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 pmzwfolodk‹
TO THE READER

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf

cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bmomt,l0g'udk
qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg&Sd
aoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;
jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf
aygif; 140 ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf
rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if;
oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm; &Sif;vif;
pGmod&Sdoabmaygufatmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d\wf
tcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&Dt
a-umif;udk TpmtkyfwGifvnf; tcef;wpfcef;wGif tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lq
ygonf?
pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef
zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif;
&yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t
&if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl
-uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif
ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf±+
Edkifygonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg
rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs?
TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol.usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif; odk‹r
[kwf tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl; &&Sd
vdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;.tjrifESifh tawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifvdrfhrnf?
xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk
&,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom
tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif;
&kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l
0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf
taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?
Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom
udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh
,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef
okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?

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 uGefjrLepf0g'onf
jcHKcdkwdkufcdkuf&ef apmifhae.
COMMUNISM IN AMBUSH
20=&mpkESpfrS ab;qdk;-uD;onf &ufpufr+
topftwGuf jyifqifaeykHta-umif;
HOW THE SCOURGE OF THE 20TH CENTURY
IS PREPARING FOR FRESH SAVAGERY

[m&Gef,[f,m
2003ckESpf arv

HARUN YAHYA
MAY 2003

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 pma&;olta-umif;
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;
ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpf
wGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef; ausmif;ynm
oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif
0dZ…mbmom&yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹
udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf? xdk‹aemuf tpPwefblvfwuUodkvfrS '\ed
uaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1980=ckESpf
rSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif&mta&;rsm;ESifhywf
oufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:wpfpwpfp qifhuJ
ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. t
cdkif trmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/ 'g0if0g'ESifh wuG
urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹udk aemufuG,frS
aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJhav
onf?
ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfr+wGif twdkuftcHvkyf
cJh&mY ausmf-um;aom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m(a,m[ef)
wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfonf? Tpmtkyf.rsufESmzkH;rsm;wGif yg
onfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf
vsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfonfh uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh aemuf
qkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfh rdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk udk,fpm;jyK
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf)
rsm;.oGefoifcsuft&/ bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpf tcsuftvufrsm;udk
oufaoom"ursm;ESifhtwl acszsufI/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoH
rsm;udk wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;rGefaom
tusifhoduQmESifhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf. wHqdyf
awmfudk tokH;jyKI xdkbk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹. toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif;jzpfygonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif;
rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹tm; ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh
xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt±Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf
jyefaombk&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk az:xkwf
jyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/
t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS
b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&d\wfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf?
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/
&k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh
jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf?

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 [m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&d\wf.
-udKufESpfoufjcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹
jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹. tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif ta&;
ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywfom;
onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol.
todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsufrsm;
onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;xm;
aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifhtwl
tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr[kwfay? t
u,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyf aejcif;om jzpf
ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom tawG;tac:
rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&m tkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf?
,ae‹vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,faomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm; tm;vkH;onf/
[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-uavjyD?
,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&Sd Om%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif;
jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef
&dk;om;aom apwemt&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwf
a0aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg?
Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. opPm&Sdaomaus;u|efrsm;jzpfvmatmif olwdk‹.pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk zGifhay;
I tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf
atmif -uD;us,faom tusKd;aqmifolrsm;yifjzpfayonf?
,QKtcsdefwGif vlrsm;.pdwfudk Za0Z0g±+yfaxG;apI/ olwdk‹.pdwfxJ&Sd 'Gd[
oHo,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf
aoom"ursm; r&Sdonfh ±+yfaxG;aomtawG;tac:qDodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;Edkifrnfhpmtkyf
rsm;udk jzef‹a0jcif;onf tv[\tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;omv#ifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;
tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf
xuf/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+
r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif tDref,kH
-unfr+uif;rJhjcif;udk csKd;ESdrfausmfv$m;I uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf. oif-um;csufusifhpOf
wefzdk;rsm;udkom t"duxm;jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtusKd;
aqmifcsuf. atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹. cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouefay:vGif
vmrnfomjzpfygonf?
,ae‹urBmay:wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr+a-umifh&ifqdkifwdkuf
cdkufyËdyuQ jzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQqif;&Jjcif;t
aygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+
a-umifh jzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&efvdktyfygonf? xdk
'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom zef;qif;
jcif;udk owdw&m;&&Sd-ujyD; xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif-um;ydk‹cs
xm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:bk&m;rJh
0g'udk qkH;cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkuf
ygu/ t-urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf
7
&Sdaeojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh
vsifjrefpGm ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS
yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf
jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay;
aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

8
 tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif
&yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom
ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/
nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk
ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif
wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf
Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf?
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;.t"dy`g,fudk &Sif;jy&mY
&efukefjrdKŒuk&ftmefusrf;jrefrmbmomjyeftoif;rS
xkwfa0aomjrefrmbmomjyefudk tokH;jyKygonf?
Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf?
rdk[rR'ftvD (v[D)wef*Gef;
2009=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 26=&uf

9
 bmomjyefol.trSm
Foreword from the Translator
u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm;
-uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf
. a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk/ u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif;
oif-um;&mwGif rnfolur# u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif &Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef;
ausmif;om;b0 15=ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif
urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t
&Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aom omoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955=ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f
[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoemudk
awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16=ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf?
xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+
rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH
a&;odyH`/ '\eduaA'ESifh rEk\aA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf(zufqpf)0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif
*sJvf/ vDeif/ xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWd
aA'enf;jzifhusdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g' (dia-
lectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusufrSwfxm;-uay
onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
(Auy)odk‹0ifI awmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm
rGwfpvifrfwdk‹ zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf
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jzifhjyefqdkonfh yÌrajrmuf pmtkyfjzpfygonf? t*Fvdyfbmomjyefrlvtmabmfrsm;udk ay:vGifap&ef
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bmomjyefrl&if; Commun- ism In Ambush ESifhwdkuf-unfhygav?
rdk[rR'ftvD(v[D)wef*Gef;

10
 rmwdum
Contents
ed'gef; 12
tcef; 1
uGefjrLepf0g' pwifay:aygufvmjcif; 14

tcef; 2
bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif; 30

tcef; 3
jiD;aiGŒzG,f uGefjrLepfavmu 84

tcef; 4
tm&SwdkufrS teDa&mift-urf;zufr+ 107

tcef; 5
bmoma&;udk uGefjrLepf0g'. &efvdkr+ 149

tcef; 6
uGefjrLepf0g'onf wdkufcdkuf&efacsmif;ajrmif;aeonf 168

aemufqufwGJ 1
&kyf0g'ukd y,fzsufvdkufonfh
ta&;-uD;aomtrSefw&m; 182

aemufqufwGJ 2
tDAdkvl;&Sif; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+ 194

aemufqufwGJ 3
Auy A[dkaumfrDwD0if &JabmfaX;.om; zdk;wl;u
ol.zcifudkpGJcsufwifykH 216

11
 ed'gef;(Introduction)
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&efjzpfygonf?

12
13
 uGefjrLepf0g' pwifay:aygufvmjcif;
How Communism Began

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omoemonf/ Oa&mywdkufwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif/ ynmtvif;yGifhjcif;tzGJ‹ (The Enlighten-
ment)acwfrwdkifrDtxd ausmf-um;jyef‹yGm;cJh.? xdk‹aemufydkif;wGifum; tEkynmonfESifh
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14
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15
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16
of Evolution Breaks Down in the Light of Modern Science by Harun Yahya,
Goodword Books, 2002 ESifh The Evolution Deceit by Harun Yahya, Ta-Ha Publishers,
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18
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19
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Dawinism's Spread and The Relationship Between
Communism and Capitalism

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20
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a&;qdkif&mXmersm;ESifh omoemhacgif;aqmifrsm;udk wdkufcdkufowfjzwf-uonf?)
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odk‹jzifh bmoma&;udk qef‹usif&eftwGuf 'g0if0g'udk 0dkif;0ef;tm;ay;axmufcH-u.?
xdk‹a-umifh/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpf&yfonf/ awmfvSefa&;pwifjcif;rjyKrD OD;pGmt&if;&Sif jzpf&
rnf[k uGefjrLepfwdk‹u ,kH-unf-uayonf? TtawG;tac:t&/ t&if;&Sifudk,fusifhw
21
 bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkuf&efrljcif;ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfESifh blZGmwdk‹onf wpfrsdK;wnf;jzpf-u
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rSefpifppf “twGif;jy\em”omjzpfI/ ,if;&kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. bkH&efolrSm bmom
a&;jzpfonf[k vDeifu &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

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yg 1909=ckESpfwGif a&;om;onfh vDeif.aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fY/ bmoma&;udkqef‹usif
onfh t&if;&SifblZGmwdk‹. yg0ifr+u¾ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif-uD;u
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
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.? taemufEdkifiHY/ ordkif;opfu¾zGifhcJhaom tv,facwf ya'o&mZfpepfudkykefuefonfh
awmfvSefa&;rsm;wGif Twm0efudk blZGm'Drdkua&pDu trsm;qkH;aqmif&GufcJhonf? jyifopfEdkif
iHESifh *smreDEdkifiHESpfEdkifiHpvkH;onf/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'tvsif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;upI/
blZGmwdk‹u bmoma&;udkppfcif;onfhtpOftvm&SdcJhayonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.
blZGm'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;tajctaea-umifh/ TawmfvSefa&;wm0efonfvnf; tvkyfo
rm;vlwef;pm;.ykckef;ay:odk‹ tjynfht0 usa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf?13

22
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ q&mawmfrsm;udk ao'%fay;&eftwGuf yg&DuGefjrLepf tm%m
om;rsm;.a&SŒwGif wef;pDxm;pOf?

t&if;&Sifwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufrSmuJhodk‹ bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkufacsrkef;&efwm0ef

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onf[k t"dy`g,foufa&mufayonf? trSefrSm Ttiftm;pkESpfckpvkH;. bkH&efolrSm bm
oma&;jzpf.?
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usifwdkufcdkuf taESmuft&Sufay;olwdk‹udk TurBmay:0,f jypf'%ftrsdK;rsdK;ay;cJh.?
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rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?
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onfvnf;aumif;/ xdk“El;[f”.trsdK;om;wdk‹.aemufwGif (aygufzGm;cJhaom)
tkyfpkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ (&plvfwrefawmfrsm;tm;)r[kwfrrSefl[lI pGyfpGJjiif;
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refawmftm; zrf;qD;&ef -uH&G,fcJh-uonfhjyif ‚if;wdk‹onf trSm;udk vufudkif
xm;I trSefudk wdrf;yg;aptHhaomiSm (&plvfwrefawmfrsm;ESifh) tjiif;tckH jyKcJh
23
 -uavonf? odk‹jzpfay&m igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tm; zrf;qD;uGyfrsufcJhay
onf? xdk‹aemuf igt&Sifjrwf. tjypf'%fonf rnfodk‹&SdcJhoenf;? pifppfaomf
um; Tenf;twdkif;yif “umzd&f”aoGznfjiif;y,folwdk‹ESifhywfoufI “{ueft
rSef ‚i;fwdk‹onf i&Jom;rsm; jzpf-uonf” [laomtoifhtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmf
rlaomt&Sifjrwf (rdef‹-um;awmfrlaom) trdef‹awmfonf twnfjzpfcJhacsjyDw
um;?

zufqpf0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹
t&l;trl;,kH-unfonfh = 'g0if0g'qdkif&m yËdyuQ
THE COMMON DELIRIUM OF FACISM AND COMMUNISM:
DAWINIST CONFLICT

uGef 1
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okH;jcif;onf topftqef;wnf;[laomudk,f0efaqmifudk arG;xkwfay;rnfhvufonf jzpfonf/”[k
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2
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3
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4
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24
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oif.t-um;Y &efjidK;&Sd.? xdkolonf rdwfaqGt&if;uJhodk‹jzpfvmayrnf? (pl&m 41;34)
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tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&m 8;46 wGif rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?
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pGef‹wwfjcif;/ onf;cHjcif;cEWDw&m;xm;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ ponfwdk‹omv#if vlom;wdk‹ESifhtwl
wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;twGufyg tiftm;t&if;tjrpf trSefjzpfonfudk rarhoifhay? bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&;
rdkufrJr+rS aygufzGm;vmonfh tEkyËdavmr='dkiftmvufwpf&kyf0g'uJhodk‹aom t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh
tawG;tac:rsm;onf/ ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;ESifhem-unf;zG,f'kuQqif;&Jjcif;udkom ay;aqmif.? TurBm
ajr-uD;ay:0,f vlom;wdk‹ u,fwifjcif;udkcH&I csrf;omokc&Sd&Sd vkHjcHKpGmjzifh aexdkifaygufzGm;Edkif&ef
wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifay;xm;aom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹
awmfrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&efom jzpfayonf?

25
 'g0if0g'. aoG;acsmifpD;apaom tEkyËdavmr
Dawinism's Bloody Dialectic
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t&if;&Sif0g'ESifh wdkuf&dkufqef‹usifbufjzpfykHay:aomfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'onf ‚if;wdk‹tm;
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vufsmbufawmifyHjzpfI/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf vuf0Jbuf awmifyHjzpfayonf? wdkif;
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xkwfI ‚if;rSwpfqifh zufqpf0g'udk az:xkwfcJh-uayonf? Ttkyfpkudkqef‹usifI/
vuf0Jorm; uGefjrLepfwdk‹u pkaygif;pnf;vkH;um/ ESpfzufpvkH;onfvnf; tqkH;rowf
Edkifonfh yËdyuQtajctaeodk‹ ajcpkHypf0if-uayonf? T'g0if0g''dkiftmvufwpft
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onf? ‚if;&vm'frSm ESdyfpufjcif;/ emusifjcif;/ aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ ppfajrjyifjzpfjcif;/
rsuf&nftdkifxGef;jcif;/===ponfhted@m&kHrsm;omv#if jzpfayonf?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ vufsmorm; 'g0if0g'D'dkiftmvufwpf tawG;
tac:orm;rsm;jzpfonfh zufqpf0g'Dwdk‹. &ufpufykHrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? Tpm
26
tkyfwGifrlum; uGefjrLepfwdk‹. xdwfvef‹a-umufrufzG,faom &dkif;pdkif;r+ ESifh&ufpufr+
rsm;udk ppfaq;-uygrnf?

rdrdESifhqef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;udk “'dkiftmvufwpfyËdyuQ”
jzifh wdwfqdwfoGm; atmif vkyfvdkolwdk‹onf acwfwdkif;wGif t±+H;
ay;-u&pjrJ jzpf.
THOSE WHO WISH TO SILENCE OPPOSING IDEAS WITH A
"CONFLICT OF DIALECTIC" ARE DEFEATED IN EVERY AGE

'dkif tmvufwpf&kyf0g'onf/ 'g0ifoDtdk&DwGiftajccHI ordkif;onf qef‹usifbufjzpf

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jzpftysufrsm;omjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;.?20=&mpkESpftwGif; uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹u zu
qpf0g'Dwdk‹ESifh xdyfwdkufawG‹-u&if; ESpfzufaomwdkif;oljynfom;wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufcdkuf-uap
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qdkif&m 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)onfvnf; ysufokOf;oGm;cJhayonf?
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ESifh t-urf;zufjcif;jzifh wufvmolwdk‹onfyif/ oufawmifhoufom jidrf;csrf;om,maomb0jzifh
tqkH;rowfEdkif-uacs? olwdk‹onf tcsdefor,wdkif;wGif &kyf0wˆKa&;&mESifhpdwf"gwfqdkif&m wGif
npfnL;EGrf;e,fIom touf&Sif-u&onf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk tDrmefouf0if ,kH -unfolwdk‹
rlum; tpOftjrJ vlwdk‹tm; jidrf;csrf;om,mr+ESifh ,kH-unfr+tjynfht0jzifh pOf;pm;a0zefokH;oyf&ef
wdkufwGef;Ed+;aqmftm;ay;vsuf&Sd-uonf?

27
txyfygykHwGif tD*spfvlrsdK; zg&dk;bk&ifu ol‹udkqef‹usifolwdk‹. OD;acgif;udk &dkufcGJaeykH o&kyfaz:xm;
onf? zg&dk;bk&ifonf ol.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr+rsm;udk txl;wvnf *k%f,l.?
odk‹aomfvnf; olonf 0rf;enf;a-uuGJbG,fed*kH;csKyf&ayonf?

28
29
 bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif;
The History of Bolshevik Savagery

bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif;

ESpf q,f&mpkESpfonf vl‹ordkif;wGif ,Qifur-um;bl;aom urBmppf-uD;rsm;/ vl

rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+rsm;/ tusOf;pcef;rsm;/ El;uvD,m;ESifh"gwkaA'vufeuf
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onfh t-uD;us,fqkH;aomaoG;acsmif;pD;onfh acwfumvjzpfayonf? T &ufpuf-urf;
-uKwfr+rsm;a-umifh vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif;&mcsDI qkH;&+H;cJhonf?
tb,fha-umifh vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpfonf xdkr#txd aoG;acsmif;pD;aomumv jzpfcJh
oenf;? yxrqkH;tcsufrSm/ wdk;wufonfhwufEdkvdk*sDenf;ynmrsm;u ,Qifuxuf ydkrdk
tiftm;-uD;rm;I tkyfpkvdkufaoa-uysufpD;apEdkifaomppfvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk xkwf
vkyfEdkifatmif zGH‹jzdK;apjcif; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'kwd,ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrSm/ ‚if;
ppfvufeufrsm;udk urf;ukefatmif &uf&ufpufpuf tokH;jyKaponfh tawG;tac:rsm;
a-umifh jzpfonf? 20=&mpkESpfonf 19=&mpkESpfwGif tajccHtkwfjrpfcsI ysdK;cif;-uJcJh
aom “tpfZif;rf=0g'a&;”trsdK;rsdK;wdk‹. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf cg;oufonfh tqdyfoD;ESH
rsm;udk &dwfodrf;onfhESpf[k qdk&ayrnf?
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vGefcJhonfh ESpfwpf&mtwGif; uGefjrLepftpdk;&ESifh uGefjrLepftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;uowfjzwfI
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&mwpfckwnf;a-umifh xdkolwdk‹onf/ rdrdwdk‹.aetdrfrsm;rSESifxkwfcH&jcif;/ tvkyfpcef;
ESifh tusOf;pcef;rsm;wGif aoqkH;jcif;/ qdkifab;&D;,m;jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;wGif aoa-u
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pmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;apjcif;jzifh iwfrGwfIaoapjcif;/ ponfjzifhtoufqkH;±+H;cJh-uonf?
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bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;rS pwifcJh.? topfpufpufwnfaxmifcgp qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif
pkwpf0Srf;ysHŒESH‹oGm;I/ xdkrSwpfqifh ta&SŒOa&myEdkifiHrsm;/ w&kwfEdkifiH/ udk;&D;,m;EdkifiH/ AD
,uferfEdkifiH/ uarBm'D;,mEdkifiH/ vmwiftar&duEdkifiHtcsdKŒ/ -uLbm;EdkifiHESifh tmz&du
wdkufEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹odk‹ ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhonf?

30
 vDeif. aoG;acsmif;pD;onfhawmfvSefa&;
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um;vfrm;ufPu rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDudkr# OD;pD;OD;aqmifrvkyfcJhacs? olonf vl‹
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xm;ol oDtdk&Daz:xkwfoltawG;tac:&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf? T±+axmifht&/ olonf t
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orm;rsm;u t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;aemuf vlwef;pm;rJh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; ay:
xGef;vmvdrfhrnf[k uwdjyKcJhonf?
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rsm;. aexdkifa&;ESifhtvkyfcGiftajctae ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmonf? blZGmt&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh
tvkyform;rsm;t-um; wif;rmr+onfvnf; tvdkufoifh avsmhyg;oGm;ayonf? awmf
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rm;ufP0g'udk tjrifopfjzifh t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkonf? ol.tjrift&/ awmfvSefa&;onf ae
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vkyform;vlwef;pm;onf blZGmwdk‹. jidrfaq;wdkufau|;jcif;a-umifh arhajrmae-uonf?
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;Yvnf; tvkyform;tiftm;pkrSm ajymyavmufaom OD;a&r&Sd [kqdkonf?
Tjy\emudk vDeifu t-urf;zufvufeufokH;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef tqdkjyKonf?
tvkyform;(rm;ufP0g'pmayrsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;)wdk‹u awmfvSefa&;udk pwif-u
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vdrfhrnf[k qdkonf? ola[mudef;xkwfonfhtwdkif;/ tm%m&&csif; vDeif.tac:
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olwdk‹udk z,f&Sm;okwfoifypfI yk*~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfum vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
onf uGefjrLepfvrf;pOftwdkif; wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ &&Sdayrnf?
vDeif.oDtdk&Dt&/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf vufeufudkift-urf;zuform;wpfpk.
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pD;jcif;udkom vdkvdkvm;vm;tm&kHpdkufaom awmfvSefa&;tvkyform;ygwD)aygif; &mESifh
csDI wurBmvkH;jyef‹oGm;avonf?
uGefjrLepfygwDu ‚if;.awmfvSefa&;wGif rnfonfhenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef &nf
&G,fcJhoenf;? vDeifu Tar;cGef;udk pmaya&;om;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vufawG‹t
aumiftxnfjyjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tajzay;cJhayonf? uGefjrLepfygwDonf twwf
EdkifqkH; aoG;trsm;qkH;xGufonfhenf;udk tokH;jyKayrnf? 1906=ckESpf/ bdkv&SDApfawmf
vSefa&;rwdkifrDtvsif wpfq,fhwpfESpfwGif ypPnf;rJh r*~Zif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;
om;cJh.?

31
rm;ufPuG,fvGefjyD;aemuf vDeifu rm;ufP.tawG;tac:udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkI rm;ufPucsefxm;cJh
aom raojcmra&&monfhtcsufrsm;udk -udK;pm;jznfhpGufcJh.? xdkodk‹jyKpOftwGif;/ vDeifu vuf
eufokH;t-urf;zufI uGefjrLepftm%mwnfaqmufEdkifrnfh ykHaoenf;udk az:xkwfcJhayonf? t
ay:ykHonf 1897=ckESpfwGif vDeif(tv,f)ESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepft-urf;orm;rsm;ESifhtwl pdef‹yDwm
(pf)bm;*fwGif &dkufxm;aomykHjzpfonf? vufsmykHrSm rm;ufP. 'g;pfuJyDwmvfpmtkyfudk &k&Sm;bm
ompum;jzifh jyefqdkxm;aompmtkyfjzpfonf?

32
33
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a&m tkyfpki,ftvdkufa&mjzifh vkyfaqmif-u&rnf? tcsKdŒu awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹tpnf;awGrSm
yg0if-ujyD; tcsdKŒ(&k&Sm;EdkifiH.tcsKdŒaoma'orsm;rS trsm;pkwdk‹)rSm rnfonfhtzGJ‹tpnf;wGif
rS yg0ifjcif;r&Sd? vufeufudkifwdkufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif/ &nf&G,fcsufESpfck yg0ifonf? ‚if;
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14
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rsdK;pkHjzifh ESdyfpuf&ef 0efrav; rwGef‹qkwfcJh-uacs?

34
 tay:ykH? 1918ckESpfwGif vDeifudk bdkvf&SDApft-urf;zuform;wpfpkESifhtwl awG‹&ykH?
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awmfvSefa&;udk qef‹usifonfh &k&Sm;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;udk wyfeDESifh vDeifzGJ‹

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u 0dkif;0ef;a&;om;jyKpkI [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom uGefjrLepf0g'.
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15
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udk owfjzwfypf-uonf? vlxku olwdk‹tm; a-umuf&GHŒap&ef tvGef&dkif;pdkif;,kwfrm

35
aomt-urf;zufr+rsm;udk -uL;vGef-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJwGif c&D;rD,m;Y
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16
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17
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18
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36
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37
38
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20
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39
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40
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41
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21
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22
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42
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a*:uD.tqdkudk twnfjyKaxmufcHvsuf&Sdayonf?23
wrifwumiwfrGwfacgif;yg;apaom vDeif.ay:vDpD
Lenin's Policy of Deliberate Starvation
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43
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onf[k pGyfpGJum r,kH-unfEdkifavmufaom &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufaomenf;jzifh '%fcwf-u

44
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24
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blwm&kHodk‹ -udK;pm;I ta&mufoGm;-uonf? 1921=ckESpf Zlvdkifvtxd armfpudktpdk;&u
iwfrGwfjcif;jy\em'kuQqif;&Jjcif;jzpfay:r+udk jiif;qefxm;aoma-umifh/ &Gmom;rsm;udk rD;&
xm;jzifh c&D;oGm;cGifhrjyKay? xdk‹a-umifh blwm&kHrsm;onfvnf; vlawGESifh jynfhusyfvsuf&Sd
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oGm;olwdk‹onf &Gmwpf&GmjyD;wpf&Gm jzwfoef;vmcJhaomfvnf; ouf&Sd[lI wpfpkHwpf&mudkr#
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25
um; vlaotavmif;rsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?==
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0g'. pmtkyfrJwGif vDeif.pdwftajctaeudk az:jyxm;ayonf?

45
46
Avm'DrD&f tDvpfcsf tkvf,maemhAf trnf&Sdvli,fa&SŒaewpfOD;onf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;
jy\em t-uD;us,fqkH;usa&mufaoma'oqdkif&mjrdKŒawmfjzpfonfh qrm&mjrdKŒwGif arG;zGm;I
xdkjrdKŒwGifyif tajcpdkufaexdkifoljzpfonf? a'ocHynmwwfrsm;teuf olonfqmavmif
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aemhAfu/ tiwfjy\emrS aumif;aomtcsuftajrmuftjrm; &&Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k ajymxGuf
0ef‹oljzpfonf? blZGmrsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;vufajymif;vGJ,l-urnfh pufr+vufr+ypPnf;rJh
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xdk;rnfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;vdrfhrnf? tiwfjy\emonf/ Zmbk&ifudk,kH-unf
udk;pm;jcif;udk wdkufzsufypfrnfomr[kwf/ bk&m;ociftm; ,kH-unfjcif;udkvnf; zsufodrf;
ay;vdrfhrnf[k trsm;a&SŒwGif &J&J0ifh0ifhajymqdkcJha-umif;/ ol.oli,fcsif;rsm;u
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jzpfvmonftcsdefwGif/ ol.tawG;tac:onfvnf; rajymif;vJao;ay? tiwfjy\em
onf “&efoludk evHrxlEdkifavmufatmif ESufay;vdkufEdkifcJhonf?” xdkodk‹vnf; jyif;jyif;
xefxef ESufay;oifhayonf? xdk&efolonfum;/ a&S;&dk;c&pf,meftoif;awmf (Christian
26
Orthodox Church)yif jzpfayonf?

47
 ay:vpfjAL&kdtzGJ‹0ifrsm;xH vDeifay;ydk‹cJhaom 1922=ckESpf rwfv 19=&ufae‹pGJyg
pmwGif/ vlxkESifhbmoma&;t-um;&SdaESmif-udK;udk jzwfawmufypf&ef tiwfjy\emudk
vufeufwpfcktjzpftokH;jyK&efvdkvm;a-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sd.? bmoma&;qdkif&mXme
rsm;udk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;&efpDrHudef;twGuf vlxkxHrSwefjyefrnfh&efudk tiwfjy\em
jzifh xkHxdkif;oGm;apjcif;jzpfonf?
trSefrSm vuf&Sdtajctaeonf/ olwdk‹udkxuf usKyfwdk‹udk ydkjyD;tomay;aeonf? olwdk‹
(usKyfwdk‹.&efolrsm;)udk evHrxlEdkifavmufatmif ESufay;jyD; aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
twGuf A[dktm%mudk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef 99=&mcdkifE+ef;eD;yg; aocsmaeygonf? olwdk‹tcsif;
csif;owfpm;ae-uonfhtjyif oef;ESifhcsDIaoae-uonfh iwfjywfae-uaomvlawG.tul
tnDjzifh usKyfwdk‹usef&Sdaeao;onfh&ufpufEdkifonfhtiftm;tm;vkH;udktokH;jyKI c&pf,mef
omoemydkifypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf-u&ef Ttcsdefonf aemufxyf&Smr&aom wpf-udrf
wnf;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf?==tajctaetm;vkH;u Ttcsdefonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf
aemufxyf&SmI apmifhqdkif;Ir&Edkifaomtcsdefjzpfa-umif; oufaocHaeygonf? tb,fh
a-umifhqdkaomf vlawGudk iwfjywfatmifvkyfvdkufjcif;jzifh olwdk‹.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; ukefqkH;
-ujyD;jzpfaoma-umifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk tav;ay;-uvdrfhrnf? odk‹r[kwfvnf; tenf;qkH;
27
rESpfjrdKŒonfht-unfhjzifhom -unfhEdkif-uvdrfhrnf?

