Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 3
A Translation of
popularly known as
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<<<<<<<<
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(;<( =>) 1 2 345 6 78" % ) 9
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email al_inaam@yahoo.com
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Contents
Transliteration........................................................................12
Preface .........................................................................................15
Guidelines for Teachers........................................................18
Indications ..............................................................................19
Lesson 26.....................................................................................20
The Types of Verbs................................................................20
Exercise No. 27 .......................................................................28
Lesson 27.....................................................................................29
The Types of Changes and Some Rules .............................29
The Rules of (2@>A B
@ C) .............................................................30
The Rules of (DEF@ GA).................................................................32
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Lesson 40...................................................................................243
The Verbs of Praise and Dispraise ....................................243
Words Indicating Surprise .................................................246
Exercise No. 48 .....................................................................248
Vocabulary List No. 38 .......................................................249
Exercise No. 49 .....................................................................252
Exercise No. 50 .....................................................................254
Exercise No. 51 .....................................................................254
Test No. 16 ............................................................................258
Lesson 41...................................................................................261
Pronouns...............................................................................261
The Visible and Concealed Pronoun ................................264
The ()A CE.'A [ V '@ NL) ......................................................................266
The Pronoun of State...........................................................267
The Distinguishing Pronoun .............................................268
Exercise No. 52 .....................................................................270
Exercise No. 53 .....................................................................271
Vocabulary List No. 39 .......................................................273
Exercise No. 54 .....................................................................274
Lesson 42...................................................................................276
Relative Pronouns ...............................................................276
Exercise No. 55 .....................................................................282
Vocabulary List No. 40 .......................................................286
Exercise No. 56 .....................................................................288
Exercise No. 57 .....................................................................290
Exercise No. 58 .....................................................................291
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The examples of (
` bAA cCX%[OC
@ IV ) ..............................................317
The examples of (Ri)..........................................................318
The examples of (g
A X@h
A [ 0A >[ XCA E ) ..........................................321
Exercise No. 61 .....................................................................322
Exercise No. 62 .....................................................................327
Exercise No. 63 .....................................................................327
Exercise No. 64 .....................................................................330
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Transliteration
ā
j t
k th
l j
m h
n kh
d
o dh
7 r
p z
q s
r sh
s s
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t d
u t
v z
J
C á
J
A í
J
L ú
w gh
9 f
x q
y k
& l
D m
n
S ū
z h
ī, y
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Preface
All praises are due to Allāh that the third volume of the
book, “
” has been published.
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The scholars know that the changes that occur in nouns and
verbs in Arabic Morphology is a difficult subject. According
to the old method of teaching, each rule is memorized like
verses of the Qur’ān. This task is so unpleasant, difficult
and a waste of time that every student cannot endure it.
Accordingly, in the modern method of teaching, a large
portion of it is disregarded. However, the student of Arabic
is deprived of essential information due to which he
perceives an apprehension of losing out at every step. An
attempt has been made in this third volume to make this
difficult stage pleasant and easy with moderation. Due to
details, the subject has been lengthened but the rules can be
learnt without memorizing, by merely reading them.
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The size of this volume has increased, not due to the rules,
but due to the literary extracts. If you look at the rules, they
do not form even a quarter of the book. More than three
quarters of the book is full of the teaching of the language.
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Indications
2) The alphabets (), (t), (q), (9), (y) and (m) indicate the
category of the triliteral verbs. The categories of the verbs of
(61 ! R) are indicated by numbers. The numbers are
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Lesson 26
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paradigms of (
E E), (V '@ V C) and (@ V ). None of these verbs
correspond to their scales. We have to therefore accept the
fact that (
E E) originally was (E 'C E ) on the scale of (E C 1E),
(
V '@ V C ) originally was (V 'L [ C) on the scale of (V L >[ C) and (@ V )
originally was (
[ 'L [ ZV) on the scale of ([ L 1[ V). These verbs are
not spoken or written in their original forms.
,
L @*C[ C
L C C *C` V >[ ]
C A +C 6L CCOA 0
AC C OC1E (1)
COA ! A C C .E C C 8L [ V @8A [ O &E _EPC 3 C 8@ C !L E'C [ E E ZE (2)
#
C [ E [ !L E'C [ !e +C V '@ h
L
@ 8C [ e 1E 6L 8C XCFE 0@ A e !e C (3)
3E C V [ !L 8C @ ZE 0C7C (C &V '@ PL e &E E. 8E.E ! A C !C ^C SC (4)
) PC eV ! @pC C'<E 6L C '@ .E ! 8e d
C L 0E.SC 6L PC 7@ C ! @+A 7C 0CSC (5)
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section.
Now ponder over the verbs of the first line and you will
notice that all the alphabets of each verb are (d$). There
is no () 9), that is (), (S) or (). The root letters also do
not contain any hamzah or two letters of the same kind.
Such verbs are called (d$) or (P).
(d$). They are (P - intact) because these verbs and their
derivativess are free of any changes.
Note 2: Besides the verbs of the first line, the verbs of the
other examples are not (P - intact).
If you look at the verbs of the second line, you will notice a
hamzah somewhere in the verb. Such verbs which contain a
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The verbs of the third line are such that the second and
third radicals are of the same kind because the verb (!
e C )
was originally (C !
C C ). The two () have been merged. Such a
verb in which the ()8 {) and ()8 D) are the same
are called (2K).
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(D4
O) or (A.CN), e.g. (0C7C ).
().
The verbs of the fifth line contain two () 9). Such
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The verbs (+) and ('+) have an alif and a (S) added on
as signs of the dual and plural respectively. Due to these
letters, these verbs will not be called (
W OC@ L ).
(!
C C SC ).
4. (9C'^ @ ZE): one whose second radical is a () 9), e.g.
(&
E E.).
5. (A.CN): one whose third radical is a () 9), e.g.
(0C7C ).
6. (2
@>A E): a verb having two () 9). If the first and
third radical have a () 9), it will be (xS> 2>),
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Exercise No. 27
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Lesson 27
• (
): to merge two letters of the same type or of the
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Note 1: These two rules are related to (p'8). The first rule
is compulsory while the second one is permissible.
(L L [ C).
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The Rules of (
)
Rule No. 1: If there are two letters of the same type, the first
is sākin and the second is mutaharrik, both the letters will
be merged and written as one, e.g. ( !
@ C ) on the scale of (U @ 1E)
changes to (!
C ).
Rule No. 3: If there are two letters of the same type and the
preceding letter is sākin, the harakah of the first letter will
be transferred to the preceding letter and then (DFG) will be
(S) or () is changed into an (2). That is (SC E), (SA E), (SL E), (
C E),
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(
A E), (
L E) change to ().
Examples:
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Examples:
(&
E 'A .V) changes to (E @.A).
(
C AL) changes to (C @A).
(0
L A @ C) changes to (0@ A @ C).
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that is, (
@ V) changes to (S@ V), e.g. (
A @L ) changes to ( PA '@ L ) and
(
V (A @L) changes to (
V .A'@ L).
Note 1: Rules four and five are used in (SS &%) and ( &%
0 ).
Rule No. 6: (S@ SL E) and ('@ LE) change to (S@ E), e.g. (@S'L
C C ) changes
C C ), (@'LC 7C ) changes to (@'C 7C ) and (E '@ LH
to (@' C @ C) changes to
(
E '@ H
C @ C).
Rule No. 7: (S@ SL V) and ('@ LA) change to (S@ V), e.g. (@SSL L P
C ) changes
to (@SL P
C ), (@'LH L 7C ), (E S@ 'L L !@ C) changes to
A 7C ) changes to (@'H
(
E '@ L !@ C) and (E '@ LA @ C) changes to (E '@ L @ C).
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Exceptions
(1) Some verbs that are (SS 9'^Z) from (E A 1E
) are
excepted from the rules of (), number 1 and 10,
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(
U A E1), they are changed to a hamzah, e.g. (&U SA E.) changes to
(
U AE.) and ( AC) changes to ( AC).
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Lesson 28
Hamzated Verbs
(p'8I)
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P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
&U '@ L _[ C [ L S@ ZV V L _[ C E C ZE
(to hope) U C ZE U A |
(l) (&) (l) ()
EZE 7 '@ V_[ C @ %A@A L A_[ C C EZE
A|
(to transmit) (l) (&) (l) (t)
)U >E [ZV 9
'@ V_[ C 2
@ E@A 2
L E_[ C 2
C AZE
2
A|
(to be
(l) (&) (l) (t)
familiar)
C ZE
@ L S@ ZV
L L _[ C
C L ZE
X #
@A ZE
(to be
(&) (l) (y)
cultured)
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P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
(to 9
4
E @GA 2
E@ L 2
A@ L 2
@ A| 2
L A@ L 2
C E|1
harmonize) (l) (l) (&) (l) (&)
(to 2
@A_[ C 2
`C L 2
C L 2
@ ZE 2
L C L 2
C `ZE2
accustom)
)U >E ECL
(to love one 2
ECL 2
ACL 2
@ A| 2
L ACL 2
C E|3
another)
(to 2
_EC 4
2
`_EOCL 2
_EOCL 2
@ `_EC 2
L `_EOCC
consist of) 2
C `_EC
2
VC 5
2
ECOL 2
ACOL 2
@ EC 2
L ECOC
(to be in
2
C EC
tune)
7
(&) 9
4
E OA@A 2
EC@ L 2
AC@ L 2
@ AOC@A 2
L AC_[ C
2
C EOC@A
(to be
(l) (l) (l) (l)
united) (&)
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10
(l) 9
4
E [OAP@ A 2
E_[ OC
@ L 2
A_[ OC
@ L 2
@ A_[ OCP@ A 2
L A_[ OC
@C
2
C E_[ OCP@ A
(to seek
(l) (l) (l) (l)
intimacy) (l)
(&
E _EPC ) and where it occurs as the third radical, they are
referred to as (D4 p'8) as in ( C .E).
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().
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scale of (
E C 1[ ZE), (2
@ A|) was originally (2
@ A E) on the scale of
(
[ A 1[ ZE) and (9
4
E @GA) was originally (9
E GA) on the scale of (&U C1[ A).
By looking at the original words, you can say that here also
the first rule of (2> ) was applied whereby it is obligatory
hamzah in (2
C EOC@A), (2
@ AOC@A) and (9
4
E OA@A). These words were
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originally (2
C EC A), (2
@ AC A) and (9
4
E A A). Due to the fact that
two hamzas were adjacent to one another, the hamzah was
changed to a () according to the first rule of (2> ).
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6. These two rules of (2> ), namely rule no.1 and rule no.2
are commonly in vogue. Besides them, there are two more
rules dealing with specific words. If you read the following
sentences carefully, you will understand these two rules as
well.
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By pondering over the first four lines, you will notice that
the (0HI) and (J7KI) are on their original state. There is
In the first line, the hamzah was changed to a (S) in the verb
(
[ L S@ ZV) which originally was ([ L ZV). However, in the second
line, the (Z) of (
E C ZE) is ([ L ) and not ([ L S@ ZV). The word ([ L ) is
in actual fact formed from (
[ L ZV), but since this word is so
frequently used in conversation, there was a need for
making it easier in pronunciation. Therefore, instead of
changing its hamzah to a (S), it was deleted from the
beginning. When the original hamzah was deleted, the next
letter was mutaharrik, thus dispensing with the need for a
($' 3R). Therefore the latter was also deleted. See
The paradigm of (
[ L ) will be as follows:
E [ L EL
@ A L @SV L EL [ L
Conjugate (
[ V ) and (@ L ) in the same way.
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general rule, e.g. (@ L Z[SC ) and (@ L _[ 1E). The hamzah of (
[ V ) and
(
[ L ) never revert.
Now ponder over the fifth and sixth lines. From the
previous paradigms, you know that (2
C EOC@A) is from the
category (
E C OC1[ A). Originally it was (2
C EC A). According to rule
no. 1, the hamzah is changed to a (). But you may be
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P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
oU CBA U B
C OeL U B
A OeL [ B
A eA V B
A OeC E B
C eA
(
VB
A OeC E B
C eA) etc.
(61 ! R 04), besides the categories of ( E C >E N@A), (` C 1[ A), and
(&
` C1[ A), they appear in the remaining seven categories.
Note 7: The alphabets (), (t), (q), (9), (y) and (m)
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Word Meaning
C EZE (t) to transmit
C E| (1) to give preference
This means that when the verb (C EZE) is used from the
Word Meaning
C EZE (t) to transmit
(1) to give preference
(2) to have an effect
(4) to accept the effect
C ^C ZE () to reward
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t
C C @ ZE to turn away
@^A ZE employee
VL maturity
)U $
C CYC poverty, bankruptcy
9
C C P@ ZE to be extravagant, to exceed the limits
g
C 8C OC[A to search, to request
E C ZE () to hope
(4) to ponder
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(q) ¢E
A C to be driven away, to be chased away
j
E7A )U E7A lung
3U 7C Ch@PA
cigarette
j
C7Ch@PA
&U 4
E P@ ZE )U `PC basket
U C*@$
A 0
*A$
C child
2
L <A C'C )U >E <A C affection, sympathy
9
@ L prevalent custom
8C C@ L conference
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9
C so, because
Exercise No. 28
¥ 3E 7C Ch@ * ,+ [ C ! L @
C L (1)
. ¦ @ +C V X@L COL[ C C @ A E
- . ,
L X@V
. 3E 7C Ch@ ,+ 0 @ A E 3E 'C @ (E [
+/
C e
( ! ,
C X@
C @ ZE (2)
."L @C [CS )V E CA * 1,2 3U e K
A L 3V 7C Ch@
E" 7L '@ OL[ !M 0@ A &E E. @ C NC
.4
5 -,+ 0EC 7A '@ OL[ !M &E '@ .E * 3 * ¡
C NebA1E U .AC U ^L 7C ¡
C NeGA
A CS (3)
. 3¦ 7C S@ L H
C 4 C e
E A K@ZE 3E 'C @ (E [CS ,+ 6 E [ ZE
@ !A X@A L
C @ _E[E 0@ A ZE C
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£ 0`$
C 0M *AXe &E E. !@ (E 1E 3A 4
EY A CCXC I
e A ¡ * 0@ OA@ ZVC (9)
. *@PC @'«L EC EoGA 3A 4
EYe A @ V C E S@ ZE
. C `PC SC 6A @EC
C 0 *AXe , E%OA@ A 3A 4
£ 0`$ EYe A J&?* * * K; 0@ A ZEC @ C NC
¥ !h
A C @*C[ EC L *D+
@ C , J [ C (10)
. ) PC 7C !@ C SC !h@ C C* D-
A J2M; @ C NC
¥ A AC8C [
C @ C ¡ @ NC [ ZE CXE N- O ,+ [ C ¬C @
C EE e EC + ; (11)
. *A ESC SRL L
A C| /D-
A j J2 E SC L 2*P+ Q C L E S@ ZE C 6 - ;
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` _EA R
MP+ : #
@ K
C «@ C E ¬L @+C C
L >A «@ OC
@ NC (12)
. @ V 7A '@ L ZV A @8A ^C 0@ 1A
S
E |@(V [ /-D
J/ @ OL8@ AC C8A @'V8C @ CS - P;
5
@ XC1E T- ,+ M ¢U @+C yC !C X@A [ C CNCZEC (13)
¥ 3¦ !C @A C )¦ 1ECC @ A CX[^A L d
SLV +@ CS L 2*P+ Q C 6A A C'>E [ C A - T- / )E `
C 0EC
C [ A L E S@ ZE C /D- E*
e ¡
. @ V .EpC 7C
E SC R *@L C@1A g
C @E ¬L @+C C @ A E ¡
C >A A<C'C 0EC yC L V
@ NCSC
!L 8C d
@ NC (14)
. d@ E
¥ @ V XC@C 87 F ) ?* 6 * *D+
J A C C @A AChA @ OLN@ZE C 7L C+@ ZE C P-A
E
C <E M CS C @O - T- ,+ 6 L d
.# @ NC C CX8e C C
6D+U E 3* E 'C >[ C [E (15)
.
