What is an ACCIDENT? How do ACCIDENTS occur? How do we avoid ACCIDENTS?

Any incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically interrupting the completion of an activity and resulting in an injury and/or damage to property. (e.g. slips, trips, falls, floods, hurricanes, etc.

Are they natural or man-made?

Causes of accidents are divided into three major categories: (a) unsafe acts of people; (b) unsafe (physical or mechanical) conditions; and (c) acts of God (floods, hurricanes, etc.). Statistics indicate that: 88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by acts of God.

The majority of unsafe acts of persons may be assigned to one or more of the following classifications:
Failure to follow instructions of proper job procedure. Cleaning, oiling, adjusting, or repairing equipment that is moving, electrically energized, or pressurized. Failure to use available personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, hard hats. Failure to wear safe personal attire. Failure too secure or warn. Improper use of equipment.

Improper use of hands or body parts. Making safety devices inoperable. Operating or working at unsafe speeds. Taking unsafe position or posture. Unsafe placing, mixing, combining. Using tools or equipment known to be unsafe. Driving errors. Horseplay.

Most unsafe or hazardous conditions can be grouped into one of the following classifications:
Defective, inferior, or unsuitable tools, machinery, equipment, or materials. Hazards of surroundings (poor housekeeping). Hazardous methods or procedures. Placement hazards (person not mentally or physically compatible with job requirements). Inadequate guarding of machinery, equipment, work areas, etc.

Floods Hurricanes Earthquakes Tsunamis etc.

By prevention through elimination or control of causes of accidents

Clearly, the greater percentages of accidents are caused by unsafe acts; therefore, emphasis of an accident prevention program is on the elimination of these unsafe acts. One of the most effective means of preventing accidents is also the elimination of unsafe conditions. To preach safety while permitting unsafe conditions to exist is bound to create an obstacle to cooperation required from employees.

Following are some actions that should be carried out to eliminate unsafe conditions: Remove all obstacles and impediments to the safe movement of personnel, vehicles, or machines. Repair damaged floors, broken steps, broken glass, cracked walls and ceilings. Replace worn or damaged tools. Provide proper equipment for the hoisting and movement of heavy objects. Install guards for moving parts of machinery, fans, etc. Provide protective equipment such as goggles and hard hats. Insist on good housekeeping practices remove debris, waste material, and obsolete or useless equipment. Replace worn electrical wiring and fixtures. Post signs warning of hazards in hazardous areas.

The important part of eliminating unsafe conditions is doing so before an accident occurs. The principal goal should be to search for hazardous conditions and eliminate them before they cause work interruption or bring injury. Too often unsafe conditions are allowed to exist simply because they have not yet caused an accident. The job must be made as safe as possible.

Other methods of accident prevention, sometimes referred to as the three E's of safety, are as outlined below: a) Engineering

It may be necessary to make mechanical revision or modifications to eliminate existing unsafe conditions, and in some cases, to prevent unsafe acts. Design of machine guards, automobile brakes, traffic signals, pressure relief valves, and hand rails are varied examples of safety engineering at work.

b) Education and Training

Just as safety engineering is the most effective way of preventing accidents involving unsafe mechanical and physical conditions, safety education is the most effective tool in preventing accidents by human causes (unsafe acts). Through adequate instruction, personnel gain useful knowledge and development of safe attitudes. Training is a particularly important accident prevention control; it gives each employee a personal safety tool by developing habits of safe practice and operation.

c) Enforcement

Although accidents can be prevented through adequate safety engineering and education, there are some people who are a hazard to themselves and others because of their failure to comply with accepted safety standards. It is these persons for whom the strict enforcement of safety practices is necessary, backed by prompt corrective action. No organized accident prevention can be successful without effective enforcement because accidents are frequently the direct result of violations of safety principles. This is particularly true of vehicle accidents, many of which are caused by unsafe acts which constitute traffic law violations. Heads of departments and supervisors are responsible for enforcing safety standards and regulations. Failure to do so would be condoning conduct that leads to preventable accidents.

In Summary;
Successful accident prevention requires a minimum of four fundamental activities:
A study of all working areas to detect and eliminate or control physical hazards which contribute to accidents. A study of all operating methods and practices. Education, instruction, training, and discipline to minimize human factors which contribute to accidents. Thorough investigation of accidents to determine contributing circumstances.

All employees are to keep alert for and report unsafe conditions. If an unsafe condition is identified, it is to be reported to a supervisor immediately for the necessary action to be taken.