Water Security Governance and Gender

Principal Water Resources Specialist, Regional Sustainable Infrastructure Department, Asian Development Bank
Women, Water and Leadership Workshop ADB HQ, Manila 13-14 February 2014

Ian W Makin

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

Overview
1. Water Security emerging paradigm

2. Water Security and Governance

3. Women and Water Security

I. WATER SECURITY EMERGING PARADIGM

Vision
Societies can enjoy water security when they successfully manage their water resources and services to: 1. satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities; 2. support productive economies in agriculture, industry, and energy; 3. develop vibrant, livable cities and towns; 4. restore healthy rivers and ecosystems; and 5. build resilient communities that can adapt to change.
Source: Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

Water Security: What and Why?

National Water Security in Asia and the Pacific

Source: Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

Household Water Security (KD1)

Household Water Security is essential to eradicate poverty
World: Government leaders are working toward the 2015 target to reduce by half the proportion of people without safe drinking water and improved sanitation. Asia and the Pacific: More than 60% of households live without safe, piped water supply and improved sanitation. South Asia and the Pacific: These are hot spots with lowest coverage in piped water supply and improved sanitation. Inequity in access is highest in South Asia.

Economic Water Security (KD2)

Managing water is critical for modern economies
World: Industrial use of water increases as economies develop, from 10% for low- and middle income countries to 59% for high-income countries. Asia and the Pacific: Agriculture accounts for 79% of annual average water withdrawals, and demand for food and animal feed crops is predicted to grow by 70% to 100% over the next 50 years. South Asia: The poorest and most populous subregion has relatively low agricultural water productivity.

Urban Water Security (KD3)

Many of Asias cities are becoming overcrowded, yet continue to attract more people

World: Cities occupy 2% of the worlds land, use 75% of its resources, and generate up to 80% of GDP. More than half the worlds slum dwellers live in Asia. Asia and the Pacific: Wastewater is often released into rivers, lakes and groundwater untreated or only partially treated. South Asia As little as 22% of wastewater discharges are treated in South Asia, making it a hot spot for the growth of livable cities.

Environmental Water Security (KD4)

Healthy rivers are the essential foundation for sustainable economies and societies
World: 60% of the worlds population lives in Asia, with the lowest per capita availability of freshwater Asia and the Pacific: 80% of Asias rivers are in poor health, jeopardizing economies and the quality of life. $1.75 trillion in ecosystem services per year are threatened. South Asia: This region has the lowest environmental water security, posing huge challenges for sustainable development.

Resilience to Water-Related Disasters (KD5)

Resilience to water-related disasters secures lives, livelihoods, and economic assets
World: 90% of the worlds disasters are water-related, including floods, droughts, hurricanes, storm surges, and landslides. Asia and the Pacific: Disasters related to water have sharply increased, particularly floods. 90% of the people affected by water-related disasters live in Asia. South Asia and the Pacific: These two subregions face the highest risk for water-related disasters and have the lowest resilience.

II. WATER SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE

Water Security Indices

Household Water Security (KD1) Economic Water Security (KD2)

Urban Water Security (KD3)

Environmental Water Security (KD4)

Resilience to Water-Related Disasters (KD5)

Asian Water Development Outlook 2007: National Water Security and Governance

Source: Asian Water Development Outlook, 2013

III WOMEN AND WATER SECURITY

NWSI and Female Labor

5

National Water Security Indicator

20

40

60

80

100

Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)

NWSI and Female Professionals 5

National Water Security Indicator
New Zealand Australia

4
Japan Hongkong, China Singapore Malaysia Taipei,China Federated States of Republic of Korea Armenia Indonesia Georgia Kazakhstan Micronesia PalauPeople's Republic Mongolia Kyrgyz Republic of China Viet Nam Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Nepal Marshall Islands Azerbaijan Pakistan Cambodia Nauru Bangladesh

3
Fiji

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Female Professional and Technical Workers (% of total) 100

NWSI and Female Leadership

National Water Security Indicator

5
Australia Malaysia Hongkong, China New Zealand

Singapore Brunei Darussalam Republic of Korea Armenia Kazakhstan Georgia PR China Indonesia Mongolia Lao PDR Kyrgyz Republic Philippines Sri Lanka Bhutan Samoa Fiji Azerbaijan Nepal Thailand Vanuatu Viet Nam Tonga Cambodia Pakistan Tuvalu India Bangladesh

0 0 20 40 60
Female Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers (% of Total)

Thank you for your attention

Ian W Makin

Principal Water Resources Specialist

imakin@adb.org

Asian Development Bank