48
49
50
 vDeif.&ufpufenf;onf uGefjrL
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onf? vltajrmuftjrm;vnf; oGm;a&muf-unfh±+-uayonf? wef;pDaeonfhvlwdk‹u
vnf; tavmif;aumifudk a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹pGm -unfh±+-uayonf?
olwdk‹. a-umuf±HGŒxdwfvef‹jcif;onf/ aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif qxufwHydk;
wdk;vmcJhawmhonf? vDeif.OD;aqmifr+udkqufcHaom *sdK;Zufpwmvifonf/ ydkrdk&ufpuf
-urf;-uKwfI vlowfjcif;Y ydkrdkaysmfarG‹-unfEl;oljzpf.? tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; acwf
opfordkif;wGif/ t-uD;us,fqkH;aom “a-umufrufzG,f-urf;-uKwfonfhtm%mpuf”udk
wnfaxmifvdkufavonf?

51
52
 pwmvif rnfodk‹uGefjrLepfjzpfcJhoenf;
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i,frS qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomtdrfaxmifpkwGif 1879=ckESpfY arG;zGm;cJh.? &k&Sm;bmom
pum;t& “oHr%da,musfm;”[kt"dy`g,f&aom pwmvif[lonfhtrnfudk 1913=ckESpf
rSpwifI tokH;jyKcJhavonf?
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bmoma&;bkef;awmf-uD;jzpfap&ef olr.tiftm;&Sdor#tokH;jyKI jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhay
onf? xdk‹a-umifh *dk&DjrdKŒl&Sd c&pf,mefpmoifausmif;wGif ausmif;xm;cJh.? ig;ESpft-um
wGif xdkausmif;rSatmifcJhI/ bDvDpDjrdKŒ&Sd c&pf,mefomoemusrf;pmoifausmif;wGif 0if
a&mufqnf;yl;um a*smf*sD,efatmfodka'ghc&pf,meftoif;awmfwGif bkef;-uD;&mxl;jzifh
tr+pwifxrf;aqmifavonf?
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opPm&Sdaeao;aomfvnf;/ 'g0if.rsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf
bk&m;rJh0g'DwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhavonf?
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pwmvifESifhqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk ykHpHoGif;jcif; [laompmtkyfwGif/ pwmvif. i,f
&G,fpOfb0ykHpHoGif;&mwGif 'g0if.yg0ifr+u¾ta-umif;a&;om;xm;ayonf? a*smif;.
tqdkt&/ pwmvifonf/ “bmomw&m;wGif,kH-unfr+ysufjym;oGm;aom usrf;pmoif
ausmifom;jzpfI/ xdkodk‹,kH-unfr+ysufjym;oGm;&mY 'g0ifonf t"duwm0ef&Sdonf[k
pwmvifu ,lq.?”28 pwmvifu aemifr-umrDtwGif; uGefjrLepf0g'udkvnf; xyfrH
arG;pm;vdkufavonf? pwmvifu tvmyovmypum;0dkif;wdkif;vdkvdkwGif Ttcsufudk
txl;jyKI xkwfaz:ajymqdkavh&Sdonf[k a*smif;uqdkonf?

53
 t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l tvefbl;avmufu ola&;om;aom [pfwvmESifhp
wmvif=b0wlrsm; [laompmtkyfwGif/ xdkyk*~dKvfESpfOD;udk Ed+if;,SOfxm;&mY/ pwmvif
onf i,f&G,fpOftwGif; &k&Sm;bmomjyefxm;aom um;vfrm;uPfESifh-o*wfpfawaumfrf
awwdk‹.pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+I ol‹tay:tvGeftrif; -oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonf[k qdkxm;ay
onf?29
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jcm;vli,ftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifcJh
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&k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ordkif; [laompmtkyfwGif
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qefatmifjyKjyifaz:jyxm;onfh 'g0ifESifh[yf
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csdefu atmufwef;usonfhodyH`ynmrsm;udk xdktcsdefuvuf0Jorm;wdk‹. vufurf;pmapmif
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vnf; roGm;yg/ wm;jrpfxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkvnf; pwifpm;aomufaeygjyD?”[k a&;
31
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txufwGifn$ef;cJhonfhOyrmrsdK;onf rSefuefjcif;r±dS twkta,mifomv#ifjzpfayonf?
wDaumifydk;aumifrsm;onf tv,facwfwGif ,kH-unfcJh-uonfhtwdkif; bmrSr&Sd&mrS ol‹
tvdkvdkrawmfwqjzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfay? ajr-uD;wGif;Y Ocsxm;aomydk;aumifwD
aumifwdk‹. Orsm;rSaygufxGufvmjcif;jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkacwfu odyH`avm
uonf/ oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS ouf&SdypPnf;jzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;r&Sda-umif;udk rod&Sdao;o
jzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹aom'¾m&Drsm;u a&v$rf;rdk;ouJhodk‹ jyef‹vmEdkifaoma-umifh/ ynmrpkH
rvsifaom&k&Sm;vli,frsm;udk bk&m;w&m;rJht,l0g'wGif epfrGef;oGm;apcJh.?

54
 &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif 19=&mpkESpftwGif; -uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmcJhaombk&m;w&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹
onf/ 20=&mpkESpfwGif opPm&SduGefjrLepfrsm;jzpfvmcJh-uavonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf pwm
vifvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpf.? pwmvifonf 1898=ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepftzGJ‹odk‹0if
cJhjyD;/ 1901=ckESpfrSpI b&'fZdkvm(&kef;uefjcif;)ac:v#dKŒ0SufuGefjrLepfpmapmifwGif
aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;cJhavonf? 1917=ckESpfwGif olonfvDeifOD;aqmifaomuGefjrL
epfv+yf&Sm;r+wGif udk,fwdkif&ma&mufyg0ifaqmif&Gufaom uGefjrLepft-urf;zuform;
wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhavonf? 1917=ckESpf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;wGif/ ol
onf uGefjrLepfygwDwGif tjrifhqkH;tqifhjzpfaom ydkvpfjAL&dktzGJ‹0ifjzpfvmcJhavonf?
1923=ckESpfwGif vDeifemzsm;rusef;jzpfonfESifhwjydKifwnf; pwmvif.tm%mpuf
onfvnf; ydkrdk -uD;xGm;vmavonf? aemufqk;H wGif vDeifuG,fvGefoGm;csdefwGif olonf
tjrifhqkH;tm%mudk vufcH&&SdI tm%m&Sifjzpfvmavonf? pwmvifonf 1924=
ckESpfrS 1929=ckESpftwGif; ol.twdkuftcHrsm;udk vkyf-uHowfjzwfjcif;/ ao'%fay;
jcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;ESifh jynfyodk‹xGufajy;oGm;apjcif;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;okwfoif
ypfavonf? atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&;.ydokum xa&mhpuDonfyifv#if pwmvif.
a'gorkefwdkif;rSrvGwfEdkifbJ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&avonf?
ol.tm%mwnfjrJonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ ol.oHr%dvufoD;qkyfonf jynfol
jynfom;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;odk‹ vSnfhvmawmh.? vDeifu pdkufysdK;ajr,mtm;vkH;udk jynfol
ydkifodrf;&ef -udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf;/ 1921=1922=ckESpfiwfrGwfjcif;jy\em-uD;a-umifh ‚if;
tpDtpOfudk a&$Œqdkif;xm;cJh&onf? pwmvifonf TtpDtpOfudk tqkH;owfvdkojzifh/
“pkaygif;pDrHudef;”[laomtrnfjzifh pwifavonf? t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm awmifol
v,form; &Gmom;wdk‹. ypPnf;tm;vkH;udk odrf;&efjzpfonf? olwdk‹.xkwfukefrsm;udk
odrf;,lI jynfyodk‹xkwfa&mif;&efjzpfonf? &&SdonfhaiGudk qdkAD,ufpufr+vufr+wGif
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pwmvifonf ol.pDrHudef;udk zrf;qD;EdSyfpufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;ESifh iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;jcif;jy\emzefwD;jcif;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:.? olu qefpyg;(*sKH)wefcdsef
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aoqkH;cJh-uonf? vlom;avmuonf wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfckomjzpfojzifh/ emusifr+jzifh

55
jyKjyifqkH;r&rnf [laom&kyf0g'='g0if0g'tawG;tac:udk pwmvifu wzefxyfrHI
vufawG‹ taumiftxnfaz:um ordkif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhavonf?
pkaygif;pepf. &ufpufr+rsm;
The Savagery of Collectivization
pwmvif.Tay:vDpDonf 1929=ck
ESpfwGifpwif.? ol.pDrHudef;t& yk*~vdu
ydkif tm;vkH;udk y,fzsufypf&efjzpfonf? &Gm
om;wdkif;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk ol.
xkwfvkyfr+rS owfrSwfxm;aom udkwmcGJ
wrf;twdkif; qufo&.? olwdk‹.xkwf
ukefrsm;udk a&mif;cscGifhydwfyifvdkufonf?
owfrSwfxm;aom udkwmcGJwrf;rSmjrifhvGef;
ojzifh trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹&Sdor# ay;tyf
vdkuf&-u.? 1920=ckESpfwGif vDeifpwif
cJhaom &ufpufr+onf wpfa-umhxyfrH
a&mufvmawmhonf?

pkaygif;pDrHudef;udk taumiftxnf
az:&eftwGuf pwmvifonf t&ufpufqkH; pwmvifonf aemufydkif;wGif vDeifESifhyl;yl;
uyfuyf aygif;oif;I ygwDtwGif; ol.wuf
enf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK.? jiif;qefolwdk‹udk vrf;twGuf -udK;yrf;cJh.? vDeifuG,fvGefjyD;
owfjzwfvdkuf.? qdkufab;&D,m;e,fodk‹ aemuf/ pwmvifonf ol.jydKifbufrsm;udk
(ESpf&Snfowfjzwfjcif;tjzpf)vnf; ydk‹vdkuf tEdkif,lI qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. wpfOD;
onf? odk‹r[kwf tpmiwfatmif ypfxm;jcif; wnf;tkyfpdk;onfh tm;%m&SifjzpfvmcJhonf?
jzifh wajz;ajz;csif;aooGm;aponf? uGefjrL
epfpepf. pkaygif;pDrHudef;udk qef‹usifol
rsm;ESifh ulvyfac: -uG,f0csrf;omonfh ajr
ydkif&Sifwdk‹udk wdkif;jynfwpfckvkH;tESH‹tjym; vdkufvH&SmazGI zrf;qD;owfjzwfvdkufonf?
Tay:vDESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfpepf.pmtkyfrJ wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;.?
pkaygif;pepfudk qef‹usifonfhulvyfwdk‹tm; zrf;qD;ypfowfvdkuf-uonf? tcsKdŒudkrl olwdk‹.
ZeD;om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl jynfESif'%fay;vdkufonf? ulvyftm;vkH;udk wdkuf&dkufazsmufzsuf
vdkufjcif;rvkyfaomfvnf;/ tvGefa0;uGmaomajrmufydkif;t&yfa'oESifh qdkufab;&D,m;e,f
rsm;odk‹ tvkyf-urf;jypf'%fay;jcif;ESifh ydk‹xm;vdkufjcif;jzifh/ touf&Sifusef&pf&eftcGifht
vrf; tifrwefenf;yg;vSayonf? wpfOD;wavomtouf &SifcJhavonf? vlaygif;aomif;
aygif;rsm;pGm ,if;a'orsm;Y toufqkH;&+H;cJh-u.? aoqkH;oGm;olwdk‹.pm&if;twdtusudk
rnfolurS rodEdkifay? 1932=33=ckESpfrsm;wGif twif;t-uyfcdkif;apaom pkaygif;pDrHudef;
udk vlxkuqef‹usifojzifh ,lu&def;jynfe,fY jzpfay:aom vaygif;rsm;pGm-umanmif;onfh
32
iwfrGwfjcif;jywf\emwGif vlOD;a&aygif; 6oef; xufrenf; aoqkH;cJh-uavonf?

56
 &ufpufr+taygif;wGif ulvyfwdk‹
tay:Y t-urf;-uKwfqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh us
a&mufcJhayonf? 1933=ckESpf{jyDvwGif p
wmvifxHodk‹ pma&;q&m rDac; ±d+vdkacghzf
a&;om;ay;ydk‹aompmwpfapmifwGif atmuf
ygtwdkif;az:jyxm;ayonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifyg0ifaom
emydkavmhAfpuD cdkvfcdk‹ZfwGif/ yavmhuiftrnf
&Sd c&dkifaumfrDwDtm%mydkifwpfOD;onf zrf;vm 1929ckESpfwGif ,lu&def;e,fY pkaygif;pepf
cJhaom vlrsm;udk av,mOf&kHwpfckY eD&Jaeatmif ta-umif;0g'jzef‹jcif;udk em;qifae-upOf?
tylay;xm;aomrD;zdkwGifrD;vkHapjyD;/ rDjidrf;vdkuf pkaygif;pepfudk pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESHxGufwdk;yGm;r+
33
um udk,fvkH;wD;ydwfxm;cJh.? ykHpHjzifh wifjy-uaomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGifrl
pwmvifuvnf;/ vDeifuJhodk‹yif t-uD;tus,fiwfrGwfjcif; jzpfay:apcJh.?
“ulvyf”[kac:aom pdwful;,Of&efoludk
wDxGifonf? olwdk‹azsmufzsufvdkolwdkif;udk Ttrnfwyfay;vdkuf-uonf? uGefjrLepf
wdk‹twGuf/ olwdk‹rvdkvm;olwdk‹udk TtrnfwyfI cGJjcm;um‚if;wdk‹udk zrf;qD;okwfoif
ypf&ef jrdKŒwdkif;odk‹trdef‹xkwfvdkufonf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepf0g'.
pmtkyfrJ wGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
tcsdKŒaomc&dkifrsm;wGif/ ulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wGif 80 rS 90=&mcdkifE+ef;onf aq&ufnmufac:
tv,ftvwf0ifaiG&Sdonfh awmifolv,form;rsm; jzpf-uonf? a'ocHwyfwdk‹onf csrSwf
xm;aomcGJwrf;jynfhatmif ydk‹aqmif-u&onf? tu,fI jzpfEdkifygu ydkrdkydk‹&ef wdkufwGef;
xm;.? 1925=ckESpfESifh 1926=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ rdrdwdk‹. oD;ESHxGufukefrsm;udk a&mif;xkwfol/
oD;ESH&dwfodrf;&eftvkyform;&SdolESifh a&aEG;wnfonfh &k&Sm;c&m;tdk;ESpfvkH;&Sdol ponfhawmif
olv,form;wdk‹udk zrf;qD;I jynfESif'%fay;vdkuf-uonf? 1929=ckESpf puf wifbmvwGif
rdrdydkif0ufwpfaumifudk“owfpm;onfhtwGuf” qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfumuG,fxdrf;odrf;
onfhtaejzifh jynfESif'%fay;vdkufonf? awmifolv,form;wdk‹ olwdk‹&SdonfhypPnf;rsm;udk
a&mif;csojzifh “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfonf”[kpGyfpGJjyD; owfvdkuf-uonf? awmifol v,form;
wpfa,mufrSm ol.OD;av;wpfa,mufonf Zmbk&if.tpdk;&tzGJ‹wGif t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfaom
a-umihf jynfESif'%fay;cH&onf? aemufwpfa,mufudkrl “bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk‹ r-umc%
oGm;aoma-umifh “ulvyf”wpfa,mufjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&onf? pkaygif;pepfudk qef‹usif
olwdkif;tm; ulvyfjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJvdkuf-uonf? tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# ulvyf
&Sif;vif;a&;onfvnf; ±+yfaxG;vmawmhonf? aq&ufnmuf wpfa,mufonfvnf; ol
udk,fwdkifulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wyfzGJ‹wGif yg0iftr+xrf;aevsufESifh jrdKŒ.tjcm;wpf bufwGif
34
wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfzGJ‹u zrf;qD;onfudk cH&avonf?
ulvyfrsm;[k pGyfpGJjcif;cH&onfhtrnfpm&if;wGif/ bmoma&;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh c&pf
,mefbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; xdyfqkH;u yg0ifonf? 1930=ckESpfwGif bkef;awmf-uD;aygif;
13,000 wdk‹onf/ ulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wGif ygoGm;avonf? &GmESifhjrKdŒrsm;wGif pkaygif;
pepfudk pwifonfESifhwjydKifwnf; c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk ydwfypfI bmom
a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypf-uonf?35
pkaygif;pepfrS &vm'fESpfckrSm iwfrGwfjcif;jy\emESifh jynfESif'%fay;jcif;jzpf.?

57
 pwmvif,laqmifvmcJhaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;jy\em
Famine Brought About by Stalin
ol.tvsifvDeifuJhodk‹/ pwmvifonfvnf; pkaygif;pepfudk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;
jcdrf;ajcmufonfh vufeuftjzpf tokH;jyK&ef -uHpnfcJhonf? wdkif;jynftwGif; oltvdk&Sd
onfha'orS qefpyg;rsm;udkodrf;,ljcif;jzifh xdka'owGif iwfrGwfjcif;jy\em jzpfay:ap
onf? ,lu&def;jynfe,fu uGefjrLepf0g'udk qef‹usifaoma-umifh pkaygif;pepf. ypf
rSwfjzpfcJhonf? ordkif;wGif vluzefwD;aomiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;uyfqdk;udk ,lu&def;
jynfe,fu t-uD;us,fqkH;tvl;tvJcH&I/ iwfjywfjcif;a-umifh vlOD;a& av;oef;ausmf
aoqkH;cJhavonf?
rnfodk‹rnfykHjzpfvmcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vS.? 1931=ckESpfwGif pkaygif;a&;ay:vDpD
t& ,lu&def;jynfe,frS *sKHaphwefcsdefaygif; 7oef; 7odef; cGJwrf;csawmif;qdkcJh.? pk
aygif;a&;wyfzGJ‹rS *sKHwefcsdefaygif; 18oef; odrf;qnf;cJhavonf? eudkuwnf;u awmif
olv,form;&Gmom;wdk‹ iwfjywfvkeD;eD; rEdkifreif;jzpfaeonfhcGJwrf;a-umifh ,lu&def;
e,fom;wdk‹u pwmvif.wyfrsm;udk qef‹usif-uavonf? xdk‹a-umifh pwmvifu
ydkrdka'goacsmif;acsmif;xGufI oem;-uifemjcif; ydkrdkuif;oGm;avawmhonf? 1932=ckESpf
ZlvdkifvwGif eudkcsrSwfaom udkwmcGJwrf;tay:wGif aemufxyfwefcsdef 7 oef; 7odef;
xyfrHcsI A[dktpdk;&udk qufo&ef awmif;qdkvdkufavonf? vlaygif; oef;aygif;rsm;
pGmudk iwfrGwfI aoaponf? Tay:vDpDESifhywfoufI b&kdif;,ef rG,fem[ef .
&k&Sm;EdkifiH=vGefcJhonfhESpfwpf&mordkif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+acsmqGJ*dk%f;rsm;onf/ q,fayavmuf&Snfvsm;aomoHr%dacsmif;rsm;udk
udkifaqmifI ,lu&def;jynfe,fodk‹ pkjyKHa&mufvm-uavonf? tdrfwGif;tdrfjyif/ -uyfcdk;rsm;/
wJukwfrsm;/ pyg;usDrsm;/ 0ufjcH/ aumuf&dk;ykH ponfwdk‹tm;vkH;udk ESH‹aeatmif &SmazG-uonf
[k t&SmcH&aom&Gmom;wpfOD;u ajymjy.? v,fuGif;wGif ,m,Dar#mfpifrsm;aqmufvkyfI
ajcmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfrnfh&efudk apmifh-uyf-unfh±+-uonf? xdkar#mfpifwGif uif;apmifholwdk‹
onf ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfrsm; udkifaqmif-uonf? qmavmifrGwfodyfvGef;olwdk‹rSm ajymif;zl;ESH
rsm;udk uyfa-u;jzifh jzwf,lpm;-uonf? zrf;rdolrsm;teuf tcsdKŒrSm Oya't& 7=8 ESpf
58
axmifusI/ tcsdKŒrSmrl ypfowfcH-u&onf? cg&faumhAfw&m;&kH;wpfckwGif wpfvtwGif;
tr+aygif; wpfaxmifhig;&mppfaq;axmifcs.? rdef;rwpfa,mufudk rdrdpdkufxm;aom
ajymif;zl; tzl; 100 ckwf,lonfhtr+a-umifh axmif 10ESpfcsvdkuf.? aemufESpfygwfwGif
ol.vifa,mufsm;rSm tiwfab;a-umifhaoqkH;oGm;&Smonf? -uufESifh0ufrsm;udkrl 1932=ck

59
ESpf aqmif;OD;ydkif;wGif owfpm;ukefjyD? ‚if;aemuf acG;ESifha-umifrsm;udk qufvufIowfpm;
onf? AmqmvD *a&mhpfrmefu ‘zrf;zdk‹awmfawmfcufw,f’[ka&;onf? ‘wd&pm>efawGu vl
awGudka-umufjyD; &dkif;ukef-uw,f? vlawGu olwdk‹udkjyKwfpm;-uw,f?=’ =1932=ckESpf
ukefwGif wefcsdefaygif; 4 oef; 7 odef;om qufoEdkifcJhonf? cGJwrf;opfxyfrHa-ujimonf?
rdk;av0ot&m&Sdrsm;u oD;ESHrsm;ysufpD;atmif rdk;av0orSm;,Gif;pGmcef‹rSef;onfhtwGuf t
zrf;cH&-uonf? wd&pm>efq&m0efrsm;udk/ arG;jrLa&;ysufvdkysufpD;vkyfonfhtwGuf ypfowf
vdkuf-uonf? oD;ESHpdkufysdK;a&;orm;rsm;udk ulvyfjzpfonf[kpGyfpGJI qdkufab;&D,m;odk‹ydk‹
vdkuf-uonf?==1933=ckESpf rwfvwGif ESif;t&nfaysmfonfhtcsdefupI jynfolvlxk-uD;
wpfckvkH; iwfjywf-uavonf? vlwdk‹u -uGufrsm;/ yk&Gufqdwfrsm;ESifh wDaumifrsm;udkyif
zrf;,lpm;aomuf-uonf? &moDtvdkufyGifhonfhyef;rsm;ESifh zuf,m;yifrsm;udkjyKwfI pm;
aomuf-u.? e,l;a,mufnae*sme,frS owif;axmufwpfOD; uDAfjrdKŒESifh rdkif20 a0;aom
&Gmwpf&Gmodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJh&m ‘wJwpfvkH;wGif trnfray;wwfaom pGyfjyKwftdk; rD;ay:wnf
xm;onfudk awG‹cJh&onf’[k a&;.? ‘tdk;xJwGif t&dk;rsm;/ ta&jym;rsm;yg0ifI bGwfbdeyf
tpu tdk;xdyfqkH;wGif ay:aeonf’===
vlawGu olwdk‹.&Gmrsm;udk ypfxm;cJh-uonf? rD;&xm;vrf;ab;rsm;wGif rD;&xm;jywif;
aygufrsm;rS tpmt-uGif;tusefrsm;ypfcsay;rnfudk apmifhar#mf-uonf? ppfwyfrsm;a&$Œajymif;
onfht&yfbufodk‹ vdkuf-uonf? jrdKŒtwGif; av;bufwGm;-uonf? uDAfjrKdŒwGif eHeufwdkif;
vufwGef;vSnf;rsm;jzifh ,QifnwGifaooGm;aomtavmif;rsm;udk vdkufaumuf-u.? uav;
rsm;. ydefcsKH;I &SnfarsmaeaomrsufESmrsm;onfvnf; iSufESifhyif wlawmhonf?

60
61
62
 odk‹aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+acsmqGJ*dk%f;om;rsm;onf/ qefpyg;rsm;udk qufvufIom
&SmazGae-u.? tmvl;wl;aeonfhrdcifrsm;udkawG‹v#if ypfowfvdkuf-uonf? rsufESmazg
a,mifaejcif;onf iwfjywfr+.vuQ%mjzpfonf? xdkodk‹azga,mifaejcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk ol
wdk‹0Sufxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk jy&ef &dkufESuf-uonf? ‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf ordkif;.vdktyfcsufudk
az:xkwfae-uonf’[k vJAf udkydkvJAfu a&;om;xm;.?‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹.awmf
vSefa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae-ujcif;jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹. trdtzqdk&S,f
vpfajrtwGuf qefpyg;pkaqmif;ae-ujcif;jzpfonf?== rdef;rESifhuav;rsm;. ylazgif;ae
aom0rf;ydkufrsm;/ aoG;r&Sdojzifhtjyma&mifoef;aeonfhrsufESm/ [mvm[if;vif;touf
uif;aeonfhrsufvkH;rsm;udk awG‹jrifae-uonf? pkwfjywfaeonfh odk;om;a&jcKHxm;aomvl
aotavmif;rsm;/ aps;aygIjyJaejyDjzpfaombGwfzdeyfrsm;pGyfxm;onfh vlaotavmif;rsm;
udk jcHv,fwJawG/ ESif;awmawGESifh cg&faumhAfwHwm;ay:awGrSm/ ae&mwum awG‹&.==?’
==taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ tiwfjy\emowif;a&mufvmonf?==AD,ifembda&Smhbkef;awmf
-uD;.OD;aqmifr+atmufwGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m u,fq,fa&;aumfrDwDzGJ‹pnf;vdkufonf? odk‹
aomfvnf; qdkAD,uftpdk;&u rnfonfhtiwfjy\emrS rjzpf[k jiif;qdkvdkufaoma-umifh
36
bmrSrvkyfEdkif?
T±+cif;rsm;u rDac;vf ±+dvdkacghAfudk pwmvifqDodk‹ Tr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
onfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk csufcsif;&yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkonfhpm a&;ap.? odk‹aomfvnf; pwm
vifu wrifwumzefwD;aom jzpf&yfrsm;om jzpfaeonf?
1933=ckESpf {jyDvwGif pma&;q&m rDac;vf ±+dvdkacghAf ulbefjrdKŒteD;jzwfoGm;&m/ pkaygif;
v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;udk a'ocHt&m&Sdrsm;uESdyfpufI olwdk‹.oD;ESHtm;vkH;udk tyf&ef
twif;cdkif;apaeonfudk awG‹ojzifh pwmvifxHodk‹ pmESpfapmifa&;om;ay;ydk‹cJhavonf? xdk
pmrsm;wGif twGif;a&;r+;csKyfrS tpm;tpmtjrefqkH;ydk‹&efawmif;qdk.?===
arv 6 &ufae‹pGJjzifh a&;aomjyefpmwGif pwmvifonf [efaqmifIyif oem;-uifemr+udk r
jyocJhacs?==1933=ckESpfwGif vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI iwfjywfIaoa-uae-upOf/ qdkAD,uft
pdk;&u qefpyg; tav;csdef[jEdNwf 18oef;udk “pufr+vufr+ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf” EdkifiHjcm;
37
odk‹ wifydk‹a&mif;cscJhavonf?
tiwfjy\ema-umifh a,mufsm;rdef;r/ uav;oli,frsm;/ Z&mtdkrsm; OD;a&
ajcmufoef;ausmf aoqkH;cJh.? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHu tpma&pmxkwfvkyfr+ravmufiaom
a-umifhr[kwf? uGefjrLepfygwDu vlvkyfaomtiwfjy\emudk wrifwumzefwD;jcif;
a-umifhjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh vlxktajrmuftjrm;udk owfjzwfjcif;jzpf.?
pwmvifu taemufEdkifiHrsm; xdkjzpf&yfudk odoGm;rnfudk tifrwefpdk;&drfcJhavonf?
tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ol&nf&G,fcsuf-uD;pGmjzifh ,lu&def;jynfe,fudk qkH;r'%fcwfjcif;
tm;aysmhoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaoma-umifh jzpfonf? ordkif;yg&*l 'gem 'vf&ifrfyvfu/
atmufygtwdkif; a0zefxm;ayonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf tiwfjy\emay:aygufcJhonf[k w&m;0if b,faomtcgr# 0ef
cHjcif; rjyKcJhacs? tar&duefESifht*Fvdyfwdk‹ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifhywfoufI ,lu&def;jynfe,f
wGif ay:aygufcJhaomtiwfjy\emta-umif; wpfcgwpf&H xnfhajymavh&Sd-uaomfvnf; twdtus
tao;pdwfaz:jyjcif;rjyK-uay? odk‹aomfvnf; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif jzpfysufcJhaom tiwf
jy\emESifhywfoufI tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tao;pdwfrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
tb,fha-umifh Todk‹uGmjcm;oenf;? tajzrSm 1932=34=ckeSpf tiwfjy\emonf/ aemifqufI
38
jzpfyGm;aomtiwfjy\emESifhrwlbJ vlvkyfonfhtiwfjy\emjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
pkaygif;pepfa-umifh/ ,lu&def;jynfe,frS awmifolv,form;wdk‹trsm;qkH; xdcdkuf
epfemqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? toufaygif; 4 oef;aoa-ucJhonf? umZufpwefwGif vlwpfoef;
pkaygif;pepfa-umifh iwfjywfcJh-uonf? aumhauqyfajrmufydkif;ESifh ajreufa'oydkif;wGif