7P(
7P M? CX@A E '@ *Md
A L C @'VV 1E
zA A C CXC C D E* ,+ 6 [ ZE ¬L @+C C XCE L 8C
@ C [ C 1E ¡
C @1A
£ R ,JM? (16)
£ yC 7C CSC
A CS
. ) 2; W+/
¡
C AC K
@ C 0A1 CX[ C 1E C8A 'C >[ C [ ¡
C X@A #
L V][ NC ! L àC8L [ ¬L @
e CMZE (17)
@ FE DC '@ C[ 4
.E C*K (6 NebA1E
A C A DC '@ C[ 4
6*O ,+ 2A
6/ DA COA@ bA[CS
A C _E[ 9
C 4
E A
V
A + A @ 1E 0@ 1A )U ^C C @ V E ,
@ NCE [ GA L 2*P+ Q cOC @'L ^A 7@ A @ V E
£ C >E FE
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. DL 4
Ee CS
. 3A EY
e A ¡ C E@ ZE @ L Z[SC (1)
. 3¦ 'e (V A
C COA [ A L cCd @ C C (2)
.{C AA Ch[ A C t @ A @ ZESC 9 A @ L [A @ L Z[SC 'C >[ C [ A L (3)
. '@ 1VA @ L E SC '@ LC +@ CS '@ VV (4)
. C8OL[+A V @C !EF7C CX@A 4 E V SC (5)
. cY C L C AC@GA DA E(e A [SVB A eCS (6)
. CAS@ ZE @ V Se !L C SC
@ S !L C SVB A OeC E 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C (7)
. E 'L8E@ C E @ OLXV AG A [ E @ ZE ['V_EP@ E1 (8)
. A AXe A C ¦ AC '@ C e V_E @ OLE e V (9)
. )U $C CYC @ A A E E '@ ESC @ A A >V NEZ cEC E SLA@ LSC (10)
.{L A _E[ M 'A (E [ j C @ ^C _[ OCP@ A C C @C ` GA (11)
. E SL A XL8[ L d @ NC D@ ZE CCC h C +C @ L_[ C NEZ @ OLNEZZE (12)
A C A ` E oE _[ OCP@ C8E 'LNoA _[ OC @ C[ 1E C Vd
L [ L V XA &V E><[ _E[ ®E EC EoGASC (13)
. @ A A*@.E
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. =L *AB
C [ L AC [ 0C NA_E*eNC &E E. EC yC _E*CNEZ @ C ,
@ EE. (14)
(C) Note the analysis of the following sentence:
7G(' X
S'( '* Y B D-
J2(
Analysis Word
!S 6O«$ {'> ~G !OI 9SI J7KI >
p'8 &O1
61 ! RI 04% #F
V B
A C_[ C 6$Z >
V B
A OeC
According to rule no. 4 of (2> ), the hamzah is
(&O1).
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Arabic Tutor – Volume Three
Analysis Word
I !OI J7KI >
V B
A OeC
)8L^ J'1I
)1 J'1 1 !L 8C @ ZE
) ¯
'YX &QSZ &'> !@pC
'YX ¦ &'> (@!A $
C
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Test No. 13
(1) How many types of verbs and nouns are there with
regard to their root letters?
(2) What is a (P =F 1)?
(3) What are the seven types of verbs in relation to
their letters?
(4) What is (p'8) and how many types are there?
)U NCE @A q
Z[7C
(11) Select all the verbs and nouns from Exercise No.
28 which are (p'8) and write down their word-
forms.
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Lesson 29
Z
[ \ /) ]@
^! %/! ]@
^! %/! Z
!
@ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !e£A 8L C @ E !M 8L C !e C
!e 8L C @ E A e!8L C e!C
S@ !M 8L C @ E E S@ !M 8L C @S!M C
@ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !eA£ 8L C @ E !M 8L C j
@ !e C
e!8L C @ E A e!8L C C!e C
E @ !L 8@ C @ E E @ !L 8@ C E @ !C C
!e L @ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !eA£ 8L C @ E !M 8L C j
C @ !C C
e!L !e 8L C @ E A e!8L C C8L@ !C C
S@ !M L S@ !M 8L C @ E E S@ !M 8L C @ L@ !C C
@ ! L
@ ! 8L C @ E C @! 8L C j
A @ !C C
e!L e!8L C @ E A e!8L C C8L@ !C C
E @ !L @ ZV E @ !L 8@ C @ E E @ !L 8@ C e L@ !C C
@ !L @ ZE @ E SZ !eA£ L ZE @ E !M L ZE j
L @ !C C
@ !L 8@ NC @ E SZ !eA£ 8L NC @ E !M 8L NC CN@ !C C
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@ !L 8@ C @ E !M 8L C @ E !e 8L C @ E ! 8L C @ E
example of example of example of example of
(DF ¡
M 1E) dammah fathah kasrah
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Examples:
from (
EBC C@ A) – (E C C @ A), and then (E C e A),
from (
VB
A C!@ C) – (V A C !@ C), and then (V A !e C),
from (C
E Co[ A) – (C E oE o[ A), and then (C E òA),
from (L
A C[ C) – (L A oE [ C), and then (L A ` C),
from (
E Cp@ A) – (E Cpp@ A), and then (E epA),
from (
V CR@ C) – (V CpR@ C), and then (V Re C).
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from (
E .EE%C) – (E .E`A) (V .E%̀C) ([ .E`A)
article (&
[ E) into the ()8 9S"). See 5.2.
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9 D S ).
There are 16 or 17 (l7A B
C C ) which are mentioned in the
detailed books.
04%
P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
S@ ZE !eA£ L
!
C S@ !L 8@ C
C !M 8L C () !e C
@ !L @ ZV
e 1E
7 C1A S@ ZE
1E 7 S@ L >[ C 7
E1 7@ A 1[ A S@ ZE eA 1A M >A C
(t)
S@ ZE g
eA C g
e C
g
C q
'@
L 8@ C q
C g
M 8C C
g
@ C @ A (q)
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S@ ZE #
eA£ V #
e E
)U CC*E #
@*AE #
M VC
#
@ *L[V (y)
P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
S@ ZE !eA A ZE
C!@ A !
8C L !
8A L !M 8A L !e C ZE 1
@ !A @ ZE
! @!A 8@ C !e 8C L ! 8C L @ ! C L ! 8C L C !e C 2
S@ ZE C
3U e C8L
C8L
C8L M C8L e C3
@ A C
4
!M 8C C !e 8C OCL ! 8C OCL @ !e 8C C L !e 8C OCC
C !e 8C C
SZ eA C8C
C8C
C8OCL
C8OCL M C8OCC e C8C5
@ C C8C
SZ \eA C N@A 6
x
E(
A N@A \
C X@L \
C X@L \M
C X@C
\@ (A
C N@A \e
C N@A
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SZ !eA OC@ A
C!OA@ A !
OC8@ L !
OC8@ L !M OC8@ C !e OC@ A7
@ !A OC@ A
!eA 8A OCP@ A
10
C!8@ OAP@ A !
8C OC
@ L !
8A OC
@ L SZ !M 8A OC
@C
!e 8C OCP@ A
@ !A 8@ OCP@ A
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Word Meaning
0@ H
A @ L 0CH7@ ZE to please, to make happy
C *CeA to follow
2
e B
C OCP@ A to regard as light or to disgrace
9
C C OC@ A to admit
C XCOCF[ A to appreciate
(
) g
e C ZE to feel
yC e d
C C to move
6C *eXCC to awake
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(t) !e ^C to strive
l
e C to argue, to debate
E .E`A to be heavy
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() °
E (E PC to fall
(1) & (3) to make s.o. fall
c
@ C cPC to strive, to run
() !e C to count
(1) to prepare
(10) to be ready
(t) Re C to be respected, to be powerful
(1) to grant honour
()
e FE to lower
()
e .E to narrate a story
(t) ` .E to be less
(10) to regard as less, to be
independent
(q) C XA.E to be satisfied
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(q) g
C *AE to wear, to don
() e C to pass
(q) g
e C to touch
() Re C to shake
L C | another
` GA except, but
@ C cold
)U E@]A C slow
@8A E expensive
q
C ^C bell
J
R@ ^A trunk of a tree
j
C8e L 0e8L fever
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E S@ L besides
C²@ 7L dream
u
U C7A to tie
9
'@ $
L wool
3A C
@ L [ )V C CP time of difficulty
2
+A E revealer
E(A meeting
q
C _[ CE no problem
¢U @h
A C to come
7 C8
@ A nail
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0@ .A4
E L one who meets
Exercise No. 29
Note: The fact that this lesson deals with doubled verbs, has
been taken into consideration in this exercise, although
other words could have been more appropriate for the
occasion to embellish the text.
. )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ ,
L .[ SC
C L .E !@ (E 1E !L A CC q C C h C [ x L (1)
.
@ oA COP@ ZVC @ V A@hA C E *@.E q L C h C [ x e L !@ .E
¥q C C h C [ x e C @ C (2)
. @ !A PC C CNZE 6L OL([ .EC
¥, A .[ 'C [ E *@.E ,C ([ .EC 2 C @E
. @ !A PC C ()U E@]A C S@ ZE) 3U C _EOCL )V C eE
. C@1A 7C8@ A x e !L C [ ZE 7A ehXeA [ .V . yL e d C OCC 0 PA @ V [ )V 8C AE.
. 7A C8 @ 8A [A \M C X@C CNeZE M aV C 'C L
¥
C C*[ x
M !L C @ C (5)
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.C7C Cp@ ZE C @8 L CSC C7C Ch+@ ZE C @A aV X@CSC )¦ (E @!A C 0EC CX@A C @ 8L C [ C (21)
j L p@ RC C 1E CX @ C 3 C h C +C , L @ZEC 1E )A C 8L hL [ DC '@ C A CO @ *L[A j L 7@ C C , L X@V @ C NC
.C7C Cp@ ZE , L 8@ 8A +C SC CNCCYF[ ZE
.¡ A A L C 8C ]` ` bA1E 7A C8[_E[ 0A1 0@ A 8C ][ C E SC E CYF[ _E[ @ R L CE (22)
."C 8A <E @ C &` oE SC C XA.E @ C Re C " 0@ ZV &V '@ (V C , @ NCE @ oA COP@ ZV C , C .[ !C $C
C A1E ¦ CpC V X@L @'(E OCP@ !A .E C Y @ A E @ZE ` ZE 0@ NAC'@ GA C @'8L E@ C @ EZE (23)
¥ !A X@A [ V @ ZE (A OC
@ CE
DC '@ C[E1 4
@A.E @'L *eXCC DC '@ C[ A A E @ L
C >V N@ZE E '@ (A OC
@ CSC E '@ > BA OC@ C @'NLE !A X@A [ V @ ZE
.gA @ _E[A V C @ L E E E C @ L X@A V C @ L
, A (` d C OCP@ !A .E !C X@A [ ` ZE COC[ h C N@GA A C8C pL @ A @%AE E [ 9 C C OC@ !A .E (24)
. A O@>E [ &A '@ YL L 0@ 1A )E XC@8A %̀ CA C!@ bAA &E 4 E ([ OAP@ bA[
0@ 1A A O@>E [
L C COC[ h C N@bAA !CZE C OCE>N@ C8E CLC*P@ ZESC !A X@A [ &V C^7A E '@ E @ C NC
. e7L S@ ZV 0@ 1A E SC !A X@A [ x A @ +C 0@ 1ASC )E CAE]@GASC )A e(A @A 1[ ZE
A C!@ GA 0EGA C!C C j @ !e L DA 4 E P@ bA[ ¡ A AC8C @ A )¦ E E8@ C V EE C SC (25)
. A O@>E [ &A '@ Y
L L 0@ 1A )A CNAE<A *A[
3A C
@ L [ )A C CP 0@ 1A CS@ !M C ZE C @A ` 0C H A @ L [ ZE )A CNAE<A *A[ 0EC # L AhC1E ! , C .[ !C $C
. A C!@ _E[ 0EC A O@>E [A e OC«@ CE A E.!A $ @ _E[
C '@ V.V AC@ bA[A @ B C L @ E @ 8C 1E
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A AC cEGA E SMC L e V @ V A.EL 6L NebA1E 6L X@A E SM>A C A` j C '@ 8C [ ` GA [ .V (11)
. E 'V8C @ C @ OLXV C8A VV*XCL1E 3A C Ce CS # A @«C [
. ©XA^C *<E 7L ¡ A @EC ° [ .ACL )A EB@ Xe JA [ h A A ¡
A @EGA RL SC (12)
. £ CC @ C & A LSC £ CC @ C RM A LSC (13)
M 8L C 6L ` A C VC EP@ GA 0e EC 'MX8L C ` V. 'L8EP@ ZE [ ZE ¡ C @EC E 'MX8L C (14)
. A C³bA[ A @ V C!C [ ZE @ V @EC
Se !L C 6A A E 'L*A @ L A @B C [ u A C7 ASC 3¦ 'e .V LO@ ]E OCP@ e LE [SM!A ZESC (15)
.@ L 8L E@ C 6L W L L NC'L8E@ C E @ A NASL A C A C |CS @ V Se !L C SC 6A W
@ OL[ .E` 6A W A A*PC 0A1 [SL>A N L V E E A. EoGA @ V E C ['LXC | C A ` CMZE C (16)
. 3A C A C A CN@!M 3A CdC [A LOAH7C ZE t A 7@ cEGA
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Test No. 14
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6N'NS).
(10) Select the words of (2K) from Exercise No.
29.
(11) Do the morphological and grammatical
analysis ('dXS Y dO) of the following
sentence:
) *C@h
A C YY
C .E 0@ ZV 0e EC
M (V C
(12) Insert the (
) in the following passage and
translate it:
S!O^S ,.' S_OS SQ>1 )P7!I q^ x
Q !. SZ
!Q ^ R" O- Z ' S mhX SQ!OPS m4> Yµ
." &E oS
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Lesson 30
1. The definition of (
OC@ 8L [E) and its three categories were
mentioned in Lesson 26. Here the changes that occur in the
first category, namely (> O) or (&E%A ) will be mentioned.
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Look at the fourth line. You have already come across the
word (
EY
C eA). In Lesson 27 rule no. 11 you learnt that the
word (
EY
C CS@ A) on the scale of (E C OC1[ A) changes to (E Y
C eA).
Therefore this verb is also (
SA CS &U E%A ).
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(
SA CS
&U E%A ), if the ()8 {) is (7'), the (S) is deleted.
Therefore ( V pA '@ C) becomes (V RA C). Since the imperative is
constructed from the imperfect, the () can only be ( [ pA ).
See Lesson 21 Note 1.
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deleted from (
LH
C '@ L) which is the passive form of (L K
C C).
({ 7'), the (S) is deleted from the (J7K) and (Z),
e.g. from (
V pA '@ C) - (V RA C) and ([ pA ).
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because it neither has a (J7K) that is ({ 7') nor does
it have a (0( 9).
passive of (
V RA C) is (V pC '@ L) and of (L K
C C) is (L H
C '@ L).
from (
U p@ SC ) – ()U NCpA ); from (#
@ SC ) – ()U *CA ).
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P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
&U CY@GA U $
C '@ L U $
A '@ L [ $
A S@ ZE V $
A '@ L E $
C S@ ZE1
U @$
A '@ C U $
e 'C L U $
'C L [ $
SC V $
'C L E $
e SC 2
)U E$
C C'L U $
C C'L U $
A C'L [ $
A CS V $
A C'L E $
C CS3
U $
M 'C C U $
e 'C OCL U $
'C OCL [ $
e 'C C V $
e 'C OCC E $
e 'C C4
U $
L C'C U $
C C'OCL U $
A C'OCL [ $
C C'C V $
C C'OCC E $
C C'C5
&U CYA U Y
C OeL U Y
A OeL [ Y
A eA V Y
A OeC E Y
C eA7
8
&U CY@OAP@ A U $
C '@ OC
@ L U $
A '@ OC
@ L [ $
A '@ OCP@ A V $
A '@ OC
@C
E $
C '@ OCP@ A
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Note 5: When ()( 'NS !_O D) are added to (V RA C), it will
become (
e NLRA CE CNRA CE e NCRA CE) etc. When the ()( 'NS !_O D)
are added to ( [ pA ), it becomes ( CXN@pA CNpA e NApA e NLpA CNpA e NCpA ).
