Ổn áp xoay chiều dùng VXL

THIET KE ON AP XOAY CHIEU DUNG VI X LY trang 1 -
GVHD:Thay Le Ngoc nh SVTH: Tran Nguyen Khoa

CHNG I : GII THIEU VI X LY HO CMOS
AT89C51
I.1.1. Gii thieu ho MCS-51:
MCS-51 la ho IC vi ieu khien do hang Intel san xuat. Cac IC tieu bieu
cho ho la 8051 va 8031. Cac san pham MCS-51 thch hp cho nhng ng dung
ieu khien. Viec x ly tren Byte va cac toan so hoc cau truc d lieu nho c
thc hien bang nhieu che o truy xuat d lieu nhanh tren RAM noi. Tap lenh
cung cap mot bang tien dung cua nhng lenh so hoc 8 Bit gom ca lenh nhan va
lenh chia. No cung cap nhng ho tr m rong tren chip dung cho nhng bien
mot Bit nh la kieu d lieu rieng biet cho phep quan ly va kiem tra Bit trc tiep
trong ieu khien va nhng he thong logic oi hoi x ly luan ly.
8951 la mot vi ieu khien 8 Bit, che tao theo cong nghe CMOS chat
lng cao, cong suat thap vi 4 K EPROM (Flash Programmable and erasable
read only memory). Thiet b nay c che tao bang cach s dung bo nh khong
boc hi mat o cao cua ATMEL va tng thch vi chuan cong nghiep MCS-51
ve tap lenh va cac chan ra. EPROM ON-CHIP cho phep bo nh lap trnh c
lap trnh trong he thong hoac bi mot lap trnh vien bnh thng. Bang cach ket
hp mot CPU 8 Bit vi mot EPROM tren mot Chip n, ATMEL AT89C51 la
mot vi ieu khien manh (co cong suat ln) ma no cung ap mot s linh ong cao
va giai phap ve gia ca oi vi nhieu ng dung vi ieu khien.
AT89C51 cung cap nhng ac tnh chuan nh sau: 4 KB bo nh ch oc
co the xoa va lap trnh nhanh (EPROM), 128 Byte RAM, 32 ng I/O, 2
TIMER/COUNTER 16 Bit, 5 vect ngat co cau truc 2 mc ngat, mot Port no i
tiep ban song cong, 1 mach dao ong tao xung Clock va bo dao ong ON-CHIP.
Them vao o, AT89C51 c thiet ke vi logic tnh cho hoat ong en mc
khong tan so va ho tr hai phan mem co the la chon nhng che o tiet kiem
cong suat, che o ch (IDLE MODE) se dng CPU trong khi van cho phep
RAM, timer/counter, port noi tiep va he thong ngat tiep tuc hoat ong. Che o
giam cong suat se lu noi dung RAM nhng se treo bo dao ong lam mat kha
nang hoat ong cua tat ca nhng chc nang khac cho en khi Reset he thong.
Cac ac iem cua 8951 c tom tat nh sau:
-4 KB bo nh co the lap trnh lai nhanh, co kha nang ti 1000 chu ky ghi
xoa.
-Tan so hoat ong t: 0Hz en 24 MHz.
-3 mc khoa bo nh lap trnh.
-2 bo Timer/counter 16 Bit.
-128 Byte RAM noi.
-4 Port xuat /nhap I/O 8 bit.
-Giao tiep noi tiep.
-64 KB vung nh ma ngoai.
-64 KB vung nh d lieu ngoai.
-X ly Boolean (hoat ong tren bit n).
-210 v tr nh co the nh v bit.
-4 s cho hoat ong nhan hoac chia.