63
toufaygif; wpfoef;aoa-ucJh.? pwmvif. wpfckwnf;aomtrdef‹jzifh vlaygif;
ajcmufoef; aoa-uysufpD;cJhavonf?39
jynfESif'%fcH&olrsm;ESifh tvkyfpcef;rsm;
Exiles and Work Camps
pwmvifu uGefjrLepfpepfudk qef‹usifol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmtm; “jynfESif'%f”
ay;jcif;jzifh owfjzwfcJh.? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf/ c&DrD,Hwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;
tygt0if vlenf;pktajrmuftjrm;udk a&G;xkwfI/ nOfhtcsdefwGif olwdk‹.tdrfrS armif;
xkwfum uDvdkrDwmaxmifESifhcsDIa0;vHaomt&yfrsm;odk‹ tvdkvkdaoa-uysufpD;ukef
atmifydk‹vdkuf-uonf? c&D;vrf;-um;wGif OD;a&aygif;odef;ESifhcsDI aoa-u-uukef.?
qdkufab;&D,m;taemufbuf em&ifrfwGifwm0ef,l&aom ygwDaumfrDwD0ifwpf
OD;u &k&Sm;EdkifiH. jynfESif'%f[lonf “tpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif;omjzpfonf”[k atmuf
ygtwdkif; ol.udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;wGifa&;om;xm;.?
1933=ckESpf {jyDv29 ESihf 30 &ufae‹rsm;wGif “acwfrrDa[mif;EGrf;aomypPnf;”rsm;udk
armhpudkESifhvDeif*&ufwdk‹rS o,f,lvmonfh rD;&xm;wGJuGefAG,frsm; u|Ekfyfwdk‹xHodk‹a&muf
&Sdvmonf? awmif;rfblwmodk‹a&mufv#ifa&mufcsif; wGJrsm;udka&qdyfodk‹ydk‹I wHcg;rsm;udk
zGifhvdkufonf? arv 18 &ufae‹ESifh 26 &uf ae‹rsm;wGif emZD&dkjrpfESifh atmhbfjrpfqkH txuf
&Sd emZD&dkt&yfodk‹ydkvdkufonf? yxr uGefAG,fwGif vlaygif; 5070 ygvmI 'kwd,wGif 1044
a,mufygvmonf? pkpkaygif; 6114=a,muf &Sdonf? ydk‹aqmifa&;tajctaeonf qdk;&Gm;vS
.? ygvmonfhtpmtenf;i,frSm pm;Ir&acs? c&D;onfrsm;udk av0ifaygufr&Sdo
avmufaomae&mwGif jyGwfodyfxnfhxm;onf?==ae‹pOfvlaygif; 35 a,mufrS 40 E+ef;txd
aoqkH;-uonf? emZD&dku|ef;wGif olwdk‹tm; apmifhaeaomtajctaeESifhEd+if;,SOfv#if Ttajc
taeonf ZdrfcHonfhtajctae[kyif qdk&ygrnf? (xdkae&mrSwpfqifh emZD&dkjrpftxuf
topfcsJŒcJhaome,fajrodk‹ tcsdKŒudk cGJIydk‹&rnfjzpfonf?) emZD&dku|ef;onf vlaetdrfajc
uif;rJhaomt&yfjzpfonf? 'g;aygufwl;aygufjym;ponfhud&d,mvufeuf wpfckrSr&Sdacs?
qefpyg; tpm;tpm[lIAvmewˆd? trdk;tumr&Sdonfhae&mwGif ypfxm;vdkuf-uonf?
tat;'%fudkumuG,f&ef rD;arG;Edkifjcif;yifr&Sd-uacs? yxrae‹wGif vlaotavmif;aygif;
295=udk jr‡KyfESHvdkuf&onf? xdku|ef;odk‹ vlrsm;a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf 4=5&uf-umrS *sKHr+ef‹
tenf;i,fa&muf&Sdvmonf? wpfOD;v#if aygifcsdeftenf;i,fpDa0r#ay;&.? olwdk‹udk a0iS
ay;onfh&m&Sifudk vufcH&&SdonfESifhwjydKifwnf; qmavmifvGef;ojzifh rdrdwdk‹wGifygaom
OD;xkyf abmif;bD *sufuufrsm;wGif *sKHr+ef‹udk a&jzifhe,fI pm;-uonf? tcsdKŒrSm
a&ESifhre,fEdkifawmhbJ *sKHr+ef‹udkyg;pyfxJodk‹oGyfxnfhvdkufjyD; a&aomufcsvdkuf&m vnf
acsmif;wGifwpfI qdk‹aooGm;olvnf; &Sd.? xdkjynfESif'%fay;cH&olwdk‹u Tu|ef;wGif
vma&mufydk‹xm;onfhae‹rSpI wpfcsdefvkH;&&SdaomtpmrSm Tr#omjzpf.? tcsdKŒuvnf;
ygvmaomtpmrsm;jzifh udwfrkef‹zkwf&efe,fxm;onfh *sKHudkpm;-uonf? zkwf&efrD;r&Sd/
tjcm;a&mp&mvnf;bmr#r&Sd? r-umrDtwGif;rSmawmh tcsif;csif;owfpm;ojzifh vlom;
40
pm;pepfay:vmawmh.?
pwif;zdk‹'fwuUodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sif a&mbwfaumifuGuf. a-uuGJzG,f
aumufoif;&dwfodrf;jcif; [laompmtkyfwGif pwmvifacwfrS jynfESif'%fay;cH&olrsm;
ta-umif; atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
1940=ckeSpfwGif wpfzefjzpfay:onfh vlenf;pkrsm;udk tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufjynfESif'%fay;ol
rsm;udk o,fydk‹pOfvrf;c&D;-um;Y 15 rS20 &mcdkifE+ef;txd/ trsm;tm;jzifhuav;oli,frsm;/
aoqkH;ukef-u.? jynfESif'%fay;cH&olrsm;wGif usef;rma&;tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifonf?
tcsdKŒrdef;rrsm;onf udk,f0efaqmifrsm;jzpf-uonf? aumhquftrsdK;orD;wpfOD;u rD;&xm;

64
65
 ay:uav;arG;av&m uav;rSm oefoefrmrmyuwdtwdkif; jzpfaomfvnf;/ r-umrDtwGif;
aoqkH;oGm;.? tapmifhppfom; ESpfa,mufu xdkuav;tavmif;udk rD;&xm;ckwfarmif;ae
pOf wHcg;rSatmufodk‹ ypfcsvdkufonf? jynfESif'%fay;cH&oltajrmuftjrm;onfvnf; ol
wdk‹.b0aemufqkH;c&D;odk‹ wdkuf&dkufydk‹aqmifjcif; cH-u&onf? tcsdKŒvnf; vrf;-um;rS jrdKŒ
i,frsm;wGif aeusefcJh-uonf?==tm&fcsef*JvfwGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;tm;vkH; ydwfxm;onf?
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk tusOf;om;rsm;twGuf vrf;c&D;-um; wnf;cdk&mae&mtjzpf ajymif;
vJxm;onf? tdyf,mqifhrsm;udk txyfxyfaqmufxm;onf? zrf;qD;vmcJhaom awmifol
v,form;rsm;onf udk,fvufaq;a-umEdkifjcif;r&Sd/ temrsm;tESH‹tjym; aygufvsuf&Sdonf?
jrdKŒwGif;wGif vSnfhvnfawmif;&rf;-uonf? tultnDawmif;-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
jynfESif'%fay;cH&onfh tusOf;om;rsm;udk a'ocHrsm;rS rnfonfhtultnDr# ray;&ef jyif;
xefpGm wm;jrpfxm;.? aooGm;onfhtavmif;udkyif aumuf,ljr‡KyfESHcGifh r&Sday? a'ocHvl
wdk‹onfvnf; olwdk‹udk,fwdkifu tvGeftrif; a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae-u&onf? Adkvkwf'gjrdKŒ
-uD;wGifvnf; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; av;q,fhckepfausmif;odrf;,ljyD; jynfESif '%fay;cH&ol
41
rsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsuf&Sd.?

jynfESif'%fay;cH&olwdk‹udk tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfonfh aemufxyfenf;

wpfenf;rSm/ tvkyfpcef;rsm;jzpfonf? 1928=rS 1953=ckESpf(pwmvifaoqkH;onfhESpf)
txd/ cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfa&;tawG;tac:ESifhrwlol oef;aygif; 30=udk
zrf;qD;I aexdkiftouf&SifIrjzpfEdkifonfh qdkufab;&D,me,frsm;wGif owfrSwfwnf

66
aqmufxm;aom*lvyfac:tvkyfpcef;rsm;odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf.? Tpcef;rsm;wGif okH;ykHESpfykH
xufrenf;=tenf;qkH; oef;aygif; 20=aoqkH;cJh-uonf? tpm;tpm iwfjywfr+a-umifh
aovkeD;yg;jzpfaeonfhtusOf;om;rsm;onf wpfae‹v#if 14 em&DrS 16 em&Dtxd tvkyf
vkyf-u&.? tusOf;om;tjrm;tjym;wdk‹udk tapmifhppfom;wdk‹u cdkifvkHaomta-umif;jy

pwmvif,kH-unfaom &kyf0g'tawG;tac:u ol‹tm;Tr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfoltjzpf ajymif;vJ

vdkuf.? tjyHK;rygaomrm;ufP."gwfykHudk odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfypf&ef ao'%ftrdef‹pm
vufrSwfxdk;aompwmvif.&kH;wGif csdwfqGJxm;.?

67
csufr&SdbJ owfvdkuf-uonf? tcsdKŒtusOf;om;rsm;udk wrifwum tpmtiwfxm;I
aoaponf? aexdkifonfhtajctaeqdk;&Gm;r+ESifh tpmt[m&rvkHavmufr+a-umifhvnf;
useftusOf;om;tajrmuftjrm;aoqkH;ukef-uonf? tusOf;om;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹udk
yg;v$maomt0wfjzifhom tvkyfvkyfapojzifh/ qdkifab;&D,me,f. tat;'%fudk rcH
EdkifI awmifhwif;cJIaooGm;-uavonf? tusOf;om;wdk‹vufacsmif;ajcacsmif;rsm; yx
rqkH; cJIa-uGusoGm;onf? aemufawmh em;&GufESmacgif;rsm;“a-uGus”oGm;avonf?
Tenf;jzifh vlaygif;odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaoa-uysufpD;ukef-uonf? emrnfausmf &k&Sm;vl
rsdK;pma&;q&m tvufZENm qdkvfZifepfqifu ol. 1918=1956 *lvyfolu|ef; [laom
pmtkyfwGif ‚if;a-umufrufzG,f&mtjzpftysufESifhywfoufaom aemufxyfoufao
om"ursm;udk a&;om;az:jyxm;ayonf?
ta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkrS teDa&mifxdwfvef‹a-umuf&GHŒzG,frsm;
Red Terror in the Eastern Block
1953=ckESpfwGif pwmvifuG,fvGefoGm;onf? vDeifpwifaz:xkwfcJhaom xdwf
vef‹a-umuf&GHŒzG,fvkyf&yfrsm;udk pwmvifu xyfrHcJsŒxGifcJhojzifh/ vlaygif; oef;csDI
aoqkH;-u&um/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlenf;pkwdk‹u ESdyfpufcH&onfh'kuQi&Judk -uKHawG‹cJh
-u&.? vDeif=pwmvifacwfrS uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'.
teufa&mif pmtkyfwGif tus,fw0ifh az:jyxm;ayonf?
1918 rS 1922=ckESpftwGif; tusOf;om;aygif; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmESifh olwdk‹udk
awmfvSefykefuefaom tvkyform;ESifhawmifolv,form; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹
tm; w&m;pD&ifjcif;r&SdbJ owfjzwfypfjcif;?
1922=ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;apaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;jy\emzefwD;jcif;a-umifh
toufaygif; 5=oef; aoqkH;oGm;jcif;?
1920=ckESpfwGif 'GefaumhqufvlrsdK;wdk‹udk jynfESif'%fay;I taysmuf&Sif;ypf
jcif;?
1918 rS 1930=ckESpftxd tusOf;pcef;wGif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfjcif;?
1937=38=ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom tm%mvkyGJwGif vlaygif; 690000 owfjcif;?
1930=1932=ckESpftwGif; ulvyf(ESifhulvyf[k pGyfpGJcH&ol)aygif; 2=oef;udk
jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?
1932=33=ckESpfrsm;wGif aocsmpepfusus pDpOfcJhaom tiwfab;rsm;a-umifh
,lu&def;jynfe,fom; 4 oef;ESifhtwl tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; 2 oef; aoa-uysufpD;
apjcif;?
1939=ckESpfrS 1941=ckESpftxdESifh aemufxyf 1944=45=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ ydkvfvl
rsdK;rsm;/ ,lu&def;vlrsdK;rsm;/ abmhvlrsdK;rsm;/ rdkv'dkAefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh abqm&mbD
,HvlrsdK;rsm; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?
1941=ckESpfwGif Adkv*g*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?
1943=ckESpfwGif c&DrD,HwmwmvlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?
1944=ckESpfwGif cscsifvlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;/
1944=ckESpfwGif tif*Gwfcsf vlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?42

68
 pwmvifaoqkH;jyD;aemuf qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf/ tuef‹towftm;jzifh aysmh
ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹r+jzifh wnfaqmufvmcJhaom tkyf
csKyfr+u vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk v$rf;rdk;qJ jzpfonf? aemufvmrnfh tydkif;wGif/ qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpkESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;wGif a-umuf&GHŒjcif; rnfodk‹v$rf;rdk;I rnf
odk‹pnf;&kH;-uonfudk ppfaq;-uygrnf?
qdkAD,ufwdk‹onf olwdk‹.ajcmufvSef‹jcdrf;ajcmufr+udk olwdk‹.vlxktay:Yom
uef‹owfxm;jcif;r[kwfacs? 'kwd,urBmppfjzpfyGm;jcif;u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. -o
Zmtm%monf ta&SŒOa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;odk‹ a&muf&Sdvmapawmhonf? urBmppfjyD;onf
ESifh rsm;pGmaomwdkif;jynfwdk‹u qdkAD,uf-oZmatmuf a&mufoGm;avonf? EdkifiHa&;vkyf
-uHr+ESifh v+yf&Sm;r+enf;rsdK;pkHtokH;jyKI ESpfrsm;r-umrDtwGif; wdkif;jynftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹
u armhpudk. tm%mpufatmuf a&mufoGm;avonf? ydkvefEdkifiH/ [efa*&DEdkifiH/ csuf
udkpvdkaA;eD,m;EdkifiH/ &dkareD,m;EdkifiH/ blva*;&D,m;EdkifiH/ tvfab;eD,m;EdkifiHESifh t
a&SŒ*smreDEdkifiHwdk‹u pwmvif.aoG;pGef;aomvufoD;qkyfwGif;odk‹ usa&mufoGm;-u.?
teDa&mif&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+jzifh TEdkifiHrsm;wGif i&JbkHor#aom'kuQqif;&Jjcif;
b0odk‹a&mufoGm;aponf? tpdk;&udk qef‹usifolwdk‹udk zrf;qD;ESdyfpufum owfjzwf-u
onf? r-umrDtwGif; xdwfvefa-umuf&GHŒjcif;onf ,if;EdkifiHwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;
wGif v$rf;rdk;oGm;avonf? 1990=ckESpf/ blva*;&D,m;uGefjrLepftpdk;&jyKwfoGm;jyD;
aemuf/ trsdK;orD;wpfOD;u/ 1944=ckESpfwGif olrtay:usa&mufcJhaom tjzpftysufudk
blva*;&D,m;&kyf&SifrSwfwrf;&dkuf&mwGif zGifhqdkcJh.?
usr.zcifudkzrf;oGm;jyD;aemufwpfae‹wGif/ tjcm;ykvdyf&Jwpfa,muf a&mufvmjyD;/ xdkae‹
5=em&DtcsdefwGif &JXmemtrSwf 10 odk‹ oGm;a&muf&ef rSm-um;oGm;w,f? usr.rdcifrSm
vSyI oabmaumif;aomtrsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? t0wftpm;vJjyD;xGufoGm;w,f?
usrESifhtwl armifESrokH;a,mufu tdrfwGifapmifhaecJh-uygw,f? taru eHeufwpfem&DcGJ
tcsdefrSm jyefvmygw,ff? rsufESmjzLzwfjzLa,mfjzpfI t0wfawGvnf; pkwfjywfayawaeyg
w,f? ol0ifvmvmcsif; rD;zdkodk‹oGm;um t0wftm;vkH;c|wfIrD;±d+Œvdkufygw,f? jyD;aemufa&
csdK;jyD;rS usrwdk‹udkayG‹ygw,f? aemufae‹rSm ol‹udk,folowfaozdk‹-udK;pm;w,f? aemuf
xyfokH;cgaoa-umif;-uHcJhygw,f? aemufqkH;tacgufrSm tqdyfaomufaozdk‹ -udK;pm;yg
w,f? olckxd touf&Sifaeygao;w,f? usrbJ ol‹udkjyKpkygw,f? pdwfrESH‹awmhbl;? olwdk‹
43
wawG ol‹udk bmvkyfcJhw,f qdkwmudk b,faomtcgrS rodEdkifcJhygbl;&Sif?
tusOf;orm;rsm;onf tvGefyiftwd'kuQa&muf-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'. pm
tkyfrJ wGif edudkvf ±d+qufpul. &dkar;eD,m;tpdk;&u jyKusifhcJhaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
&dkareD,m;onf tm&SuGefjrLepfwdk‹tokH;jyKonfh OD;aESmufaq;jcif;enf;udk Oa&mywdkufEdkifiH
rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonfh yxrOD;qkH;EdkifiHjzpfEdkifonf? trSefrSm tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Tenf;rsm;
udk tus,fw0ifh tokH;rjyKrD &dkar;eD,m;EdkifiHwGif yxrOD;pGm jyD;jynfhpkHatmif prf;oyfjyif
qifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wDxGif-uHqr+.,kwfywfqdk;oGrf;onfhyef;wdkifrSm/ tusOf;om;
tcsif;csif;ESdyfpuf-uatmif zefwD;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? Tprf;oyfcsufonf 1949=ckESpf 'DZif
bmvwGifpwifI okH;ESpf-umrS tqkH;oyfcJhavonf?==TtzGJ‹.yef;wdkifrSm EdkifiHa&;t
usOf;om;rsm;tm; udk,fum,ESifhpdwf"gwft& ESdyfpufI uGefjrLepf0g',kH-unfcsufrsm;udk
44
oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?
tusOf;om;wdk‹. bmoma&;,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfI aemufqkH;wGif
bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;-uonf?

69
qDul&Dwdwfac: &dkareD,m;v#dKŒ0Sufykvdyfu/ ar;jref;ppfaq;aepOftwGif; a&S;a[mif;ESdyfpuf
enf;tm;vkH;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? &dkufESufjcif;/ ajczaESmifhudk ydwfuefjcif;/ ajymif;jyefcsnfI
wGJavmif;qGJxm;jcif;/ ponfjzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf; blcsm&ufpfjrdKŒrS uDvdkrDwm 110 a0;uGm

70
aom yDwufpwDt&yfwGif 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif aqmufvkyfonfh tusOf;axmifwGif xdkESdyf
pufenf; rsdK;xufajrmufrsm;pGm ydkrdk&ufpufaomenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? tawG;tac:
&Sif A&f*sdvf tD&efum.tajymt&/ “yDwufpwDwGif pdwful;aygufEdkifor# ,kwfywfqdk;
oGrf;qkH;aom ESdyfpufenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? tusOf;om;. wpfudk,fvkH;udk pD;u&uf
jzifh rD;±+dŒxm;onf? olwdk‹.wifyg;rsm;rS pwifykwfyGvmavonf? olwdk‹vJavsmif;aomtcg

71
olwdk‹.om;a&cGHrsm;onf tem-uD;a&m*gjzpfouJhodk‹ uGmusvmonf? tcsdKŒtm; rpifudk
ZGef;jzifhcyfIpm;aponf? tu,fI rpm;bJpGef‹ypfonfudk awG‹v#if/ olwdk‹.tHzwfudk pm;
cdkif;onf?
==A&f*sdvf tD&efum. tqdkt&/ jyefvnfynmay;enf; tqifhav;qifh&Sdonf? yxrtqifh
udk “jyifyrsufESmzkH;cGmcsjcif;”[kac:onf? tusOf;om;udk yxrpGyfpGJpOfu zkH;zdxm;onfh
tcsufrsm;udk az:xkwf0efcHcdkif;jcif;jzifh ol.opPm&Sdjcif;udk oufaojyaponf? txl;ojzifh
jyify&Sd rdwfaqGtquftoG,frsm;udk az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tqifhrSm/ “twGif;pdwf
"gwfrsufESmzkH;cGmjcif;”[kac:onf? ‚if;rSm/ tusOf;pcef;wGifa&mufpOf pcef;twGif;Y ol‹
udkulnDay;olwdk‹udk az:xkwfcdkif;onf? wwd,tqifhrSm/ “vlxka&SŒ pdwf"gwfrsufESm
zkH;cGmjcif;”[k ac:onf? w&m;cHjzpfoltxGwftjrwfwefzdk;xm;onfht&mtm;vkH;/ rdwfaqG
o*F[/ tdrfaxmifpk ZeD;odk‹r[kwf cspfolwdk‹udk qJqdk-udrfqJypfy,fvdkuf&onf? tu,fI
bmomt,l0g'udk ,kH-unfoljzpfv#if bk&m;ocifudkvnf; -udrfqJ&onf? pwkwˆtqifhrSm/
72
 uGefjrLepf0g'udk ,kH-unfaomtusOf;om;tzGJ‹ (Organization of Prisoners with
Communist Beliefs- 0PCB)odk‹0ifI/ olwdk‹. t&if;ESD;qkH;rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;wdk‹udk ESdyf
pufjcif;jzifh olwdk‹udk,fwdkif vlowform; tm%mom;awGjzpfoGm;&ef jzpfonf?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf/ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufaomta&SŒOa&myEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ uGefjrLepf0g'udk &uf

puf-urf;-uKwfpGmt-urf;zufjcif;jzifh,laqmifcJhonf? armhpudkESifhqef‹usifonfh rnfonfhv+yf&Sm;
r+udkrqdk aoG;acsmif;pD;aom*vJhpm;acsjcif;jzifhom ESdrfeif;.? 1968=ckESpf aEGOD;ydkif;wGif csufudk
qvdkaA;uD,m;wGifay:aygufaom vGwfvyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+aemufydkif; wyfeDwdk‹ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf? (txufyg)ykHwGif 1968=ckESpf -o*kwfvwGif 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufpOf qdkAD,ufwifh
um;rsm;udk awG‹&pOf?

==(OPCD)onf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyefvnfynmay;jcif;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wpf

,loef ,kH-unfcsufpmtkyfrsm;ESifhtwl pdwf"gwfa&mudk,fcE<myg ESdyfpuf&onfhvkyfief;jzpf
&m (t-uD;tuJwpfa,mufjzpfol) ,l*sifwmumElu bmoma&;0efxrf;wdk‹ukd twif;t-uyf
,kH-unfcsuf±+wfcsaponfh tvGefqdk;,kwfaomenf;udk wDxGif.? bmoma&;orm;tusOf;
om;rsm;udk ao;a&ESifhrpifa&maESmxm;aoma&ykH;wGif rdrdwdk‹.acgif;udk t-udrf-udrftcgcg
45
ESpfaepOf tapmifhu ESpfjcif;r*FvmESifhqdkifonfh "rRaw;oDcsif;udk qdkay;onf?
Oa&myta±SŒydkif;EdkifiHwdkif;onf pdwful;aygufovdkt&l;xonfh a-umufrufzG,f
aomuGefjrLepf0g'. vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;jcif;cH&I/ bmoma&;udkvnf; jyif;
jyif; xefxefrkef;wD;atmif zefwD;ay;avonf? 'g0if0g'D=&kyf0g'DtawG;tac:onf vl
om;rsm;udk wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onfhenf;wl/ ,if;“wd&pm>ef”wdk‹tm;
,Ofyg;ap&ef tpOfwpdkuf-urf;wrf;cufxefaomESdyfpufr+ESifh a-umuf&GHŒr+vdktyfonf[k
,kH-unfxm;onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ uGefjrLepftusOf;axmifrsm;wGif a-umufrufzG,fpdk;rdk;r+
udk ,laqmifvm-ujcif;jzpfayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0if0g'onf tEW&m,fr&Sd[kqdkol/ odk‹r[kwf 'g0ifoDtdk&DrSyGm;vm
aomoDtdk&Drsm;onfvnf; tEW&m,fr&Sd[k xifjrif-uolwdk‹onf/ Tpmtkyfudk aoao
csmcsmzwf±+&ef vdktyfygonf? 'g0if0g'D=uGefjrLepftawG;tac:wdk‹. aemufqkH;&nf
&G,fcsufonf/ vlwdk‹udk tcsif;csif;&efwdkufay;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhjrifhjrwfaom
pdwfxm;rsm;udk ypfy,fI “wd&pm>eftkyf”wpftkyfuJhodk‹jzpfoGm;apjcif;jzifh/ vG,fulpGm
xdef;ausmif;,Ofyg;apum vG,fulpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jzpfonf? rnfonfhtawG;tac:
73
tjzpf &kyfzsufxm;apumrl/ olwdk‹.&nf&G,fcsufonfum; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdonfudk
ordkif;u oufaocHcJhavjyD?
-uL;bm;EdkifiHrStarSmifacwf
Darkness in Cuba
ppfat;umvtwGif;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku zD'Jvfumpf-wdK. -uL;bm;EdkifiH
uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk axmufyHhcJh.? umpf-wdK. ajymufusm;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tm*sifwDem
ajymufusm;wyfacgif;aqmif tmeufpfwdk “csD”*GDAm&m. ulnDr+jzifh 1959=ckESpfwGif
tm%modrf;cJh.? umpf-wdKonf ol.tpdk;&udk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.EdkifiHa&;ppfa&;
ESpfrsdK;pvkH;ulnDaxmufyHhr+jzifh umuG,fxm;EdkifcJhonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk tpdwf
pdwftr$mr$m uGJoGm;onfhtcsdefwGifyif umpf-wdKu qufvuftouf&SifEdkfifao;onf?