Word Meaning
C e 1ES C C 1[ ZE to explain
(q) C
A C to incur a loss
(1) to reduce
K
A C ` H
C to be misguided
(1) to misguide
E SC C to help mutually
C %̀E to increase
!L h
A C !C ^C SC to find
J
L !C C J
C C SC to leave
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7L RA C 7C pC SC to carry a burden
2
L Y
A C2
C $
C SC to describe
V Y
A C E $
C SC (~) to reach
(6) to meet
2
L (A C 2
C .ESC to halt, to understand
L A C C C SC to be weak
g
L E@C g
C AC to lose hope
E (E @OCP@ S
E (` CCS
E (A C to wake up
E (E @ZE to wake s.o. up
C
eC (2) to simplify
(4) to be easy
L C ZV C@ V another
e7L S@ ZV Europe
4
@ PC SC 4
@ ZE welcome
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7 eC dweller
m
S@ 7C mercy, help
! 8C $
C independent
q
E]
@ .A scale
7CA 3 e C once
@(A OC
@ L straight
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Exercise No. 30
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¥
A COA [ EC L @ 1E 0@ A L
e COCC [ C (8)
. 6A @EC [ ` 'C CSC
A A \@ ASC !@ A OC^@ A
@ ESC 7CA yC !C X@A ,L @ Oe1E ¥ 0@ (A @!A $ C C ¦ C pC V X@L ¡ C OL@ZE7C C 0C AC (9)
¥Cy!@ ^A ZE
. e7L S@ ZVSC C Y
@ A A 4
E A 0EGA j L @ 1ECP , L X@V V@AC C
¥ CXL C , C [^A 0COC 0@ (A @!A $ C C 4 @ PC SC 4 @ ZE (10)
.° [ (E 1E gA @ _E[A 0@ AC*8@ C 0EGA , L [ $C SC
¥# A AChC [ C A ,C @ZE7C C 0@ A 2 L Y A C [ C (11)
¥ A `!M 0EGA # A Eo , C N@ZESC ¡ C E 2 L $ A ZE 2C @E
¥Cy!C X@A C K
L @ _E1E
A A «@ 8C [ !C @ C A >E
e &E C'@ ZE 0@ A 2C Y A C [ ZE 0@ NA!L A C [ C (12)
. &U '@ «L
@ C DC '@ C[ 0@ N_EA DC '@ C[ yC !L A ZE E
¥ 0@ XAV<A C8L ¡ C NeZE M ±V ZE 4 E 1EZE (13)
.
£ C+ [ A !FE )E *C@h A C [ &E C'@ _E[ ¡
C [ A ¡C E e >E $ A _EE 0@ A ZE C q @ _E@C E
¥ [ !C X@E @ A SC C Y @ A @ A
'@ OL[ C ¡ C @EA [ AYC @ EZE (14)
. [ !C X@E @ A E SC C Y @ A @ A E ¡ C X@A
COA e0EGA E $ C SC C
¥ !L AC C D¦ '@ C ` V C*$ C V (E @C [ C (15)
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L G 2A
* + c
a A
G +
b 6*
Analysis Word
H · 6O«$ !OI H" 1
@'NLpA S@ A 6$Z
H
S' &%I
According to rule no. 13 of (), the (S) has
6*
been deleted from the imperfect ( V RA C). Therefore
it is also deleted from the imperative. After
deleting the (J7KI )4), the word (V pA )
remains. See Lesson 21 Note 1.
Q ^ 9 d
!^ !S D4 9eI P c
aA
G +
> P \O !S D4 9eI P L G 2A
* +
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DC E(OCP@ A
The grammatical analysis will be as follows:
Analysis Word
S' !OI 1
)8L^ 61 YO J'1 =8H
)1 NS@ pL '@ C @+C 7e!(I 6'>
6*
)NG The object (&'>) is
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0@ NApA [ pA [ B
A OeCE \@ A [ PC C8OL[+A 4 E V L L CP @ A L @ L
# M d A L #M A ZV M L C @SRM L CE & L ZE &` L @ ! L # @ C @'L H C
E S@ M >A C [ ` 'C C
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Lesson 31
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Arabic Tutor – Volume Three
0 9'^Z
%/! \ %/! ]@
^! %/! Z
!
L @*AC J
C C
A C @*AC C C
E '@ L @*AC @'L C
L @*AC ,
@ C C
A C @*AC COC C
C @ *AC C @ A
@ A L @*AC ,
C @ A
C @A A C @*AC C8OL@ A
'@ L @A E '@ L @*AC @ OL@ A
0@ A @A C @A @*AC ,
A @ A
C @A A C @*AC C8OL@ A
C @ A C @ *AC e OL@ A
L @AZE ,
L @ A
L @*ANC CX@ A
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From this, you can form a new rule of (). Thirteen rules
(DR/
)), the middle () 9) is elided.
Examples: ([ (V C @ E [ .V C @ *AC C @ A C [ (V C C [ .V).
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(
C >[ A C @ A C [ .V).
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(
C 1[ 'A C C @ CC C ['C .E).
In the (&' 0HI), their original forms will be ( C @ AL C ['A .V
C 1[ 'A L ).
In the (H" ), their original forms will be (
C @ A@A C ['L .[ ZV
C 1[ 'C @ A).
The meaning will be ascertained from the context in which
the word is used.
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_ Z
! _ Z
! _ Z
!
C @A 2
C @A E @.A
C @A >E @A E@.A
@'L @A @'>V @A @'V@.A
,
@ C @A ,
@ >E @A ,
@ E@.A
COC @A OC>E @A COE@.A
C @ A C >[ A C [ .V
,
C @ A ,
C >[ A ,
C [ .V
C8OL@ A C8OL>[ A C8OL[ .V
@ OL@ A @ OL>[ A @ OL[ .V
,
A @ A ,
A >[ A ,
A [ .V
C8OL@ A C8OL>[ A C8OL[ .V
e OL@ A e OL>[ A e OL[ .V
,
L @ A ,
L >[ A ,
L [ .V
CX@ A CX>[ A CX[ .V
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_ ]@
^! _ ]@
^! _ ]@
^!
J
L C*L 9
L CBL &V E(L
A C C*L A 1ECBL A E E(L
E '@ L C*L E '@ 1VCBL E '@ VE(L
J
L C*L 9
L CBL &V E(L
A C C*L A 1ECBL A E E(L
C @ *CL C >[ B
CL C [ (E L
J
L C*L 9
L CBL &V E(L
A C C*L A 1ECBL A E E(L
E '@ L C*L E '@ 1VCBL E '@ VE(L
C @A C*L C @1ACBL C @AE(L
A C C*L A 1ECBL A E E(L
C @ *CL C >[ B
C L C [ (E L
J
L CV 9
L CZV &V E.V
J
L C*NL 9
L CBNL &V E(LN
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L e M! ]@
^! L e M! ]@
^! L e M! ]@
^!
@ *AC @ E 2
@ B
C C @ E [ (V C @ E
C@*AC @ E E1CBC @ E E '@ (V C @ E
'@ L @*AC @ E '@ 1VCBC @ E @'V'@ (V C @ E
@ *AC @ E 2
@ B
C C @ E [ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E 1ECBC @ E E '@ (V C @ E
C @ *AC @ E C >[ B
C C @ E C [ (V C @ E
@ *AC @ E 2
@ B
C C @ E [ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E 1ECBC @ E E '@ (V C @ E
'@ L @*AC @ E '@ 1VCBC @ E @'V'@ (V C @ E
0@ A @*AC @ E 0@ 1ACBC @ E 0@ A'@ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E 1ECBC @ E E '@ (V C @ E
C @ *AC @ E C >[ B
C C @ E C [ (V C @ E
@ AZE @ E 2
@ C ZE @ E [ .VZE @ E
@ *ANC @ E 2
@ B
C NC @ E [ (V CN @ E
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f
L; f
L; f
L;
AC 2
AC U AE.
A C AC A >AC A EAE.
E '@ L AC E '@ >V AC E '@ VAE.
)U C AC )U >E AC )U EAE.
A COC AC A CO>E AC A COEAE.
j
C AC j
E>AC j
EAE.
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LH@
\ ]@
^! Z
!
d
g
7@ A Z L @!A L 7C CZE 1
7@ S C 7L S !C L 7C Se C 2
7@ SA C 7L SA C!L 7C SC C 3
7@ Se !C C 7L Se !C OCC 7C Se !C C 4
7@ SC C!C 7L SC C!OCC 7C SC C!C 5
!@ (E N@A L E(X@C C E(N@A 6
!@ OC.[ A L CO([ C C CO.[ A 7
@ A 'C P@ A SZ e 'C P@ A M 'C
@C e 'C P@ A 8
@ A C'P@ A SZ e C'P@ A M C'
@C e C'P@ A 9
7@ !A OCP@ A L @!A OC
@C 7C C!OCP@ A 10
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its original form will be ( 'A (E X@ L ) and if it is the (&'>I P), its
original will be ( 'C (E X@ L ).
Note 5: The verbal noun (7!Y) of (7C CZE) is (3U 7C CGA) and that of
(7C C!OCP
@ A) is (3U7C C!OAP@ A). These were originally (7 CS@ GA) and (7 SC !@ OAP@ A)
respectively on the scale of (&
U C1[ GA) and (&U C>[ OAP@ A). The (7!Y)
of these categories when they are (9'^Z) are constructed in
this manner, e.g. (3U C E1GA) from (C E1ZE) and (3U C E>OAP
@ A) from (C E>OCP@ A).
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Word Meaning
(S) !L @A L C C7ZE (1)4 to intend
() L @K
A LJ
C CHZE (1) to waste
(S) L @]A L J
C E<ZE (1) to obey
(S) L @]A OC
@ CJ
C E]OCP@ A (10) to be able, to have the
power
(S) V @]A L &E E<ZE (1) to lengthen
(S) #
L @Y
A L
C C$ZE (1) to be afflicted, to be
correct
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() ,
L @*AC j
C C to spend the night
(S) V '@ B
L C E C () to betray
() L @
A CJ
C C+ (t) to become public
() L @
A LJ
C C+ZE (1) to publish
(S) 9
L '@
L C9
C C+ () to look
C E$
@ ZE (1) to put in order
(S) V '@ Y
L C E C$ () to save
(S) L '@ L C C C () to return
(S) !L @A L C CZE (1) to make s.t. return, to
repeat
(S) pL '@ >V C pC E1 () to be successful, to
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achieve
() !C
C 1E to be spoilt
(1) !C
C 1[ ZE to spoil, to cause corruption
(S) L @(A OC
@ C DC E(OCP@ A (10) to be steadfast, to
become straight
(q) DC !A NC to be ashamed
6A `A r
C C an oath
)U E| instrument
)U XC
C C good deed
Y
L L U CYA horse, stallion
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)U ]E [ PC power, authority
t
@ A honour
@ L difficulty
q
S@ L V q
_[ E glass, tumbler
A E lie
q
C([ A measuring instrument
@L ease
Exercise No. 31
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5 degrees
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6 editor
7 to appoint as successor
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@ L ESC @ A @EC 9
'@ C E1E '@ L E(OCP@ e V 6L ` CXM7C '@ V.E C @A ` ` GA (16)
E 'LNRC d
@C
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messenger .
(16) O women of īmān, be patient at the time of a
calamity8 and seek assistance with salāh.
(17) O Muslim girl, why do you say that which you do
not do.
(18) Do not obey the ignorant ones.
(19) We sought the opinion9 of the scholars in this issue.
8 )U *C@Y
A L
9 7C COCP@ A
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j
b,+ 4
6
$Y e g 0
Y dO
Analysis Word
H !S 6O«$ H" 0X 1
0 9'^Z e g 0
The () has been elided due to the jazm at
the end.
!^
!S 3N P N
$Y
H !S YO 7ST =8H P
R
O> 0 ½* )1
10 top (toy)
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'dX dO
Analysis Word
DR/ ) 0X 1 61 OOI =8K 1
e g 0
1 ) 61
'YX &'> N
$Y
7ST 6G 9K R
!S
'YX &'>I )>$ j
b,+
)N )1 )· = &'>IS > >
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Lesson 32
1. You have learnt that a (.N 1) is one in which the third
radical ()8 D) is a () 9). Hereunder follow the
paradigms of the following verbs:
11 This is only the literal meaning of the word (.N). It does not mean that
these verbs have a deficiency in them.
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(7) V
( (7) I// (c) V
(
0E(OC[A 0CKC7@ A 0C (A E
C(E OC[A CK
C C7@ A C(A E
@'(E OC[A @'K
C C7@ A '@ (V E
,
@ (E OC[A ,
@ K
C C7@ A ,
@ C(A E
CO(E OC[A COK
C C7@ A COC(A E
C @(E OC[A C @K
C C7@ A C @(A E
,
C @(E OC[A ,
C @K
C C7@ A ,
C @(A E
C8OL@(E OC[A C8OL@K
C C7@ A C8OL@(A E
@ OL@(E OC[A @ OL@K
C C7@ A @ OL@(A E
,
A @(E OC[A ,
A @K
C C7@ A ,
A @(A E
C8OL@(E OC[A C8OL@K
C C7@ A C8OL@(A E
e OL@(E OC[A e OL@K
C C7@ A e OL@(A E
,
L @(E OC[A ,
L @K
C C7@ A ,
L @(A E
CX@(E OC[A CX@K
C C7@ A CX@(A E
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(). ('C
C C ) becomes (CC ),(0C C 7C ) changes to (0C7C ) etc.
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of (). Examples:
(@S'L
C C ) changes to (@'C C ),
(@'LC 7C ) changes to (@'C 7C ),
(@SSL L P
C ) changes to (@SL PC ),
(@'L(A E) changes to (@'(V E),
(@'LK
C C7@ A) changes to (@'K
C C7@ A),
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(7) V
( (7) I// (c) V
(
0@ (A OC[ C 0@ K
A C@ C 0(E [ C
A C(A OC[ C A CK
A C@ C A C(E [ C
E '@ (V OC[ C E '@ K
L C@ C E '@ (E [ C
0@ (A OC[ C 0@ K
A C@ C 0E([ C
A C(A OC[ C A CK
A C@ C A C(E [ C
C @(A OC[ C C @K
A C@ C C @(E [ C
0@ (A OC[ C 0@ K
A C@ C 0E([ C
A C(A OC[ C A CK
A C@ C A C(E [ C
E '@ (V OC[ C E '@ K
L C@ C E '@ (E [ C
* C @(A OC[ C * C @K
A C@ C * C @(E [ C
A C(A OC[ C A CK
A C@ C A C(E [ C
* C @(A OC[ C * C @K
A C@ C * C @(E [ C
0@ (A OC[ZE 0@ K
A C7@ ZE 0E([ZE
0@ (A OC[ NC 0@ K
A C@ NC 0E([ NC
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(
C @A @ C) from (C @AA @ C),
(
C @(E [ C) from (C @A(E [ C),
(
C @K
A C@ C) from (C @AK
A C@ C),
(
C @(A OC[ C) from (C @A(A OC[ C).