I.1.2 khao sat s o chan 8951, chc nang tng chan:
1. S o chan 8951:

30pF
40
Vcc
XTAL.1

XTAL.2

PSEN\
P0.7
P0.6
P0.5
P0.4
P0.3
P0.2
P0.1
18
19
12 MHz
29

30pF

2. Chc nang cac chan cua 8951 :
8951 co tat ca 40 chan co chc nang nh cac ng xuat nhap. Trong o
co 24 chan co tac dung kep (co ngha 1 chan co 2 chc nang), moi chan co the
hoat ong nh ng xuat nhap hoac nh ng ieu khien hoac la thanh phan
cua cac bus d lieu va bus a ch.
32 AD7
33 AD6
34 AD5
35 AD4
36 AD3
37 AD2
38 AD1
39 AD0

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

28 A15
27 A14
26 A13
25 A12
24 A11
23 A10
22 A9
21 A8

a.Cac Port:
Port 0:
- Port 0 la port co 2 chc nang cac chan 32 39 cua 8951. Trong
cac thiet ke c nho khong dung bo nh m rong no co chc nang nh cac ng
IO. oi vi cac thiet ke c ln co bo nh m rong, no c ket hp gia bus a
ch va bus d lieu.
Port 1:
- Port 1 la port IO tren cac chan 1-8. Cac chan c ky hieu P1.0,
P1.1, P1.2, co the dung cho giao tiep vi cac thiet b ngoai neu can. Port 1
khong co chc nang khac, v vay chung ch c dung cho giao tiep vi cac
thiet b ben ngoai.
Port 2:
- Port 2 la 1 port co tac dung kep tren cac chan 21- 28 c dung
nh cac ng xuat nhap hoac la byte cao cua bus a ch oi vi cac thiet b
dung bo nh m rong.
Port 3:
-Port 3 la port co tac dung kep tren cac chan 10-17. Cac chan cua
port nay co nhieu chc nang, cac cong dung chuyen oi co lien he vi cac ac
tnh ac biet cua 8951 nh bang sau:

Bit Ten Chc nang chuyen oi
P3.0 RXT Ngo vao d lieu noi tiep.
P3.1 TXD Ngo xuat d lieu noi tiep.
P3.2
P3.3
INT0\
INT1\
Ngo vao ngat cng th 0.
Ngo vao ngat cng th 1.
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7
T0
T1
WR\
RD\
Ngo vao
cuaTIMER/COUNTER th 0.
Ngo vao
cuaTIMER/COUNTER th 1.
Tn hieu ghi d lieu len bo
nh ngoai.
Tn hieu oc bo nh d lieu
ngoai.

b.Cac ngo tn hieu ieu khien:
Ngo tn hieu PSEN (Program store enable):
- PSEN la tn hieu ngo ra chan 29 co tac dung cho phep oc bo nh
chng trnh m rong thng c noi en chan 0E\ (output enable) cua Eprom
cho phep oc cac byte ma lenh.
-PSEN mc thap trong thi gian Microcontroller 8951 lay lenh. Cac ma
lenh cua chng trnh c oc t Eprom qua bus d lieu va c chot vao
thanh ghi lenh ben trong 8951 e giai ma lenh. Khi 8951 thi hanh chng trnh
trong ROM noi PSEN se mc logic 1.