-uL;bm;EdkifiHESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh vufwiftar&duwdkufrS uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+

rsm;udk -unfEl;zG,f&mtjzpftysufrsm;tjzpf jrifavh&Sd-uonf? txl;ojzifh csD*GDAm;&m;
.ajymufusm;wyfv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk “ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;.Zmwfvrf;”tjzpf wifjyavh&Sd
-uonf? vli,ftajrmuftjrm;u csD.uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf -udK;yrf;r+ydkpwmrsm;udk
74
csdwfqGJxm;I vufwiftar&duuGefjrLepfoDcsif;rsm;udk 0dkif;qdk-uonf? tay:,Htm;
jzifh -uL;bm;awmfvSefa&;onf jynfolvlxktm; -uL;bm;tm%m&Sif bmwpfpwm. zd
ESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ufpufr+rsm;rS u,fwifonfh “vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ”tjzpf jrif-uonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ pifppftm;jzifh ‚if;twdkif;tm;vkH;rSefonf[k rqdkEdkifay? uGefjrL
epf0g'. pmtkyfrJwGif -uL;bm;uGefjrLepfEdkifiH. tvkyfpcef;ESifhtusOf;pcef;rsm;t
a-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
tvkyfcGiftajctaerSm -urf;wrf;cufcJr+ tpGef;a&mufayonf? tusOf;om;rsm;onf udk,f
vkH;wD;vkeD;eD; twGif;cHabmif;bDomomavmufom 0wfqif-u&onf? “vl±+yfvlrdkufrsm;”
udk '%fcwfonfhtaejzifh jrufrsm;udkoGm;ESifhudkufjzwfcdkif;onf? odk‹r[kwf qD;oGm;aom
wGif;rsm;wGif wpf-udrfv#if em&Daygif;rsm;pGm xdkifcdkif;xm;onf?
tusOf;axmifwGif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+onf omrmef&mZ0wfr+tusOf;om;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH; wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf; cHpm;-u&onf? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rSm
Departmento Tecnico Investigaciones (DTI-'DwDtdkif) ppfaq;a&;enf;ynmXmerSppf
aq;ar;jref;csdefrS pwifonf? 'DwDtdkifwdk‹onf/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk oD;oef‹wpfa,mufxnf;
avSmifI ppfaq;avh&Sdonf? rdef;rwpfOD;rSm ydk;r$m;rsm;udk a-umufwwf&m/ ydk;[yfrsm; jynfh
-uyfaeaomtcef;wGif wpfa,mufxnf; avSmifxm;.? 'DwDtdkifwdk‹onf um,uHajrmuf
vnf; ESdyfpuf-uonf? tusOf;om;rsm;udk cJtav;rsm;tjynfhxnfhxm;aombGwfbdeyfudk
pD;apI avSum;wufcdkif;onf? avSum;xdyfa&mufonfESifh avSum;atmufxpfqkH;a&muf
atmif uefcsvdkuf-ujyefonf? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESdyfpufr+udkvnf;/ aq;vkyfom;wpfpkjzifh
aqmif&Guf-u.? tusOf;om;udk tdyfridkufatmif qdk'D,rfyifwmaomvfaq;wdkufxm;-u
onf? rwfZdk&maq;&kHwGif aq;ydkif;qdkif&m-uD;-uyfr+rygbJ/ '%fcwfonfhtaejzifh tpOfo
jzifh v#yfppf"gwfjzifhusifatmif wdk‹avh&Sdonf? tapmifhrsm;u acG;qdk;rsm;udkvnf;tokH;jyK-u
onf? ao'%fay;jcif;twkvnf; vkyf-uonf? pnf;urf;csdK;azgufolrsm;udk qkH;ronfht
usOf;cef;rsm;wGif a&ESifhv#yfppf"gwftm;ray;xm;acs? tcsdKŒtusOf;om;rsm;udk vkH;0tvkH
ydwfxm;jcif;vnf; vkyf-uonf?==
==aqGrsdK;rsm;vma&mufvnfywfjcif;onfvnf;/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk oduQmcs&ef tcGifht
vrf;wpfrsdK; jzpfoGm;onf? vmumbmemtusOf;pcef;rStusOf;om;rsm;udk olwdk‹.tdrf
axmifaqGrsdK;rsm;a&SŒwGif udk,fvkH;wD;t0wfrygAvmusif;I awG‹qkHaponf? rdef;rtusOf;
orrsm;udk olwdk‹.vifa,mufsm;a&SŒwGif rzG,fr&m udkifwG,f&SmazGjy-uonf?
-uL;bm;tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif trsdK;orD;tusOf;orrsm;twGuf tapmifhwdk‹. n‡if;yef;
jcif;jzifh umrqENom,mr+,ljcif;ESifh -uKH&ayonf? 1959=ckESpfrSpI trsdK;orD;aygif;
1100 xufrenf; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpf axmifus-uonf? 1963=ckESpfwGif olwdk‹udk
*Ggema*stusOf;axmifY csxm;-uonf? olwdk‹udk &dkufESufjcif;ESifh ESdyfpufuvljyKjcif;trsdK;
rsdK;vkyfonfudk rsufjrifoufaorsm;u xGufqdk-uonf? Oyrm/ a&rcsdK;rD tusOf;orwdk‹
46
udk tapmifhrsm;a&SŒY wpfudk,fvkH;c|wfjycdkif;I &dkufESuf-uonf?
1959=ckESpf awmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;wGif/ vlaygif; wpfaomif;ausmfudk ao'%f
ay; owfjzwfcJhonf? OD;a&aygif;okH;aomif;xufrenf;aomvlrsm;udk txufaz:jyygt
ajctaersdK;jzifh tusOf;csxm;cJh-uonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepftpdk;& pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH
rsm;rSmuJhodk‹yif em-unf;zG,f ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹zG,frsm;udk zefwD;-u
.? wpfcsdefwnf;wGifqdkAD,ufwdk‹xHrSvufcH&&Sdaom -uD;rm;onfhaiGa-u;tultnD
axmufyHhr+tvkH;t&if;-um;wGif -uL;bm;vlxkonfvnf; wajz;ajz;qif;&JEGrf;yg;vm
-uonf?

75
 tzf*geDpwefwGif qdkAD,ufwdk‹.owfjzwfr+
Soviet Massacres in Afghanistan
rm;ufP0g'D=vDeif0g'Dbdkv&SDApfwdk‹. tawG;tac:ESifh ‚if;.&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+
rSwfwrf;udk tjynfhtpkH ppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku 0ifa&mufodrf;
ydkufaom EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; -unfh&ayrnf? tzf*geDpwefonf t&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH;
cHpm;&aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfonf?

1979=ckESpfwGif/ wyfeD-uD;onf tzf*geDpwefEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufI/ rdef;ruav;ra&G;udk

rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; jyK-u.? txufygykHonf 1984=ckESpfwGif armhpudkjrdKŒwGifusif;yaom/
olwdk‹tqdk atmifyGJ ppfa&;jyjcif;jzpfonf?

1978=ckESpfwGif/ uGefjrLepfppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh t&yfom;uGefjrLepftcsdKŒwdk‹yl;

aygif;I tzf*geDpwefY tm%modrf;vdkuf-ujyD;/ uGefjrLepftpdk;&u qufvufI tkyf
csKyfoGm;rnfjzpfa-umif; a-ujimvdkufavonf? bmoma&;udk qef‹usifonfhppfudkvnf;
t-urf;wrf;qkH; cif;-uonf? Tay:vDpDESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfpepf. pmtkyfrJ wGif
atmuf ygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
r-umrDtwGif;/ tpdk;&u bmoma&;qef‹usifonfhu&l;qdwfppfyGJudk cif;-uavonf? trsm;
vlxka&SŒwGif uk&ftmefudk rD;±d+Œ-uonf? tDrmrfESifhbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk‹udk zrf;qD;I
uGyfrsuf-uonf? 1979=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 6&ufae‹ nOfhtcsdefwGif rdk*s'f'D'DrsdK;EG,frS
&SDtmacgif;aqmifaygif; 130=a,mufudk owfjzwfvdkufonf? bmoma&;0wfjyKjcif; tm;
47
vkH;udk wm;jrpfvdkuf.?==
tzf*gefuGefjrLepfwdk‹.vpmudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS ay;I/ olwdk‹.vlrsdK;rsm;
udk armhpudkrS “t-uHay;t&m&Sd”wdk‹.n$ef-um;csuftwdkif; tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif; jyK
-uonf? olwdk‹tm%m&&SdjyD;aemufr-umrDtwGif; t-uD;tus,fxdwfvef‹r+ oufa&muf
aponf? tzf*geDpwefqdkif&m u|rf;usifolyg&*l rdkufu,f bm&Du xdkodk‹aomtjzpf
tysufwpfckudk xkwfaz:xm;ayonf?

76
 1979=ckESpf rwfvwGif=au&mvm&GmrS vltm;vkH;wpfa,mufrusef uav;vl-uD;pkpkaygif;
1700=wdk‹udk/ jrdKŒv,facgif,ifjyifwGifpk&kH;xm;I pufaoewfjzifh teD;uyfypfowfvdkuf-u
onf? aojyD;olrsm;ESifh aovkeD;olrsm;tm;vkH;udk usif;okH;usif;wGif pkjyKHypfcsI bdk'dkZmESifh
ajrzdk‹vdkuf-u.? usif;teD;wGif -unfhaeonfh rdef;rtcsdKŒu/ twGif;rS raoao;olwdk‹
xGufvmEdkifatmif -udK;pm;aejcif;a-umifh zdk‹xm;aomajr-uD;onf twef-umonftxd v+yf
&Sm;aeonfudk awG‹cJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; r-umrDtwGif; jidrfoufoGm;onf? rdef;rawG
48
tm;vkH;vnf; ygupPwefodk‹ xGufajy;oGm;-u.?
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ umblvfjrdKŒawmf-uD;Yvnf; a-umufrufzG,f xdwfvef‹
ajcmufjcm;aeavjyD? jrdKŒawmf-uD;.ta&SŒzufjrdKŒjyif&Sd ydkvf=at=us&fuDaxmif-uD;onf
vnf; pkaygif;tusOf;pcef;jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? TtusOf;axmifwGif jzpfysufykHrsm;
udk uGefjrLepfpepf. pmtkyfrJ Y atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
tusOf;axmif.n$ef-um;a&;rSL;jzpfol qm,'ftAf'lvmu tusOf;om;rsm;udk “rif;wdkŒ[m
trd+ufykHwpfykHjzpfoGm;zdk‹ 'Dae&mudka&mufvm-uwmjzpfw,f?”[k &Sif;jy.? EdSyfpufjcif;onf
vkyf&dk;vkyfpOftvkyfwpfckomjzpfonf? tqdk;qkH;rSm tusOf;om;rsm;udk t&Sifvwfvwf tdrf
omwGif;rsm;wGif jr‡Kyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? nwdkif;tusOf;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwf-u
onf? vlaotavmif;ESifh aovkeD;yg;vlrsm;udk pkjyKHI usif;xJodk‹ypfxnfhjyD; bdk'dkZmESifh ajr
zdk‹vdkuf-uonf? pwmvif.jypf'%fay;enf;twdkif;/ tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹.vkyf&yfjypfr+a-umifh
vlrsdK;pkwpfckvkH;udk '%fcwf-u.? 1979=ckESpf -o*kwfv 15=&ufae‹wGif [mZm&mvlrsdK;
pktcsdKŒudk awmfvSefa&;udkaxmufcHonf[k rouFmojzifh vlaygif; 300 udkzrf;qD;vdkuf
onf? “vl 150=udk t&Sifvwfvwf bdk'dkZmESifh ajrzdk‹owfvdkuf-u.? usefvlrsm;udkrl
"gwfqDavmif;I t&SifvwfvwfrD;±d+Œowfvdkuf-uonf?” 1979=ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif
tusOf;axmiftm%mydkifwdk‹u vlOD;a&aygif; 12000=udk owfjzwf&Sif;vif;ypfjyDjzpfa-umif;
0efcH-uonf? ydkvf=at=us&fuDtusOf;axmifn$ef-um;a&;rSL;u em;axmifolwdk‹udk Todk‹
&Sif;jy.? “usKyfwdk‹u tzf*efvlOD;a& 1=oef;udkbJ touf&Sifvsufxm;r,f? qdk
49
&S,fvpfpepfudk wnfaxmifzdk‹ usKyfwdk‹tJoavmufbJvdkw,f?”
Tvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;udk armhpudkrS n$ef-um;jcif;jzpfonf? trSefrSm/ tzf*gefeDp
wefEdkifiH. jynfwGif;±+yfaxG;r+tm;vkH;udk qdkAD,ufwdk‹u -udKwifpDrHudef;csjyD;jzpfonf?
tzf*gefuGefjrLepfwdk‹udk tm%modrf;&efOD;pGmqGay;I/ ‚if;udkta-umif;jyK,r,f&SmjyD;
olwdk‹tqdkt& “'Drdkua&pD”tpdk;&udk taxmuftulay;onf[k ta-umif;jyum tzf
*gefeDpwefEdkifiHudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhavonf? EdkifiHa&;ordkif;yg&*ltrsm;pkwdk‹
u armhpudk. ,if;pDrHudef;aemufuG,f&Sdta-umif;&if;rSm tpPvmrfomoemudk uGefjrL
epf0g'twGuf tEW&m,f&Sdonf[k ,lqxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k vufcH-uonf?
1979=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 27&ufae‹wGif qdkAD,ufwyfeD-uD;onf tzf*gefuGefjrL
epftpdk;&u rGwfpvifrf“twdkuftcH”rsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&mY ulnDaxmufyHh&ef[kt
a-umif;jyI/ tzf*gefpwefEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhonf? Todk‹jzifh tzf*gefvlrsdK;
rsm;tay:Y ydkrdk-uD;av;aom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ usa&mufavawmhonf? wyfeD-uD;
onf tzf*gefEdkifiHwGif q,fESpftajcpdkufcJh.? xdkumvtwGif;/ twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;
u wefjyefawmfvSefjcif;udk oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhaom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH;enf;
rsm;jzifh zsufqD;-uavonf? tzf*gefeDtwdkuftcHtzGJ‹0ifwpfOD;u T&ufpufenf;rsm;
udk az:jycJh.?
qdkAD,ufwdk‹onf tdrfwdkif;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI/ vk,ufjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdk‹udk rk'def;
usifhjcif;rsm; jyK-uonf? olwdk‹.&dkif;pdkif;r+onf ADZxufydkrdkvGefuJ.? -udKwifpDrHudef;csI
vkyfaqmifonf[k ,kH-unfEdkifayonf? xdkodk‹jyKusifhjcif;jzifh u|Efkyfwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.t
50
ajccHrludk zsufqD;ypfjcif;jzpfonfudk aumif;pGm odxm;-uonf?

77
 tzf*gefrGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:wGif qdkAD,ufwyfeDu tajccHtusqkH;aomenf;udk
tokH;jyKayonf? rdkif;AkH;rsm;udk uav;upm;p&mtoGif jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh uav;i,f wdk‹
aumuf,lupm;&if; aoa-uysufpD;-uatmif vkyf-uonf? twdkuftcHtkyfpkwdk‹udk zrf;
qD;I &ufpufqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh n‡if;yef;ESdyfpuf-uonf? t&yfom;rsm;udk AkH;-uJ&efvnf;
0efrav;-uacs? q,fESpf-umaom qdkAD,ufwyfpGJjcif;u odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom touf
aoa-uysufpD;onfhtjyif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom 'kuQdwrsm;udk csefxm;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh
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78
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uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+.aemufuG,frS tawG;tac:=
vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;
The Philosophy behind Communist Savagery:
The Bestialization of Humam Beings

&kyf0g'tawG;tac:&Sifrsm;jzpf-uaom rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ wifjyaom 20=&mpk

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79
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51
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cgrsm;pGm tav;teufxm;I ajymcJhavjyD?

80
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52
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53
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81
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82
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The Dull World of Communism

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84
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ay;aomt&monf “ukefxkwfvkyfr+enf;vrf;”omv#ifjzpfonf[k tcdkiftrmajym-u

85
onf? rm;ufP. tifrwefausmf-um;aom 'g;pfuJyDwvf wGif ordkif;udk ukefxkwfvkyfr+
enf;vrf;jzifh -udK;pm;&Sif;jyxm;ayonf? rm;ufPtaeESifh “ordkif;OD;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;”onf
awmvdkufpkaqmif;aexdkifpm;aomuf-uaom vlwpfpkomv#if jzpfonf? pdkufysdK;a&; ay:
aygufvmonfESifh “ajru|ef”ac:vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfrsdK; ay:aygufvmavonf? aemif
wGif xkwfukefenf;vrf;ESifhtrsdK;tpm;topftopfajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# “ya'o
&mZfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;” qufIjzpfay:vmonf? puf,EW&m;rsm;udk wDxGifvdkufonfESifh
pufr+vufr+[kac:aom ukefxkwfvkyfr+topf xyfrHjzpfay:vmonf? ,if;ESifhtwl
“t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;”ay:aygufvmavonf? rm;ufP.tqdkt&/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiH
ESifhEdkifiHtpdk;&/ Oya'/ tdrfaxmifESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹onf ukefxkwfvkyfr+ rwlnDuGm
jcm;r+rsm;rS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
rm;ufP0g'.usOf;ajrmif;aomordkif;tjrif rrSefuefa-umif; cdkifrmonfhtawG‹t
-uHKrsm;udkrajym-uawmhbJ tomxm;vdkufygawmhrnf? tawG;tac:&Sif tajrmuftjrm;
wdk‹u &Sif;jyxm;-uonfrSmvnf; rsm;jym;vSygjyD? xdk‹a-umifh/ Tae&mwGif xdkodk‹aom
rrSefa-umif;tcsufrsm;udk xyfrHoufaoxlaep&mrvdktyfawmhyg? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹wDxGif
zefwD;xm;aom a&S;&dk;qefjcif;/ jiD;aiG‹zG,frmausmwif;usyfjcif;/ ta&miftqif;uif;rJh
jcif;rsm;jzifhjynfheufaeaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfa-umif;udkomt"duxm;tm&kHpdkufygrnf?
rm;ufP0g',kH-unfcsufESifh rwlnDonfhtcsufrSm/ vlom;wdk‹.0dnmOfonf &kyf
0wˆKypPnf;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;r[kwfay? trSefrSm/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u j'yf0wˆKypPnf;[kac:onfh
t&mudk 0dnmOfu jrifjcif;/ -um;jcif;ESifh xdawG‹cHpm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh 0dnmOfu
awG‹jrifcHpm;&onfh 0wˆKypPnf;rsm;.oabmw&m;jzifh 0dnmOf(&l[f)udk az:jyI rjzpfEdkif
acs? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf0dnmOfudk Om%fynmxufjrufr+/ pdwful;,Ofr+/ cHpm;r+ESifh
vdktifqEN&Sdr+ ponfhoGifjyifvuQ%mESifh ,drf;,dkifr+trsdK;rsdK;&Sdatmif zefqif;xm;onf?
vlom;onf rnfonfhtajctaewGifbJ&Sdaeonfjzpfap/ xdk,drf;,dkifr+ESifhoGifjyifvuQ
%mrsm;onf yaysmufajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdacs? ‚if;wdk‹udk xkwfaz:jyor+omv#if uGmjcm;ay
onf?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf yxrOD;qkH;aomvlom;udkzefqif;cJhpOfu ,ae‹&Sdvlom;
rsm;wGif&Sdonfht&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhu|rf;usifr+rsm;udkyg wygwnf;jynfhpkHatmif zefqif;
cJhavonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹.todw&m;tqifhonf u|Efkyfwdk‹aexdkifaygufzGm;onfh
ae&mESifhtcsdefay:rlwnfI jcm;em;jcif;r&Sday? vl‹ordkif;rS yxrOD;qkH;vlom;.pdwWm
"dywdac:pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh qEN/ pdwfwGif;cHpm;r+rsm;/ pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;ESifh pdwftm&kHwdk‹
onf ,ae‹urBmay:wGiftouf&Sifaeonfh vlom;wdkif;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfayonf? jcm;
em;csufrSm/ ‚if;wdk‹udk az:jyxkwfaz:&mY oltokH;jyKaomenf;edo#rsm;omv#if jcm;em;
rnfjzpf.? vlyk*~KdvfwpfOD;csif;. todw&m;rsm;onf/ ol.pdwful;pdwfoef; Om%fpGrf;
Om%fprsm;udk rnfodk‹tokH;jyKonf/ rnfonfhOm%fpGrf;tqifhtxdol‹udkay;xm;onf/ ol
.todw&m;u rnfr#txdawmifhwonf/ [lonfhtcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI jcm;em;-u
ayonf? Ttcsufudk odaomrGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk/ ae&ma'o/ ywf0ef;usif odk‹r[kwf
tawG;tac:rsm;. uef‹owfxm;jcif;r&Sdacs? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ olwdk‹wGifjzpfvmor#udpPt00udk pOf;pm;qifjcifwkH w
&m;jzifh ‚if;.odrfarG‹El;nHheufeJr+udkpOf;pm;a0zefum ‚if;.tvSudk xdk;xGif;-unfhjrif
wwf-uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvfbuU&m 2;164wGif/ Todk‹rdef‹qdkxm;
awmfrl.?
rdk;aumif;uifrsm;ESifh yx0Dajrjyifudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;Yvnf;aumif;/ ae‹ESifh
nY ajymif;vJoGm;vmjcif;Yvnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk‹tm; tusdK;jzpfxGef;apaom0wˆK
86
ypPnf;rsm;udk wifaqmifI yifv,fork'N&mrsm;wGif pkHqefoGm;vmaeaom a&,mOfrsm;Y
vnf;aumif;/ ajraoajra[mif; ajroa&mif;udk jyefvnf&SifapjyD; (ajr-oZmjzpfapI
opfyif0g;yiftrsdK;rsdK;aygufa&mufap&ef tvdk‹iSg) rdk;aumif;uifrS tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf
&GmoGef;apawmfrlaomrdk;a&Yvnf;aumif;/ xdkajrjyifYaygufyGm;jyef‹ESH‹apawmfrlaom wd&
pm>eftrsdK;rsdK;Yvnf;aumif;/ rdk;ESifhajr-um;0,f(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmfudk) emcH
vsuf&Sdaom rdk;wdrf rsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ edorROm%ft&if;cHI pOf;pm;qifjcif odjrifem;
vnf-uukefaom vlrsm;tbdk‹ rkcs{uef oufaovuQ%mrsm; &Sdayownf;?
xdk‹a-umifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ydkrdkI us,fjyef‹pGm
awG;wwf jrifwwf.? tpOftjrJ vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm.? tzufzufaomtEkynmY
jyifvsmwifharmr+qdkif&mtvS&ocHpm;r+udk tqkH;r&Sd tuef‹towfr&Sd ±+jrifwwf-u.?
TtrSefw&m;udk awG;awmEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh rm;ufPESifh ol.aemufvdkufwdk‹onf/
vl‹todw&m;udk tifrwefusOf;ajrmif;I olwdk‹u -uHzefykHpHoGif;xm;onfh “vlwef;pm;=
todw&m;”wGif jyGwfodyfxnfhvdkuf-uonf? olwdk‹-oZmanmif;Edkifolwdkif;udk Tpdwf
ul;,Ofa0g[m&twGif;Yom touf&Sifaexdkifaponf? rm;ufP0g'-uD;pdk;tjrpfwG,frd
onfh EdkifiHwdkif;wGif vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ESajrmwojcif;/ oem;-uifemjcif;/
aemifw&jcif;vkH;0r&SdbJ owfjzwfvdkuf-uovdk/ vlom;wdk‹. tEkynm&oaz:xkwf
jcif;/ jyifvsmwifharmr+qdkif&mtvS&ocHpm;r+ESifh vlom;wdk‹. tjcm;pdwf"gwfpdwful;
pdwfoef;rsm;udk [ef‹wm;&yfwef‹aponf?
toufrygaom “uGefjrLepftEkynm”
The Lifelessness Of "Communist Art"
1917=ckESpf bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;jzifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif urBmhyxrOD;qkH;aom
rm;ufP0g'tpdk;&udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? yxr vDeif/ xdk‹aemufpwmvif.oHr%dvuf
oD;qkyfatmufwGif/ uGefjrLepftawG;tac:u wEdkifiHvkH;udk jyefvnfpDpOfykHpHoGif;cJh.?
‚if;.-oZmwdurudk ta&;-uD;aom,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mtEkynm/ tvS&ocHpm;r+ESifh
ydokumvuf&mrsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&.?
awmfvSefa&;jyD;jyD;csif;/ “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”xGufay:vmonf? Iskus -
stvo Kommunu ac: “bkHpepftEkynm” r*~Zif;wGif uGefjrLepftEkynmonfwdk‹u
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;,Ofaus;r+udk tusdK;aqmifonfh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;az:xkwfrnf[k
a-unmavonf? tvm;wlpdwful;t-uHtpnfudk Proletkult (ypPnf;rJh,Ofaus;r+)pm
apmifwGifxkwfaz:xm;onf?
olwdk‹u “ypPnf;rJhtEkynm”.t"dy`g,fudkvnf; pwifaqG;aEG;-uonf? 1920=
ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;rSpI/ Avm'DrD&f ,JAf*&mzdkAdcsf wwfvifESifh tvufqef rDac;vdkAdcsf &dk'f
csifudk tp&Sdonfhausmf-um;aom&k&Sm;tEkynmonfwdk‹u tEkynmonfwpfOD;.pdwful;
tawG;tac:onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.jy\emrsm;udk vufawG‹ ajz&Sif;ay;onfh enf;
ynmonfwpfa,mufjzpf&rnf[k umuG,fajymqdk-uonf? vDeifu TtawG;tac:udk
axmufcHtm;ay;I/ tEkynme,fy,ftajrmuftjrm;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tjrift& t
usdK;r&Sd[k,lqojzifh csKyfcs,fydwfyifcJhavonf? Oyrm/ wwfvifESifh&dk'fcsifudkwdk‹u tEk
ynmqefonfhaz:jycsufrsm;onf tvkyform;wpfa,muf. ae‹pOfb0twGuf tokH;r
0ifaoma-umifh/ yef;csDykHqGJjcif;onf w&m;r0ifaomtEkynmwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[k owf
rSwf-uonf?

87
 1921=ckESpfwGif/ “tjyKoabm”[kac:onfh TtEkynmoabmw&m;topf
onf/ qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;. w&m;0if tEkynmay:vDpDjzpfvmcJhavonf? wwfvifonf/
Todk‹aomtawG;tac:.a&SŒwef;wGif&yfwnfI/ tokH;rusonfhyef;csDykHrsm;udk a&;qGJ
rnfhtpm;/ tdrfESifhy&dabm*uJhodk‹ “tokH;us”aom'DZdkif;ykHrsm;udk a&;qGJ&efvdktyfonf[k
tawG;aygufavonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.b0udk tvkyfta-uG;jyKonfhtaejzifh/ ol
wdk‹twGuf tcsdef-um-umtvkyfvkyfaepOf 0wfqifEdkifrnfh tjrifhqkH;aEG;axG;r+udkay;I
tvkyfvkyf&mwGif v+yf&Sm;r+tqifajyqkH;ay;Edkifum ayghyg;qkH;jzpfjyD; ‚if;.ukefpdrf;aps;
E+ef;tenf;qkH;jzpfrnfh t0wfykHpH'DZdkif;udk a&;qGJay;.? olu/ tyl&Sdeftjrifhrm;qkH;ay;I
avmifpmtenf;qkH;tokH;jyKonfh rD;zdkwpfrsdK;'DZdkif;ykHpHudkvnf; a&;qGJay;cJhonf?
tEkynmonfyef;csDq&mtm;vkH;u wwfvifuJhodk‹“tif*sifeD,m”rjzpfcJh-uay?
odk‹aomfvnf; “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”tawG;tac:udk vufcH-ujyD;/ olwdk‹.t
pGrf;tptm;vkH;udktokH;jyKI uGefjrLepftawG;tac:udk tvkyfta-uG;jyKcJh-u&Smonf? xdk
acwfu qdkAD,ufyef;csDq&mtm;vkH;eD;yg;wdk‹onf tvkyform;uvyfESifh “qdkAD,uf
awG”[kac:aom tkyfpki,frsm;twGuf ydkpwmrsm;/ qdkif;bkwfrsm;/ a-uG;a-umfa&;pmwrf;
rSykHrsm;udk a&;qGJay;cJh-uonf? tm;vkH;uvnf; vufarmif;-uGufom;azgif;azgif;-uG-uG
ESifh tifwdkuftm;wdkuftvkyf-udK;yrf;aeaom wludkifonfhtvkyform;ykHESifh wHZifudkif
xm;aom&Gmom;ykH/ a'gowacsmif;acsmif;xGufaeaomypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdk‹u rwfwyf
&yfae&mY olwdk‹udk csnfaESmifxm;aom oH-udK;rsm;udkqGJjzwfypfaeykH/ vDeif.acgif;
aqmifr+ESifhatmifvHwHcGefatmufwGif -uGm;-uGm;0ifh0ifhcsDwufae-uonfh ppfom;wdk‹.
ykH/==ponfwdk‹udkom wnDwnmwajy;nD 0dkif;qGJ-u.?

88
 Todk‹aom tEkynmoabmw&m;opfwGif/ “jyifvsmwifharm tvS&ooabm”
rsm; uif;rJhvsuf&Sd.? ‚if;udk tEW&m,f&SdaomblZGmtpGJtvrf;jzpfonf[kyif ,lq-u
.? vSyjcif;oabmwGif pHerlemjzpfaomyef;csDykHrsm;/ &kyfvkH;rsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;/ taqmif
wGif;qif,ifr+rsm;ESifh ydokumvuf&m'DZdkif;rsm;udk zsufqD;jzKwfypf-uonf? jAdwmedum
pG,fpkHusrf;wGif TudpPESifhywfoufI/ “vSyjcif;oabmudkqef‹usifa&;”onf uGefjrL
epftEkynmavmuudk -uD;pdk;oGm;ojzifh/ vdktyfonfxufydkaomcufxefjcif;/ jiD;aiG‹
zG,fxkHxdkif;jcif;ESifh acsmarmajyjypfjcif;r&Sd-urf;wrf;onfh oGifjyifrsm;tjzpfodk‹ ul;
ajymif;oGm;ayonf[k qdkxm;onf?
pwmvif.acwfwGif/ tEkynmESifhywfoufonfh Todk‹aomoabmaygufjcif;
onf ydkrdkIa&S;&dk;qefonfh “qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwtjrif”(Socialist Realism)ac:aom
ay:vDpDudkw&m;0ifyif csrSwfavonf? Tay:vDpD.oabmw&m;rSm tEkynmonf/
qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&; (uGefjrLepftawG;tac:)rS ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.ae‹pOfb0t
wGuf xm;&SdaomtajccHrl. “,xmblwusjcif;”udk ay:vGifatmifwifjyjcif;jzpfonf
[k qdk.? qdk&S,fvpf ,xmblway:vDpDt& 0wˆKZmwfvrf;rsm;wGif uGefjrLepfvl-urf;
rsm;udk/ qkH;jzwf&Jolrsm;/ owWdajymifolrsm;ESifh udk,fusdK;pGef‹olrsm;tjzpf o&kyfaz:oifh
onf? olwdk‹.-udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk twk,lxdkufonfhykHpHay:vGif&rnf? Zmwfvrf;tqkH;
ydkif;wGif &yfol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;a-umifh rnfodk‹aysmf&$if
ae-uonf [laomtcsufrsm; yg0if&rnf?

