e$ !e%e!s'
UNIT 3#" INDICATORS
-<M is a co&*!ete syste& o# %ector contro!@ inc!u$ing *o!icy@ an institutiona!
#ra&e?ork@ organi/ation an$ &anage&ent@ *!anning an$ i&*!e&entation@
ca*acity"ui!$ing an$ a$%ocacy an$ co&&unication' T.ese co&*onents
corres*on$ to t.e c.a*ters o# t.e -<M Han$ook' T.ere#ore@ &onitoring an$
e%a!uation o# -<M s.ou!$ not e restricte$ to i&*!e&entation ut s.ou!$ a!so
a$$ress ac.ie%e&ents in *o!icy $e%e!o*&ent@ organi/ation@ ca*acity"ui!$ing
an$ a$%ocacy' So&e as*ects o# -<M are $i##icu!t to ca*ture in si&*!e
in$icators or as (uantitati%e oser%ationsC &any re(uire inter%ie? sur%eys an$
(ua!itati%e $escri*tions o# *rocesses an$ interactions et?een *eo*!e'
E%a!uation o# suc. $ata re(uires ne? ski!!s an$ too!s'
T.ree ty*es o# in$icator .a%e een $istinguis.e$: *rocess@ outco&e an$
i&*act' Process in$icators are use$ to $escrie t.e *er#or&ance o# a
*rogra&&e@ ?.et.er t.e *!anne$ acti%ities ?ere a$e(uate!y con$ucte$ in a
ti&e!y &anner' Outco&e in$icators are use$ to $escrie t.e $irect outco&es o#
t.e acti%ities@ ?.ereas i&*act in$icators are use$ to $escrie t.e in$irect
e##ects t.at can e attriute$ to t.e *rogra&&e' Hor eDa&*!e@ #ie!$
Core structure
'
i&*!e&entation starts ?it. ana!ysis an$ $ecision"&aking in $istricts an$
%i!!ages@ ?.ic. resu!ts in %ector contro!@ ?.ic. a##ects t.e %ector *o*u!ation@
?.ic. in turn a##ects $isease trans&ission an$ t.us t.e *re%a!ence an$
&ori$ity o# $isease 7Higure );'
Core structure
'
Higure )' Processes an$ outco&es in *!anning an$ #ie!$
i&*!e&entation resu!ting in an i&*act on .ea!t.
a
!roce** or
+' E%i$encVase$
%ector contro!
:' Parasite inci$ence
an$
acti%ities *re%a!ence@ $isease
&ori$ity an$
&orta!ity
$.
1
8
a
Source: Han$ook #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent' Aene%a@ Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation@ )64)'
-n$icators s.ou!$ e se!ecte$ to corres*on$ to t.e re(uire&ents o#
stake.o!$ers' WHO !ists eDa&*!es o# in$icators #or s*eci#ic %ector contro!
&et.o$s' Stu$ies o# i&*act on $isease &ori$ity re(uire care#u! $esign
an$ !arge sa&*!es' Costs &ust e &onitore$ in or$er to $eter&ine t.e
e##iciency an$ cost e##ecti%eness o# an -<M strategy'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to se!ect in$icators an$ i$enti#y ?.at $ata
are nee$e$' Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
A**ignment
4' Consi$er t.e co&*onents o# an -<M strategy: *o!icy an$ institutiona!
#ra&e?ork@ organi/ation an$ &anage&ent@ *!anning an$
i&*!e&entation@ ca*acity"ui!$ing@ a$%ocacy an$ co&&unication' Hor
eac. o# t.ese co&*onents@ $iscuss t.e as*ects t.at re(uire to e
&onitore$ or e%a!uate$' Try to *re*are an eD.austi%e !ist'
)' Hor&u!ate c!ear@ concise in$icators t.at can e oser%e$@ &easure$ an$
Re+uirement*
Materia! #ro& t.e eDisting &onitoring syste& #or %ector contro!@ ?it.
$ata co!!ection &et.o$s an$ recor$ s.eetsC re!e%ant !iterature
Ti&e re(uire$: )"+ .