Word Meaning
(t) 0CZE to come
(1)
C C^ZE to answer, to accept
(1)
C C$ZE to reach, to touch, to afflict
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(q) 0C (A C to remain
() 4
E C to test, to afflict
(q) 0C
A C to fear
2
C >` C to lighten
() 4
E C to be empty, to pass
6L C C 6A A 6A @EGA 4
E C to meet in private
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)U .E!L X@L bullet
#
@ 7L awe
@ PC spear, share
0eO+C different
s
'@ Y
L 1V
1E stone of ring
J
L 7A CRC )U C 7C R@ C farm
q
C8[ZE diamond
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Exercise No. 32
6A Y 1E 0@ 1A 8CC zL CE1 6A @EC C `PC SC zL C_E1E A K @ >E [ CZE !L @+A e CC (1)
.q C8[ZE
.
C C^ZE C81E DA C]` 0EGA oE COP@ _V[ j L '@ C C , L X@V (2)
. 6L E EC!1E 6A OAC !@ B A A zL CZE ! A C 0CH7@ ZE (3)
. 6A @EC ,@ C !C 1E 6L X@C ) CH A C7 C >E @ ^C DM ZV @,NCE C (4)
. C j C CSC 6L CC$_E1E !A PC _E[ 0EGA C @ e +A C 0C7C (5)
¥ yA E@ZE C , L X@AC C @A *@C EoC8A (6)
3U C h
C C , @ CC$ZE EoGASC 0eO+C 3¦ C^A 0A1 3E 7C Chd A [ 0A@ C !L E'C [ E E (7)
. 0@ A *@C !C C (E 1E C @«A Y e zL CZE
. 7 [ L 6L E 0C (A C C (8)
¥¡ C A >[ XCA ,
C @(E @ZE C (9)
. &A C8[ C A
£ 0C NAE]@ ZE C 0@ NAE>E (10)
. CAC 0EC 7L '@ L _V[ , A C(A C (11)
. )A e7A eX A ACX(E [A e7L S@ ZV 0@ 1A 7L C! , A >E C (12)
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` 2 b ^
+
bB '* Q J
f
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n$ i2
Analysis Word
#F !S 6O«$ 9SI 0HI 1
T 04 'C C C 6$Z S' .X
f
The (S) has been changed to alif according
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Arabic Tutor – Volume Three
IiM i2
Analysis Word
½* 0HI 1
f
J'1 1 '* Q J
q7!) 2 6*YN
'YX &'> 9K
bB
(211
7ST 6 9K ^
+
Q ^ 9
7ST o
b
7/ Q / ) 6 9K 7ST =8H
C
> \O 7SS
) ¯ )1 )· = \OIS &'>IS > >
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Lesson 33
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p
H
JM & * / )* q
+ ]
* @
^* +
\C [ C @ E DA @ C @ E J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
'@ (E [ C @ E '@ L @ C @ E '@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ C @ E DA @ C @ E J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
C @(E [ C @ E C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ C @ E DA @ C @ E J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
'@ (E [ C @ E '@ L @ C @ E '@ L !@ C @ E
0@ (E [ C @ E 0@ A @ C @ E 0@ A !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
C @(E [ C @ E C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ZE @ E DA 7@ ZE @ E J
L @ ZE @ E
\C [ NC @ E DA @ NC @ E J
L !@ NC @ E
p
H
JM & Z
[ \
E '@ L @ ZV 'C L @ ZV 0@ A @ ZV '@ L @ ZV 'C L @ ZV J
L @ ZV
C @A 7@ GA CA 7@ GA 0@ A 7@ GA '@ L 7@ GA CA 7@ GA DA 7@ GA
C @(E [A C(E [A 0@ (E [A @'(E [A C(E [A \C [A
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& 'T3! ]@
^!
p
H
JM & d
* $
* M + ]
* @
^* +
pH
M
e C(E [ CE ` 'C L !@ CE 0E([ C @ E 0C A @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ CE 'C L !@ CE C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
` 'L (E [ CE e L !@ CE '@ (E [ C @ E '@ C @ C @ E '@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [ OCE ` 'C L !@ OCE 0E([ C @ E 0C A @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE 'C L !@ OCE C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
CX@(E [ CE NC'@ L !@ CE C @(E [ C @ E C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [ OCE ` 'C L !@ OCE 0E([ C @ E 0C A @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE 'C L !@ OCE C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
` 'L (E [ OCE e L !@ OCE '@ (E [ C @ E '@ L @ C @ E '@ L !@ C @ E
e A(E [ OCE e A !@ OCE 0@ (E [ C @ E 0@ A @ C @ E 0@ A !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE 'C L !@ OCE C(E [ C @ E CA @ C @ E 'C L !@ C @ E
CX@(E [ OCE CN'@ L !@ OCE C @(E [ C @ E C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [_EE ` 'C L @ _EE 0E([ZE @ E 0C A 7@ ZE @ E 'C L @ ZE @ E
e C(E [ XCE ` 'C L !@ XCE 0E([ NC @ E 0C A @ NC @ E 'C L !@ NC @ E
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Feminine Masculine
j
CA C A COCA C )U CA C E '@ L C A CA C J
¦ C
The word (J
¦ C) was originally (' A C).
The (> P) of (0C7C ) will be (D¦ C7) while that of (0C (A E) will
be (x¦ E ). However, when the definite article (&[ E) is prefixed
to it, it becomes (0@ A e!E) etc. See 10.9.
Feminine Masculine
j
'e L !@ C A C'e L !@ C 3U 'e L !@ C E S@ 'M L !@ C A 'e L !@ C '
L !@ C
From (0C7C ), the (&'>I P) is (¿ A eA @ C 0
A @ C ) etc. and from
(0
C (A E), it will be (0
(A [ C ).
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J
¦ C!C A CC !@ C (' C !@ C ) 0!@ C
('L A C!C ) A CC !@ C (3U 'C C !@ C ) 3U C!@ C
The (9a P) of (0C7C ) is (0@ C ) etc. and of (0C (A E) is (0([ C ).
('L A C!C ) J
¦ C!C A CC !@ A (' C !@ A ) 0!@ A
A CC !@ A (3U 'C C !@ A ) 3U C!@ A
('L @A C!C ) 0M A C!C A CSC !@ A (S C!@ A ) C!@ A
The () P) of (0C7C ) is (0@ A ) etc. and of (0C (A E) is (0([ A ).
J
¦ CZE SZ E '@ C @ ZE A CC @ ZE ('L C @ ZE) 0C@ ZE
0L SZ j
C'C @ L A C'C @ L C@ L SZ C'@ L
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L;
@'$! _! L; \ ]@
^! Z
! LH@
f
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Word Meaning
(t) 0C«C to want
(q) 0C «A C to rebel
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(S)
C ChOCP@ A to accept
®E `C to convey
e CdC to love mutually
C *e$
C to say ‘good morning’
() 0`$
C to perform salāh
6A @EC 0`$
C to recite salāt álan Nabī
(durūd), to send mercy
() 0CK.E to decree, decide
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\C E@ZE to be piebald
(J
C C 7!Y) @C trade
)U E V@ C destruction
)U C *@^C forehead
@A 7C cheap
0CC perhaps
)U CEF end
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4
E @A birth, birthday
4
` C why not?
Exercise No. 33
. A @B C [A
£ L V eC @ V @EC DL 4 E e E (1)
. A @B
C [A ¡ C @ 8C L
£ E .6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC DL 4
E e ¡ C @EC SC
. !L A C C )A C1AC[CS A CXC [A )A E][ L [ DC eZE ,
C @K e C E '@ V C [ ZE 0CC (2)
A
C @ ZE 0A1 6E8@ +A A *C^C 0EC )A E][ L [ DC eZE , L @Ke C @ oA COP@ V C 6A `A !L 8@ d C [E
. &A C'@ _E[
¥ C Y@ C [ ,C @`$ C [ C (3)
. C Y
@ C [ ,L @`$ C 6A `A !L 8@ d
C [E
¥ )A C C8hC [ C C E '@ Y
C L [ C (4)
. CN'@ LZE CXA 0@ Y
C L @ C NC
. yC CZE J L @ ZV (5)
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.t CC
. @ !A Pe C 0CH@ CSC # M d A L C8E ¡ C E @ A OC+@ _EPC . , C X@C @ ZE
¥ !L 8C @ ZE C 6L X@A 0C«*@C Á C @ZESC e RA @AA N@bA[ L `C OCC @ E (14)
. 0CH@ 8C [ DC !A @ _EA A C 7'@ OL[ L E '@ V EZ [ ZE 0eX8C CZE
¥"6L V 7A !@ L £ @ 8C [ 0eX8C OCC C V C" , C @ 8A PC [ C (15)
C yC 7A @ ZV 0eOC 0CP@ ZE [ ZE !L @7A ZV . 6A A 0@ ACZVE SC ° ¦ NAE(A , L @ E @ A E , L @ 8A CP @ C NC
. C @XA
Ad @ 8L [ C ^@ ZE L @KA LE
` bA1E zL Xe8C CZE
¡C «C `CSC 7'@ V
@ C ¡
C C@ PC
£ E C ^C . )U E 7C C*L ¡ C OLCX@L !L 8C @ ZE C , C X@ C @ ZE (16)
. zL eX8C OCC C )E CEF
C @d
A AeY 3E 'C @ C ` bA1E )A $
C '@ YLB @ 8C [ ¡ C AE.S@ ZE 0@ 1A 8AC ¬L @+C C 0@ A J L @ ZV C @A |
. )U CChOC@ L
. C A(OC
@ IV u
E CY CN!A @ A (1)
. )A XC
Cd
C [ )A aE A '@ 8C [CS )A 8C [ dA [A ¡
C 7C A A*PC cAGA J L @ V (2)
. ) C>[ L SC M K
C C @ V e7C ['L@ V (3)
. 0AN'@ C @ CS @ L '@
CB @ C 4
E 1E (4)
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. 'LOCNE1 6L X@C @ V CNC CSC zL SVB L 1E &V 'LPe L V C| CSC (5)
. )A E V@ Oe cEGA @ V !A @_EA ['V([ L E SC (6)
.4 A.E XC8E 0ACA [SLOC @ C E SC (7)
. C C t A 7@ 0A1 Á A 8@ C E SC (8)
. cC @ C )U eC 0C A EobA1E CE([_E1E . cCP'L C C(A [ZE &E E. (9)
cEGA @'C P@ E1 )A C 8L h
L [ DA '@ C A 3A EY e A A'LN EoGA 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C (10)
. C @*C[ SL7oE SC 6A ` A [ oA
. CN@!M 3E Cd
C [ zA A C 0AK([ C C8NeGA t ¦ E. , C NEZ C A .[ E1 (11)
. L AC [ L A8
e 'C L SC 6L W L L E A>[ C C 1E (12)
. zL !C *@C 9¦ EA 6L ` g C @EZE (13)
. 6@ ACA x ¦ EL 0NZE , L XCX±E 0NGA (14)
. ) eH
A @ e ) CH
A C7 ¡ A 7C cEGA 0A^A 7@ . )V XeA8C ][ 8L [ g L >[ Xe COLeZE C (15)
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(D) Write down the word-form ()«$), category (D.Z) and
(E7C V @ 1ASC 2
L @>A ` V @ >A [E)
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Note 2: The verb (0E(eA) was originally (0E(CS@ A). The (S) was
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Note 4: The perfect and the imperfect of (EZ7C ) are used very
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often. The (H Z) is hardly used. For this meaning, the
verb (@ a
V N@ZV) is used and in modern spoken Arabic, the verb
(2
@ +L ) is used.
(4) The (> P) is (¦ C7) which is similar to (D¦ C7) and
the (&'>I P) is (0
A@ C ) which is similar to (0
A @ C ).
(5) Among the categories of (61 ! R 04), the
P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
3U C7GA CL ¢U @A L 7A ZE
@ A L C7ZE
(9'^) like (!
@>A L ! @A L ) etc.
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P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
to show off - C7A Â
CL ¦ CL A C7
@ A CL C7
to ponder, to CA7@ A
¢ C@ L ¢¦ C@ L _AC7@ A
@ _AC@ C E_C7@ A
doubt
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(
SA 7C - satisfied), (
'A .E - strong) and (
'A PC - equal).
5. The verb (0
C AC ) was originally ('C AC ) – to be alive. The
imperfect is (0Cd
@ C) and the ()E>Y
P) is (0
C ). The
paradigms of the categories (&1G), (>) and (&>OP) of
this verb are as follows:
P P
7!YI J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
C@ GA 0 d
@ L 0¦ d
@ L 0A @ ZE 0@ Ad
@L 0C@ ZE
to endow with life
)U ed
A C 0© d
C L 0ª d
C L 0 C c@ d
C L ceC
to keep alive, to greet
Cd
@ OAP@ A
to be ashamed, to 0 d
@ OC
@ L 0¦ d
@ OC
@ L 0A d
@ OCP@ A c@ Ad
@ OC
@C cCd
@ OCP@ A
allow one to live
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Word Meaning
() C!@ZE to expose
J
C e h
C C to drink in sips
(S) m
C C7@ A to find rest, to relax
(q)
C SA 7C to be satisfied
(9) m
C C <E to throw
(t) #
C OCC to reproach
() j
C C to die
() j
C CZE (1) to grant death
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L @ACPZE J
'@ *LP@ ZV week
@RA C sad
V @C when
C+7C straight
Y
C FV )U Y
e FV stuck morsel
0XFA wealth
O@+C #
PC x
'@
L 1V abuse, swearing
)U PC C1A intuition
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°
.E never
'@ OL[ C )U ECP7A
COA letter
C8ePA E especially
¡
C Ne_EE as if you
D CXC sleep
3U C K
@ NC freshness
Exercise No. 34
. yC E>.E
C C K @ LE 0@ E yC E1 x A (1)
.
A C A A OCP@ A (2)
¥ L E S@ ZE C E '@ Ld
@ OC
@ C 4
` C (3)
¥x
A '@
L >V [CS
A [ A [ C A ¡C NCCA 0@ (A CE C A (4)
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A ([ >E [ C A ©+C A >[ V [ !C @ C 7C ZE @ ESC 0CX«A [ C A @C A @! !C @ C 7C ZE @ ESC (1
qL eX CL 'V.SC 7CN @ V A@ ZESC @ V C >V NEZ 'V. 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C (1)
. 3V 7C Chd A [CS
. 7SLPL SC 3 C K
@ NC @ L `(ESC DA '@ C[ ¡C AoE e +C 6L ` L L E.'C 1E (2)
. A A>[
A Cd$ @ _EA ¡ C M7C E C 1E 2 C @E C C @ EZE (3)
. fCC EoC @ aV NE1 ¡C d L Co[ ZE 0NZE DA CX8C [ 0A1 fC7ZE 0NGA 0e XCL C &E E. (4)
. 0ANCC E &E E. ¡ C @EGA @ aV NEZ 0AN7A ZE
7C &E E. (5)
@ L C A ` .E 'LCP @ A AE$ C C @ L C A ` . { C YC 8L [ U @'C 1E (6)
. E 'LC8[ E 'LXC8@ CSC . E SL²CL
0A@ ZV CNZE &E E. , L A8LSC 0Ad @ L A` 0C 7C L AC@GA &E E. o[ GA (7)
.,L AZVSC
. CSM7L S@ ZE CX@A C C @ _EA ['Md C 1E )¦ edA OCA LO@L EoGASC (8)
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6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
Ee E
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. 7L E1[ _E[ eXC &E S@ RL CSC CXL'@ V.V e A8C ][ OCA 6A @EC ,
C N@ZE e8C CN!@ 1AZESC 0e XCL C CX8@ C 7@ A
¡
C @!A @ C 8[ A ¡C .EpL @ CSC A CXC [CS )A C1AC[ C C
£¡C aE >E d @ C [ ZE 8AC ¡ C E '@ L !@ NC
. A E(A7@ bA[CS A C+e A @*APC 0EGA
DL 4
E e CS
yC !L ACS
!C
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Lesson 35
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Word Meaning
C C S@ !C @ A to be hunch-backed
u
E 'e E@ A to hold the camel’s neck and
mount it
C E'@ E@ A to be salty (water)
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¡
L A7C ZE )U E @7A ZE embellished chair
pA attire, fashion
7 C±[ ZE @ ±E back
9
CFA )U 1E@ FV sip of water
9
C FV )U 1E@ FV room
Exercise No. 35
. zL L @ ±E C +C '@ C @ SC V ^L e
C C S@ !C @ A (1)
. !A *@C [
L CA , @ (E E'@ E@ A (2)
.q C C1[ _E[ \L *A
@ C j @ C ESC CNo[ 'e E^@ 1E )E .EXe CX<[ 'e E@ A (3)
. 3 C A E1 ) E @7A ZE 6L X@A @ XC$
@ CS # C CB C [ yC Eo 7L ehXC CMZE u [ S C @ A (4)
.3 !C A CS ) 1E@ FV 6L X@A
C C @ C [ ZE ! C ZE 7C !A ([ CE 0eOC A @ Xe £ C C E'@ E@ A (5)
. C Ch A [ \C *A
@ C 0eOC )V .EeX oV ' Eh @ C !@ .E (6)
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0@ 1A C @ YA AB @ 8L [
DA e E 8L [ !A AC'[ 3A C K
@ C 0EGA
6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
Ee E
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Test No. 15
when it is (.N)?