1927=ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;vlrsdK;yef;csDq&m tvufqENm; &kd'fcsifudk a&;qGJaom

“yuf-wKd*&ufumuG,fa&;” trnf&Sd yef;csDum;

89
 qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwusaomtEkynmonfwdk‹onf/ awmfvSefa&;u vlxkxH
aysmf&$ifr+ay;aqmifjcif;r&SdbJ/ tpmiwfjywfjcif;/ zdESyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;ESifh aoa-uysufpD;
jcif;udkomay;aqmifonfh trSefw&m;ESifh wdkuf&dkuf qef‹usifbufjzpfaomo&kyfaqmif
jcif;twGuf pdwfrodk;roef‹rjzpf-uacs? trSefrSm/ qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonf ,xmbl
wrusay? pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;omv#if jzpf.? jAdwmedum pG,fpkHusrf;.tqdkt&/
“qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonf/ trsm;vlxk. todw&m;udk ykHpHoGif;Edkif&eftwGuf ol&J
aumif;wpfOD;OD;ESifhtjzpftysufwpfckckudk pHerlemtjzpfxm;I ajr‡mufyifh0g'jzef‹ay;
onfh pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;xGifjcif;odk‹ wpfa-umhjyefvSnfhoGm;jcif;ESifh wlayonf?”[k
a&;om;xm;ayonf?
qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwudk 1932=ckESpf aoG;ajrtrsm;qkH;usonfh pwmviftpdk;&
acwfwGifaz:xkwfowfrSwfxm;cJhjcif;jzpf&m/ 1980=ckESpfrsm;txd qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
.w&m;0ifEdkifiHawmftEkynmqdkif&may:vDpD jzpfcJhonf? xdkumvwav#mufvkH;twGif;
uGefjrLepf0g'. pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhI at;wdat;pufEdkifum rajymif;rvJxkHxdkif;
r+wdk‹onf qdkAD,uftEkynmavmuudk v$rf;rdk;xm;ayonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mtodt
rSwfjyKjcif;cH&&eftwGuf/ qdkAD,uftpdk;&u tEkynmonfrsm;udk tEkynmvuf&mopf
rsm; wDxGifxkwfvkyf&efta&;-uD;a-umif; v+H‹aqmftm;ay;jyefonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ qdk
&S,fvpf,xmblw w&m;ao0g'.udkifwG,fenf;a-umifh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf
usOf;ajrmif;I pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhum &kyfqdk;yef;qdk;vGef;aomykHpHwGifom zdESdyfcsKyf
cs,fxm;jcif;cH&cJhonf? 1949=ckESpfrSpwifI qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonfvnf; uGefjrL
epftpdk;& tm%m&oGm;jyDjzpfaom w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ ul;pufoGm;avawmhonf? tvm;wl
xdkif;r+dif; -urf;wrf;onfhtEkynmoabmu w&kwfEdkifiHudk pdk;rdk;oGm;avonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'vufatmufwGif/ tEkynmonf ‚if;.jyifvsmwifharmaomtvSoabmawG aysmufuG,f

ukefjyD;/ 0g'jzef‹ puf&kyfykHpHxkwfvkyfr+tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;.? Tyef;csDykHwdk‹onfacwfopfvlrsm;udk
o&kyfaqmifxm;onf? -urf;wrf;cufxefI/ cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpkHum r+Hr+dkif;onfhtvkyform; odk‹r[kwf t
xufucsay;onfhpepfudkomvdkufemwwfonfh awmifolv,form;ykHrsm;omjzpfonf?

90
 1920=ckESpfrsm;u qdkAD,uf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmrsm;=“ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ynwfawmfq,fyg;”ESifh
“tjynfjynfqdkif&m e,fcsJŒwdk‹.rkom;?”

awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDumvwGif/ &k&Sm;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u tifrwefaumif;rGefvSy

onfhtEkynmvuf&mrsm;ESifh -uD;us,fcef;em;onfhydokumvuf&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJh
onf? pdef‹yDwmpbufrS urBmausmf[mrDwufjywdkufwGif xif&Sm;-uD;us,fonfh tEky
nmvuf&mrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;ayonf? trsm;tm;jzifh Oa&mywdkuf tEkynmonfwdk‹
.vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; uGefjrLepf0g'u 1917=ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;tEkynm
udk &yfwef‹ypfonfhtjyif/ ,if;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+rsm;udkyif aemufodk‹qkwfcGmoGm;apcJh.?
&kyf0g'tawG;tac:rS pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhaom uGefjrLepftEkynmu uGef
jrLepfavmu. urBmhtjrifudk owfrSwfay;.? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf/ vlom;udk
j'yf0wˆKrsm;pkaygif;pkpnf;aeaomt&mtjzpf jyifytay:&Hudkom-unhfjrifojzifh/ t&m
cyfodrf;udk &kyf0wˆKtjzpfodk‹om av#mhcsvdkufayonf? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk tEkynmY
tokH;csjcif;onf/ tjcm;aomvkyfief;ydkif;wGifuJhodk‹ t±+H;-uD;jzifhom-uKH&ayonf?
tEkynmtppfrSm/ vlom;rsm;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu ay;oem;awmfrlaom
jyifvsmwifharm vSyjcif;oabmwGif -unfEl;I cspfjcif;arwWmESifhtjcm;cHpm;csufpdwf
v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk xkwfaz:Edkif-ujcif; jzpfayonf? tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkif
&eftwGuf/ vlom;.0dnmOfonf arG;&mygtwGif;oabmudk twwfEdkifqkH;vGwfvyfpGm
xkwfaz:jyoEdkifcGifh &Sd&ygrnf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif pwiftkwfjrpfcswnfaqmufcJh
aom =aemifwGif w&kwftpdk;&/ Oa&myta&SŒydkif;EdkifiHrsm;tkyfpk/ tif'dkcsdKif;em;ESifh -uL;
bm;EdkifiHwdk‹wGif ykHwlul;cscJhonfh= uGefjrLepftm%m&Sifpepfonf/ TvGwfvyfIouf
awmifhoufom&Sdonfhywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk tjyD;ydkifacszsufypf-uonf? olwdk‹.

91
jynfolrsm;udk tpOfwpdkufzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzifh tEkynmudk uGyfrsufowfjzwfvdkuf-u
onf?

olwdk‹udk bmoma&;rSjzwfawmufuif;uGmapojzifh/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf tEkynm

udk aemufxyfwpfrsdK; xdk;ESufvdkufjyefonf? tEkynmudk yxrOD;pGmjzpfay:Edk;-uGvmap
jcif;onf bmoma&;rS&&Sdaom pdwf"gwfa&;&m-unfEl;r+jzpfonf? ordkif;wGif tausmf
-um;qkH;aom tEkynmonfwdk‹u wDxGifcJhaomyef;yk&kyfvkH;rsm;ESifh ydokumvuf&mrsm;
onf/ olwdk‹.bmoma&;,kH-unfr+rS&&Sdaom pdwf"gwfa&;&mEdk;-uGr+tiftm;jzifh bmom
a&;tmabmfrsm;wGiftajccHaom vuf&mrsm;yif jzpfayonf? olwdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;udk

92
93
 qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku uruxjyKIusif;ycJhaom wwd,t-udrfajrmuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
uGefjrLepfnDvmcH. 0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfckjzpfonf? at;pufr+efrd+if;aomuGefjrLepfavmuudk t
vHudkifxm;onfh vl-urf;-uD;.rsufESmwGif xif[yfvsuf&Sd.?

aojcif;jzifhaysmufysufoGm;rnfh wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfcktjzpfrjrif-ubJ/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf

u 0dnmOfoGif;ay;xm;aom ouf&Sda0ae,stjzpf jrif-uonf? olwdk‹u vl‹avmuudk
cspfcifI txl;wvnftr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;um olwdk‹.tEkynmvuf&mrsm;wGif tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf.zefqif;jcif;tEkynmudk xif[yfaponf? bmom,kH-unfr+r&Sdonfh vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;wGifrlum;/ vlwdk‹onf Todk‹aompdwftm;xufoefr+ESifh-unfEl;r+ qkH;±+H;oGm;-u
I/ pdwf"gwf0dnmOfa&;t& tokH;0ift&ma&mufjcif;uif;rJhr+rsm;jzifh ywfvnf0dkif;xm;
jcif; cHae-uonf? TtawG‹t-uHKrsdK;udk uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdkif;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? bm
omt,l0g'r&Sdjcif;ESifh vlom;onf wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfckomjzpfonf [laomtawG;t
ac:wdk‹a-umifh vl‹b0vl‹toufonf wefzdk;r&SdawmhbJ/ vlwpfOD;csif;. wnf&Sdjcif;onf
ol.udk,fcE<maoqkH;oGm;csdefwGifukefqkH;oGm;ayonf? xdkodk‹aomvl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif
tqdk;jrif0g'/ -unfEl;r+uif;rJhjcif;ESifht"dy`g,fuif;rJhjcif;wdk‹ v$rf;rdk;vmawmhonf?
armfpDwkH;. w&kwfeDEdkifiHonf/ uGefjrLepf0g'. a&S;&dk;qefjcif;ESifh oabmxm;
usOf;ajrmif;jcif;wdk‹u aemufxyfxif&Sm;aomO'g[&k%frsm;tjzpf jyqdkcJhayonf? (T
ta-umif;udk a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif qufvufqef;ppf-uygrnf)? ,Ofaus;r+awmf
vSefa&;umvtwGif; vlwdkif;onf t0wfwpfrsdK;wnf;0wfqif&.? tdrfwGif;tvSarG;
aomwd&pm>efrsm;udk wm;jrpfcJhonf?

94
 t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom “uGefjrLepf odyH`ynm”
The Nonsense of "Communist Science"
odyH`ynmonfvnf; uGefjrLepf.jyif;xefaomvufoD;xkaxmif;jcif;cH&onfh t
ydkif;wpfydkif;jzpfonf? pwmviftpdk;&u “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”ESifhtwl “ypPnf;
rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynm”udkvnf; wifjycJh.? ToDtdk&Dt&/ blZGmodyH`ynmESifh ypPnf;rJhvl
wef;pm;odyH`ynm[lI ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf [l.? jcm;em;aomodyH`ynmESpfrsdK;u jcm;em;aom
&vm'frsm;udk &aponf? Ttcsufudk emZDygwD.*smreDEdkifiHu *sL;vlrsdK;odyH`ynm&Sif
tdkifpwdkif;. awG‹&Sdcsufudk ypfy,fonfhtjzpfESifh E+dif;,SOf&ygrnf?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynmonf &Sd&if;pGJodyH`ynmudk &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh
udkufnDatmif ta&;ay:jyKjyifajymif;vJxm;jcif; jzpfonf? pwmvif.qdkAD,uftm
%m&Sifpepftpdk;&twGuf trSwfw&jzpfapaom “vdkifqifudk tjzpftysuf”onf xif
&Sm;aomoufaoom"uwpfck jzpfayonf?
x&dkzif 'ifeDqdkApf vdkifqifudkonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS pdkufysdK;a&;ausmif;
rsm;wGif ynmoif-um;atmifjrifcJholjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpfrsm;wGif pwmvif.pdwf0if
pm;r+udk vufcH&&SdI qdkAD,ufpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhZD0aA'ay:vDpDtm%mudk wpfOD;wnf;ydkif
pdk;rdk;vmcJhavonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm/ vdkifqifudku -op-wD,HvlrsdK; &kuQaA'ynm&Sif c
&pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD; *&D*dk rif;'Jvf. 19=&mpkESpftwGif; awG‹&SdcJhI 20=&mpkESpfwGif
aemufxyfvufawG‹prf;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh oufaojycJhaom rsdK;ADZaA'udk ypfy,fjcif; jzpf
onf? vdkifqifudku rif;'Jvf.ed,mrrsm;udk “blZGmodyH`ynm”jzpfonf[kqdkum y,fcs
ypfI/ 18=&mpkESpfrS jyifopfZD0aAynm&Sif vmruf. “avhusifh,ljcif;jzifh&&Sdaomt
&nftcsif;udk ADZtarGcHjcif;”pmwrf;udk axmufcHcJhonf?
vdkifqifudk. tawG;tac:onf rnfonfhodyH`ynmqdkif&m oufaojycsufay:
wGifrS tajccHjcif;r[kwfacs? 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku -uD;us,f
onfh pdkufysdK;a&;jy\emESifh -uHKawG‹&jcif;a-umifh/ vdkifqifudktm; pdwf0ifpm;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf? ol.oDtdk&Dudk tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh ZD0aA'ynm&Sifwdk‹,kH-unf-uonfhenf;xuf qef
ESifh*sKHpyg;xGufE+ef;ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmvdrfhrnf[k uwday;cJhonf? Oyrm/ tu,fI oifh
awmfonfhtajctaeay;IpdkufysdK;ygu *sKHpyg;onf &dkif;pyg;aphtjzpfodk‹tvdkvdkajymif;
vJ xGufvmvdrfhrnf[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyK.? ol‹tqdktwdkif; atmifjrif&ef jyifqif.?
(TtqdkrSm tu,fI acG;rsm; awmeufxJwGifusufpm;ygu ajracG;uav;tjrKHvdkuf
arG;xkwfay;vdrfhrnf [kqdkonfESifhtvm;wl.? ,if;tqdkonf odyH`ynmESifh vkH;vkH;-uD;
qef‹usifaeonf? xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysufudk b,faomtcgurS rawG‹bl;cJh-uacs?)
1940=ckESpfwGif/ pwmvifu vdkifqifudktm; qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkorw
EdkifiH. odyH`ynmtu,f'rDrS rsdK;ADZaA'Xmet-uD;tuJtjzpfcef‹tyfvdkufavonf? T
wuUodkvfonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. t-uD;us,fqkH;aom wuUodkvfjzpfayonf?
vdkifqifudkuvnf; T&mxl;udk ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwdkif ,lxm;cJh.?
1948=ckESpfwGif or&dk;usrsdK;ADZaA' oif-um;ydk‹csjcif;udk wm;jrpfvdkufonf?
vdkifqifudk. tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dpmwrf;udk 0dkif;y,fI rif;'Jvf. rsdK;ADZoDtdk&Dudk axmufcH
aom rsdK;ADZynm&Sifwdk‹udk v#KdŒ0Sufzrf;qD;jyD; uGyfrsufypfvdkufonf?
xdktcsdeftawmtwGif;/ vdkifqifudk. pdkufysdK;a&;ay:vDpDu oD;ESHxGufE+ef;usqkH;
jcif; tus,fw0ifh jzpfay:aponf? Oyrm/ tu,fI rsdK;aphrsm;udk at;pufaeaom a&cJ
a&wGif tcsdeftwef-umatmif pdrfxm;jyD;aemuf xkwf,lIpdkufygu at;jraom&moDudk

95
cHEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyKonf? ol.,lqcsufudkprf;oyf&ef wefcsdefrsm;pGm
aom rsdL;aphrsm;udk a&cJa&wGifpdrfI qdkufab;&D,m;jrufcif;jyifwGif -uJapcJhonf? rsdK;
aphrsm;rSm tan‡mufrxGufvmay? tvm;
wl prf;oyfcsufrsm;tm;vkH;onfvnf;
atmifjrifr+r&SdcJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf; T
qkH;&+H;r+rsm;ESifhywfoufI 1960=ckESpft
xd az:xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ 0Sufxm;cJh-uav
onf? aemufqkH; 1964=ckESpfwGifusrS
vdkifqifudk.oDtdk&DrSm;,Gif;a-umif; 0ef
cH-uavonf? rif;'Jvf.rsdK;ADZawG‹&Sd
csufudk tus,fw0ifhoif-um;&ef pDrH
udef;csI tokH;cs-u&ayonf? &k&Sm;
EdkifiHonf tar&duefpdkufysdK;a&;rS rsdK;
pyfjcif;ESifh aemufacs;ajraqG;tokH;jyK
I pdkufysdK;ajrrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifonf h
enf;odk‹ ul;ajymif;&avonf? olwdk‹.
t"dy`g,fr&Sdaompmwrf;u &k&Sm;EdkifiH
pdkufysdK;a&;udk t-uD;tus,fysufpD;apcJh
aomfvnf;/ vdkifqifudkESifhtaygif;ygwdk‹
onf olwdk‹.pdwful;rsm;udk rypfy,f-u vd kifqifudku tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtwGuf rsdK;ADZ
aA'udkjiif;y,fxm;ojzifh/ qdkAD,ufpdkufysdK;a&;
ao;acs? qdkAD,ufodyH`ynmavmuwGif onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acwfaemufus usef&pfcJh
olwdk‹.&mxl;tqifhrsm;udk xdef;xm;EdkifcJh avonf?
-uao;onf?

vdkifqifudkvufsmbufvlu qdkAD,ufu|rf;usifolrsm;tm;
“ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynm”ta-umif; &Sif;jyaeykH?

96
 a,bk,stm;jzifh/ acwfopftDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dorm;wdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D
wGif rsufpdrSdwfwG,fuyf,kH-unfjcif;a-umifh -uD;us,fonfhysufpD;jcif;udk ay;aqmif
onfh vdkifqifudkudpPESifhywfoufI zGifh[ajymqdkjcif;rjyK-uay? vdkifqifudk. tawG;t
ac:ta-umif;ajymv#if vmruf0g'wpf,loefykHpHjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJI pum;jzwfypfavh&Sd
-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vdkifqifudkESifhtaygif;ygwdk‹onf vmruf0g'Drsm;omr[kwf-u
acs? olwdk‹onf 'g0ifoDtdk&D0g'Drsm;jzpfonfhtjyif/ vmrufESifh'g0ifwdk‹ESpfOD;pvkH;onf
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjyeftvSefjznfhpGufr+ay;-uonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtawG;tac:&Sifrsm;
jzpf-uonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf?
vmruf. “avhusifhI&&Sdaomt&nftcsif;udk tarGcHjcif;”oDtdk&Dudk tajct
jrpfr&Sd[k ypfy,fvdkufaomtcsdefwGif/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donfvnf; tajccHr&Sdawmha-umif;
udk olwdk‹owd&-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹u vmruf.oDtdk&Dudk rsufpdrSdwfI
qufvuf axmufcHcJh-uonf?
rm;ufP0g'D='g0if0g'DtawG;tac:±Sif a&mbwf tJrf ,ef;u ola&;aomaqmif;
yg;wpfyk'fwGif atmufygtwdkif; a0zefxm;onf?

TykHwGif/ vdkifqifudk. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaomoDtdk&Dudk &k&Sm;awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; twif;t

usyfvdkufemusifhokH;ap&ef tao;pdwf&Sif;jyaeonf? &vm'frSm -uD;rm;aomqkH;±+H;r+om jzpf.?

97
 u|Ekfyfwdk‹.vuf&Sdacwfodk‹a&mufvmcgeD;tcsdefwGif/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhobm0wdk‹onf tDAdk
vl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh uGefjrLepf0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk vdkufemonf[laom vdkqifudktawG;tac:
udk ,kH-unfjcif;a-umifh t-uD;us,fqkH;aom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ESifh -uKHcJh-u&.? obm0ed,m
ronf 'dkiftmvufwpf(,kwWdaA'enf;us qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifhtrSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif;=
tEkyËdavmr)usonf[k qdk.? Ttwdkif;r,kH-unfonfh ZD0aA'ynm&Sifonf tvkyfjzKwf
cH&.? &Hzef&Hcg ol.vGwfvyfr+vnf; qkH;±+H;-u&.? wpfcsdKŒvnf; toufygqkH;±H+;-u&.?
vdkifqifudktawG;tac:onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'jzpfI urBm-uD;.useftydkif;wGif pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faom rsdK;ADZaA'qdkif&mzGH‹jzdK;r+udk vspfvsL±+xm;jcif;jzpfonf? 'g0if0g' trnfjzifhom
56
aqmif&GufcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf?===
vdkifqifudk.acwfwGif qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifwdk‹u rsdK;ADZaA'udk qef‹
usif-ujcif;onf &kyf0g'Dwdk‹. t,loefjcif;udk jyonfhOyrmwpfckjzpfayonf? xdkenf;
wl/ vdkifqifudkESifh ol‹udkaxmufcHaomtaygif;ygwdk‹u rsdK;ADZaA'ed,mrrsm;udk vufcH
&efjiif;y,fcJh-uouJhodk‹/ ,ae‹vuf&Sdacwf &kyf0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; ouf&Sd
t&mtm;vkH;wGif wdusonfhykHpH“'DZdkif;”(0g=&nf&G,fcsuftjynfh&Sdaomzefqif;jcif;)&Sd
a-umif; odyH`ynmuawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfxm;onfudk olwdk‹. tawG;tac:bufvdkufr+a-umifh
rsufpdrSdwfxm;-uonf? Ttcsufudk qef‹usifEdkifonfhoDtdk&Dwpfckck&&Sd&ef a':vm oef;
aygif;rsm;pGmtukefcHjzKef;wD;I ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tyifyef;cH-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹. okaw
oersm;rSm tcsnf;ESD; aiGukefvlyef;om jzpfaeayonf?
uGefjrLepf0g'. vlr+a&;wGif xdcdkufr+
Communist Ideology's Effect on Social Life
20=&mpkESpfwGif/ uGefjrLepfwpf,loefwdk‹.-oZmonf olwdk‹pdk;rdk;aomwdkif;jynf
rsm;. vlr+a&;tydkif;wGif tE+wfoabmxdcdkufcdkufr+&SdcJhonf? ,if;EdkifiHwdk‹rS jynfol
jynfom;rsm;udk oem;-uifemjcif;pdwf"gwfuif;rJhI i&JbkHwGifa&mufaeouJhodk‹aom

uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf a-umufvef‹&onfhtpdk;&jzpfonf? vlxkudk rma-umcufxefaomrsufESm

xm;jzifh txufrS-unfhaeonfh ,leDazgif;0wft&m&Sdwdk‹u tpOfjcdrf;ajcmufaeayonf?

98
qif;&Jjcif;b0odk‹ twif;tusyfydk‹aqmifcJh-u.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;
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udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk twif;tusyf azsmufzsuf-u.? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;rsm;
onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;wdk‹ompka0;aygif;pnf;xm;onfhtwkH;twpfjzpfI xdktwkH;twpf
-uD;onf aoqkH;oGm;onfESifh aysmufysufoGm;rnf[laom tjrifudk twif;&dkufoGif;
onfh vl‹ordkif;wGif vlrqefqkH;usifhpOfxkH;"avhudk wnfaqmufcJh-uayonf? qdkAD
,ufjynfaxmifpk/ Oa&mywdkufta&S‹ydkif;tkyfpkESifh w&kwfeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹
jrifcJh-uonfh tjzpftysufrsm;t&/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ olwdk‹.jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk
wd&pm>eftkyfwpftkyftjzpfomjrifonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHudk wnfaxmif&ef-udK;yrf;-u
onf[k qdkEdkifygonf? ‚if;rSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&DrS &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif;yif jzpfonf?
• 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh tif*sJvf. “obm0qdkif&mtEkyËdavmr ('dkif
tmvufwpf)”wdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;udk wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;
jzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf? xdk‹a-umifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wd&pm>ef tkyf-uD;
wpftkyfomjzpfonf[laom,lqcsufudk tqifhwdkif;wGif az:jy-uonf?
uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf/ pdwfr-unfrvifjzifh pdwf"gwfjyif;jyjcif;vJr&Sd/
toufvnf;rygouJhodk‹aom wd&pm>efvnf;ru puf&kyfvnf;rus xdkESpfrsdK;
-um;&Sdvlom;rsdK;udk ysdK;axmif-uonf?
• uGefjrLepfpHepfonf vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk wefbdk;rxm;ay? tkyf-uD;wGif OD;
a&tm;jzifh rsm;jym;onfhtwGuf wpfOD;wpfavudk qkH;±+H;vdkuf&jcif;onf t
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xkwfypfI iwfjywfaooGm;atmif ypfxm;-uonf? rusef;rmola&m*gonf
wdk‹udk tEW&m,fay;Edkifoltjzpf owfrSwf-uonf? cGifhv$wfjcif;/ oem;-uif
u&k%mw&m;xm;&Sdjcif;/ opPm&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹onf uGefjrLepfavmuwGif
r&Sdaoma-umifh/ vlwdkif;onf tdkrif;jcif;ESifhaoqkH;jcif;udk a-umuf&GHŒ-u
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ocsõKif;odk‹OD;wnfoGm;aeonfh qifwpfaumif”udkrnfolurS av;pm;jcif;
rjyK-uawmh ouJhodk‹jzpf.?
• wd&pm>eftkyfwGifuJhodk‹ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf;aom vlom
v#if yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;.? t0wf/ armfawmfum;ESifh tdrfrsm;onf wpfykHpHwnf;
jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;onf/ jiD;aiG‹zG,f&kd;tDaeatmif xyfwvJvJ
jzpfjcif;/ jyifvsmwifharmr+tvS&o oabmuif;rJhjcif;rsm; pdk;rdk;vsuf&Sd.?
tm;upm;orm;rsm;/ tEkynmonfrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm;
vkH;wdk‹onf b0ykHpHwpfrsdK;wnf;jzifh aexdkiftouf&Sif-uonf? tdrfrsm;onf
vnf;/ arG;jrLa&;wd&pm>efwdk‹twGuf aqmufvkyfxm;aomwif;ukwfrsm;ESifh
wl.? t0wftxnfrsm;udkvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm;rStdrftvSarG;onfhwd&
pm>efrsm;udk tat;'%fumuG,f&efcsKyfay;aomt0wfuJhodk‹ wpfykHpHwpfa&mif
wnf;csKyf0wf-u&onf?
• Tpepfonf &kyf0g'wGif vkH;0tajccHxm;aom “tvkyfESifhukefxkwfvkyf
jcif;”pepfjzpfonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm jynfolvlxkyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;. t&nf
tcsif;r[kwfbJ/ oluvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;om t"du
jzpf.? pHjyyk*~dKvfrSm/ tvkyf-udK;pm;onfhtvkyform; odk‹r[kwf oD;ESHxGuf
trsm;qkH;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonfh awmifolv,form; jzpf.? vlom;
99
 wdk‹. udk,fusifhw&m;wefzdk;/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh pdwf"gwftajctaersm;udk
*&kpdkufjcif; r&Sdacs?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY/ vlxkqENjyjcif;udk ESdrfeif;&mwGiftokH;jyKonfh 'ZifrfpuDtxl;wyfzGJ‹?

• vl‹b0onf touf&Sifaea&;twGuf vkH;yef;v+yf&Sm;ae&jcif;jzpfonf[k jrifxm;

onfhtwdkif;/ TtawG;tac:rsdK;onf tm;enf;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk z,f&Sm;ypf&mY jy\
emr±Sdacs? xdk‹xufru Todk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ,lqayonf?
wd&pm>efrsm;t-um;wGif/ touf&Sifaea&;twGuf wdkufcdkufvkH;yef;-u&ovdk/ vl
wdkif;onf ol‹twGufyxrjzpf&rnf[k pOf;pm;-u.? xdk‹a-umifh wdk;wufr+r&Sdacs?
vlwdk‹onf -uifemoem;jcif;u&k%mw&m;uif;rJhjcif;a-umifh/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf
jidrf;csrf;jcif;ESifh om,m0aysmr+ r&&SdEdkifacs? -uifemjcif;u&k%mw&m;uif;rJhjcif;
tay:wGif tem*wftwGuf pdk;&drfa-umifhusjcif;u xyfrHjznfhpGufvdkufjcif;a-umifh/
ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;ESifh tqdk;bufudkomjrifjcif;pdk;rdk;vmayonf?
• “wd&pm>eftkyfpdwf"gwf”a-umifh/ tedrfhqkH;rStjrifhqkH;tqifh&Sdvltm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ t
pOfojzifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae-uojzifh/ udpPwdkif;udk a-umufvef‹w-um; jyef
vnfwkH‹jyef-uonf? ukwftusô&Snf0wfxm;ol tdrfa&SŒwGifvm&yfv#if 'l;wkefatmif
a-umufae-uonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkift&m&Sdrsm;u qifhac:rnfudk a-umufvef‹ae-u
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹u bmudka-umufaeonf/ bmha-umifha-umufaeonf

100
 [laomta-umif;&if;rSm xif&Sm;jcif;r&Sdacs? b,folurSvnf; twdtus owfrSwf
az:jyEdkifjcif; r&Sdacs?

bmvifwHwdkif;-uD;udk rjzdKzsufypfrD awG‹&ykH? oHql;-udK;rsm;/ rdkif;bkH;rsm;ESifh wifhum;rsm;u

uGefjrLepf tm%m&Sifpepf.vuQ%mudk az:jyvsuf&Sd.?

• tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒ&rnfhae&mwGif/ tjcm;a-umuf&GHŒ&rnfh “Xme”trsm;

tjym;&Sd.? Oyrm/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif/ (,Qif csufumESifh tifauAD'DuJhodk‹
aom v#dKŒ0SufwyfzGJ‹jzpfonfh) au*sDbDu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk aovkcref;
xdwfvef‹a-umuf&GH‹aeatmif -udK;pm;oGwfoGif;arG;jrLay;onf? vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm
udk &kH;wifppfaq;jcif;r&Sd/ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fxkacscGifhr&SdbJ aorif;pcef;odk‹ydk‹
vdkuf-uonf? TtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹u pD&ifcsufcscJhonfhtjzpftysufrsm;u -um;&ol
jrif&olwdk‹ESifh jynfolvlxkwpfckvkH;.pdwfudk pdk;rdk;ajcmufjcm;apayonf? TtzGJ‹t
pnf;wdk‹onf/ awm&dkif;tavhtxay:tajccHI pepfwusa&G;cs,fokwfoif &Sif;vif;
-uonf?
• bk&m;ociftm; a-umuf&GŒHtm;udk;jcif;udk pepfwus zsufqD;ypfvdkufojzifh/ yk*~Kdvf
wpfOD;csif;wdk‹onf xkdpepfudka-umuf&if; olwdk‹.twGif;pdwfoabmxm;todw&m;
tm;vkH;udkESdyfuGyf odk0Sufxm;vdkuf-u.? xdk‹a-umifh pepfu teH‹cHEdkifjcif; odk‹r[kwf
jypf'%fcyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu cdk;0Sufjcif;/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcpm;jcif;/ tvGJokH;pm;
101
 vkyfjcif; pojzifh -uHLor#aomOya'qef‹usifa&;vkyf&yfrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;r&Sd-u
awmhacs?
• usD;vef‹pmpm;a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae&jcif;/ a-umufpdwfr$efaejcif;wdk‹jzifh jynfheuf
aeaomywf0ef;usifwGifaexdkif&ojzifh vlwdk‹onf pdwfaomuzdpD;ae-uayonf? ae‹
a&mnOfhyg tcsdefwdkif;wGif tdyfraysmfEdkif-uacs? tppt&m&monf olwdk‹twGuf
a-umuf&GHŒzG,f&mcsnf;jzpfaeayonf? olwdk‹. udk,fcE<monf vsifjrefpGmtiftm;csd
eJ‹oGm;-u.? pdwfzdpD;r+ rsm;vGeftm;-uD;ojzifh rdef;ra,mufsm;wdk‹onf EGrf;e,ftm;
aysmhoGm;-ujyD; t&G,faumif;aewkef;yif aoqkH;oGm;-uonf? ar#mfvifhcsuf uif;rJh
jcif;a-umifh/ olwdk‹.b0wGif aumif;aomt&mrsm;udk okH;pGJpHpm;I om,maysmf&$if
pGm aexdkiftouf&SifEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf/ olwdk‹.b0'kuQyifv,fudk arhajymuf
Edkif&ef t&ufaopmrl;,pfjcif;jzifh acwWarhaysmufap-uonf?
• toufaoqkH;jyD;aemuf olwdk‹.b0onf ysufpD;ysufokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unf
-uojzifh/ olwdk‹.b0touf&Sifa&;twGuf ZGJebJ-uD;pGmjzifh usm;ukwfusm;cJ wG,f
wm-uayonf? olwdk‹touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-u&mwGif vlwdkif;udk jydKifbuf
tjzpfom jrif-u.? olwdk‹tenf;i,fr#avmuftvdkrusonfh trlt&mudkvnf;
a'goacsmif;acsmif;xGuf-u.? qdk&S,fvpfpepf. 0g'a&;&mtajccHa&aomufjrpf
jzpfonfh “tjyeftvSefulnDa&;”ESifh “axmufyHha&;”onf 0g'jzef‹r+a-uG;a-umfoHom
jzpfonfudk vufawG‹udk,fawG‹cHpm;-uayonf? trSefrSm uGefjrLepfavmurS vl
wdkif;onf tjcm;olwdk‹udk oHo,jzifhom-unfhjrif-uaoma-umifh/ rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk t
xD;usefb0tjzpfodk‹ydk‹aqmifxm;I -udwfrSdwfcHpm;ae-uayonf?
• yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ouf0if,kH-unfjcif;r&Sdaoma-umifh/
rdrdudk,fudk tjcm;rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrS t"dy`g,f&SdonfhaESmif-udK;qufpyfr+
ESifh ,kH-unfpdwfcsr+ r&Sday? 'g0if0g'DuGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹onf yk*~vduta&;udk azsmuf
zsufypf&onf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &efvdk-uonf? wpfOD;OD;u rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk
ol&Sdor#tm;vkH;udk odrf;,loGm;Edkifayonf? uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfwGif rdrdudk,fom
v#if olpdwftcs&qkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ oludk,fwdkifuvnf; tm;enf;
oljzpfa-umif; oluodxm;ojzifh/ ol‹udk,fudkvnf; r,kH-unfEdkifawmhay? olonf
ar#mfvifhcsufuif;r+udk tjyif;txefcHpm;ae&ayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹b0udkol tpOf
ra-ureyfjzpfaeaomfvnf; rnfodk‹rS ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;r&Sdacs?
• uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ vlwdk‹.pdwfudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;jzifh jynfheufaeojzifh/
ausmif;wGifjzpfap tdrfwGifjzpfap azsmfajzr+Xmersm;wGifjzpfap olwdk‹.b0 ae&m
wum t&m&mwdkif;wGif csdKŒ,Gif;csufrsm;&Sdaeayonf? olwdk‹udk oif-um;n$ef-um;
xm;onfhtwdkif;omv#if vkyfaqmifEdkif-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh jy\emtopftqef;
wpfckckESifh &ifqdkifaomtcgwGif ajz±Sif;Edkifonfh yifudkOm%ftpGrf;tpr&Sd-uacs? t
u,fI ,if;jy\emudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;yguvnf; jyif;xef-urf;wrf;pGmomv#if wkef‹
jyefwwf-u.?
• pOf;pm;qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sdonfh vlwdk‹onf/ pepfwus pDpOfEdkifpGrf;aom pdwf"gwfr&Sd
-uojzifh o,HZmwrsm;udk aumif;usdK;oufa&mufwdk;wufatmif tokH;rcswwf-u
ay? o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk vdkifqifudkudpPrSmuJhodk‹ pdwful;,OfavmuwGif okH;jzKef;
ypf-uavonf?
• uGefjrLepf0g'onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. tajccH,lepfjzpfaom tdrfaxmifpkudk zsufpD;ypf
onf? xdrf;jrm;jcif;wGif ‚if;.eufeJaomoabmt"dy`g,frygay? umrqufqH
jcif;ESifh om;arG;jcif;jzifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr+om jzpfayonf? xdrf;jrm;jcif;onf
102
 udk,fusifhw&m;twGuf r[kwfacs? t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm rsdK;okOf;jcif;rjzpfatmif
xdef;xm;jcif;om jzpfayonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.om;orD;rsm;udk apmifh
a&SmufjyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;rvkyf-u&ay? tpdk;&/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&ucef‹tyfxm;
olrsm;u wm0ef,l&onf? uav;wpfa,mufudk vlom;tkyf-uD;twGuf OD;a&wdk;
vmjcif;omjzpfI/ olyg0ifaeaomvlom;tkyfudk umuG,f&eftwGufom oifwef;ay;
-uonf? rdcifu ol.tdrfaxmifpkudk wG,fwmjcif;r&SdbJ rkef;wD;jcif;a-umifh/ ol.
cufxefr+udk om;orD;rsm;odk‹wpfqifh v$Jay;vdkuf.? tdrfaxmifpkcspfcifr+uif;rJh
onfhb0wGif -uD;jyif;vmaomuav;rsm;onf tqdk;jrifolESifharmufrmolrsm; jzpf
vm-uonf? tdrfaxmifpktwGif;&Sdonfh cspfjcif;arwWmESifh av;pm;r+tpm; &efvdkr+
u zkH;v$rf;aeonf? xdkuav;onf rnfol‹udkrS ,kH-unfpdwfcsjcif;r&Sdacs?
• xdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;t,ltqr&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ razgufjyef opPm&Sdjcif;/
tysKdvlysdKppfjcif;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif; ponfwdk‹r&Sday? ‚if;tpm; umrqufqHrdwf
vdkufjcif;pdwf"gwfESifh jynfhwefqmvkyfief;rsm;om ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sd.?
• ykvdyf&JwyfzGJ‹udk vufudkifwkwfvkyfI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;wGif/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;todw&m;r&SdEdkifacs? xdk‹a-umifh/
&mZ0wfr+wdk;yGm;vm.? cdk;0Sufvk,ufjcif;onf ae&mwumwGif tv#Hy,frsm;jym;
.? puf&kHtvkyf&kH/ v,f,mjcHESifhor0g,rrsm;wGif pkaygif;cdk;0Sufjcif;u tpOftjrJ
jzpfonfh obm0tavhtxwpfckomjzpfayonf?
• uGefjrLepftawG;tac:u wpfrsdK;wpfzkHtwnfwusqdkxm;aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfvl‹
tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf tvGefysHŒESH‹ayonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif
&k&Sm;vlrsdK;r[kwfolwdk‹udk/ txl;ojzifhrGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk/ rkef;wD;qef‹usif-u.?
'g0ifoDtdk&Dudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf vufcHxm;aom &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf rGwfpvifrfvl
enf;pkrsm;ESifh tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;udk “jynfhpkHjynfh0pGmajymif;vJr+tqifh ra&mufao;
olrsm;”[k,lqI jynfESif'%fay;jcif;jzifh tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfvdkuf-u.?
uGefjrLepf0g'tawG;tac:wGif “vlowfr+”onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfwGif obm0t
avsmuf yg0ifaom “obm0'dkiftmvufwpf”(tEkyËdavmrobm0)tjzpftysuf[k
,lqxm;.?
• uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ vlom;rsm;udk ukefxkwfvkyfr+pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;
tjzpfom jrif.? ‚if;tawG;tac:u aus;vufawm&Gmaevlxkudk txl;wvnf
rkef;wD;pufqkyf&GH&Smjcif; jzpfap.? rm;ufPu aus;vufawm&Gmom;rsm;onf nHhjzif;
aom “tmvl;tdwfrsm;”[k trnfay;xm;onf? txufwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJh-uonfh
twdkif; vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk‹u oef;ESifhcsDaom awmol&Gmom;rsm;udk wrifwum
tiwfxm;I owfjzwfcJh-u.? olwdk‹.tjrifwGif awmol&Gmom;rsm;onf qefpyg;
ESifh 0g*Grf;xkwfvkyfay;onfh wd&pm>eftkyfom jzpf.? (pkaygif;pepftrnfjzifh) ol
wdk‹&Sdor#qefpyg; pm;ukefaomufukefypPnf;tm;vkH;/ ysm;&nfESifhysm;tkHrsm;rusef
odrf;,lvdkufjcif;onf usdK;a-umif;qDavsmfI w&m;0ifonf[k jrif-uonf?
Ta,bk,sokH;oyfcsufrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'omoemr&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
rStjzpfrsm;udk csKHikHIt-urf;jzif;az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf? bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;
,kH-unfr+r&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif Todk‹aomb0aexdkifr+onf rvGJra&SmifomysHŒESH‹rnfom
jzpf.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu 0dnmOfoGif;Izefqif;xm;aomwefbdk;&Sdonfh ouf&Sda0ae

103
 'g0if0g'=uGefjrLepf0g'wnfaxmifr+onf
&k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹tm; qufvufzdESdyf.
'g 0if0g'=uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;tjzpfowfrSwfaoma-umifh/
jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk av;pm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif ,kH-unfjcif;vnf; r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh/ xdef;uGyf
&eftwGuf/ a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ vkyf-uHowfjzwfonfhtEW&m,fESifht-urf;
zufr+rsm;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk zefwD;-u.? tpdk;&onf/ vlwdkif;udk trSm;usL;vGef
xm;oltjzpfESifh opPmazgufrnfholtjzpf r,kHrouFmaomtjrifjzifhom -unfh.? xdkodk‹aom
EdkifiHwGif vlwpfa,mufudk '%fcwf&ef/ &ufpufpGm&dkufESuf&ef odk‹r[kwf owfypf&eftwGuf
xdkolu &mZ0wfr+wpfckckudk trSefwu,fusL;vGefae&efyif rvdktyfay/ xdkol‹udk rouFm&kHjzifh
vkHavmufayonf?
tvGefausmf-um;aom ordkif;yg&*lZaAwef
wdk'dka&mhAfu Todk‹aomtawG;tac:udk
vufudkifusifhokH;onfh EdkifiHtpdk;&wdk‹u
olwdk‹. jynfoludk rnfodk‹jyKusifhonfh t
a-umif;udk az:jyxm;ayonf?==
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r+twGuf taumif;qkH;ta-umif;jy um
uG,fenf;jzpf.? wpfygwDtm%m&Sifp
epfEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdk‹ oufqdk;&Snfaea&;twGuf &efoltjrJ&Sdae&efvdktyfonf? tu,fI r&Sd
bJaysmufoGm;ygu/ zefwD;,l-uonf? &efol[k az:xkwfcH&olonf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJh
pGmESdyfpufjcif;cH&awmhonf?==&efoljzpfjcif;onf azsmufzsufIr&Edkifaom tarGcHtpGef;xif
jcif;jzpfonf?==uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; xl;rjcm;em; wpfykHpHwnf;yifjzpf.? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f
r+onf vdktyfcsufjzpf.? (odk‹r[kwf ta&;tcif;umvwGifrl okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf.?) blZGm
udkvnf; vlwef;pm;wpfckvkH;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;-uonf? vlwef;pm;wGif yg0ifjcif;uyif
vkHavmufaomta-umif;jycsufjzpfayonf? tjcm;rnfonfhjypfr+udkrS usL;vGef&ef rvdktyf
awmhay?1
vDeif. Tpum;rsm;onf uGefjrLepftpdk;&u jynfoltay:xm;aomoabmxm;udk oabmayguf
aprnfh ta&;-uD;aompum;rsm; jzpfayonf?
trSefrSm/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf vlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;u aemufxyfvlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;udk ESdyfuGyfzd
ESdyfonfh ,EW&m;wpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepfonf tiftm;udkwdkuf&dkuftajccH
onfh pnf;pepfjzpfI rnfonfhOya'urS ‚if;tay:uef‹owfr+r&Sday? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
awmfvSefa&;tm%m&Sifpepfonf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u blZGmwdk‹tay:wGif t-urf;zufjcif;jzifh
atmifjrifcJhonfh tkyfcsKyfr+jzpfI qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;rnfhtkyfcsKyfr+pepf jzpfonfhtjyif
2
rnfonfhOya'urS uef‹owfxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh tkyfcsKyfr+pepfjzpfonf?
vDeifajymonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'D=qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepftpdk;&onf ‚if;.jynfolwdk‹udk ,kH-unfr+ r
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104
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105
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tm; cspf-unfjrwfEdk;aoma-umifh olqif;&Jwdk‹tm;vnf;aumif;/ brJhuav;oli,fwdk‹
tm;vnf;aumif;/ okH‹yef;wdk‹tm;vnf;aumif;/ au|;arG;-uukef.?
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a&;wGif t"dut[ef‹twm;jzpfayonf? tu,fI EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHonf usOf;ajrmif;
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106
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108
OD;pm;ay;um/ awmifolv,form;rsm;udkpnf;&kH;I “awm&yfajymufusm;ppf”ykHpHudk
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109
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57
ysHŒESH‹oGm;aponf?
atmfwdkrefacwftqkH;avmufwGif ,ef;wmuf(Young Turks)wdk‹udk taemufEdkifiH
&kyf0g'u nd‡KŒ,lzrf;pm;cJhouJhodk‹aom tawG;tac:a&;&mpmayrsm;udk a&;om;onfh
&kyf0g'ESifh'g0iftawG;tac:udk vufcHolwdk‹.pmayrsm; w&kwfEdkifiHwGifvnf; ay:
aygufvmayonf? aemufqkH;&vm'frSm/ ESpfaygif;axmifcsDI wnfwHhcJhaomw&kwfEdkifiH

110
awmf{u&mZfbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf 1911=ckESpfwGif zsufodrf;cH&I w&kwforw
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk tpm;xdk;vdkufayonf? xdkorwEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifolwdk‹onf/
taemufEdkifiHudkqef‹usifonfh tajymESifhay:vDpDrsm;udk rnfr#yifajymqdkcsrSwf-uayaomf
vnf;/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;.e,fcsJŒpepfudk w&m;0ifaponfh vlrsdK;pGJESifhvlr+a&;'g0if0g'
udkomv#if ul;,lusifhokH;-uayonf? orwEdkifiHopf (The New Republic) [laom
tar&duefr*~Zif;wpfapmif. t,f'Dwm *sufaumhbf [Dvfbef;u atmufygtwdkif;
a&;om;cJhayonf?
xdkacwfumvwGif/ taemufEdkifiHwdk‹.tawG;tac:ESifhwDxGifr+rsm;jzifh wefjyeftokH;jyKrnfh
t-uHonf txGwftxdyfodk‹a&mufaeatmif acwfpm;cJhavonf? yDuif;jrdKŒ-uD;wGif 1919=ck
ESpf arv 4=&ufae‹wGif jzpfay:onfh qENjyyGJwGif/ acwfopfajymif;vJa&;ESifh nDnGwfa&;udk
awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? ynmwwftodkif;t0dkif;wGif odyH`ynmESifh 'Drdkua&pDacwfpm;vsuf&Sd
.?==(w&kwfordkif;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;qdkif&m ygarmuQ) wla0rifu “trSefrSm odyH`ynm
aomfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpfckrSr[kwfacs? odyH`ynmqefjcif;ESifh
omrefvlxk.tusKd;udk &nfar#mfonf[kqdkaom0g'rsm;omv#if aemufuG,fwGif ykef;v#dKae
ayonf[k 1996=ckESpf aqmif;&moDxkwfa';'gvyfpfpmapmifwGif az:jyxm;ayonf?
==arv 4=&ufae‹aemufydkif;umvwGif/ t"duusonfhqifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh a*sudkbiftzGJ‹
(jyifopf awmfvSefa&;az:xkwfaomtzGJ‹)uJhodk‹ pkaygif;pepfwdk‹u w&kwfynmwwfavmu.
tawG;tac:tajccHydkif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifajymif;vJypfcJh.?” v#KdŒ0Suf*sme,fudk wnf;jzwf
ol./ 'g0ifESifhpyifqmwdk‹. pmayrsm;udk wpf0ufwpfjywfav#mhayghxm;aompmayrsm;u/
vsefuDcsKuJhodk‹aom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wdk‹tay:wGif -oZmanmif;aecJhayonf? olwdk‹
58
u jydKifqdkifjcif;ppfonf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;. aomhcsufjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf?
txufwGif udk;um;cJhonfh vlrsdK;a&;orm;tawG;tac:&Sif pyifqmonf/ 'g0if
ESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfI 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`wGif tokH;csoljzpfonf? -urf;
wrf;&ufpufr+ESifh rw&m;r+tawG;tac:rsm;tjyif/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;utqifhydkjrifh
jcif;ESifh EdkifiHtoD;oD;&SdvlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹ESifh tqufrjywfyËdyuQjzpfae&ef vdktyf
a-umif;/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif tm;enf;csdeJ‹olwdk‹ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;olwdk‹ yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;ae
jcif; r&Sdoifha-umif;udk tqdkjyKwifjyol jzpfonf?

'g0if/ [yfpavESifh a*:vwef wdk‹onf/ w&kwfynm&SiftcsKdŒudk zufqpf0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g' odk‹

aoG;aqmifoGwfoGif;cJhol tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DokH;OD;jzpfonf?

111
 'g0ifESifhpyifqmwdk‹ -oZmanmif;aom w&kwfynm&Sifrsm;teuf/ ,ifzl ESifh wif
0ifcsKdifwdk‹ESpfOD;.tawG;tac:onf acwfopfw&kwfEdkifiH.tajccHrlwGif -oZmtrsm;qkH;
oufa&mufayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l bif*srif±S0gwfZfu/ w&kwfuGefjrLepf
0g'ESifh armf.wufvrf; [laompmtkyfwGif ,ifzlESifh ol.'g0iftawG;tac:udk ay:vGif
xif&Sm;pGm az:jyxm;ayonf? ±S0gwfZf.tqdkt&/ ,ifzlonf pyifqmESifhtjcm;t
aemufEdkifiHom;wdk‹.a&;om;csufrsm;udk zwf±+jyD; taemufEdkifiHtawG;tac:oDtdk&Drsm;
onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk ajymif;vJay;EdkifI csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;ESifh tm%mtiftm;-uD;
xGm;apEdkifaom aq;tn$ef;tjzpfjrifavonf?59 'g0if.oDtdk&Drsm;onf/ trSefw&m;
udk az:jyxm;jcif;omr[kwfbJ/ vkyfaqmifcsufenf;vrf;ESifhwefbdk;rsm;twGuf tn$ef;
jzpfonf60[k ,kH-unf-ua-umif; xkwfaz:xm;ayonf?
wif0ifcsKdif (Ting Wen-chiang)onf
vnf; ta&;-uD;onfh w&kwfvlrsdK;tawG;tac:
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wGif tajccHcJhayonf? “wif”onf w&kwfjynfY
1910=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1920=ckESpfrsm;wGif jzpfay:
onfh “,Ofaus;r+opf”v+yf&Sm;r+. ta&;-uD;qkH;
aomudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf? Tv+yf&Sm;r+.ta&;
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0g'jzpfonfh uGefzl;&SyftawG;tac:udk qef‹usifI/
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jzpfonf? (,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+onf armf.
uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh ‚if;.&efbuf csefau&Sdwf.
zufqpf0g' ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tajccH&ma&aomuf
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.? zufqpfacgif;aqmif csefau&Sdwf ,Ofaus;r+opf [laompmtkyfwGif/ tar&duefvl
udk 'g0iftawG;tac:u -oZmanmif; rsdK; csm;avmh zg;wfu ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+.
cJhayonf? t-uD;tuJjzpfol wif0ifcsKdifudk tawmftwef
tao;pdwfatmif avhvmqef;ppfxm;ayonf?
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onfh 'g0if/ [yfpavESifh pyifqmwdk‹.pmayrsm;udk w&kwfbmomodk‹jyefqdkjcif;omjyKcJh
.? xdk‹a-umifh/ zg;wfu wif0ifcsdKifudk “w&kwfjynf. [yfpav”61[kac:xm;onf?
('g0if.t-uD;us,fqkH;axmufcHtm;ay;ol [yfpavudk ol.acwfvlrsm;u ol‹udk “'g
0if.tdrfapmifhacG;”[k ac:-u.?)
wif0ifcsdKifonf ZD0aA'ESifh blrdaA'bmomudk paumhwvefjynfe,f/ *vwfp
udkwuUodkvfwGif qnf;zl;cJh.? 1911=ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfodk‹jyefvmcJhI/ topfpuf
puf wnfaxmifxm;aomw&kwforwEdkifiHawmfwGif &kyf0g'ESifh 'g0iftawG;tac:udk
jzef‹jzL;&ef tifwdkuftm;wdkuf-udK;yef;cJhonf? 'g0if.nD0rf;uGJ z&ef;ppf a*:vfwef.
vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;(,l*sDepf)oDtdk&D62 udkyif jzef‹jzL;.?

112
(vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGif; usef;rmoefpGrf;r+r&Sdolrsm;ESifh'kuQdw
rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;jzifh/ usef;rmoef;pGrf;aomvlom;rsm;omv#if “rdwfvdkuf”-uum
wurmBvkH;wGif usef;rmoefpGrf;onfhvlom;rsm;om wdk;yGm;zGH‹jzdK;vmrnf[k wifjyxm;ay
onf? ToDtdk&Dudk emZD*smreDEdkifiHwGif tus,fw0if‹vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.?)
[m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ordkif;ygarmuQjzpfjyD; ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+ESifhywfouf
I ta&;ygaoma0zefolwpfOD;u/ atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;onf?
,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+.a-uG;a-umfoHrsm;onf ,Qifu 'g0ifuaxmufcHcJhaoma-uG;a-umf
oHawGcsnf;jzpf.? ,QKvnf; ,Qifutwdkif; xyfrHaxmufcHtm;ay;.? 'g0ifonf ,Ofaus;
r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufr+ay;aeonfholawmfpif jzpfoGm;awmhonf?==ol.
oDtdk&Du “ypPKy`efu twdwfxufomvGefxl;uJI/ tem*wfonf ypPKy`efxuf omvGef
xl;uJonf” [laomtqdk rSefuefa-umif;udk “oufaocH”aeonf[k ,Ofaus;r+opf
v+yf&Sm;r+acgif;aqmifwdk‹u rav#mhwrf; tcdkiftrmajymqdkae-uao;onf? T,kH-unfcsuf
onf/ pGefcsifydkuk (ypPKy`efudk av;pm;I twdwfudk txufao;&ef) bk&m;rJh0g'.aemuf
uG,f&Sd pD&ifcsuftrdef‹ jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹. aemufydkif;pD&ifxkH;rSm a[mifcsifydkuk
63
(ypPKy`efudktr$ef;wifI twdwfudk txifao;yg) jzpf.?
w&kwfjynfwGif 'g0iftawG;tac:jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr#/ 20=&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;
wGif ,if;tawG;tac:udkaxmufcHtm;ay;onfh Tw&kwftawG;tac:&Sifrsm;u/ yxr
tqifhtjzpf zufqpf0g'odk‹,dkifaom w&kwftrsdK;om;ulrifwefygwDudk arG;xkwfvdkuf
jyD; aemufwzef w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'udk arG;xkwfcJhjyefonf? uae'gEdkifiHom;tawG;
tac:ynm&Sif rdkufu,f &l;pfu New Scientist (ody`Hynm&Sifopf)pmapmifwGif atmuf
ygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf?
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aomf/ w&kwfjynfwGif taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif&SdouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk qef‹usif
rnfhyif&if;tawG;tac:ESifh bmoma&;twm;tqD;r&Sday? trSefrSm 'g0ifudku w&kwfqef
onf[kyif qdkEdkifayonf?==awm0ftawG;tac:ESifh uGefzl;&SyfopftawG;tac:wdk‹u vlom;
udk 0wˆKypPnf;tjzpf r-umc%ykHEd+if;xm;jcif; &Sdonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wpf-udrfaomtcgu wd&
pm>efjzpfcJhbl;onf[laomtawG;tac:onfvnf; -uD;us,fonfhxdwfvef‹zG,f&mta-umif;r
[kwfacs?==,ae‹vuf&Sd w&m;0iftawG;tac:onf rm;ufP=vDeif0g'jzpfI/ vlom;onf
wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[laom tawG;tac:wpfrsdK;wnf;om jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
'g0iftawG;tac:udk avmuDa&;oD;oef‹&kyf0g'enf;vrf;jzifh &Sif;vif;jcif;(qdkvdk&if;rSm/
us,fjyef‹aom vlr+a&;tawG;tac:)r&Sdygu/ tajccHajronfvnf; armf.awmfvSefa&;rsdK;
64
aphudk usJEdkifjcif;ESifh toD;tyGifhwdk‹udk &dwfodrf;Edkifjcif; &Sdaprnfr[kwfay?
“w&kwfjynfu csm;vfpf'g0ifudk awG‹jyD”
"China find Charles Darwin"
20=&mpkESpftwGif;Y/ w&kwfjynftay: 'g0if.tawG;tac:-oZmv$rf;rdk;jcif;
onf/ tifrwef-uD;us,ftm;aumif;vSojzifh/ tvGefausmf-um;onfh [m;AwfwuUodkvf
ordkif;yg&*l *sdrf;pf&DAfylqDu/ w&kwfjynfESifh csm;vfpf'g0if[laompmtkyfudk Tta-umif;
wpfckwnf;ESifhywfoufI oD;jcm;pmtkyfa&;om;cJhayonf? TpmtkyfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH
wGifykHESdyfxkwfa0aom 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm;pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; pmtkyfudk 36=ESpft-um
1895=ckESpfwGif bmomjyefxkwfa0vdkuf&m/ w&kwfynm&Sdwdk‹t-um;wGif tifrwefwdk
awmif;onfhtcsdeftwGif; vsifjrefpGmysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhI/ vlr+a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;t& -uD;us,faom
tusdK;qufoufa&mufr+ &SdcJhavonf? ol.pmtkyfpum;csD;wGif/ ylqDu atmufyg
twdkif; a&;om;xm;.?