Im
4' >na!ysis an$
$ecision"&aking
,' Density@ *erio$
o# occurence an$
)' >na!ytica! an$
$ecision"&aking
5' -ntensity
an$ $uration
5' Esta!is. t.e ty*e o# $ata 7$escri*ti%e@ nu&erica! or !ogica!; nee$e$
#or &easuring eac. in$icator'
W.ic. institutions or organi/ations &ig.t e in%o!%e$ in
&onitoring an$ e%a!uation at centra!@ $istrict an$ %i!!age !e%e!sN
Hor ?.at *ur*oses s.ou!$ t.e $ata co!!ecte$ $uring &onitoring an$
e%a!uation e use$N
W.ic. $ata cou!$ e otaine$ #ro& sur%ei!!ance an$ ot.er routine
$ata co!!ection syste&sN
UNIT 3#, MET%ODS OF EVALUATION
T.e *ur*ose o# e%a!uation is to attriute an oser%e$ e##ect to a
*rogra&&e or inter%ention' >s $iscusse$ in unit :'4@ e%a!uation o#
&anage&ent as*ects re(uires (ua!itati%e &et.o$s@ ?it. inter%ie?
sur%eys an$ $escri*tions o# *rocesses an$ interactions et?een
*eo*!e' E%a!uation o# t.e i&*act o# i&*!e&entation in t.e #ie!$ on
%ectors an$ .ea!t. re(uires a (uantitati%e a**roac. ase$ on scienti#ic
*rinci*!es' -n *ractice@ it is $i##icu!t to $e&onstrate con%incing!y t.at
t.e oser%e$ *attern is an e##ect 7e'g' re$uce$ %ector $ensity; or is $ue
to natura! %ariation in t.e $ata 7e'g' et?een !ocations or ti&es;' T.e
c.a!!enge is to #i!ter out natura! %ariation an$ s.o? a c!ear e##ect t.at
is attriuta!e to t.e inter%ention or strategy'
-n eD*eri&enta! &et.o$@ treat&ent an$ contro! status 7e'g' %i!!ages
?it. an$ ?it.out -<M; is assigne$ ran$o&!y at t.e eginning o# t.e
eD*eri&ent in or$er to #i!ter out natura! %ariation' T.is &et.o$ is
#easi!e on!y ?.en t.e e%a!uators .a%e #u!! contro! o%er t.e *!anning
o# -<M i&*!e&entation' O#ten@ e%a!uators are ca!!e$ in to stu$y t.e
i&*act o# a *rogra&&e t.at ?as not $esigne$ as an eD*eri&ent@
resu!ting in ias in t.e se!ection o# %i!!ages' Hor eDa&*!e@ %i!!ages
?it. .ig. $isease risks@ goo$ &oti%ation or easy access &ig.t .a%e
een se!ecte$' -t ?i!! e a c.a!!enge to #in$ contro! sites ?it.
c.aracteristics si&i!ar to t.ose o# t.e inter%ention sites@ an$ t.ere ?i!!
t.ere#ore *roa!y e $i##erences et?een t.e inter%ention an$ contro!
sites@ e%en e#ore t.e inter%ention is i&*!e&ente$'
,' Construct t.e #o!!o?ing &atriD as a #ra&e?ork #or &onitoring an$
e%a!uating -<M:
Co#ponent !rocess
indicators
%utco#e
indicators
i#pact
indicators
Po!icy an$
institutiona!
Organi/ation an$
&anage&ent
P!anning an$
i&*!e&entation
Ca*acity"ui!$ing
>$%ocacy an$
co&&unication
Core structure
-n a !ongitu$ina! e%a!uation@ &easure&ents taken e#ore t.e inter%ention
7ca!!e$ Qase!ineR; an$ a#ter t.e inter%ention are co&*are$' T.e $i##erence is
t.e e##ect attriuta!e to t.e inter%ention' -n t.is case@ ot.er #actors &ig.t
a!so .a%e c.ange$ $uring t.e sa&e *erio$ +3 7e'g' season@ socioecono&ic
con$itions;@ an$ t.us t.e oser%e$ e##ect &ig.t not e attriuta!e to t.e
inter%ention a!one'
> co&ination o# cross"sectiona! 7?it. or ?it.out; an$ !ongitu$ina! 7e#ore
an$ a#ter; $esigns is t.e &ost roust un$er *rogra&&atic con$itions' -n suc.