(
E C E>C
) when they are (.N)?
(6) How is the (7!Y) of (
E C 1[ ZE
) and (E C >[ OCP@ A
) when
they are (9'^Z)?
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Lesson 36
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(2) (t
= - b*) – the doer enters the (_) or reaches it, e.g. ( C *C$
@ ZE
! @pC ) – Zaid came in the morning. The (_) is (*$).
(!
AC x
C C @ ZE) – Khalid reached Iraq. The (_) is (x).
(3) (N
= ' : / ) – to find something to be described with the
(_), e.g. (6L OL8
@ aE @ ZE) – I found him to be a person of honour.
The (_) is ()8a).
(4) (8= @ /
* X
) – to become the possessor of the (_), e.g.
(L h
C
e C 8C [ZE) – The tree bore fruit. The (_) is (Ä).
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(6) (u '2b ) – the verb is used for another meaning other than
(!
@pC \C >E +@ ZE) – Zaid feared.
The root form (\
C >E +C ) means to be compassionate.
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(6) (
= ( i
) – to make something into the (_) or similar to
the (_), e.g. (©A '@ L C
! @pC C Y
e NC) – Zaid converted a Jew to
(7) (s v
+ ) – to indicate a large amount, e.g.
(
C ]` .E) – He cut it into (many) pieces.
(8) (s $
H ) – to abbreviate a sentence e.g.
(C *e
E ) - to say ‘Allāhu Akbar’.
(
C *ePC ) - to say ‘Subhānallāh’.
(3) (_
5 d
b h- G 5 * ) – to have the same meaning as (
&1G), e.g. (6L M!@ C @ZESC 6L M!@ C C) – I distanced him.
(4) ( d
b h- G 5 * ) – to have the same meaning as (
>), e.g. (2
C e H
C S2
C C CH) – to double something.
(1) (h= T
@
w* )15 – e.g. (! AC SC ! AC
C 7C K
C C) – Khālid and Àbid
fought each other.
(2) (
=
) – to simulate a state or status or representing
oneself to have it, e.g. (2
L PL '@ L t
C 7C C8C) – Yūsuf pretended to
be sick.
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(3) (
f
5 h- f /
a* ) – to mention a verb after the verb ( f
5) to
indicate the acceptance of the effect of the first verb, e.g.
(&
E SC XCOC1E 6L OL[SC CN) – I gave it to him and he took it.
(1) (
s z v ) – to simulate having a certain quality or status,
e.g. (
Che
C C) – Mahmūd feigned bravery.
(2) ({
s yMq
) – to refrain from the (_), e.g. (0
AC C `_EC) – Àlī
refrained from sin.
(3) (O=
>) – to make something into the (_), e.g.
(!
C 8C @ ZE ,
L @Xe*CC) – I made Ahmad my son. The (_) is (
@A -
son).
(4) (_
= yi
) – to become the (_) or similar to the
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(_), e.g. (
A '@ L C C Y
e XCC) – A Jew became a Christian.
(5) (8= @ /
* X
) – Example: (&E 'e 8C C) – He became wealthy. The
(_) is (&
U C).
(1) ( s /
)* -) – to be intransitive, e.g. (C
C E ) – to break
something. (C
C E N@A) – It broke.
(2) (
J5 h- f /
a* ) – Example: (C
C E N@E1 6L L@
e E ) – I broke it, so it
broke.
(3) (
x h- f /
a* ) – Example: (C ]E (E N@E1 6L OL@ ]E .E) – I cut it, so it was
cut.
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(1) (O=
>) – Example: (7L _[ >E [ C d
C OC^@ A) – The mouse made a hole.
(2) (
J5 h- f /
a* ) – Example: (E 8C OC@ E1 6L OL[ 8e C ) – I loaded on it so
it became loaded.
(1) ( s /
)* -) Both these categories are always intransitive.
(2) (N
= ) – They provide the meaning of colours, e.g.
(e 8
C @ GA) – It became very red.
(3) ({
s f ) – They provide the meaning of defects, e.g.
(&
` 'C @ GA) – He became one-eyed.
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(1) (O=
>) – Example: (!
C X@ÅA ,
L X@<E '@ OCP@ A) – I made India my
homeland.
(2) ({
s | ) – To seek the (_), e.g. (
L >A «@ OCP@ ZE) – I seek
forgiveness from Allāh.
(3) (s $
H ) – to abbreviate a phrase, e.g.
(
C ^C @ OCP@ A) – to say (E '@ L ^A C7 6A @EGA NeGASC 6A WA eNGA).
(4) (N
=
gA
Y ) – to think of something as being described by
the (_), e.g. (6L OLX@
Cd
@ OCP@ GA) – I thought him to be good.
(1) ( s /
)* -) - Example: (C +C '@
C @ A) – It became very hard.
(2) (h= #
g* ) – Example: (
C +C '@
C @ A) – It became very hard.
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(1) ( s /
)* -)
(2) (h= #
g* )
(1) (s $
H ) – Example: (&E !C 8@ C ) - He recited ‘Alhamdulillāh’.
(
E 8C
@ C) – He recited ‘Bismillāh…’.
(2) (c
s
g+) – To make someone wear the (_), e.g. (6L OL@ .E@ C) – I
made him don a burqa’.
(3) (O=
>) – Example: (C ]
E X@.E) – to make a bridge. The (_) is
(3U C ]
E X@.E - bridge).
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(1) (_
= yi
) – Example: (x
C !C N@RC C) – to become an atheist. The
(_) is (\
@!A N@pA - atheist).
(2) (
5 h- f /
a* ) – Example: (l
C C @ !C OC1E 3E C V [ ,
L ^@ C @ C ) – I rolled
the ball so it began rolling.
(3) (~
s yg ) – to wear the (_), e.g. (#
L XC@pC ,
@ C .E@ *CC) – Zaynab
donned the burqa’.
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(1) (h= #
g* ) – Example: (
Ch
C N@C @ A) – to gather a lot.
Word Meaning
[ GA if, not
0M A '@
L C[
L _E[E priest
2
PC ZE regret
(S) k
E C«OCP@ A (10) to cry out for help
U [ ZE food
C
C OCN@A to spread
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E '@ V4
E ESC k
U 4
E E 33
'@ PL evil
@ +L drink
0 .A@ +C easterner
)U C CX$
CA skill, craft
D CX$
@ ZE XC$
C idol
¡
C @EC it is necessary for you
x
A
@ OC
@ L Orientalist
D CXC sleep
n
'@
L X@C rejected, abrogated
#
L AC'NC )U *CACN calamity
CYN@ZE #
Y
L NC statue, idol
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'@ XLL
!A X@A Indian, Hindu
Exercise No. 36
C C EC C 6A WA r C C C [ .VSC e L C!A @ZE C @ ]` .ESC 6L NC@ *C[ ZE 6L XC@ZE7C e8E1E (1)
. Æ A E ¡ EC ` GA EC [ GA
@'L E. # L AC'Xe L A @EC , @ C @ ZESC # L ACY8C [ L A @EC , @ d C *C$ @ ZE 8e E (2)
. @ A ACYN@ZESC @ A A CX$
@ ZE @ C @'H L C @ ZESC Lz!C @ SC
E '@ %V@«A OC
@C
S@ ZE 6A NACY XCL S@ ZE 6A NAC' C L zL C'C_E1E 3A C ][ >A [ 0EC !L E'@ L ¦ '@ V'@ C V (3)
. 6A NACh 8C L
A '@ XLL [ C A @%AE @SL Y e NCSC A 4 E *A[ 0A1 @SL C OCN@ E '@ MA '@ L C[ £ C [E (4)
@SL Y e XCC C @A ` C @8A A@ 8L [ A @ C 0EC 2 L PC _E[CS DA CX$ @ _E[ 3A !C *CC SC
E n '@ L X@C @A )E eNACY @ Xe ` E E '@ 8L E@ C @ L SC j A C'C e J A C*A
. CA @'XLe!C OCC [ ZE @ A A >V N@_EA E '@ MA '@
L C[ 7L !A ([ C
C @A4 E ESC 4 E E @S!L 8 C SC 3 e C C @A4E ESC 4 E E 3¦ 4E$ C V !C @ C @'d L *PC (5)
. DA CX8C [ !C X@A EE C SC C @A4 E ESC C7@ ZE @SL *E SC
. A '@ >E LE SC @SL > E LE (6)
M àA ! C ZE @'(V
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. )A C CXY
CS 3A 7C ChOA A CC[CS e7L VCS E@A @ ZE V @ ZE &E 'e 8C C (7)
. @'L ^A @ OCP@ E1 )¦ *C@Y
A L @ A @ V CC$ZE S@ ZE !¦ C ZE j C '@ C @ OL@ 8A PC EoGA (8)
. $'@ Y L L C @8A A @ 8L [CS C @.AA
@ OC
@ 8L [ C A @%AE CN!@ ^C SC (9)
. C8L !C @ C )A E!C 8@ dC [CS
A @ M CS A [ _E[ E*@.E )A E8C
@ *C[A ¡
C @EC (10)
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Lesson 37
()V Y
C .AeXCS )V e eO &V C1[ _E[E)
1. The ()V e eO &V C1[ _E[E) are verbs that constitute a complete
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there is a () 9) at the end of the word (D4 W O). The
()Y.N &1Z) mentioned here are deficient with regard to the
meaning.
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h$H
6 _
5B Meaning
7C C$ became
C *C$
@ E happened in the morning, became
c
C @ ZE happened in the evening, happened
cd
CH
@ ZE happened at mid morning, happened
j
C C happened at night, happened
m
C A C C continuously
¡
e >E N@ C continuously
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g
C @E no, not
11. All the verbs of (DC C) are used. However only the perfect
tense of (DC C C) is used. The (J7K) is used very seldom.
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a) The verb (
E E) indicates that a noun is described by a
quality in the past tense, e.g. (8
AC ! @pC E E) – Zaid was
learned, that is, Zaid was described with the quality of
knowledge in the past tense.
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(©XAF
E ! @pC C *C$
@ ZE) – Zaid became wealthy. In the same way,
the verbs ( ` ±E cd CH@ ZE) and (j
C C) impart the same
meaning.
d) The verb (DC C) is most often used on the occasion of a
(oV COP
@ _V[ DC E. C 3V E A 4
E Oe DC E.) or (3V E A 4
E Oe DC E. oV COP@ _V[ DC E. C)
As long as the teacher stood, the students stood.
g) The verb (g
C @E) is used for negation, e.g. (8AC !L E'C [ g
C @E)
– The boy is not learned.
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(
¦ ACA !L E'C [ g
C @E) – The boy is not learned.
Word Meaning
A C sour
D CpA crowd
(l
L C @ ZE N) £ C^@ C crippled
@RA FE torrential
D C8FE cloud
7 CY.A @Y
A .E short
U CY8@ .V
@8A .E shirt, kurtah
2
@%AE thick
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_EOCL painful
L @ACYC m
C*Y
@ A lamp
7 ]E @ ZE ]E C rain
` C L cultured, disciplined
°
U @
A NC pleased, active
Â
A C peaceful
' ^C atmosphere
Exercise No. 37
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H
A C V @8A [ O ¢E OA1E C ¥ H
A C V @8A [ O A C (16)
AC^ 0@ AZE DC CC g
L A^@ ZE CNZE ¥ A @ a 0EGA g
AC^ ,
C N@ZEZE (17)
yC CZE EC g
C @E ¥ 0@ A ZE EC ZE (18)
¦ A CdA V eM g
C @E ¥
A C V eM A C (19)
Exercise No. 38
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j
L CX*C[ , A d C *C$@ ZE (7)
L ]E 8C [ 0C@ ZE (8)
L @A 8C [ j C C (9)
3V E A 4
E Oe V '@ V CPC (10)
L @8A (E [ g C @E (11)
DC C C DL '@ .VZE CNZE (12)
¥.A C$ g
C @E ZE (13)
DL C8«C [ &E CpC (14)
¥j ¦ C` C L ,
A C @E ZE (15)
AC^ oV COP@ _V[ DC C C (16)
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Exercise No. 39
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Exercise No. 40
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Lesson 38
The ()Y.N &1Z)
Continued from the previous lesson
)Y.N).
Two meanings have been written for each verb. With
reference to the first meaning, the verbs are ()Q
&1Z) and
with reference to the second meaning they are ()Y.N &1Z).
Examples:
()E
` C @ A V @AB
C [ C C) – Khalīl returned from Makkah.
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(©^C V @AB
C [ C C) – Khalīl became a pilgrim.
(
A A «@ 8C [ 0EA x A A @ 8C [ C A ! @pC &E 'e d
C C) – Zaid turned from the east
to the west.
(X*@ ^
L L *C` &E 'e d
C C) – The milk changed into cheese.
(6A XA@ A @ C ! @pC !e C7@ A) – Zaid turned away from his religion.
(@ Y A C 0C8@ _E[ !e C7@ A) – The blind man regained his sight.
(L @ E[ &E CdOCP@ A) – The work became difficult.
(4 C L 8@ B C [ &E CdOCP@ A) – The wine changed into vinegar.
3. The verbs (
C *C$
@ ZE) and (0C@ ZE) can also be ()Q) when they
mean ‘to spend the morning’ or ‘to come in the morning’
and ‘to spend the evening’ or ‘to come in the evening’
respectively.
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Examples: (A @ B
C [A CX@
C @ ZE S@ ZE CXd
@ *C$
@ ZE) – We spent the morning or
evening well.
(
V E1'@ ] L A @EC 0C@ ZE S@ ZE C *C$
@ ZE) – The storm came upon them in
the morning or evening.
£ L >A «@ C) - May
Allāh forgive you.
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6. The (¯) of a (.N 1) can precede its (P), e.g. ( E E
! @pC 8AE.) – Zaid was standing. This can be expressed as ( E E
! @pC C AE([) also. Sometimes the (¯) precedes the (.N 1)
itself, e.g. (@ *A
E S@ ZE E E @«A $
C ) – whether it is small or big.
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8. You have learnt in Volume One and Two and you will
learn in more detail in Volume Four that the (¯) of ( )·
)-) is sometimes (>) and sometimes (#). See 6.7.
the (¯). Similarly, all this can appear in the (¯) of ( 1
E |@(V [ VC ([ C !AC ` GA E |@(V [ VC ([ C ! AC E E E |@(V [ VC ([ C ! AC
Khālid was reading
Indeed Khālid Khālid reads
the Qur’ān.
reads the Qur’ān. the Qur’ān.