113
 “tm;enf;olonf tiftm;-uD;ola&SŒwGif ikH‹&.” = 1895=ckESpfaemufydkif;wGkif vlwdkif;od
onfh pyifqm. “t-uHŒcdkifqkH;olu qufI touf&Sif.” [laoma-uG;ausmfoHudk *syef
pum;=w&kwfpum;bmomjyefu/ ,l&SifvD,mydkif (omvGefoltEdkif/ nHholt±+H;)[k jyef-u
onf?==Tpum;wdk‹u aqmif;yg;aygif;axmifcsDI a&om;apjyD;/ w&kwfpmapmifr*~Zif;
owif;pm t,f'Drsm;.pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;udk ESpftwef-umonftxd pdk;rdk;xm;cJhI/
65
vkyf&yfaqmif&Gufcsufwdkif;udk Toabmw&m;jzifh okH;oyfjiif;ckHcJh-uonf?

w&kwfjynfESifh csm;vfpf'g0if
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onf w&kwfjynfudk t-uD;t
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ESifh zufqpftawG;tac:ESpfrsdK;
pvkH;. tajccHrlrsm;udk jyifqif
ay;cJh.=[k a&;om;xm;.?

‚if;pmtkyfwGif/ ylqDu20=&mpkESpfyxrydkif;Y w&kwfjynfwGifacwfpm;aeonfh

tawG;tac:rsm;udkqef;ppfI armf0g' rnfuJhodk‹tajccHtkwfjrpfcsvmcJhonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹
tm; ajymjyxm;ayonf? olqef;ppfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;teuf xdkacwfYemrnfausmf-um;I
'g0if.tawG;tac:ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹. nd‡KŒ"gwfrd+if;rdcJhaompma&;q&m vsef
csDacsmifvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf?
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udk 1902=ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 16=&ufxkwfavmufapmapmuwnf;uyif qifrifpkef‹
aygifac: w&kwfbmom*sme,fwpfapmifwGif xkwfaz:a&;om;cJhavjyD? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif
vnf; az:jycJhbl;ayrnf[k xif&ayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf xdkpmapmifwGif tao;
pdwft"dy`g,frsm;udk &Sif;jyxm;jcif;r&SdbJ &kyf0g'onf ydkrdkaumif;rGefI 'g0ifa-umifh pdwful;
,OftawG;tjrify"ge0g'(idealism)udk ausmfvGefv$rf;rdk;oGm;aejyDjzpfa-umif; az:jyxm;ay
onf? “vGefcJhonfh ESpfq,fhav;ESpfrSpI urBm-uD;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹
ar#mfaecJhonfh -uD;us,fcef;em;r+ &&SdaejyD? &kyf0g'ay:xGef; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr#/ tawG;
66
tjrify"ge0g'onfvnf; acsmifuyfoGm;avjyD?

w&kwfjynfESifh'g0if pmtkyfwGif/ tjiif;yGm;IrqkH;Edkifonfh w&kwfjynf.awmf

vSefa&;jzpfpOfESifh armf0g'udk tm%m&vmatmif rnfr#-uD;us,fatmif -oZmanmif;cJh
onfhta-umif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
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trsm;u tjrwfwEdk;xm;onfh &dk;&mtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk wkjydKifjcif;ESifh -oZmwdur&Sdonfh
a&S;&dk;xkH;wrf;pOfvmrd&kd;zvm tm;vkH;udk ±+wfcsypfjcif;wGif trsm;qkH;aphaqmfr+ay;cJhonf?
==odk‹aomfvnf; tcsdefumvtm;jzifh wdkawmif;vSayonf? armfpDwkH;tawG;tac: [kac:

114
 onfh &dk;&dk;pif;pif;xkH;pHopfudk vdkufem&eftwif;t-uyfcsrSwfjcif;u wdkawmif;onfhumv
twGif; jzwfawmufypfavonf?
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0ifu t-urf;zufaomajymif;vJjcif;ESifhawmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0ifapjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf?
Tum; w&kwfjynftwGuf 'g0if.ta&;ygqkH;ESifhtav;eufqkH;aomay;aqmifcsufyif jzpf
ayonf? rnfodk‹bJjzpfjzpf/ w&kwfjynfonf awmfvSefykefuefr+jzpfay:&ef vdktyfonf[k,kH
-unfolwdk‹twGuf/ w&m;0ifonf[kta-umif;jyEdkifonfhoDtdk&Dwpfckckudk t&l;trl;taot
vJ vdktyfaeayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ rdk;ustrdef‹r&SdbJ ESpfaygif;okH;axmif-umjrifh
onftxd pdk;rdk;cJhaombk&if{u&mZfpepfudk awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf t-uD;av;qkH;aom i
&Jtjypf'%fESpfckteuf wpfckjzpfaeayonf? (tjcm;wpfckrSm om;orD;wdk‹. rdbwdk‹udk
udk;uG,fr+ysuf uGufjcif; jzpfonf?) TuJhodk‹aom tiftm;-uD;onfhi&Jjypf'%ftodw&m;udk
pdrfac:&ef armfpDwkH;/ 0lcsD[GD/ qGef,ufqifESifh vsefcsDacsmifwdk‹u 'g0iftawG;tac:a-u
nmcsufjzifh awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf w&m;0ifonf[laom,kH-unfcsuf&Sdvm&ef tifwdkuf
tm;wdkuf yifyef;-uD;pGm wdkufzsuf-u&jcif; jzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif armfpDwkH;u rm;ufP0g'
=vDeif0g' ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk apmifzef,lvD “awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf w&m;0ifonf?”
[laom0guswpfckwnf;wGif pkaygif;xm;Edkifonf[k a-unmcJhayonf?==Ttqdkonf/
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67
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odk‹ jyifqifay;cJhoenf;?

115
 armfpDwkH; uGefjrLepfrnfodk‹jzpfvmcJhoenf;?
How Did Mao Become a Communist?
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udkvnf; qef;ppfoifhygonf?
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wif0ifcsdKifponfh'g0if0g'jzef‹csda&;orm;rsm;.aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?
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b&ef. aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fY atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf?

116
 w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfck

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wdk‹u trsdK;om;0g'udk vufcH,kH-unf&rnf[k qGef,ufqifu tcdkiftrmcH,lxm;I/ 'g0if
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71
wGif armfpDwkH;udk (KMT) 0g'jzef‹a&;r+;tjzpf acwWcef‹cJhao;onf?
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1920=ckESpfrSpI wuf-uGjyif;jyaomuGefjrLepfwpfOD; jzpfoGm;avonf? olawG;ac:ouJh
odk‹pdwfnDoabmwlonfh &Jabmfwpfq,fhwpfa,mufESifhtwl/ 1921=ckESpfwGif &Sef[dkif;
jrdKŒY uGefjrLepfygwDudk zGJ‹pnf;wnfaxmifcJhavonf? aemufydkif;wGif tzGJ‹tpnf;tif
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atmufwGif uGefjrLepfygwDonf trsdK;om;ygwDESifh yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr+rsm;vkyfaqmifcJh
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bufrsm; jzpfvmcJhavonf? armfpDwkH;u ol.wyfom;rsm;udk w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;rS
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e,fajr”udk wnfaxmifavonf?
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117
 'g0if.tawG;tac:rsm;udk zwf±+jyD;aemuf armfonf jyif;xefwuf-uGaom uGefjrLepf jzpfoGm;.?
olu 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk qGef,ufqifxHrS tarGcHcJhonf?

EdkifiH”tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? Todk‹jzifh/ urBm-uD;u 1917=ckESpf bdkv&SDApfawmf

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'kwd,awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; yxrawmfvSefa&;enf;wl aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhayonf?

118
 a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;ESifh r[miwfrGwfjcif;jy\em
The "Great Leap Forward" and the Great Famine
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pufrsm;onf tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; ysufoGm;avonf?
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119
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72
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120
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onf? tm%mr&rDtcsdefwkH;u w&kwfawmifolv,form;rsm;udk v,f,majr/ tpm;t
pmESifh umuG,fr+ay;rnf[k uwday;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; oltm%m&vmaomtcg xdk
awmifolv,form;rsm;udk TacwfopfurBmhordkif;wGif wpfcgrSr-uKHbl;aom 'kuQqif;
&Jjcif;ESifh ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udkom ay;aqmifavonf?
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rsm;wGifrl rdrdwkd‹.&mxl;udk tvGJokH;pm;vkyfol au'gwdk‹om touf&Sifusef&pfcJhonf? a[
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73
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121
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75
armfpDwkH;ESifh ol.taygif;ygwkd‹om jzpf-uygw,f?

122
 armf.iwfrGwfjcif;ab;wGif “tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm”.
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1958 rS 1961=ckESpftxd/ armf. r[majcvSef;ay:vDpDa-umifh/ urBmhordkif;.
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ta&twGufrSm xdktcsdefuwdkif;jynftajrmuftjrm;. wpfwdkif;jynfvkH;&SdvlOD;a&xuf
rsm;jym;ayonf?)
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rsm;Y armf0g'Dwdk‹u awmifolv,form;rsm;udk wrifwumtiwfxm;I '%fcwf-u
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u w&kwfpdkufysdK;a&;twGuf 1930=ckrS 1940=ckESpftxd &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGiftokH;cscJhaom
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qdkAD,ufZD0aA'qdkif&mudpPt00udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'wGifpdwfjyif;jyt,loefonfh vdkif
qifudktm; tyfESHxm;cJhonf? vdkifqifudku rsdK;ADZodyH`bmom&yfudk y,fcsI/ 'g0if
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123
 r[majcvSrf;0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfck
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124
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132
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136
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139
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140
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150
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151
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152
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106
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153
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154
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109
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110
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pGmtrsm;qkH;owfjzwfcH&-u.? w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdk‹onf/ tDG*k&frGwfpvifrfESifhwdAufAk'N
bmom0ifwdk‹tm; olwdk‹. vlOD;a&udk av#mhcsI bmomt,l0g'udkygzsufqD;ypfjcif;jzifh
olwdk‹udk ESdyfuGyfxdef;csKyf&ef -udK;pm;-uonf? tm&Swdkuf&Sd tjcm;uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹
onfvnf;/ armf. bmoma&;ty: &efrl-urf;wrf;r+twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;-uonf?
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crmeDwdk‹u csmrfvlrsKd;rsm;udk ydkrdkpepfwus rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;udkyg owfjzwf
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111
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155
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uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom uGefjrLepfpepfESifh

bmomw&m;uif;rJhaompepfrsm;
Communism and the Irreligious Systems
Revealed in The Qur'an
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156
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157
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158
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vdkufjyDjzpfa-umif; a-unm.?
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159
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rSm -uD;rm;onfh olwdk‹.ausmuf&kyfudk aqmufvkyfjyoxm;-uonf? armfu pmtkyf
eDuav; wpftkyfa&;jyD;/ w&kwfjynfolwdkif;u T“usrf;jrwf”udkzwf&efwm0ef&SdI/ ‚if;
wGifygaom ynwfcsufrsm;udk ol.ae‹pOfb0wGif vdkufemusifhokH;&.? w&kwfvlrsdK;
tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf ,ae‹txd wdkif;jynf. ae&mwumwdkif;wGif aqmufvkyfxm;
aom “-uD;us,faomb0yJhudkif-uD;” odk‹r[kwf “-uD;us,faom acgif;aqmif-uD;”.
ausmuf&kyfodk‹ armf.arG;ae‹wdkif;wGif oGm;a&mufqkawmif;*g&0jyK-u.? tajrmuft
jrm;aomolwdk‹vnf; tpkvdkuf rdrdudk,fudk owfao-u.?
ajrmufudk;&D,m;wGif/ uifrftifqGefudkvnf; tm%m&vmcsdefrSpI ol‹tm;yk*~dKvf
pGJudk;uG,fr+ jyK-uonf? jynfolwdk‹udk trSm;r&SdbJ rSefuefonfhvrf;pOftwdkif; a&SŒ
aqmifoGm;Edkifonfh “jynfolwdk‹. aerif;-uD;”[k ac:-u.? ajrmufAD,uferfuGefjrLepf
tm%m&Sif [dkcsDrif;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yif jzpfayonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmrsm;onf/ armfudk w&kwfjynfolrsm;tay: xGef;vif;ay;aeonfh aerif;-uD;

yrm/ vlwdkif;udk om,maysmf&$ifonfhb0odk‹ vrf;jyac:aqmifoGm;Edkifonfh “jrifhjrwfaomyk*~dKvf”
tjzpf o&kyfaqmifxm;I yk*~dKvfpGJudk;uG,fr+ jyK-u.?

160
ajrmufudk;&D,m;tm%m&Sif uifrftifqGef. ausmuf&kyfa&SŒwGif trsm;vlxku OD;cs&Sdcdk;-ujcif;onf/
uGefjrLepf0g'onf vuf&Sdacwfopf&kyfxkudk;uG,fjcif;jzpfa-umif;udk az:jyvsuf &Sd.?

161
 uGefjrLepf0g' = rsufarSmufacwfrS yk*~dKvfpGJudk;uG,fjcif;t,l0g'jzpf.?
vlwdk‹u vDeifESifharmfwdk‹. tavmif;&kyfuvyfudk wef;pD-unfh±+-ujcif;onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'u
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom a&S;tD*spfjynf zg&dk;bk&ifwdk‹
udkuJhodk‹ yk*~dKvfpGJ&kyfxkudk;uG,fr+jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaea-umif; az:jyvsuf&Sd.? zg&dk;bk&ifuJhodk‹
&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+udk ESpfoufpGmjyKusifhcJh-uonfh vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹udk zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;udkuJhodk‹
rrfrD&kyfvkH;oGif;xm;-uonf? vDeif.OD;aESmufudk “rnfr#-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfaomOm%ftpGrf;”&Sd
onfudk prf;oyfppfaq;&eftwGuf txl;umuG,fjyKpkodrf;qnf;xm;-u.?

uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom zg&dk;bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;uJhodk‹

vlenf;pkutm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aompepf jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwdk‹onfvlxktm;
tay:pD;rS -unfhI/ olwdk‹vdkcsifovdk OD;aqmif-uonf?

162
 vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%mwnfaqmufykH
Oligarchic Structure
vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m&Sifwnfaqmufr+onf “vlenf;pktkyfcsKyfa&;”
jzpfI/ EdkifiHa&;tm%monf tuef‹towf&Sdonfhtenf;i,faomvlwpfpk.vufxJ
wGifom &Sdayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwft& -unfhygu bk&m;w&m;rJhpepfwdk‹onf
tajccHtm;jzifh vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m&Sifpepfjzpfonf? “wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif
rsm;”odk‹r[kwf “a&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&yfrsm;”onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk olwdk‹.vufxJwGif
qkyfudkifxm;I/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:twdkif; tkyfcsKyf-uayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwf tm,wfawmfrsm;udk -unfhjcif;jzifh/ zg&dk;bk&if.tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ‹wGif t-uHay;t&m
&Sdrsm;/ yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;omyg0ifaom vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m
&Sifpepfjzpfonfudk awG‹&onf? jynfolwdk‹udk zg&dk;.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGifom avSmif
xm;Edkif&ef yOPvufarSmfq&mwdk‹u jynfolwdk‹. awG;ac:r+rsm;udk xdrf;ausmif;xm;onf?
ppfom;rsm;u twif;t"rR&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm-uD;-uyfxdef;csKyfxm;-uonf?
uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom bk&m;rJhvl
en;fpktm%m&Sifpepf. acwfopftqifhwlt&nftaoG;wltkyfcsKyfr+ jzpf-uonf? uGef
jrLepfwdk‹u “jynfol‹tm%m”udk ay;tyfrnf[k tpjyK-uaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹tm%m&vm
aomwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif/ tenf;i,faomvlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;u csKyfudkifpdk;rdk; aom
tm%mudkom wnfaqmuf-uayonf? wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;tm%mtm;vkH;udk “ypPnf;
rJhvlwef;pm;ygwD” odk‹r[kwf “tvkyform;ygwD”ponfhtrnfrsm;udkaqmifaomygwD
odk‹ ay;tyfvdkuf-uaomfvnf;/ xdkygwDrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
ypPnf;rJhqif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfokd‹r#ywfoufjcif;r&Sdacs? uGefjrLepf
ygwDA[dkaumfrDwDESifh ay:vpfjAL&dkac:qkH;jzwfcsufcsonfh,EW&m;onf/ ‚if;.taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;u xdyfqkH;wGifaeI tm%mudkqkyfudkifxm;um/ tm%mudk -uifemw&m;
uif;rJhpGm tokH;jyKayonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;wGif/ “'Drdkua&pD”qdkonfrSm/ a&G;
aumufyGJESifh ygwDuGef*&uftp&Sdonfh jy&kyfomv#if jzpfayonf?
pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;ESifh arG;jrLa&;udk zsufqD;jcif;?
The "Destruction of Crops and Breeding Stock"
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif bk&m;w&m;rJhonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhywfoufI az:jy
&mY/ u|Efkyfwdk‹tm; tvGefta&;-uD;onfh tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;tm&kHpdkuf-u&ef
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.?
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (2;205=206)wGif/
xdkolonf jyefoGm;aomtcg ajrjyif0,f ysufpD;a-umif;rsm;udk jyKrl&efvnf;
aumif;/ v,f,mudkif;u|ef;rsm;ESifh (u|JEGm;)wd&pm>efrsm;udk zsufqD;&efvnf;aumif;/
-udK;yrf;tm;xkwfavonf? trSefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf (,if;uJhodk‹)zsufqD;
jcif;udk pdk;pOf;r# ESpfoufawmfrrlay?
xdkrSwyg;wkH rnfonfhtcgrqdk xdkoludk toifonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;
a-umuf&GH‹ygav[k ajymqdkonf&Sdaomf xdkol‹tm; ol.*k%frmeonf raumif;r+'kp&dkuf
bufodk‹ qGJaqmifoGm;avonf? odk‹jzpf&m xdkoltbdk‹ “*s[EMrf”i&Jonf vkHavmuf.?
trSefaomfum; (*s[EMrfi&Jonf) tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSaomae&mXme jzpfayonf?

163
 “ajrjyif0,f ysufpD;&mysufpD;a-umif;rsm;udk jyKrl&efvnf;aumif;/ v,f,mudkif;
u|ef;rsm;ESifh (u|JEGm;)wd&pm>efrsm;udk zsufqD;&efvnf;aumif;/ -udK;yrf;tm;xkwfav
onf?” [laomtydk'fudk owdrl&efvdktyf.? Ttm,ofawmfonf/ qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk/ w&kwfeDESifh uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;onfh pkaygif;(bkHpepf)udk twd
tus az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfayonf? vDeif/ pwmvif/ armfESifh yGefyGwfwdk‹u olwdk‹.EdkifiH
wGif ±+yfaxG;jcif;ESifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹jcif;udk zefwD;cJh-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
vdkifqifudk. t"dy`g,fr&SdaompdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;udk usifhokH;apjcif;jzifh/ pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESH
tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf-uI rsdK;qufwpfacwfvkH;udkyif jyKef;ukefvkenf;txd touf
aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJh-uonf? Ttm,ofawmfwGifyif xdkodk‹jypfr+usL;vGef
-uolwdk‹onf/ armufrmaom bmomw&m;uif;rJholwdk‹jzpf-ua-umif;udk qufvufaz:
jyxm;ayonf? Taz:jycsufrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;ozG,f xifrSwf,lq-uaom
uGefjrLepftm%m &Sifrsm;ESifh tHudkufjzpfaeayonf?

urBm-uD;onf rjywfrpJwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vsuf&Sdonf/ vGefcJhonfha&S;a[mif;vl‹tzGJ‹

tpnf;wdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfopfxufwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+avsmhenf;onf[k uGefjrLepf
wdk‹u ,kH-unf-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifcsDcJhaomtwdwfumv
wGif yGifhcJhonfheADwrefawmfwdk‹ ,laqmifvmcJhaom usrf;*efrsm;udk txiftjrifao;-u
onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifhav;&mausmfu usa&mufcJhonfh
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifrlum;/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:ESifh yifudkpdwfaepdwfxm;wdk‹
onf/ pOf;pm;qifjcifOm%fuif;rJhjcif;/ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;jcif;ESifh pm&dwWysufjym;,kwfrm
jcif;jzpfonf[k az:jyxm;ayonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwdk‹u olwdk‹udk,fudkolwdk‹ rnf
r#yifwdk;wufzGH‹jzKd;onfhordkif;tqifhodk‹ a&mufae-uonf[k ajym-uayaomfvnf;/ eAD
wrefawmfrlpm.acwfrS zg&dk;bk&ifESifh t&m&mwGif wlnDae-uayonf?
trSefrSm ordkif;u vlom;wdk‹. Om%fxufjrufjcif;wdk;wufzGH‹jzKd;r+ odk‹r[kwf
pdwf"gwfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ponfwdk‹udk jyqdkjcif; r&Sdacs? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmif
aygif;rsm;pGmu vlawGvnf; ,ae‹rsufarSmufacwfrSvlrsm;. t*Fg&yfrsm;twdkif;om &Sd
cJh-uonf? ,Ofaus;r+ESifh enf;ynmydkif;wGif/ wdk;wufr+&SdcJhovdk aemufqkwfjcif;vnf;
&Sdayonf? Oyrm/ eADwrefawmplvdkifrmef(aqmvrGef).acwfrS enf;ynmrsm;ESifh tD
*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ yD&rpfaqmufvkyfcJhonfhenf;ynmrsm;udk ,ae‹acwfwGif rod&SdEdkifao;acs?
,ae‹usef&Sdaeao;aom tEkynmtydkif;tprsm;u tcsKd‹,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;onf tifr
wefwdk;wufaom ,Ofaus;r+ESifhenf;ynmrsm;udk pkaqmif;tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; od&Sd&
aomfvnf;/ xdkwdk;wufr+rsm;onf tpOftjrJ wpforwfwnf; r&SdcJhacs?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹txufu qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdk‹udk ykHyef;
o¾mef&kyftrsdK;rsKd;tjyif/ pdwfaepdwfxm;pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;trsdK;rsdK;ESifhtwl zefqif;
xm;awmfrl.? ‚if;wdk‹wGif ordkif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf owfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfh
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;twdkif; zGH‹jzdK;vmcJhayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (33;62)wGif
tv†m[ft&SifjrwfcsrSwfxm;awmfrlaom obm0ESifhvlr+a&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sda-umif; rdef‹awmfrlxm;.? “Tonf a&S;txufausmfumvY vGefav
cJhaomolwdk‹ESifhywfoufI tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. Oya'pnf;urf;yif? pifppf toifonf
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. Oya'pnf;urf;Y rnfonfhajymif;vJr+udkr#yif tv#if;awG‹&Sdvdrfh
rnfr[kwfaywum;?”[k az:jyxm;.?
uGefjrLepf0g'uJhodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf&dkif;pdkif;onfh tawG;tac:udk vufcH
&ef uwdu0wfjyKjcif;onf/ rawG;Edkif rawG;bl;aom 'kuQyifv,fjyifodk‹ a&mufap.?

164
'g0if. ravsmfuefaomtawG;tac:udkvufcH,kH-unfI bk&m;rJh0g'udka&G;,lolwdk‹
onf/ olwdk‹.qkH;cef;wdkifjcif;udk jyifqifjcif;om jzpfayonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (30;41)wGif atmufygt"dy`g,ftwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
vlwdk‹.vufrsm;u qnf;yl;cJh-uaom(raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹)a-umifh ukef;ajrY
vnf;aumif;/ ork'N&myifv,fYvnf;aumif;/ ysufpD;r+(ab;Oyg'frsm;)onf jzpfay:I
aeacsjyD? aemufqkH;wGif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlcJh-uaom jypfr+tcsKdŒ.t&om
udk ‚if;wdk‹tm; jrnf;prf;apawmfrlrnf jzpfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if ‚if;wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹.
jypfr+rsm;rS) jyefvSnfh-uayrnf?
1970=ckESpfpmayynm±SifEkdbJvfqk&ol/ uGefjrLepf0g'udk Ed+ufEd+ufc|wfc|wf tm;
remwef;a0zefol tvufZENm tdkif qdkvfZifepfqifu Trdk;usOya'pnf;urf;. vlr+
a&;qdkif&m obm0ESifhywfoufI ol.pmayrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;ayonf?
1983=ckESpf vef'efjrdKŒYay;aom rdef‹cGef;wGif/ ol.trsdK;om;rsm;tay: tb,fha-umifh
xdkr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm; usa&mufcJhonfhta-umif;udk &Sif;jycJhavonf?
vGefcJhwJhESpfig;q,favmufwkH;u/ usaemfi,fao;wJhtcsdefrSm/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHrSm -uD;us,fwJh
ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;jzpfwmeJ‹ywfoufjyD; vl-uD;ol-uD;awGu “vlawG[m bk&m;ocifudk
arhvdkuf-uw,f/ 'gha-umifh 'DvdkjzpfvmwmbJ?”vdk‹ nD;nL-uwmudk owd&rdygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefupjyD;/ ESpfaygif; 50=eD;yg;avmuf usaemfwdk‹&Jh awmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk avhvmcJhyg
w,f? tJ'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufjyD; pmtkyfaygif;&mcsDjyD;zwfcJhygw,f? wpfOD;csif;&JhxGufqdk0efcH
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&Sif;xm;&mrSm pmtkyfaygif; &SpfwGJtxdjyKpkcJhygjyD? vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif; 60=avmuf
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ajymr,fqdk&if “vlawG[m bk&m;ocifudk arhvdkuf-uw,f/ 'gha-umifh 'Dvdkjzpfvmwm
113
bJ?”vdk‹ usaemfxyfajym&rSmygbJcifAsm?
uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfay:vmjcif;onf vlwdk‹u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk arhavsmhxm;
aoma-umifh jzpf.? bk&m;rJhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf rnfr#txd oem;-uifemjcif;w&m;uif;
rJhI rnfr#txd&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf &dkif;pdkif;,kwfrmEdkifa-umif;/ 'g0if0g'uJhodk‹aom &kyf
0g'tawG;tac:rsm;u rnfodk‹aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk arG;xkwfay;rnf ponfwdk‹udk rsuf
0g;xifxif jyoaomoufaocHO'g[&k%fyif jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'u ay;aqmifcJh
aom'kuQqif;&Jjcif;wdk‹udk -unfhjcif;jzifh/ bmomt,l0g'udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdaom vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;ESifh r&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹ t-uD;tus,fjcm;em;a-umif;udk awG‹jrif&ayonf?
TtcsufrSwpfqifh bmomt,l0g'udk,fusifhw&m;ay:wGiftajccHaomb0omv#if
vlom;udk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; u|Ekfyfwdk‹oabmaygufEdkifayonf?
vlwdk‹u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,fxm;jyD;/ bmomt,l0g'uoif-um;ydk‹cs
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ygu/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhtwl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;u ae&m,lEdkifayvdrfh
rnf? txufyguk&ftmeftm,ofawmfwGif jyoxm;aom “vlwdk‹.vufrsm;u qnf;yl;
cJh-uaom(raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹)a-umifh ukef;ajrESifhork'N&myifv,fjyifY ysufpD;r+ab;O
yg'frsm;”rjzpfapvdkygu/ vlwdk‹onf ‚if;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk a0;a0;a&Smif
I tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; a&SmifuGif;atmif qGJaqmifac:xkwf&ef vdktyfayonf? Tt
csufwGif atmifjrifEdkif&eftwGuf/ vlwdk‹onf 'g0if.tawG;tac:u odyH`ynmwGift
ajccHonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGmvufcHcJh-uaoma-umifh vlom;avmuudk 'kuQaygif;rsdK;pkHouf
a&mufapcJhjcif;udk od&SdjyD;/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf w&m;r0ifrSm;,Gif;a-umif; odyH`ynmu
oufaoxlxm;onfhtcsufrsm;udk od&Sdoabmayguf&ef vkdtyfygonf?

165
 T21&mpkESpftwGif;/ Om%fynmxufjrufI todw&m;&Sdol xdk;xGif;Om%ft
ajrmftjrif&Sdolwdk‹. ta&;-uD;aomwm0efrSm/ “&kyf0g'ESifh obm0tajcjyK0g'”udk qef‹
usifonfh ynmOm%f&nftpGrf;wdkufyGJ qifEGJ&ef vdktyfayonf?

166
167
 t ar&duefEdkifiHrS 'g0if.oDtdk&DESifhywfoufIajymv#if uG,fvGefol pwD
zifa*sa*gvf.trnfudk csufcsif;owdpjrJjzpf.? olonf [m;Awf
wuUodkvf ZD0aA'ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm (edcgwuaA')ygarmuQ
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175
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176
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120
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rm;ufP0g'=vDeif0g'=armf0g' t-urf;zuftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rsm;jym;vmonf
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jcif;enf;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD0g'pGJudkifaomtpdk;&rsm;ae&mwGif/ rm;ufP0g'D=vDeif0g'D=armf0g'D t
pdk;&udk vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh tpm;xdk;&efjzpfonf? olwdk‹.tjcm;t"du&nf&G,f
csufwpfckrSm armf0g'udk wurBmvkH;odk‹ jzef‹jzL;&ef jzpfayonf?
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awmfvSefa&;”twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;csay;rnfh “armftawG;tac:0g'jzef‹A[dkXme”
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121
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urBmudk t-uD;tus,f jcdrf;ajcmufaeayonf?
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vdrfhrnf?