a stu$y@ &easure&ents 7e'g' o# %ector $ensity; are &a$e at t.e inter%ention
an$ contro! sites e#ore an$ a#ter t.e inter%ention' T.is $esign is ca!!e$
Q!ongitu$ina!Wcontro!R 7Higure +;'
>$$itiona! &et.o$o!ogica! as*ects to e consi$ere$ inc!u$e t.e si/e o# area
use$ as t.e eD*eri&enta! unit@ ?.ic. &ust e !arge enoug. to o%erco&e
or$er e##ects #ro& t.e surroun$ing area 7e'g' an in#!uD o# %ectors #ro&
untreate$ neig.ouring co&&unities or %i!!ages;' T.e nu&er o#
eD*eri&enta! units s.ou!$ e su##icient to a!!o? statistica! ana!ysis o# t.e
resu!ts' E%a!uation eco&es *rogressi%e!y &ore $i##icu!t at eac. ste* in t.e
.ea!t. i&*act &o$e! 7see Higure );@ ecause at eac. ste* a$$itiona! sources
o# %ariation are a$$e$@ so t.at strong resu!ts are increasing!y rare'
Ne%ert.e!ess@ t.e resu!ts otaine$ at eac. !e%e! .e!* eD*!ain t.e resu!ts at t.e
neDt !e%e!'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to $esign a (uantitati%e e%a!uation'
Le'el*
0asic: not re(uire$
>$%ance$: &ore so*.isticate$ &et.o$s
Re+uirement*
Higure +' Sc.e&atic re*resentation o# cross"sectiona!@ !ongitu$ina! an$
!ongitu$ina!"contro! stu$y $esigns
4' Cross"sectiona! 7?it./?it.out;
X
F
)' Longitu$ina! 7e#ore/a#ter;
C X
Y
*
+' Lon(itu$ina!"contro! Z
F
Y
*
Z
F
Y
*
-@ inter%entionC C@ contro!
Core structure
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' -n grou*s@ &ake a co&*re.ensi%e *!an #or e%a!uating t.e i&*act o# -<M
on *eo*!eGs e.a%iour an$ on %ector *o*u!ations' Se!ect eD*eri&enta!
units ?it. contro!s' Esti&ate t.e nu&er o# units re(uire$ #or re*!ication'
Deter&ine t.e oser%ations to e &a$e@ ?.en an$ ?.ere'
)' EDa&ine t.e a$Iust&ents t.at ?ou!$ e nee$e$ to t.e *!an i# t.e
i&*act on $isease is to e stu$ie$'
+' Present t.e *!ans to t.e ?.o!e grou*@ an$ $iscuss t.e resu!ts'
W.at criteria are usua!!y use$ #or se!ecting a %i!!age #or %ector
contro!N W.at i&*!ications $o t.ese .a%e #or se!ecting contro!
%i!!agesN
Ho? &any re*!ications are a**ro*riateN W.at $oes t.e nu&er
$e*en$ onN
UNIT 3#/ VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
<ector sur%ei!!ance is an i&*ortant as*ect o# an -<M strategy'
7Disease sur%ei!!ance is a!so essentia! ut is eyon$ t.e sco*e o# t.is
&anua!'; <ector sur%ei!!ance ser%es t?o *ur*oses: to *ro%i$e e%i$ence
#or $ecision"&aking in -<M an$ #or e%a!uating a *rogra&&eGs i&*act
on %ector *o*u!ations' <ector sur%ei!!ance can e use$ #or &onitoring
an$ e%a!uation i# t.e sur%ei!!ance sites are !ocate$ in or near t.e
i&*!e&entation sites' <ector sur%ei!!ance in%o!%es regu!ar
&easure&ent o# %ector *o*u!ation $ensity ?it. any ty*e o# sa&*!ing
&et.o$' Sur%ei!!ance can a!so inc!u$e s*ecies co&*osition@ %ector
e.a%iour 7e'g' resting@ iting;@ in#ecti%ity rate@ *arous rate an$
insectici$e susce*tii!ity@ a!t.oug. t.ese acti%ities &ay re(uire s*ecia!
eD*ertise an$ e(ui*&ent' T.e in#or&ation co!!ecte$ ser%es as an
e%i$ence ase #or $ecision"&aking in -<M'
T.ere is a risk t.at a sur%ei!!ance syste& can eco&e an acti%ity on its
o?n@ $etac.e$ #ro& %ector contro! acti%ities@ eac. ?it. its o?n
&an$ate an$ *ersonne!' Direct !inks et?een %ector sur%ei!!ance an$
%ector contro! &ust t.ere#ore e esta!is.e$ so t.at t.e resu!ts o#
sur%ei!!ance are constant!y #e$ into $ecision"&aking on %ector
contro!'