! @!A +C zL L @ C CO
` GA ! @!A +C zL L @ C £ CO
E E ! @!A +C zL L @ C £ OC
E
,
A @*C[ 0A1 3E e A [ ` GA ,
A @*C[ 0A1 3V e A [ ,
A NCE ,
A @*C[ 0A1 3V e A [E
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A C*[ !C X@A q
C 7A Cd[ ` GA
A C*[ !C X@A q
L 7A Cd[ E E
A C*[ !C X@A q
L 7A Cd[E
Ponder over the four lines above. You will realize that a
verb forms part of the (¯) in the three examples of the first
()1 )·). This ()1 )·) is the (¯) of the (!O*) which is
(!
AC). The (!O*) and (¯) constitute a ()- )·).
In the third line, a (7ST 7^) forms the (¯) while the
fourth line has a (9±). The (
G) of these predicates is
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0W}), e.g. in the sentence, (EC C^), the word (EC ) is the
(1) and the (1) is (J'1). But since it is indeclinable
(E
C ) in this sentence will be regarded as (J'1 4 }) or
(
W È J'1).
Therefore it is (
'YX 4
}) or (W È
'YX).
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( !().
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Exercise No. 41
Si
X * ;
+ * $
( ' H
The transgressor sometimes becomes pious.
A .X A > ¯
A .X A > L P .X > 9
'YX J'1 J'1 J7K (
) ¯ )1 )· : ¯ÇS P .X >
(2)
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(3)
's (' Q C*
* b
2>w @
X
The cold of the winter became severe.
É% !O*I
!O*I ¯ zL J'1 A > L P .X >
J'1 É% 7ST =8H J'1 A .X ½*I 0HI
9K ½*I &S !O*I O> 0
7ST 4 } 6
)- )· = ¯Ç É% !O*I
4
} A .X A > ¯ )8/
'YX
) ¯ )1 )· : ¯ÇS P .X >
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(4)
+ E {
V
qf I6
M+
We continued looking at the wonders of Allāh’s creation.
>
.X
J7K 1 6-
4
} 0HI
&'>
6 9KI 6 9KI J'1 8/
'YX
É% &S =8K @ A OI
K Z '
7ST 7ST 61 OOI CN &E CpC
9K
4
} =8H
J'1 ' ½*I
4
} 61
J'1
¯ = )1 )· = &'>IS > J7KI >
'YX 4 } .X >
) ¯ )1 )· : ¯ÇS P .X >
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Word Meaning
J
C C OC@ A to invent
(6) 2
C E C to adhere, to be busily
engaged
\C (` C to prove, to effect
C !e C to warn, to threaten
V C8[_E[E Germany
E '@
L @A GA Edison (an American
inventor)
&U C| U C ZE hope
0eNZE how
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)U ]E
A @ZE °
UL L u
U CA carpet, rug
0 «A C prostitute, whore
3U C @ pC splendour, flower
C'PC equal
AE< bird
7 e<E pilot
@<A mud
D R@ C determination
j
COC1E 3U CO1E young girl
&U '@ K
L 1V extra, left over
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C!E by, (¡
C @!C E - by you)
®U E*@C amount, extent
°
V @d
A 8L [E ocean
0M ]A X@E<[ bA[ °
V @d
A 8L [E Atlantic Ocean
#
NA[ L sinner
)U C@ A doubt
U @d
A OC
@ L difficult, impossible
@A OC
@ L relaxed, calm
Y
A OCX@L victorious
m
ChNC success
j
C'>E C 3U 'C >[ C lapse, error
Exercise No. 42
. *NA[ L 0C
A @ ZV [ ZE 9
L CZE 0@ XA E @(A 1E C *A$
@ ZV [ ZE 9
L CZEE (1)
. !PC !L *@C [ 0AdK @ L !@ .E (2)
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. yC '@ LZE g
@ Ah
@ C @ E C g @ Ah @ C E (19)
. 6A @A ZE A '@ C 0@ 1A !L *@C [ E EC zA !A *@C A'@ C 0@ 1A
£ E(20)
.j A CX
Cd C [A j A C'>E C [ yA 7L C!OCA 3 e 'C C V @d A OC @ C 3E SC C!C [ ` GA(21)
. U @A.E ¡
C @!C EC C '@ h
L C 0eOC ) C C8PC &A '@ K L >V [ C A £ E]C [ g C @E(22)
. ©«A C yL ZE @ ESC
C C 0AX
@ C 8@ C @ ESC D EFV 0@ A V '@ V C ceNZE , @ EE. (1)
.¡ C 7e @ A \M d C [ 6L NeGA 6L X@ )¦ C@ A 0@ 1A ¡ L C 4 E 1E (2)
,
A C @E fC7CYXe , A EE.SC ¦ 0@ +C cC EC fC7CYXe , A C @E L 'LC[ , A EE.SC (3)
. ¦ 0@ +C cEC L 'LC[
. cCP'@ L CX@EGA C ^A @ C ceOC C @>A A C 6A @EC m C C *@Ne @ E '@ VE. (4)
. >A C 6A @EC ,
C [ ±E @ A ` ¡ C A EGA cEGA @ aV N@CS (5)
. ©C ,L @ L C 3A ERe CS 3A EY e A 0@ NAC$S@ ZESC (6)
. @ L E '@ 8L @(A OCP@ E1 @ V E '@ L E(OCP@ C81E (7)
cEC ) 6A A ^@ SC cEC (2 C PL '@ L C @8A .E 0(E [ZE) zL E([ZE L @ A *C[ C^ [ ZE e8E1E (8)
. @YA C !e C7@ E1 (
C '@ (V @ C 6A ^@ SC
. E '@ d
L *AY
@ L C @A SC E '@
L 8@ L C @A 6A ` E Cd*@
L 1E (9)
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.t
L 7@ CS j
L CSC8
e ,
A C C C CA1 C @!A AC(10)
Exercise No. 43
Point out the ()Y.N &1Z), their (¯) and (P) as well as
those of (
` GA) and its sisters in the following extract. Most of
the predicates are presented in the form of a ()·) or ( 6*+
)8/).
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. ¦ @AC ¦ [ A
@ oA V x
C '@ 1E ` ZE 9
L A OC@ NC
Exercise No. 44
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Lesson 39
From this example you will realize that the ()7(I &1)
enter a ()- )·) like the ()Y.N &1Z). The difference is that
in the case of ()7(I &1), it is necessary to have a ( 1
J7K) as part of the (¯). This (J7K 1) together with its
(1) which is most often a hidden pronoun, forms a ( )·
)1) and then constitutes the (¯). The (P) of the ( &1Z
)7(I) is in (1 )) while the (¯) is in (#YX )).
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After (C
E ) and (
C C E ) it is better not to use ([ ZE).
After (cC
C ) and (¡
C +C S@ ZE), the (P) can precede the ( 1
J7K), e.g. (! @pC DC '@ (V C [ ZE 0CC ) – Zaid is about to stand. This is
not permissible in the case of (C E ) etc.
6. The verbs (
E C ZE DC E. E C ^C \C >A <E J
C C +C ) are also used like
the ()7(I &1Z). However the particle ( [ ZE) is not used after
them. All these verbs mean, ‘to begin’, e.g. (0 @A 8@ C V >[ ] E C ZE) -
The child began walking.
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Exercise No. 45
.¡
C C>A
@ C [ ZE
£ 0CC (1)
(Perhaps Allāh may grant you a cure).
. E @ ]` >E OCC j
L CSC8
e L EC (2)
(The sky is about to burst).
. )A PC 7C !@ 8C [
L C C OC>[ L [ ZE ¡
C +C S@ ZE (3)
(Very soon the door of the madrasah will be opened).
R w
( N+
Af
=8H
'YX 9S J7K 1
9 P
YO [ _EA
'YX 1
#$N 1
!S 61 OOI (') =8K )7(
J7K8 )7(
N "
" )8 ~ ^7
#<5
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6 &'>
'YX
W È
)· = 6'>S 61 J7K 1
'YX 4 } 0CC ¯ = )1
)1 )· = z¯S 6- 0CC
Word Meaning
0C_[ C 0CZE to refuse
x
C C @ ZE to burn
C EoZE to melt s.t.
C >E P@ ZE to brighten up
7C C C to hasten
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(9)
E C C to send, to awaken
C d
e >E C to search
C ]` >E C to burst
(t) 2
C Y
C C to mend, to repair
() x
C E1 to surpass
(q) 6C (A 1E to understand
(q) 2
C ]A .E to pluck
() DC E to reproach
(
E]@ ZE) #
]E C firewood
U @C horse
E S@ L without, besides
'@ V 7L mount
)U (E CCL SZ x
C*PA to compete, horserace
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(U e*+L )
C+ youth
A C ordinary
l
C 1E ease, comfort
)U C @ 1E S@ Z m
C 1E joy
'@ 8L d
@ C D E(C the place from which Nabī
will intercede
U '@ C gentle
(x
C7S@ ZE) x
7C SC leaf, page
Exercise No. 46
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Exercise No. 47
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4 N' 6 0³S !' Y S m>1 6* =«Y !S S
. t7 0 ( S !' 9Í
¡o W _1 6 &( > S N¶ 37+¶S &'( > S
X>P_O1 jS t )HI )X S =« X*Ì '"
. ÎG 6% N!^S Y" ¡o !S =%
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Lesson 40
1. The verb (
C @ NA - originally C A NC) is used for praise while (g
C [A-
originally g
C AC) is used for dispraise. The (1) is most often
(D4 9Q - have the definite article attached to it) or a
2. Sometimes the word (C) takes the place of the (1). This
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is in the meaning of (¢
U @+C ), e.g. (0C A e8A NA). This was originally
(0
C A C C @ NA)– That is a good thing.
()- )·).
£ E] L @Y
A Xe C @ NASC cE'@ 8C [ C @ NA) – Allāh is a good Master and
Helper.
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Note 2: The word ( CP - to be bad, evil, to spoil) is also used
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1. The two phrases (6L EC 1[ ZEC) and (6A A [ A 1[ ZE) are used to indicate
surprise and they are called (# A h
M C Oe CO«C @$ A ), e.g.
(6L XC
C @ ZEC) or (6A A @
A @ ZE) - How beautiful it is!
Similarly, in place of the pronouns (6L ) and (6A ), all the
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3. The verb (
E E) is inserted for the past tense while (V '@ V C) is
used for the future tense, e.g.
(t
A C C aE X@C E 8C ^@ ZE E E C) – How beautiful the scenery of the
gardens were!
(A d
@ *C[ C aE X@C #
C C<[ ZE V '@ V C C) – How excellent the scenery of the
sea will be!
(07), nor can they be used for (T 04) if the latter has
the meaning of colours and defects.
The meaning of surprise can be created for these categories
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Exercise No. 48
S' Q @ & A
Y B
½*I 0HI >
=8K O> c
½*I #hO P
'YX &'> Î ^7 AOOI 'C L
Z!O* 6N J'1 4}
4} 1 "C"
J'1
J'1 4} ¯ = )1 )· = &'>IS > >
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'r Q @ d
& A
Y B
#hO 1
' c ½*I
&'> Ï 7ST
!p Q / 9 AOOI ,C N@ZE =8K
W È
'YX
1 "C" Î ^7
J'1 4}
)1 )· = &'>IS > #hO 1
Word Meaning
eSZE repentant
(
e C@A 7!Y) t
CKA@A whiteness
7 CA cucumber
3E C
@ C )E C AC7 fourteenth
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y @ +A polytheism
\ >E +C twilight
)U *C.AC consequence
@
A C relative
£ C'Y
@ .V name of camel of Nabi
y A
@ L polytheist
,
([ C anger
cE'@ C master
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0XL wish
)U ^C 7C C position
2
e ]E $
@ A to form lines
'C d
@ NC towards
(9)
C B
C +C to stare, to gaze
() \C C 7C to glance
m
S@ L ^L S m
C^A m
@ ^L wound
u
U '@ (V PL to fail, to fall
E C !C N@A to heal
C 'e C to accustom
Re C to be powerful
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Exercise No. 49
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. )E C 7A *C[ \A >E
e 3E C 8@ L !e +C ZEC (15)
. 3E C
@ C )E C Ae )A E@` 0A1 A 8C (E [ 7A '@ LN t
C CKA@A C aE @ ZE V '@ V CC (16)
. zL L C'PC !e +C ZE C L 'C P@ ZE 3A CS!e zA A C 0A1 L C!8A [E (17)
., L @ZE7C C 0@ NA CPSC , L @ 8A PC C 0@ NAe PC (18)
V A Ch[ &V oA C[ E*eC E SC fC'C [ 0A1 @ A +oK E*eC E ZE (19)
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Exercise No. 50
Exercise No. 51
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!A h
C @ _E[ !A AC'[
@ !A PC
6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4E e E
#C OL[ ZE [ ZE , L @Xe8C C C8EE< 0@ NZE ¡ C AC K @ CdA t L A @ ZE DA COA@ bA[ # A ^A CS A C!@ GA !C @ C
jL @ >A ±E 0@ NGA V @C SC , A @*C[ A @ ZE C @8A ^C SC )E C C OCd @ 8L [ 0@ ZVCS yC M L C ) ECP7A ¡C @EGA
. C @A 8C ^@ ZE @ V Ae C 8C A 6A A j L 7@ C C
C CX8L A DC '@ C[
L @]A OCP@ ZE CNZE E [E1 CA C.[ ZESC &A C1[ _E[ )E 1EA @ C 6A A'e .VSC
A &A '@ d C A ,L 8@ 8e C 0@ NZE Se ZE
3V 'e .V 0@ A j@ C Cp@ !A .E EC ASC 6L 8C @ .ASC 6L OC«C @$ A SC 6L NCCpC ¦ @ 1A V @ C 9 C A @ ZE [ ZE
. )A eAC C [ 0A1 A E OeCS A @ >E [
)A E C *CASC 0ECC
A A K @ >E A ,
L [ NA 0@ NZE A7S@ L M )A CC«A @8A ^C @ V L CZV NAE
.0@ AY @ 1E 0@ 1A &E Se _E[ j
L @ $
A 0@ NZE !L @RA 8C [CS A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 m
A ChXe 3E C C+C @ V ACL
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` V C E@ ZESC ¦ Y
@ 1E !C @ C 4
Y@ 1E 3E E A 4
E Oe L @!A 8L [ C!C 1E 3V E ACP_E[CS E '@ L O>E 8L [
. 6A NACdOA@ GA )A h
C @OANCSC 6A OA^C 7C !C A !¦ A CS
L .V@ C 0@ *A[ .E J
C C +C SC C@1A CSC CN@!M , L [ EC 0@ NEE ,
L @(A *C1E
@ !A ACS C CNZE De ZE
0@ XACC$ZE
@ A ` m L @ hL [CS C 1E 0@ A C C &E 'e dC CSC 7A S@ L M A L @<A ZE jL !@ A SC
.4 A !C X@L 7C C$ 0@ HA C8[ A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 u A '@ (V
M A
j
L 7@ C C )¦ 8C @ NA V !C X@A ` ^C SC Re C
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cEC l A M >E OeA 3A E ACP_E[ C C L V][ NC !A «C [ !C @ CSC !EF ) E][ L )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0A1 ` ZE C8ASC
,
L Y @ Y C .E C8NeGA )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ cEGA L '@ L NC e V A @C '@ C CyCXL V *C[ NCSC )A *C@A (E [ &A C*h
A [
. @ V L'@ V.V e A8C ][ CSC @8A ^C @ V <V C*AN@A !C @RA CA
C '@ OL[ 8C [ , L ['e <E SC )E Y e (A [ zA AC
1'@ >V d
@ C 4 E PC 0@ AC'C ZESC 0@ A'C @ GASC 3A C!AC'[ 3A !C e 0EGA @ !A @ ZVSC – EC
. C @A 8C ^@ ZE @ V A!C C CL x A C'+@ _EA
. DL 4
Ee CS ,
A @*C[ A @ ZE A @8A ^C cEC SC 0e EC ¡
C OA>E <A CSC yC R A ` ±A
£ &E E<ZE
L @]A 8L [ ¡
C XL@A
17 !8}
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Test No. 16
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particle (
[ ZE) appear?