178
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&Jjcif;udkom ay;aqmifayonf?
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onf wpfae‹wpfjcm; vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh ydkrdkrsm;jym;wdk;yGm;vsufom &Sdaernf jzpf.?
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179
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um;vfaumhpuDESifh t*Fvdyfvuf0Jorm;rsm;.t&if;tjrpfjzpfonfh azbD,Htoif;udk
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enf;vrf;rSm/ 'g0if. odyH`enf;usonf[laom oDtdk&DESifhtawG;tac:udk wdkufzsufjiif;
y,fypfjcif; jzpfonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& vkH;0jydKysufoGm;avjyD? ouf&Sd
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vufcHvm-uatmif jzef‹jzL;&ayrnf? xdktcg/ rm;ufP/ vDeif odk‹r[kwf armf/ odk‹r[kwf
olwdk‹.&kyfykHrsm;udk acgif;&if;eH&Hrsm;wGif uyfxm;ol aoG;xGufoH,dkr+udkom vdkvm;-u
olwdk‹ usef&SdaeEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay?
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udk zsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf? vlwdk‹onfvnf;/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.zefqif;&Sif tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxH
awmfodk‹ jyefvSnfhvm-uvdrfhrnf? xdkt&Sifjrwfu oGefoifydk‹csxm;aom udk,fusifhw
&m;twdkif; aexdkif-uvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf/ ukeftmefusrf;awmfjrwf tm,ofawmf 2;208
wGif jyqdkxm;ouJhodk‹/ vlwdk‹onf vkHjcKHjcif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;om,mjcif;jzifh jynfhpkHaeay
awmhrnf?
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jzpfayonf?

180
 toifa&SŒwGif qufIzwf±+rnfhtcef;wGif/
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jzpfayonf?

181
 &kyf0g'udk y,fzsufvdkufonfh
ta&;-uD;aom trSefw&m;
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Invalidates Materialism
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j'yf0wˆKudk y&rwftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfI/ useft&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk jiif;y,fxm;
onfh tawG;tac:pepfudk yxrOD;pGm tusOf;tm;jzifh avhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? bk&m;ocif
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g'wdk‹. TcsdKŒ,Gif;csuf&SdaeaomusdK;a-umif;
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pwifcJhayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf(23;37)wGif &kyf0g'Dwdk‹ rdrdwdk‹ta-umif; az:
xkwfjcif;ESifhywfoufI Todk‹rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? “touf&Sifjcif;[lonf u|Ekfyf
wdk‹.avmuDb0Y touf&Sifjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdjyD? u|Efkyfwdk‹(teuftcsdKŒ)onf
aoqkH;-uavonf? xdkenf;wlpGm u|Ekfyfwdk‹(teuftcsdKŒ)onf touf&Sifvsuf&Sdae-u
ayonf? odk‹&mwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf &Sifjyefx-urnfholrsm; tv#if;r[kwfjyD?” aemufxyf
a&SŒqufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftydk'f (30;37)wGif/ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wrvGef
b0udk jiif;y,folwdk‹twGuf ydkrdk-uD;us,faomtrSm;udk usL;vGef-ua-umif; Todk‹rdef‹
awmfrl.? “‚if;wdk‹onf avmuDb0. tay:,HykHyef;udkom od&Sd-uukef.? odk‹&mwGif
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wnf;?”

182
 tb,fha-umifh &kyf0g'u TrSm;,Gif;csufodk‹ usa&mufoGm;I csKdŒ,Gif;onfhcH,l
csuf xGufay:vmygoenf;? ta-umif;wpfcku olwdk‹. b0wpfckvkH;wGif tvGefta&;
-uD;onfh rSefuefcsufwpfckudk owdr&-ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹tjyif ‚if;rSefuefcsufudk rod
-uonfhtjyif/ b0wpfckvkH;onf &kyfavmuwGifom uef‹oef‹xm;onf[k ,kH-unf-u
onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ olwdk‹.b0ESifh urBmavmut-um;&Sd qufpyfr+onf jyif;jyaom&nf
rSef;csufESifh vdktifqENrsm;om pdk;rdk;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;
wGif bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹ rod-uonfh Tta&;-uD;onfhrSefuefcsufudk az:xkwf-uygrnf?
j'yf0wˆK. Zmwdtppf
The Real Face of Matter
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jyygrnf? Todk‹az:jy&mwGif/ tawG;tac:tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ vufawG‹usonfh enf;ynm
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tajrmuftjrm;u oufaojyaxmufcHjyD;vnf; jzpfygonf? bufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ/ &dk;
om;rSefuefpGm owd&Sd&SdcsOf;uyfavhvmygu vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkifygonf? T
rSefuefjcif;udk twdkcsKH;I/ “u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywf0ef;usifwGif &Sd&Sdor#aom&kyf0wˆKypPnf;tm;
vkH;wdk‹onf pdwful;jzifhcH,lxm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? j'yf[laomcH,lcsufrSm tdyf
rufESifhwl.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.pdwfxJY ykH&dyftjzpfom cH,lcHpm;&jcif;jzpfI/ u|Efkyfwdk‹u ‚if;
udk wdkuf&dkufqufqHEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs?”[k ajym&ygrnf?
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od&Sdvm-u&ayonf? vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfapv$wfcJhaom
eADwrefawmfrsm;ESifh pdwful;tajrmftjrif&SdI trSefw&m;udkodjrifolyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u T
trSefw&m;udk az:xkwfcJh-ubl;ayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofawmftrsm;
tjym;wGifvnf; t&dyftjrGufr#az:jyxm;I/ tcsdKŒaomtjcm;tm,ofawmfrsm;. t"d
y`g,frsm;udk zGifhqdkonfhaomhcsufrsm;yif jzpfayonf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI xdkyk
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a&mufr+twGif; tcsKdŒtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹u tvsifuxufydkrdkeufeJpGmawG;ac:jcif;jzifh
trSefw&m;udk &&Sd-uayonf?
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onf?

183
 &kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ (txl;ojzifh Ttodkif;t0dkif;.ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol bmx&ef&yf
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jrifjzifh-unfjhcif;udk tm;ay;axmufcHae-uolwdk‹tm; tifrwefuoduatmufjzpfapay
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vm-unhf-uygpdk‹?

184
u|Efkyfwdk‹.jyifywGif&Sdonf[k cHpm;&aomt&monf
trSefpifppfu|Ekfyfwdk‹.twGif;Y&Sd.
What We Perceive As Outside Is Actually Inside Ourselves
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tm;vkH;wGif v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;(electric signals)rsm; yg0ifonf? jrifjcif;jzpfay:csdef
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185
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om aeae&ayonf?
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Who Needs No Eyes To See?

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186
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187
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188
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189
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&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf ordkif;.axmifacsmufwGif;Y rdae-uavjyD

Materialists Have Fallen into The Trap in History
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190
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vDeifjzpfonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfwpf&mavmufu ola&;
om;aom Materialism and Empirio-Criticism
[lonfhpmtkyfwGif/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf TtcsufESifh
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bl;/ b,folŒpdwftiftm;rSvJr[kwfbl;?1

Tpmydk'fu/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹taejzifh “j'yfypPnf;.obm0tppftrSef”ESifhywfoufI/ bmrSrajymra0

zefEdkifawmhojzifh/ rpOf;pm;bJ tomab;z,fxm;vdkuf&efom wwfEdkif-uawmha-umif; jyqdkvsuf
&Sd.? &kyf0g'pdwful;,Ofonf vlwdk‹. rdrdudk,fudk vSnfhpm;jcif;rS qif;oufvmjcif;omjzpfa-umif;
xif&Sm;aeayonf?
1. (V.I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-criticism, Progress Publications, Moscow, 1970, pp. 334-336)

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191
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&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹udk wHvSyfuJhodk‹aom t&dyfta,mifrsm;jzifhvSnfhpm;cJhacsjyD?
*k%foa&&SdemrnfausmfygarmuQrsm;/ euQwWaA'ynm&Sifrsm;/ ZD0aA'ynm&Sif
rsm;/ &lyaA'ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhtjcm;tjcm;aomemrnf-uD;rsm;u olwdk‹.&mxl;XmeEW&awG
udkyif rtm;emawmhbJ aoG;aqmifvSnfhjzm;jcif;cH&if; r&Sufra-umuf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk
bk&m;tjzpfudk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uonf? ykH&dyfrsm;udk pkaygif;I y&rwftjzpfowfrSwfum
,if;wdk‹tay:tajccHjyD; tawG;tac:trsdK;rsdK; oDtdk&DtrsdK;rsdK;csrSwf-uonf? xdkoDtdk&D
rsm;udk t-uD;tus,fjiif;ckHaqG;aEG;-ujyefonf? rdrdudk,fudk ynmOm%f tifrwefjrifhrm;
onf[kxifrSwfjyD; bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)ESifhywfoufI ynm&SifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckH
jcif;jyK-uonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu xdkolwdk‹ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl
&mtmavhtDrf&mef (3;54)wGif “,if;olwdk‹onfvnf; vdrRmyg;eyfpGm -uHpnfcJh-u.?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonfvnf; y&d,m,fa00kpfjzifhyif -uHaqmifawmfrlcJhavonf? trSef
aomfum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf y&d,m,fa00kpfjzifh -uHaqmifolrsm;xuf taumif;
qkH;-uHaqmifawmfrlEdkifaom t&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrlayownf;?”[k rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl
.?
tcsdKŒaomy&d,m,f-uHpnfr+rsm;rS vGwfajrmufEdkifygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; t
v†m[ft&Sifjrwfu umzd&frsm;ESifhywfoufI -uHpnfaomy&d,m,fa00kpfudkrl a&Smifwdrf;
Edkifrnfr[kwfay? tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrSvGJI olwdk‹urnfol.ulnDapmifrr+udkr# &SmawG‹
Edkif-urnfr[kwfay? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtefeDqmtf (4;173)wGif/ “‚if;jyif
xdkolwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tbdk‹ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; tjcm;rnfolwOD;wa,mufudkr#
taqGcifyGef;tjzpfESifh‚if;/ ulnDapmifrrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ awG‹&Sd-u &rnfr[kwfacs?” [k
rdef‹awmfrlxm;.?
&kyf0g'Dwdk‹u/ Ttcsufonf olwdk‹udk tv†m[ft&SifjrwfYom v$wfxm;vdkufjyD
jzpfa-umif;owd&vmonfhtcgwGif olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuftwGuf tqdk;qkH;tajctaejzpf
aea-umif;udk od&Sd-uavonf? xdk‹a-umifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf olwdk‹udka&m t&mcyf
odrf;udkyg 0ef;&Hv$rf;jcHKaea-umif; oabmaygufvm-uawmhonf?

192
 uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu u|Efkyfwdk‹vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;
onf/ t&Sifjrwfa&SŒawmfarSmufwGif rnfol.ulnDapmifrr+udkr#r&SdbJ txnf;wnf;b0
wGif &Sdae-ua-umif; owday;xm;awmfrl.?
(tdk=eADwrefawmf) toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm;vnf;aumif;/ t-uifoltm;
vnf;aumif;/ v$wfxm;ygav? igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;tm;wpfOD;wnf; zefqif;
awmfrl.? (pl&mtvfrk'wfpd&f 74;11)
Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI tjcm;uk&ftmeftm,ofawmftajrmuftjrm;wGif
vnf;/ xyfrHaz:jyxm;awmfrlonf?
‚if;jyif toifwdk‹onf igt&SifjrwftxHawmfodk‹ yxrrlvu igt&Sifjrwf t
oifwdk‹tm; zefqif;awmfrlonfhtwdkif;yif wa,mufpD/ wa,mufpD vm-uavjyD? ‚if;
jyif toifwdk‹onf igt&Sifjrwfu toifwdk‹tm; csD;jr‡ifhay;oem;awmf rlcJhonfh (OpPm
ypPnf;)rsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdk‹aemufwGif pGef‹xm;cJh-uavjyD? (pl&m tvfrmath'[f 6;94)
pifppf ‚i;fwdk‹teuf toD;oD;wdk‹onf xdkt&SifjrwftxHawmfodk‹ ud,mrwf
&Sifjyefxrnfhae‹wGif wpfOD;csif; vma&muf&rnfholrsm;omv#if jzpf-uukefownf;?
(pl&mr&f,mrf 19;95)
aemufwpfenf;t"dy`g,faumufaomf/ Tuk&ftmeftm,ofawmfrsm;u j'yf0wˆK
udk olwdk‹.bk&m;tjzpfudk;uG,f,kH-unfolwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrS vmcJh-u
ojzifh t&SifjrwfxHawmfodk‹omv#if jyefoGm;-u&rnfom jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹t
vdk&Sdonfjzpfap r&SdonfbJjzpfap tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfodk‹ tyfESif;-u&rnfom jzpf
ayonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif=olwdk‹uoabmraygufvdk-uao;aomfvnf;=rdrdjyKusifhcJhor#udk
ajz-um;&ef olwdk‹udk qifhac:rnfh au,mrwf(aemufqkH;w&m;pD&ifrnfh)ae‹udk apmifhqdkif;
ae-uonf?

193
 tDAdkvl;&Sif; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+
Tp-um0Vm&Sd tao;pdwft&mcyfodrf;wdk‹onf omvGef-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfawmfrl
aomzefqif;&Sifudk n$efjyvsuf&Sdonf? qef‹usifbuftjzpf/ p-um0Vmonf zefqif;jcif;
jzpfonf[laomtcsufudk jiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g'onf odyH`enf;rusaom rSm;,Gif;r+wpfck
jzpfonf?
&kyf0g'onf w&m;r0ifysufjy,foGm;onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ ‚if;ay:wGiftajccH
aom tawG;tac:tm;vkH;wdk‹onfvnf; tajccHrlr&SdbJ ysufjy,foGm;ayonf? xdktawG;
tac:rsm;teuf 'g0if0g'onf OD;qkH;xdyfqkH;wGif yg0ifayonf? touf[lonf oufrJh
j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rS tvdkvdkrawmfwqjzpfay:vmonf[laom ToDtdk&Donf/ tv†m[ft
&Sifjrwfu p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk zefqif;onf[k todtrSwfjyKonfESifhtwl ysufjy,f
oGm;onf? euQwW&lyaA'ynm&Sif tar&duefvlrsdK; [wf*fa&mhpfu TudpPudk atmufyg
twdkif; &Sif;jyxm;.?
18=&mpkESpftwGif; ay:aygufvmcJhonfh bk&m;rJh0g'/ 'g0if0g' ESifh tjcm;tvm;wl “tpf
Zif;=0g'”tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ p-um0VmonftqkH;r&Sd[laom rSm;,Gif;aomxifjrif,lqcsuf
tay:wGif wnfaqmufcJh-ujcif; jzpfonf? touf&Sifjcif;tygt0if olrwlxl;jcm;aom
vuQ%mt&nftcsif;&Sdjcif;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH;.jyifytjyif/ p-um0Vmr&SdrDtcsdefu
tjzpfrsm;/ jzpfapjcif; jzpfapol ponfhta-umif;w&m;rsm;u u|Efkyfwdk‹. rsufarSmufwGif
125
bGif;bGif;-uD; az:jyaeayonf?
p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk tvGefao;i,faomtao;pdwftxd ykHpHcsIzefqif;ol
onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyifjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjzpfonfh ouf
&Sdt&mrsm;onf rawmfwq-uHK-udufI ol‹tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmonf[laomtqdkrSm rSef
uefzG,f&mta-umif; r&Sdacs?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk avhvm-unfhaomtcg/ acwfopfodyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;
u rrSefuefa-umif; vlod&Sif-um; pGwfpGJ±+wfcsvdkufonfrSm tH-ozG,f&mr&Sday? ouf&Sd
ypPnf;wdk‹. wnfaqmufr+ykHpHu tifrwef±+yfaxG;I ododomomxif&Sm;vsuf&Sdonf?
oufrJhypPnf;rsm;wGif tifrweftxdrcHatmif tao;pdwfjcif;udk twrftEkjrLwdk‹.
wnfaqmufr+wGif [efEdkifjcif;tajctaersm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh od&SdEdkifayonf? xdk
twrfrsm; tcsif;csif;aygif;pyfI ±+wfaxG;vSaom y&dkwif;rsm;/ tifZdkif;rfrsm;ESifh qJvf
rsm;udk xkwfvkyf jcif;udpPonf tHhrcef;avmufatmif qef;us,fvSayonf?
TtHhrcef;aomqef;us,fvSonfh ouf&SdypPnf;wdk‹.ykHpHrsm;onf 'g0if.oDtdk&D
wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'g0if0g'udk 20=&mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif w&m;r0ifa-umif; y,fzsufvdkuf
avonf?
Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tjcm;avhvma&;rsm;wGif tawmftwef
tao;pdwfI az:jycJhayjyD? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;oDtdk&D. rSm;,Gif;r+rsm;udk em;vnfoabm
ayguf&ef tvGefta&;-uD;aoma-umifh/ Tae&mwGifvnf; twdkcsKH;I xyfrHaz:jyoifh
onf[k ,lqygonf?
194
 odyH`ynmt& 'g0if0g' jydKysufjcif;
The Scientific Collapse of Darwinism
TtawG;tac:onf a&S;a[mif; *&d
vlrsdK;rsm;txd a&S;usaom tawG;tac:jzpf
aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf 19=&mpk
ESpfa&mufrS tus,fw0if‹ ysHESH‹cJhayonf? od
yH`ynmavmuwGif -uD;xGm;jyef‹oGm;jcif;. t
a&;-uD;qkH;ta-umif;&if;rSm 1859=ckESpfwGif
ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom csm;vfpf 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm;
pwifay:aygufvmykH [laompmtkyfa-umifh
jzpfonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ 'g0ifursdK;rwlaom
ouf&SdrsdK;pkrsdK;EG,frsm;udk bk&m;oQiftv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;jcif;tcsufudk jiif;
y,fxm;onf? 'g0if.tqdkt&/ ouf&Sdt&m
tm;vkH;wdk‹onf pwifaygufzGm;cJhonfh wpfck
wnf;aomouf&SdypPnf;rS wpfppDtenf;i,f
pD ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;jzifh ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
rsdK;pkrsdK;EG,frsm; jyef‹yGm;vmcJhonf[k qdkonf? csm;vfpf 'g0if
'g0if.oDtdk&Donf/ cdkifrmaomodyH`
ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;tay:wGif tajccHjcif; r[kwfacs? oludk,fwdkifuvnf; “,lqcsuf”
wpfckom jzpfa-umif; 0efcHxm;onf? ol. pmtkyfrS “oDtdk&D.tcuftcJrsm;” [laom
tcef;wGif tus,fw0ifh&Snfvsm;pGmjzifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsuftajrmuftjrm;udk ajzEdkif
jcif;r&Sdao;a-umif; 0efcHxm;onf?
'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&DrSefuefa&;twGuf &ifqdkifae&aom“oDtdk&D. tcuftcJ
rsm;”udk odyH`ynm ydkrdkwdk;wufvmaomtcsdefwGif topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if.ar#mfvifhcsufESifhqef‹usif
I/ odyH`ynmwdk;wufr+wdkif;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tajccHwifjycsufwpfckpDonf tajc
tjrpfr&Sda-umif;udkom az:xkwfvsuf&Sdojzifh xdktcuftcJrsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyef‹aponf?
'g0if0g' (tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D). odyH`ynmavmuwGif ±+H;edrfhoGm;jcif;udk acgif;
pOf okH;ckcGJI avhvmEdkifayonf?
1? ToDtdk&Donf/ urBmay:wGif touf odk‹r[kwf ouf&SdypPnf; yxrqkH;
rnfodk‹ay:aygufvmcJhonfudk r±Sif;jyEdkifacs?
2? ToDtdk&Duwifjyaom “tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;rsm;”onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfY
rnfodk‹aomoufa&mufr+r# r±Sdacs?
3? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;onf ToDtdk&D.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ESifh vkH;0
qef‹usifvsuf &Sdaeayonf?

195
 Ttcef;wGif Tacgif;pOfokH;ckjzifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfI
qef;ppfygrnf?

ausmfv$m;Ir&Edkifaom yxrqkH;twm;tqD;
= touf.tprlvblw
The First Insurmountable Step: The Origin of Life
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du/ ouf&SdowW0gwdk‹onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;aygif;okH;aomif;
&SpfaxmifausmfcJhaomtcsdefumvY/ jzpfay:cJhaom ouf&SdqJvfwpfckrS qif;oufvmcJh
onf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? xdkwpfckwnf;aomouf&SdqJvfrS oef;ESifhcsDaomouf&Sd
owW0grsm; rnfuJhodk‹jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ tu,fI xdkodk‹jzpfcJhygu tb,fha-umifh
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;Y ,if;wdk‹wpfqifhpDjzpfvmcJhonfhoJvGefprsm;udk rawG‹&Sd&onf/
ponfhta-umif;rsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;
jzpfpOf. yxrtqifhjzpfonfh “yxrOD;qkH;ouf&SdqJvf”onf rnfodk‹jzpfay:vmcJh
oenf; [laomar;cGef;udk OD;pGmar;&ygrnf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du/ zefqif;jcif;udkjiif;y,fxm;I/ rnfonfhobm0vGeftif
tm;. 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;udkr# vufrcHaoma-umifh/ xdk“yxrOD;qkH;qJvf”onf/ -udK
wifpDrHxm;aom ykHpHESifh pDrHudef;r&SdbJ obm0ed,mrw&m;t& rawmfwq-uHK-udKufI
jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdk.? ToDtdk&Dt& oufrJhj'yfypPnf;rsm;u xdkouf&Sd qJvfudk -uHK
-udKufwdkufqdkifr+jzifh jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkonf? TtqdkrSm vuf&Sd od&Sdxm;jyD;jzpfaom
ZD0aA'ed,mrrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh qef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf?
“toufonf toufrSomqif;oufvm.”
"Life Comes from Life"
'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif touf.rlvblwta-umif;udk a&;om;az:jyxm;jcif;
r&Sdacs? ol.acwfwGif &SdcJhaom a&S;usaeao;onfhodyH`ynmt& 'g0ifuvnf; touf
&Sdjcif;onf tvGef&Sif;vif;&dk;pif;aomudpPtjzpf oabmaygufcJhayonf? tv,facwf
rsm;rSpI ,kH-unfcJh-uaom “tvdktavsmufjzpfay:jcif;”oDtdk&Dt&/ oufrJhypPnf;rsm; pk
aygif;jcif;jzifh ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;rawmfwqtvdktavsmufjzpfay:vmEdkifonf[k ,kH-unf
-uayonf? xdkacwfwGif tpm;tpmt-uGif;tusefrsm;rS ydk;r$m;rsm;tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmI/
-uGufrsm;onfvnf; qefpyg;*sKHrsm;rS jzpfay:aygufzGm;vmonf[k vlwdkif;u,kH-unfcJh
-uonf? xdk,kH-unfcsufudk oufaoxl&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom prf;oyfcsuf
rsm;vnf; vkyf-u.? *sKHaphtenf;i,fudk t0wfprsm;wGifjzef‹usJxm;jcif;jzifh r-umrDt
wGif; ‚if;wdk‹aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh -uGufuav;rsm;ay:aygufvmonf[k xif-uonf?
xdkenf;wl/ tom;prsm;rS avmufaumifrsm;jzpfay:vmonfudk-unfhI/ touf[l
onf oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS tvdkvdkay:aygufvmonf[laom,kH-unfcsufudkaxmufcHonfh
oufaoom"ujzpfonf[k ,lq-uonf? aemifaomtcgwGif xdkavmufaumifrsm;
onf tom;prsm;.rsufESmjyifrS tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfa-umif; u|Efkyfwdk‹.rsuf
pdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom ,ifaumifrsm;Ocsxm;cJhaomOrsm;rSavmufaumifrsm;aygufzGm;vm
jcif;jzpfa-umif; od&Sdvm-uavonf?

196
 'g0ifu rsdK;pkrsm;pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; pmtkyfudk a&;om;onfhtcsdefwGif/ buf
wD;&D;,m;ydk;rsm;onf tZD00wˆKypPnf;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmEdkifonf[k odyH`avmuwpfckvkH;
u vufcH,kH-unf-uayonf?

'g0if.pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0jyD;aemuf ig;

ESpft-umwGif emrnfausmf-um;onfh ZD0aA'
yg&*l vl;0dpf ygpcsmu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.
t"dutajccHjzpfaom ‚if;,kH-unfcsufudk
tjyD;ydkifzsufqD;vdkufavonf? ol.ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm okawoejyKcJhjcif;rS tajzudk aemufqkH;
pkaygif;vdkufjcif;jzifh “oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rSt
oufjzpfay:vmEdkifonf[laomtqdkjyKcsufudk
ordkif;wGiftjyD;tydkif jr‡KyfESHypfvdkufavjyD?”[k
a-ujimcJhavonf? ygpusmu 1864=ckESpfY
qdk;bGef;wuUodkvfwGifa[majymcJhaom ol.
rdef‹cGef;wGif “ol.&dk;pif;vSaom vufawG‹prf; ol.vufawG‹prf;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh/ vl;0dpfyg
oyfcsufa-umifh/ toufonf ol‹tvdktavsmuf pusmonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. tajccHtkwf
jzpf ay:vmEdkifonf [laomtawG;tac: aemuf jrpfjzpfaom “ouf rJhypPnf;rsm;u toufudk
xyfevHxlEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf”126 [k atmifjrif zef w D ; jzpf a y:apEd k i f o nf ” [l a omtqd k u d k
pGm a-unmcJhonf? y,f zsufypfonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk umuG,folwdk‹u ygpusm.awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk ESpfaygif;t

wef-umtxd qef‹usifcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ odyH`ynmqufvufwdk;wufr+rsm;u
ouf&SdqJvf. eufeJ±+yfaxG;aom wnfaqmufr+rsm;udkaz:xkwfojzifh touf[lonf
ol‹tvdkvdk jzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;tqdkonf rjzpfEdkifa-umif;ydkrdk xif&Sm;vmayonf?
20=&mpkESpftwGif;rS tusdK;r&Sdaom-udK;yrf;r+rsm;
Inconclusive Efforts in the Twentieth Century
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OD;qkH;udkifwG,folonf &k&Sm;vlrsdK;emrnfausmfZD0aA'yg&*l tvufZENm; tdkyg&if jzpfay
onf? 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif ouf&SdqJvfonf tvdktavsmufjzpfay:vma-umif; oufao
xlEdkif&ef tdkyg&ifu -udK;yrf;cJhayonf? xdk-udK;yrf;r+rsm;onf tv[\jzpfcJhojzifh
tdkyg&ifonfvnf; aemufqkH;wGif atmufygtwdkif; 0efcH&avonf? “ouf&SdqJvf.
tprlvblwta-umif;onf/ &SmazGaz:xkwfIr&ao;aomtcsuftjzpf usefaeao;onf
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199
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202
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135
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136
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137
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204
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205
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142
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206
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143
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207
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208
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209
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210
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144
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jytyfygonf?
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pifppfxdkolrsm;onf (rdrdwdk‹. wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;udk) arhavsmholrsm;om jzpf-u
ukefownf;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;179)
tu,fI igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tay:0,f rdk;aumif;uifY wHcg;ayguf
wpfckckudk zGifhay;awmfrlcJhygv#if xdk‹aemuf ‚if;wdk‹onf ae‹a-umifawmifyif
xdkwHcg;aygufrS qif;wufoGm; vmcJh-uaomfvnf;/

212
 ‚if;wdk‹u u|Ekfyf.rsufpdrsm;onf (vSnfhpm;)ydwfyifxm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&ayonf?
xdlr#ru u|Efkyfwdk‹onf pkef;jyKpm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&aom vlpkyifjzpf-uayonf[k
ajymqdk-u rnfrSm trSefyif? (pl&mtvf[*s&f 15;14=15)
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wpfa,muf odk‹r[kwf tcsdKŒu,kH-unf-ujcif;ESifh qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sd-ujcif; &SdEdkifay
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tmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif wrefawmfrlpm(arm&S,f)ESifhzg&dk;bk&ifta-umif;jzifh jyqdkxm;
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refawmfrlpmu xdkarSmfq&mrsm;ESifh awG‹qkHaomtcg olwdk‹.ya,m*yOPvuf twwf
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tm,ofawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ayonf?
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213
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twdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
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102
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p&m taumif;qkH; tqdk;qkH;aom yOPvufya,m*jyKpm;jcif;yif jzpfa-umif;udk jyefvnf
owd&-uawmhrnf? xdkjyKpm;r+onf wurBmvkH;&Sd vlwdk‹.ykckH;ay:rS tjrefqkH;jyKwfus
vmaeygjyD? xdkya,m*. ykHyef;o¾meftrSefudk awG‹&Sd-ujyD;onfhyk*~dKvftajrmuftjrm;
wdk‹onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹udk,fwdkifu tb,fha-umifh ,kH-unfcJh-uonfudk wtHhw-ojzpfae
-uavjyD?

214
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jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrlygownf;?
(pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;32)

215
 bmomjyefol. jznfhpGufcsuf
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216
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217
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