-n or$er to re$uce natura! %ariation in t.e $ata co!!ecte$@ %ector
sur%ei!!ance s.ou!$ e con$ucte$ at #iDe$ !ocations@ or sentine! sites'
T.ese sites s.ou!$ re*resent t.e *o*u!ations at risk #or $isease' Hor
t.e *ur*ose o# e%a!uating !oca! e##ects o# -<M@ ne? sentine! sites
&ig.t .a%e to e se!ecte$ in t.e inter%ention an$ contro! areas'
Core structure
<ector sur%ei!!ance syste&s are o#ten concentrate$ on one $isease' -n
an -<M strategy@ %ector sur%ei!!ance co%ers t.e %ectors o# a!!
*re%a!ent $iseases@ ?.ic. i&*ro%es t.e e##iciency o# resource use'
Training o()ecti'e*
Partici*ants ?i!! !earn to $esign a %ector sur%ei!!ance syste&'
Le'el*
0asic: as in$icate$@ at !oca! !e%e!
40 S >$%ance$: &ore so*.isticate$ &et.o$s
Re+uirement*
Docu&ents out!ining t.e eDisting nationa! syste& o# %ector sur%ei!!ance
an$ 7i# *ossi!e; t.e syste&s o# sur%ei!!ance #or eac. *re%a!ent %ector"
orne $isease
Ti&e re(uire$: + .
A**ignment
4' To *!an an a**ro*riate %ector sur%ei!!ance syste& at country !e%e!@ se!ect
t.e sentine! sites an$ $isease %ectors to e inc!u$e$'
)' Pre*are a &atriD@ an$@ in t.e #irst co!u&n@ !ist t.e ty*es o# $ata to e
co!!ecte$' -n t.e secon$ co!u&n@ in$icate ?.y eac. ty*e o# $ata is
nee$e$' -n t.e t.ir$ co!u&n@ in$icate .o? #re(uent!y t.e $ata s.ou!$ e
co!!ecte$' -n t.e #ourt. co!u&n@ in$icate ?.et.er s*ecia!ists or !oca!!y
traine$ *eo*!e s.ou!$ e in%o!%e$ in co!!ecting eac. ty*e o# $ata'
+' Deter&ine ?.ic. &easures an$ structures s.ou!$ e in *!ace to ensure
t.at %ector sur%ei!!ance $ata are use$ #or %ector contro! or e%a!uation'
W.at a$Iust&ents ?ou!$ e nee$e$ to t.e eDisting %ector sur%ei!!ance
syste&N
W.at &ig.t e t.e ro!e o# traine$ co&&unity &e&ers in %ector
sur%ei!!anceN
W.at are t.e arriers to esta!is.ing %ector sur%ei!!ance #or se%era!
$iseasesN Ho? cou!$ t.ese e o%erco&eN
Ho? cou!$ t.e !ink et?een %ector sur%ei!!ance an$ %ector contro! e
strengt.ene$N
$I$LIOGRA!%.
9o&endaal 80. 7ector control: #ethods "or use b( indi$iduals
and co##unities. ;ene$a, World Health %rgani&ation, 122..
Core structure
%an $en 0erg H@ Mutero CM@ -c.i&ori J' ;uidance on polic(5#aking
on integrated $ector #anage#ent. Aene%a@ Wor!$ Hea!t.
Organi/ation@ )64)'
3il$er 8<. Mos-uito ecolog(: "ield sa#pling #ethods. e4 =ork,
3pringer, 2>>/.
WH% (2>>') ;lobal strategic "ra#e4ork "or integrated $ector
#anage#ent. ;ene$a, World Health %rgani&ation, 2>>'
(WH%?C+3?C!@?!7C?2>>'.1>).
WH% (2>>)) ;uidelines on situation anal(sis "or public health
pesticide #anage#ent. ;ene$a, World Health %rgani&ation,
2>>) (WH%?C+3?WH%!@3? ;C+!!?2>>).12).
WH% (2>>*) ;uidelines "or $ector control needs assess#ent.
Cairo@ WHO Regiona! O##ice #or t.e Eastern Me$iterranean@ )66:'
WH% (2>12) Handbook "or integrated $ector #anage#ent.