(10) Construct ten sentences using the ()V C7C E(8
L [ &V C1[ _E[E),
five of them with (
[ ZE) and five without ([ ZE).
(11) Name the verbs of the (D
` CS m
A !@ 8C [ &V C1[ _E[E).
(12) Construct ten sentences using the ( m A !@ 8C [ &V C1[ _E[E
D ` CS).
(13) Analyse the following sentences.
. (@!A $ C SM !L C [ 0A8@ L !@ .E (1)
. )¦ e ZV C @C @ OLX@V (2)
. @ L 7C C@ ZE E '@ 'C L £ C!@ _E[ C E (3)
. )V (E @! $A , L X@*A[ ,A 8C @ NA (4)
. A A e cEC l L ehd L [ &E RA X@C [ ZE cCC (5)
.{ C 8A ACP @ OL@ L (6)
. E |@(V [ L `C OCNC CX@ A CC (7)
. 6A @OCXC^@ SC E 8C ^@ ZE C (8)
. A E S@ _E[ C8P@ ZE # L OL[ C Á L O>E 8L [ E C ZE (9)
. !L *@C [ C @ NA (10)
. 6L X@C
£ 0C H A 7C 0ª AC A [ A A @ aA @ ZE (11)
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6·Z S 4· S {XP gÒ 6QXP ®* ; Q $ )XF 3P
cQ8"S DR K *$_1 9" =« O ~ ) j*1
h1 #*] 'S {'8« !' W a1 j'³ Z ¡+SZS
6Q ÔG Î
+ G q_ &.S 6 'Z ÎG ,>O Ó B+S
I
+ZS S c]Z Ó !« ÎG Î
&'Õ Â¯P ¯
7$S 6X O1 !. )P ! ;
Q Y cdH_1 #oS z! 3!S )+
S Ë 3P Z · m1S >1 *O ^S 6 'Z ÎG aX
Ë #*] ! 8 S! z']Z Ó 7SP 'Y. S 1 S=]
dd$ ;Y cZ
K> 6NZ
0>
*P 3=% 'Z '.!YS =% !
S!8d1
. cHI
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Lesson 41
Pronouns
(8K)
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used, e.g. (
U ^L 7C 'C L ), or it is used for emphasis, e.g. (,
C N@ZE ,
C *@C oE
- You went).
The ()Y>X )'YX 8H) are used most often for emphasis
or specifying, e.g. (y
C eGA ¡
C OL@]E @ ZE - I gave it to you.) (!L *L@ NC yC eGA -
We worship You alone.)
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the (j
L ) in (,
L *@OCE ) and the (CN) in (CX*@OCE ), the () in (A C*OL[ C)
and the () in (
C @*AOL[ C) are (p7 =8H).
this nūn is elided in (#YX )) and (DR/ )). See Lesson
20.2.
• (AOOC
@ L - concealed) – they are pronouns which do not
have any visible external forms. Only their meanings
are taken into consideration. For example, the
meaning of (#
C OCE ) is ‘he wrote’. However there is no
word for ‘he’. The verb (#
L OL[ C) means ‘he is writing or
will write’. Here also, there is no word for ‘he’. It is
therefore accepted that ('C
L ) is concealed in it. It is ( 4
}
J'1) because it is the (1).
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The pronoun (,
C N@ZE) is concealed in the first word-form of
the (Z) and (0X), namely (#
@ OL[ ZV) and (#
@ OL[ CE ). The
pronouns of all the remaining paradigms are (p7) – visible.
The (h (
H + N
- 6*)
nūn is inserted. This nūn is called ()A CE.'A [ V '@ NL) – the nūn of
protection because it protects the end of the word from any
change.
0@ XA@8A C 0@ XA8@ C 0@ XANC'@ 8L C L 0@ XANAC8C L 0@ XA8L C L 0@ NA'@ 8L `C 0@ XA8C `C
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The ()A CE.'A [ V '@ NL) is also used with some (9S) like (@ A ) and
(
@ C ) and with (` GA) and its sisters, e.g. (0@ XA = 0@ NA @ A ), (0@ XANeGA),
(0
@ XANe_EE ), (0@ XAOC@E), (0@ XAXeA E) and sometimes (0@ XA E). However, it is
seldom used with ( ` C E). It is most often used as (0@ C E). The
word (0 @ XANeGA) is also more often used as (0@ NGA).
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Exercise No. 52
0@ XAL A [ L ,
C N@ZE
6 * v+ * o
6B
=8H ) .' 'N 9S J7K 1 Y>X J'1 =8H
YO
'YX =8H 61 J'1 #<5 !S
&'> O !S (,C N@ZE) OO Z!O*
¯ = )1 )· = &'>IS > >
1 } )8/ z
)- )· = ¯ÇS Z!O*I
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C'@ 8L V L RA [ NLZE
? * T- * ) + 6* B
J7K 1
'YX =8H
'YX =8H · 9S
!S YO
· YO 61 O
#F N D>OP 9
&'> #<5 OO =8H
¦ &'>
'YX 4} 1 (L d
@ NC)
'YX 4}
J'1 4}
¯ = )>OP )1 )· = &'>IS > >
1 } )8/ z
Exercise No. 53
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(C) What types of (=8H) has the particle (CN) assumed in the
following sentence.
. 6A A eXC E1 @ V C A @'XLA | [ ZE A C8@bA[ A
@ A CXL A CXL CX@ 8A PC CXNeGA CXe7C
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Word Meaning
C 8C OCP@ A to listen attentively
x
4E @ GA poverty
CL sand
)U C
@ C fear
! +@ 7L proper, integrity
(q) #
C A 7C to fear
°
U ]E +C excessive, exceeding the
bounds
(t) 9
C C $
C to turn, to move away
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(q) E
A 1E to lose courage, to become
cowardly
>E NC group
Exercise No. 54
. @ OL[
A >E ` =%AE @ L E C7ZE '@ ESC 4
A.E ¡
C A CXC 0A1 6L W L L E A L o[ GA (1)
. zL 'L8V CX@(E P@ _E1E C C8
e C A CX[RC NE_1E (2)
. cE@ _E[ , C NEZ ¡C NeGA 2 @ B C C E CX[ .V (3)
.{ C 8A EC[
7e &U 'LP7C 0XA ESC )U E4 EH C 0A g C @E DA '@ .E C &E E. (4)
.C C t A 7@ 0A1 Á A 8@ C E SC (5)
. 6L >E EB
@ L @ ` !A '@ C ¡ C E ` GASC (6)
N|@.V CX@ 8A PC eNGA 'VE(1E h
A [ C >E NC C 8C OCP@ 6L NeZE 0e EGA 0C A SVZ [ .V (7)
. 6A A eXC E1 !A +@ M cEGA A!@ C . *h C C
.]]E +C 6A ` cEC CXL A>PC &V 'V(C E E 6L NeZESC (8)
. h
A [ C &¦ C^A A E SVo'LC g A NAb[ C &U C^7A E E 6L NeZESC (9)
. C XeC ^C 6L E ` bA1E A h
@ L 6L e7C j
A _[ C C 6L NeGA (10)
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Lesson 42
Relative Pronouns
(j
L E '@ $
L '@ 8C [E)
63 TD
0@ OA`E
@ A `E !S
A @OC`E A CO`E A @E `E A E`E )X%
0@ A4
` E 0@ AC'`E 0@ A4
` C @A `E ·
Note 1: All the ()'$' -Z) are (½*I). Changes only occur in
the dual forms according to the normal rule.
Note 2: One lām (&) is written in the (NS !S) and
( ·) forms. Two lāms are written in the remaining
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forms. However, (0
@ A4
` E) can be written as (0@ A`E) as well.
Note 3: These four words are also from among the ( -Z
D>OP). See Lesson 12.
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(!
L A OCh
@C @ C #
M A ZV) – I love the one who strives.
3. The words (
@ C ), (C), (
ZE) and ()U eZE) always occur as the
(Z!O*), (1) or (&'>) in the sentence. The word (
@ A `E) and
its derivatives most often constitute an adjective although
they also form the (Z!O*), (1) or (&'>), e.g.
(j
C E1 cCKC C - Whatever has passed has been lost.) – The
word (C) in this example is the (Z!O*).
(!
C C OC^@ A @ C pC E1 – The one who strove succeeded.) - In this
example the word ( @ C ) is the (1).
((AC+ E E @ C , L 8@ `C – I taught the one who was enthusiastic.)
- The word ( @ C ) in this example is the (&'>).
(!
L A OCh@ C @ V MZE RM A C – The one who strives from amongst you is
honoured.) - In this example the word (
ZE) is the (1).
(!
L A OCh@ C E @ V MZE V CL – The one who does not strive from
amongst you will be disgraced.) - The word (
ZE) in this
example is the (61 &'>).
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()U E$
A ) should contain a (=8H) that corresponds to the
(&'$'). This (=8H) is called the (!
AC - the one who
returns).
Examples: ( A @OC`SC yC C8`C A @E `CS ¡ C O@8C `C 0@ OA`CS ¡C 8C `C @ A ` DA A [ ZE
C [ >E @ CS ¡
C O@8C `C S@ ZE ¡ C 8C `C @ C SC ¡
C XC8@ `C 0@ A4` CS yC '@ 8L `C C @A `CS yC CO8C `C
6L OC8@ `C C).
Note 5: The (!
AC) in the first, seventh and eighth examples
is concealed (OO) while in the remaining examples, it is
visible (p7).
Note 6: The (!
AC) can be deleted after (@ C ) and (C), if it is a
(&'>), e.g. (6L OL@ ZE7C C EC ) – He is the one I saw. This can be
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expressed as (,
L @ZE7C C EC ) also.
A V
@ C @ E q
C eX A V
@ C @ E @ C ) – Whoever did not
thank the people, did not thank Allāh.
(
@ V C @ E _[
C C @ E CSC E E
()E CCO
A [ C `C C
@ A ` !C E'C [ ,
L @(A E) – I met the boy who learnt to
write.
When the (9'$') is indefinite, the (&'$'I P) is elided,
e.g. ()E CCO
A [
C `C C !ESC ,
L @(A E) – I met a boy who learnt to write.
In this example, after the word (!ESC ), the (&'$'I P) which
is (
@ A `E) was elided.
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(3U C @ %A
E #
L AChC C@1A )U XC@!A C 3V C A E([E) – Cairo is a city having many
wonders.
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Exercise No. 55
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<
5
^
61 0HI > 0HI >
('C L ) OO =8H OO =8H 61
&'$'I P
&'$'I ÎG ^7 ÎG ^7 ('C L )
1 1 &'$'I
> >
= > >
= )1 )· =
¯ = )1 )·
)$
Z!O* = )Y &'$'I
)- )· = ¯ÇS Z!O*I
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h T
i
+ L 1 S'/ o
* G
0HI >
!S
61 #F &'>
&'> 7!Y 0HI >
OO =8H 9'$'
'YX 61 =8K
Î ^7 ('C L )
'YX
9'$'I
1
)· = &'>IS > >
!S )>$ = )1
)1 )· = 6O>$ &'>IS > >
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{
s - J3 * +
&'$'I P (
@ A `E) cCX@ 8C A (&[ E)
=8H 61 )$ V e C L cCX@ 8C A V e C L
&'$'I ÎG ^7 ('C L ) OO
J'1 ¯ Z!O* = )Y &'$'I
)- )· = ¯ÇS Z!O*I
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Word Meaning
C (E @ZE to do properly
C (E d
@ OCP@ A C (E OC@ A to despise
l
C CO@ A to need
C C7@ A to doubt
C E P@ ZE to intoxicate
#
C
C OCN@A to be related, connected
g
C *COC[A to be doubtful
C Y
C OCN@A to assist, to overpower
() !C Y
C C to harvest
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ce7C to nurture
(y) #
C L 7C to be broad
C epC to beautify
(t) x
C CH to be narrow
() 4
E C to be high, to climb (prices)
() 4
E FE to be expensive
(t) 2
C ]E .E to pluck fruit or flowers
C ZV )U e ZV nation, group
k
U CNGA cE%N@ZV female
)U ECC courage
C^@ ZE !
C ^C body
7 '@ V oV E oE male
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J
E.7A )U C .[ 7L note, patch
J
eX$
L NAC$ artisan
£ E>C H
L 2
@A H
C weak, poor, despised
@d
A C menstruation
9
S@ L @ C virtue, famous
! +A C7 rightly-guided
Exercise No. 56
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Exercise No. 57
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. 'LOCNE1 6L X@C @ V CNC CSC zL SVB L 1E &V 'LPe L V C| CSC (5)
.x¦ C 6A W !C XA CSC !L >E XC @ V !C XA C (6)
) *C<E 3 CC 6L XeCAd
@ XLE1E A @ L 'C L SC cE%NVZ S@ ZE ¦ E oE dAC$ E 8A C @ C (7)
. E 'V8C @ C ['NLE C A C @ _EA LC ^@ ZE @ L XeCRA h@ XCESC
A C E '@ C X@CSC 9 A SL@ 8C [A E SLL _[ C q A eXA , @ ^C A @ ZV )¦ e ZV C @C @ OLXV (8)
. A E XL8[
Exercise No. 58
¥
A C*[ !C X@A AE. @ A ` yC Eo @ C SC L @A C@GA C yC !A C 0@ 1A @ A ` EC C (1)
. 6L 1VA @ C @ C yC Eo SC 6L 8L E@ C C EC 2 L PL '@ L 0@ A ZE C
. &V '@ (V C C , L 8@ A 1E C . # @h A C ¡ C LC'^C
A CS (2)
'C L
A C*[A L AE([ ¡
C AoE SC gA @ _E[A 0@ XAOC@]E @ ZE @ A`
L COA [ 'C L @ !A C 0@ 1A C EC
¥ 6L 1VA @ C ,
C @ EZE g A @ _E[ E *@.E CX@EGA , C [ PC 7@ ZE
@ A ` DL A CB[
g
L *C[ C E C g C *AE C 6L Ne_EA DC '@ C[ 0e EC g C *COC[A 6L XeA E 6L 1VA @ ZE 0@ A ZE C cEC (3)
. CN!C X@A
6A @EC
£ 0`$ C
A &V '@ PL 7C CNC C ZE EE C CS g L *C[ NC C E %[A PC*A zL CX@]E @ ZE @ C NC
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. C `PC SC
E *@.E yC !C X@A C8L OL@ZE7C A E` A 4 E ^L e ¡ C NAEo C @ZESC L @A C@GA C , C X@ C @ ZE (4)
¥ A @OCC CP
. 7A C8[_E[ 2 A ][ (E A 0@ OA(E @!A C cEGA C8L OC@ZE7C A @E ` A @E^L e ¡ C XA@oE , L [ PC 7@ ZE
0@ 1A 7C Ch+@ _E[ E '@ (V @ C @'NLE C @A ` &V C^ ¡ C AESV # C C oE C @ZESC (5)
¥@ V OA(E @!A C
J¦ '@ *LP@ _VA C@EGA @ L OL[ PC 7@ _E1E 6A OA(E @!A C m A4 E$ @ bAA &E C^ ¡ C AESV 0@ XA # C E<E yC '@ LZE
. !¦ A CS
0A1 C [ 8C @ C e V 0@ OAW 3V 'C @ X ¡ C AESV L XCY @ C EoCSC . ¡ C AK @ 1E @ A EC (6)
¥ A 8C @ 8C [
2L PL '@ L C &V _E @ C C ASC C ][ (V [ C @XAOCh @ CA A ][ (V [ J
A 7A CRC cEGA 3E 'C @ X ¡ C [ A , L [PC 7@ ZE
. @ A @1A )U ^C C ¡ C E [ C . 3A 'C @ X SC &A C^ A E L C @ C
gC @E !L L >[ C L EC C`V 7C '@ L _V[ ` bA1E &A e8L [ 0A1 3U !C @!A +C )U ^C C 0@ A @ C NC (7)
!L A CL @^A ZE g C @E SC A 8C @ 8C [ 0A1 V 8C @ C S@ ZE J C 7@ Re !L Y Ld @ C @ C @ !A X@A ! C ZE
. 0@ OA@C A CXA 0@ 1A C @AeX*C[CS C @7A ehXe
C" EoC81E A C^C _V[CS &A e8L [ C A @*AE !C C @ V !C X@A E ESC 0@ A ZE C ¡ C AoE 2 C @E
¥ @ A A
C C$ZE "fCL
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@'LC H@ _E1E @ L OC*CA<E CX[ *A.E 8C 1E 3 !C ACp 3 C ^@ ZV E '@ *LV][ C @'NLE @ L 0@ A ZE C (8)
. A 8C C [ A C
fCC E ZE AAC*EE]L E *C([ C [ ZE ¡ C E 0@ «A *CX@C E E
£¡ C d C E$ @ ZE 2 L PL '@ L 0@ A ZE C
.x L C'P@ _E[ , A EC SC £ 4 E «A [ # C EFE 2 C @E
A NACY8C [ 0A1 E '@ V8C @ C C @A ` C @A CC8[ A E L C ` ZE , L 8@ A 1E DC '@ C[
A CS (9)
A CXC [ &A '@ Y
L L SC A E(A7@ bA[ 0A1 @aA C U C !@ C @ L E CXC'@ LL E '@ XL*@CSC J A 7A CR8C [CS
. A C!@ _E[ cEC 7A CYOAN@bA[CS
,
@ .ECKE @ L L (A OCd @ NCSC E>C H L @ L *L Ad @ NC C @A ` A E L C E '@ E 0@ A ZEC , C .[ !C $ C
L aE @ _E[ L AY@ 8L [ &E E. EC ASC , @ *CL 7C C8A t L 7@ _E[ CX@EC , @ .ECH SC 3V Cd C [ CX@EC
E S@ L Y C X@L C8NebA1E @ V AE>C HL 0@ 1A 0@ NA'@ «L @A C `PC SC 6A @EC
£ c`$ C DL C [ _E[ &V '@ PL C
SC A E>C K M A )E >E @A e 6L C >[ NC \C d C [E 2 C @E @ aV N@ZV @ V AE>C K L A E '@ .VpC @ LSC
. @ L C ( d
C NLE SC @ L C E NL 0@ E C @AA C[ A @A C8C [
C E @ ZE C (C C @8A EC[ A ) 8C @ 7C E E @ A ` 0 _V[ 0 *AXe EC A @ aA @ ZE (10)
CXOC@E C !¦ A CS 2 ª $ C 0@ 1A E>C K M CS CC _V[ DC E.ZE 2 C @E x C !C $@ ZE CSC 6L C 4 E E
. C @*AAEF CX[pA C zL CX@ *Ce 'A E
)E EC CL @ L VA CNLSC XCA >V N@_EA #M d A NL C @ A A C XCY @ NC [ ZE CXE 0@ «A *CX@C1E
A CS , C .[ !C $ C
.
