The Shell Bitumen Handbook

Fifth Edition

Shell Bitumen

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.2 The earliest uses of bituminous binders 1.3 The growth of bitumen consumption in Europe 1.4 Sources of binder Manufacture, storage, handling and environmental aspects of bitumens 2.1 The manufacture of bitumen 2.2 Delivery, storage and handling temperatures of bitumens 2.3 Health, safety and environmental aspects of bitumens Constitution, structure and rheology of bitumens 3.1 Bitumen constitution 3.2 Bitumen structure . 3.3 The relationship between constitution and rheology 3.4 The relationship between broad chemical composition and physical properties Specifications and quality of bitumens 4.1 Penetration grade bitumens 4.2 Oxidised bitumens 4.3 Hard bitumens 4.4 Cutback bitumens 4.5 Bitumen quality 4.6 The CEN bitumen specifications 4.7 The SHRP/SUPERPAVE bitumen specification 1 1 1 2 3

Chapter 2

11 11 16 20

Chapter 3

29 29 35 37 38 43 43 45 46 46 47 54 54

Chapter 4

The Shell Bitumen Handbook

Chapter 5 Polymer modified and special bitumens 5.1 The role of bitumen modifiers in asphalt 5.2 The modification of bitumen 5.3 Multigrade bitumens 5.4 Pigmentable binders 5.5 Fuel-resisting binders 5.6 Thermosetting binders 5.7 Costperformance relationships for modified binders Bitumen emulsions 6.1 Emulsifiers 6.2 The manufacture of bitumen emulsions 6.3 Properties of bitumen emulsions 6.4 Classification and specification of bitumen emulsions 6.5 Modification of bitumen emulsion properties 6.6 Uses of bitumen emulsions 6.7 Bibliography Mechanical testing and properties of bitumens 7.1 Standard specification tests for bitumens 7.2 The Fraass breaking point test 7.3 Viscosity 7.4 The bitumen test data chart 7.5 Temperature susceptibility penetration index (PI) 7.6 Engineering properties of bitumen 7.7 Other bitumen tests Durability of bitumens 8.1 Bitumen hardening 8.2 Hardening of bitumen during storage, mixing and in service 8.3 Bitumen ageing tests Adhesion of bitumens 9.1 The principal factors affecting bitumen/aggregate adhesion 9.2 The main disbonding mechanisms 9.3 Methods of measuring and assessing adhesion 9.4 Improving bitumen/aggregate adhesion 61 62 64 81 84 86 87 89 91 92 96 97 106 107 111 117 119 119 124 125 129 136 137 152 157 157 159 168 171 171 174 177 185

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

viii

Chapter 10 Influence of bitumen properties on the performance of asphalts 10.1 The influence of bitumen properties during construction 10.2 The influence of bitumen properties on the performance of asphalts in service Chapter 11 Aggregates in asphalts 11.1 Origins and types of rock 11.2 Aggregate extraction 11.3 The European aggregate Standard Chapter 12 Types and applications of different asphalts 12.1 Coated macadams 12.2 Hot rolled asphalt 12.3 Thin surfacings 12.4 Choice of asphalts on major carriageways Chapter 13 Specification, composition and design of asphalts 13.1 Recipe specifications for bases and binder courses 13.2 Recipe specifications for surface courses 13.3 Design of bases and binder courses 13.4 Design of surface courses 13.5 Guidance on the selection of mixtures Chapter 14 Asphalt production plants 14.1 Types of mixing plant 14.2 The addition of recycled asphalt pavement 14.3 Additive systems 14.4 Production control testing of asphalts Chapter 15 Transport, laying and compaction of asphalts 15.1 Transportation 15.2 Use of tack coats 15.3 Pavers 15.4 Additional screed systems 15.5 Paving operations 15.6 Compaction 15.7 Specification and field control Chapter 16 Testing of asphalts 16.1 Fundamental tests

189 191 195 219 219 222 222 231 234 238 239 242 245 246 250 255 259 265 267 268 275 276 276 279 279 279 280 285 286 292 302 305 307
IX

The Shell Bitumen Handbook

16.2 Simulative tests 16.3 Empirical tests 16.4 Determination of recovered bitumen properties Chapter 17 Properties of asphalts 17.1 Stiffness of asphalts 17.2 Permanent deformation of asphalts 17.3 Fatigue characteristics of asphalts Chapter 18 Design of flexible pavements 18.1 The importance of stiffness 18.2 The structural elements of a flexible pavement 18.3 Factors involved in pavement design 18.4 Empirical and semi-empirical pavement design 18.5 Analytical pavement design using the Shell Pavement Design Method Chapter 19 Surface dressing and other specialist treatments 19.1 Surface dressing 19.2 Slurry surfacings/microsurfacings 19.3 High-friction surfaces 19.4 Foamed bitumen 19.5 Application of a coloured surface treatment 19.6 Recycling asphalts 19.7 Grouted macadams Chapter 20 Other important uses of bitumens and asphalts 20.1 Airfield pavements 20.2 Railway applications 20.3 Bridges 20.4 Recreational areas 20.5 Motor racing tracks 20.6 Vehicle testing circuits 20.7 Hydraulic applications 20.8 Coloured surfacings 20.9 Kerbs Appendix 1 Physical constants of bitumens Al.l Specific gravity A1.2 Coefficient of cubical expansion Al.3 Electrical properties A1.4 Thermal properties 322 329 332 337 337 340 344 351 353 353 356 358 366 371 371 403 406 407 411 413 415 419 419 424 426 427 428 428 429 430 432 433 433 433 433 436

Appendix 2 Conversion factors for viscosities Appendix 3 Blending charts and formulae Appendix 4 Calculation of bitumen film thickness in an asphalt Index

437 438 442 445

XI