;ene$a, World Health %rgani&ation, 2>12.
ANNE:# !ARTICI!ANTS IN T%E SECOND IVM 7OR&ING
GROU! MEETING ON CA!ACIT.-$UILDING AND
TRAINING; RTI INTERNATIONAL LTD; 7AS%INGTON DC;
USA; ,<-,, OCTO$ER ,<"<
Dr Kenni#er >n$erson@ <ector Mo!ecu!ar 0io!ogy Unit@ Nationa!
-nstitute o# >!!ergy an$ -n#ectious Diseases@ Nationa! -nstitutes o#
Hea!t.@ Rock%i!!e@ Mary!an$@ US>C E"&ai!:
Ienan$ersonEniai$'ni.'go%
Ca*tain Mark 0ea%ers@ C.ie#@ -n#or&ation Ser%ices Di%ision@ >r&e$
Horces Pest Manage&ent 0oar$@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!:
&ark'ea%ersEos$'&i!
Dr Ko.n 0eier@ De*art&ent o# E*i$e&io!ogy an$ Pu!ic Hea!t.@
Center #or A!oa! Hea!t. Sciences@ Mi!!er Sc.oo! o# Me$icine@
Uni%ersity o# Mia&i@ H!ori$a@ US>C E"&ai!: IeierE&e$'&ia&i'e$u
Dr Henk %an $en 0erg@ <isiting Scientist@ Laoratory o# Ento&o!ogy@
Wageningen Uni%ersity@ Droe%en$aa!sesteeg 4@ :263 P0@
Wageningen@ T.e Net.er!an$sC E"&ai!: .enk'%an$energE?ur'n!
Dr Teresa S' 0ern.ar$@ 0ureau En%iron&enta! O##icer@ Hea!t.@ Unite$
States >gency #or -nternationa! De%e!o*&ent@ A!oa! Hea!t. 0ureau@
Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!: tern.ar$Eusai$'go%
Dr Danie! 0oakye@ Noguc.i Me&oria! -nstitute #or Me$ica! Researc.@
Uni%ersity o# A.ana@ >ccra@ A.anaC E"&ai!:
$oakyeEnoguc.i'&i&co&'org
Dr Laura Cata![@ Disease Pre%ention an$ Contro!@ Pan >&erican
Hea!t. Organi/ation@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!:
cata!a!E*a.o'org
Dr Mo.a&&a$ou Jair C.a&@ PO 0oD )61:@ Serekun$a@ T.e
Aa&iaC E"&ai!: c.a&k,:Eya.oo'co'ukC c.a&kairEg&ai!'co&
Dr Rainier Esca!a$a@ Ma!aria Progra&@ Pan >&erican Hea!t.
Organi/ation@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!: esca!a$rE*a.o'org
Core structure
Dr Ko.n Ait.ure@ -nternationa! Centre o# -nsect P.ysio!ogy an$
Eco!ogy@ Nairoi@ JenyaC E"&ai!: Igit.ureEici*e'org
Ms Ceci!ia Hugo@ EDecuti%e Coor$inator@ >sian Co!!aorati%e
Training Net?ork #or Ma!aria@ >CTMa!aria Houn$ation@ -nc'@ Ma!ate@
Mani!a@ P.i!i**inesC E"&ai!: ceci!F .ugoEact&a!aria'net
Dr Ja/uyo -c.i&ori@ Ly&*.atic Hi!ariasis E!i&ination@ Pre%enti%e
C.e&ot.era*y an$ Trans&ission Contro!@ Contro! o# Neg!ecte$
Tro*ica! Diseases@ WHO@ Aene%a@ S?it/er!an$C E"&ai!:
ic.i&orikE?.o'int
Dr P' Ka&u!inga&@ Director@ <ector Contro! Researc. Centre@ -n$ian
Counci! o# Me$ica! Researc.@ Pon$ic.erry@ -n$iaC E"&ai!:
*csaIaEg&ai!'co&
MaIor Jen$ra La?rence@ De*uty C.ie#@ -n#or&ation Ser%ices
Di%ision@ >r&e$ Horces Pest Manage&ent 0oar$@ Was.ington DC@
US>C E"&ai!: ken$ra'!a?renceEos$'&i!
Dr Mic.ae! Mac$ona!$@ Unite$ States >gency #or -nternationa!