A CH @ bA[
L C !M C X@CSC 7L '@ L _V[ L VY
@ CCS )V C @A 8C [ _VXC@ C oGA A C'@ bA[
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Exercise No. 59
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Test No. 17
(7) Which words from the ()'$' -Z) are also ( -Z
D>OP)?
(8) What is ()$) and (!)?
(9) In the following sentences, fill in the blanks with
suitable ()'$' -):
.u
U eC C]V @B A CSC
C C% V Y
>E L A ^L e A &V E(L (1)
. )U H
C 8C L CE &V E(L C @A 8C [ DL !A B
@ C 3V @ 8C [E (2)
.
C C% E '@ ]V @B
AC L L E '@ <V eB C [E (3)
. E @ Xe E '@ L XCY
@ C L L )V >E A CP_E[CS (4)
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¡
C 8C `C
@ A ` 'C L
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Lesson 43
(Q / )).
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The Object
(6 &'>I)
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(` :
, _! /B `* _!)
The verbal noun (7!Y) that indicates the reason for the
If the sentence is changed to (*@ A [ C 6L OL@e ZE), the meaning will be,
“I disciplined him once”. The word (*@ A [ C) will now be a
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(\]I &'>I) because the root letters of the verb and the
verbal noun are the same.
(%
* 1 / ` 5 _!)
(`* _!)
7. The (6 &'>) is a noun that appears after ()A eA 8C [ SL SC ) – a
(S) that denotes togetherness and attachment. The noun
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(!
C @!A h
C [
J
C 7A eCS ,
L *@C oE ) – I went along the new road. In this
example, the word (J C 7A e) is the (6 &'>). Here the (S)
can only have the meaning of ()A eA 8 C [ SL SC ). If the (S) is taken in
the meaning of (2] SS), which means “and”, the
sentence will mean, “I went and the new road went,” which
is obviously nonsensical.
(!
L X@h
L [ SA Z !C X@h
L [CS L @A _E[ C^) – The leader came with the army or
the leader and the army both came.
However, in sentences like (S8
@ C SC
! @pC
C 7C CKC - Zaid and
Àmr both fought one another), only (2] SS) can be
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(6L X@ A cCX%[ OC
@ L - the word from which an exception has been
made), while the excepted one, in this case ‘Zaid’, is the
(cCX%[ OC
@ L ).
the sentence. The sentence (!@ pC ` GA DL '@ (E [ C^ C) can also be
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read as (!
@pC ` GA DL '@ (E [ C^ C) because the word (! @pC ) is the doer
of the action.
(_
-
i+)
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e.g. (¡
L d
CK
@ C 'C L SC ! @+A 7C C^) – Rashīd came laughing. The
pronoun ('C
L ) is the (Z!O*) while (¡ L d
CK@ C), being a ()1 )·),
constitutes the (¯). The (Z!O*) and (¯) first constitute a
()- )·) and then form the (&) of the (1) which is
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(!
@+A 7C ). The (&) is (
'YX 4}).
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(j7ShC).
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(
M* + )
18. The (fCCXL ) is a noun that occurs after any (C!X 9 -
the vocative). The vocative was discussed briefly in Lesson
11 of Volume One.
regarded as (0
@ XA*I) in (1 )), whether it is a proper noun
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(
A EC
L P) or (3U C '@ Y
L ([ C 3U C A NC)27 and whether it is singular, dual
or plural, e.g. (! L A C C), (V ^L 7C C), (A 4
E ^L 7C C) and (E '@ 8L A
@ L C).
The phrase (0
@ 7C C – O my Lord) is sometimes abbreviated to
(
7C C), e.g. ([ L 0
@ A #
@ C
7C ) - O my Lord, grant me
kingdom.
(C!X
L C'^C ). The (fCCXL ) together with the (C!X
L C'^C ) form
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a ()U eACN@ GA
)U eAC!NA )U E8@ ^L ). Sometimes the (C!X
L C'^C ) precedes the
(fCCXL ), e.g. (
£ E C 0@ A @ >A F[ ) – Forgive me, O Allāh.
The phrase ( e L `E) is also used in place of (
£ E C).
(~
M q
+ + M
b d
* $
* M +)
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(
'YX), e.g. (
A C'@ V«@ C A @ !C d
A OeL E ) – No two united persons can
be overcome.
(
E S@ 7L '@ Y
L X@C C @>A AOCB
@ L E ) – No people with differences can be
victorious.
Word Meaning
6 C
C @ZE to rejoice, to be happy
(q) g
C NAZE to be genial, to be sociable
ceC C to be nurtured
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2
PA | one who regrets
,
C d
@ C below
)U (E A to repose trust in
*@^L cowardice
C illness
@ C time
J
7L o[ ZE J
C7oA cubit (0.68m)
9
S@ ²L 7C merciful, compassionate
U '@ $
C to save
9
C C C$ to find, to meet
(t) r
C C to live
J
C e SC to bid farewell
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)U >` A chastity
Á
@C life
8@ .E wheat
!L A CC ! C @ C place
m
ChNC success
V [C full
V @8±E thirsty
Exercise No. 60
3 CCL 6L OL@ C OC@ CS 6A OA>` A cEC C8OA@ CS 6A OANCC_EA ) (E A E @AB C [ jL @ OC@ A (1)
. 6A AK
@ >E A
. !A h @ 8C [CS A [ A [ A *E<E SC x
A p@ A Ê C«OA@ C 4
E *A[ q
L eX
L '@ h L C (2)
@SL *C[ OCP@ CS zL '@ LC^ZE C81E 7CNCSC 4 @E 6L C '@ .E CC SC @ C m '@ NL r
C C (1)
. 7C*[ OAP@
. COCd@ C Ed
A [CS )A ESL `] x C '@ 1E
C COA [ ,L @ HC SC (2)
. 3A 7C e]` A ¦ @A 2
C [ZESC 3A 7C e
e A ¦ @A )E EA SC +A C 4
@A jL @ PA (3)
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sentence (A h
@ >E [ J
C '@ V<V SC j
L @ PA ), it would mean, “The rising of
dawn and I travelled.” This is a meaningless statement.
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The examples of (_
Y)
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. (!L A OCh
@ 8L [ SZ) !C A OCh
@ 8L [ ` GA ! C ZE @ C@ C @ E (1)
. (@ L K
L @ C SZ) @ L K
C @ C ` GA C Y@ XM @'L 8C
@ C @ E (2)
. (3U C h
C +C SZ) 3 C h C +C ` GA 7L Ch+@ _E[ A ]E ([ L @ E (3)
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. @A C J
C7oA SC d8@ .E J
C$SC 4
C C A @E[<7A SC X8@ PC
C
@ !A X@A (1)
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The examples of (
M)
.
A C @FE !@ *L@ CE
A !C *@C C (1)
.¡ C A '@ (E A A C @ V DA '@ (E [ !C PC C (2)
. 7A eX
C EC CX.ASC ) XC
C C 3A C A 0A1SC ) XC C C CN@!M 0A1 CXA| CXe7C (3)
. 0@ XA8@ C 7@ CS 0@ A @ >A F[
7C (4)
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. 7C S@ L «L [ J
A C ©OC«@ L C (1)
.m A ChXeA @ A @ZE !A OCh
@ L C (2)
A A @FE cEC !@ 8A OC@ C E XA @ L C (3)
.
. !L ESC C @ .V (1)
. 0@ XA8@ C oV COP@ V C (2)
. @'
L A^@ V C*@$ A C (3)
. E '@ XLA @ 8L [ CMZEC
£ E C (3) !L 8C @ ZE C (2) !L 8e d
C L C (1)
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The examples of (~
M q
+ + M 0 )
. A C8@bA[ C A L aE @ ZE )E 8C @ NA E (1)
C N@ZE C @>A +C E (2)
. )A C'@ Oe C A L h
. A |@(V [ C A L >E N@ZE
C COA E SC
A COA [ C A L C @ ZE g C @NAZE E (3)
. &U S@ V B@ C \ª C C $ A CN E (4)
. '@ 8L d
@ C 6L V@ 1A d@*A.E E (5)
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Exercise No. 61
*@A _[ C
@ !A ESC ,
L @e ZE
\] &'> 6G 9KS 9K
> >
6 &'> =
) ¯ )1 )·
(2)
*@A _[ C
@ !A ESC ,
L @C H
C
6G 9KS 9K
6 &'> > >
6 &'> =
) ¯ )1 )·
Note 12: The word (*@ A _[ C) is a (\] &'>) in the first
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(3)
@ +C )E ` C 0@ 1A ,
L %[E C
=F 7ST Dp4 >
61 &'> Q ^ 9
9YX > ' =8K
> \O 7SS 7/
) ¯ )1 )·
(4)
!C @!A h
C [ J
C 7A e SC @ PA
1
OOI =8K
)>$ 9'$' )QI 9
> ' (,
C NZ)
J'1 4}
6 &'>
)N )1 )·
(5)
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1AE± Á
L @h
C [ C C
> & &" So > 0HI >
) ¯ )1 )·
(6)
7!A E C8[
@ C
@ C E
&'>I & &" So 6 &'> > >
)1 )·
(7)
V C*K
@ FE ,
C N@ZE SC @ V d
@ C E
0eX 1
J'1I =8K OOI =8K
J'1 ¯ SS
4} Z!O* Y>XI > ' (,C NZ)
9YX =F )
J'1 J'1 4}
&" So >
> & = )- )· = ¯ÇS Z!O*I
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'YX 4} )8/
) ¯ )1 )·
(8)
COA C @A
@ A CX@C OC+@ A
6 &'> ! P !OI >
R8C
ReØ >
) ¯ )1 )·
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(9)
d
2v + D? B+ H+ L ( v + ' g f
(
P ½*I 1
37+¶ ' c
9K fX
6 7 Ù ¦ =8K 9
6 9K
'YX 4} (,
C NZ) OOI !X
7ST
'YX
'YX > '
6 &'> J'1 4}
)N )· = &'>IS > >
!X
'^ =
)N )!N )· =
'/ !X
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Exercise No. 62
Exercise No. 63
. XA*M dO@1E ¡
C E CXd
@ OC1E eNGA (1)
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®E V*@C ESC t
C 7@ xC A B @ C E ¡ C NeGA C C t A 7@ 0A1 Á A 8@ C E SC (16)
. 'V< &E C*h A [
. *E '@ E C C C !C C ZE , L @ZE7C 0NGA (17)
. X@C 3E C @ C COXC[ 6L X@A j @ C h C >E N@E1 (18)
. ) E@E {C A4 E E cCP'L CN!@ C CSSC (19)
.{ C 8A A e L C 7@ ZE 'C L SC a1AC @C 6L WE1 (20)
. E '@ VC >[ C E C '@ V'@ (V C [ ZE 6A ` !C XA O([ C C *LE (21)
.{ A 8A C[
C Cd$ @ ZE ` GA )U XCA7C , @ *C C E C8A g ¦ >[ NC V (22)
.4 A.E ` GA A [ A [ LOASVZ CSC (23)
. U A.E ` GA @ L 8L E@ C C (24)
. V C@ bA[ ` GA A C@ bA[ £ CR^C [ C (25)
. @ V ²L C|CS @ OLNEZ C'@ 8L OL@8e PC C8P@ ZE ` GA 0C A [ GA (26)
.
£ ` GA 6C EGA E (27)
. @ L C'h @ Ne @ ¦ @%AE 0@ 1A C @C E (28)
. Û d C [ 0A1 &E C!^A E SC x C '@ L 1V E SC E 1E7C 4 E 1E (29)
. A @! 0A1 zC C[ GA E (30)
. @ A AC8P@ _EA @ L [*ANEZ DL C | C (31)
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Exercise No. 64
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
Ee E DC C OCd
@ 8L [ 08C
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0S ( 7S
Z) {8aI Q !S Q S yQ 37 yZS
O % R/ ,8iZ 6S
&'Õ ÉZ
0e EC e c 4· + z+ZS =% !
! _1
. > S
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Yµ 0A1 !^ ` , L S I c A 8Wa &E *.AG qS7!
COL@(` EC 0AOW )E X8% ¡dYN !P 8 WZ 0N Ê S *$
!C£ O W G !C &X " ¡ C V'. XS )P7!I 0@ XAOC@ e S { ¡X
+Z )4% &S R/ jZ.
K>*1 "4 1« W G #ÍS
2 KL 6N +Z )Ò 6Z(1 E % R/ Z É% R/ S
3! R^ )4% , L 8i_1 É%S &S (8h SZ) A h @"E
0A*. !P S )¦ C'@ L $ L S )¦ >E [ V A @ L +@ Z S + !Z
S 6N C %Z 1Z |( Z.Z 8e E 0ANA +S 7SPS 1 V Ü
1Z 'Z 0NZ Î
'^7ZS 4. W G 6*] L 1 0Q #Y
. |S SZ !8" 6A W1 8C R/ jZ. oG 6`
¡Z IP ,
C
!+7
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0
1363 D" )h" o + SS " )8/ D'
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