De%e!o*&ent@ A!oa! Hea!t. 0ureau@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!:
&&ac$ona!$Eusai$'go%
42 Dr >ra.a& Mn/a%a@ Regiona! >$%iser@ <ector 0io!ogy an$ Contro!@
WHO Regiona! O##ice #or t.e Eastern Me$iterranean@ Cairo@ Egy*tC E"&ai!:
mnzavaa@emro.who.int
Core structure
Dr Doug Norris@ Ma!aria Researc. -nstitute@ Ko.ns Ho*kins Uni%ersity@
0a!ti&ore@ MaryCan$@ US>C E"&ai!: $norrisEI.s*.'e$u
Dr Maria Pa/ >$\@ Ma!aria Progra&@ Pan >&erican Hea!t. Organi/ation@
Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!: a$e&ara*E*a.o'org
Dr Pra.Iot Sing.@ Ma!aria Progra&@ Pan >&erican Hea!t. Organi/ation@
Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!: sing.*raE*a.o'org
Dr Ra&an <e!ayu$.an@ <ector Eco!ogy an$ Manage&ent@ Contro! o#
Neg!ecte$ Tro*ica! Diseases@ WHO@ Aene%a@ S?it/er!an$C E"&ai!:
%e!ayu$.anrE?.o'int
Ms Jat.ryn >' We!ter@ Progra& Coor$inator@ -ntegrate$ <ector
Manage&ent@ Ma!aria an$ Ot.er -n#ectious Diseases@ RT- -nternationa! Lt$@
Center #or -nternationa! Hea!t.@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!:
k?e!terErti'org
Dr Ara.a& 0' W.ite@ Haci!itator@ De*!oye$ War#ig.ter Protection Researc.
Progra&@ De*art&ent o# De#ense@ >r&e$ Horces Pest Manage&ent 0oar$@
an$ Unite$ States De*art&ent o# >gricu!ture@ >gricu!tura! Researc. Ser%ice@
Mos(uito an$ H!y Researc. Unit@ Center #or Me$ica!@ >gricu!tura! an$
<eterinary Ento&o!ogy@ Aaines%i!!e@ H!ori$a@ US>C E"&ai!:
gra.a&'?.iteEars'us$a'go%
Dr Kaco Wi!!ia&s@ Director@ -ntegrate$ <ector Manage&ent@ Ma!aria an$
Ot.er -n#ectious Diseases@ RT- -nternationa! Lt$@ Center #or -nternationa!
Hea!t.@ Was.ington DC@ US>C E"&ai!: Iaco?i!!ia&sErti'org
Una!e to atten$: Dr Ste%en J' >u!t@ Regiona! >$%iser@ Disease Pre%ention
an$ Contro!@ Pan >&erican Hea!t. Organi/ation@ Was.ington DC@ US>C Dr
Ko Lines@ Coor$inator@ <ector Contro! Progra&&e@ A!oa! Ma!aria
Progra&&e@ WHO@ Aene%a@ S?it/er!an$C Dr Roert Wirt/@ C.ie#@
Ento&o!ogy Unit@ Centers #or Disease Contro! an$ Pre%ention@ >t!anta@
Aeorgia@ US>
Core structure
)
-ntegrate$ %ector &anage&ent 7-<M; is a
rationa! $ecision"&aking *rocess to o*ti&i/e
t.e use o# resources #or %ector contro!' T.e
ai& o# t.e -<M a**roac. is to contriute to
ac.ie%e&ent o# t.e g!oa! targets set #or
%ector"orne $isease contro!@ y &aking %ector
contro! &ore e##icient@ cost e##ecti%e@
eco!ogica!!y soun$ an$ sustaina!e' T.e
*ur*ose o# t.is $ocu&ent is to *ro%i$e
gui$ance #or WHO regions@ countries an$
*artners *re*aring t.eir o?n training
curricu!u& #or integrate$ %ector &anage&ent
7-<M;C it s.ou!$ e a$a*te$ to t.e
re(uire&ents an$ con$itions o# eac. region'
Integrated Vector Management =IVM>
Vector Ecolog8 and Management
=VEM>
De9artment of Control of Neglected
Tro9ical Di*ea*e* =NTD>
Wor!$ Hea!t. Organi/ation >%enue
>**ia )6@
4)44 Aene%a )2@
S?it/er!anc
V

Core Structure

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CORE STRUCTURE

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