Ngo tn hieu ieu khien ALE (Address Latch Enable):
- Khi 8951 truy xuat bo nh ben ngoai, port 0 co chc nang la bus a ch
va bus d lieu do o phai tach cac ng d lieu va a ch. Tn hieu ra ALE
chan th 30 dung lam tn hieu ieu khien e giai a hp cac ng a ch va
d lieu khi ket noi chung vi IC chot.
- Tn hieu ra chan ALE la mot xung trong khoang thi gian port 0 ong
vai tro la a ch thap nen chot a ch hoan toan t ong.Cac xung tn hieu ALE
co toc o bang 1/6 lan tan so dao ong tren chip va co the c dung lam tn
hieu clock cho cac phan khac cua he thong. Chan ALE c dung lam ngo vao
xung lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8951.
Ngo tn hieu EA\(External Access) :
-Tn hieu vao EA\ chan 31 thng c mat len mc 1 hoac mc 0.
Neu mc 1, 8951 thi hanh chng trnh t ROM noi trong khoang a ch thap
8 Kbyte. Neu mc 0, 8951 se thi hanh chng trnh t bo nh m rong. Chan
EA\ c lay lam chan cap nguon 21V khi lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8951.
Ngo tn hieu RST (Reset):
-Ngo vao RST chan 9 la ngo vao Reset cua 8951. Khi ngo vao tn hieu
nay a len cao t nhat la 2 chu ky may, cac thanh ghi ben trong c nap
nhng gia tr thch hp e khi ong he thong. Khi cap ien mach t ong
Reset.
Cac ngo vao bo giao ong X1,X2:
-Bo dao ong c c tch hp ben trong 8951, khi s dung 8951 ngi
thiet ke ch can ket noi them thach anh va cac tu nh hnh ve trong s o. Tan
so thach anh thng s dung cho 8951 la 12Mhz.
Chan 40 (Vcc) c noi len nguon 5V.
1. Ban o bo nh Data tren Chip nh sau:

7F FF
F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 B
a ch
byte

a ch bit a ch bit
a ch
byte

RAM a dung
E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E
3
E2 E1 E0 ACC

D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D
3
D2 D1 D0 PSW

30 B8 - - - BC B
B
B
A
B9 B8 IP
2F 7F 7E 7D 7C 7B 7A 79 78
2E 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 P.3
2D 6F 6E 6D 6C 6B 6A 69 68
2C 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 A8 AF AC A
B
A
A
A9 A8 IE
2B 5F 5E 5D 5C 5B 5A 59 58
2A 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 A0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 P2
29 4F 4E 4D 4C 4B 4A 49 48
28 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 99 khong c a ch hoa bit SBUF
27 3F 3E 3D 3C 3B 3A 39 38 98 9F 9E 9D 9C 9B 9A 99 98 SCON
26 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30
25 2F 2E 2D 2C 2B 2A 29 28 90 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 P1
24 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
23 1F 1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 8D khong c a ch hoa bit TH1
22 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8C khong c a ch hoa bit TH0
21 0F 0E 0D 0C 0B 0A 09 08 8B khong c a ch hoa bit TL1
20 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 8A khong c a ch hoa bit TL0
1F Bank 3 89 khong c a ch hoa bit TMO
D
18 88 8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88 TCO
N
17 Bank 2 87 khong c a ch hoa bit PCON
10
0F Bank 1 83 khong c a ch hoa bit DPH
08 82 khong c a ch hoa bit DPL
07 Bank thanh ghi 0 81 khong c a ch hoa bit SP
00 (mac nh cho R0 -R7) 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 P0

RAM CAC THANH GHI CHC NANG ACBIET

- Bo nh trong 8951 bao gom ROM va RAM. RAM trong 8951 bao gom
nhieu thanh phan: phan lu tr a dung, phan lu tr a ch hoa tng bit, cac
bank thanh ghi va cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet.
- 8951 co bo nh theo cau truc Harvard: co nhng vung bo nh rieng biet
cho chng trnh va d lieu. Chng trnh va d lieu co the cha ben trong 8951
nhng 8951 van co the ket noi vi 64K byte bo nh chng trnh va 64K byte d
lieu.
Hai ac tnh can chu y la:
Cac thanh ghi va cac port xuat nhap a c nh v (xac nh) trong
bo nh va co the truy xuat trc tiep giong nh cac a ch bo nh khac.
Ngan xep ben trong Ram noi nho hn so vi Ram ngoai nh trong cac
bo Microprocontroller khac.
RAM ben trong 8951 c phan chia nh sau:
Cac bank thanh ghi co a ch t 00H en 1FH.
RAM a ch hoa tng bit co a ch t 20H en 2FH.
RAM a dung t 30H en 7FH.
Cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet t 80H en FFH.
RAM a dung:
- Mac du tren hnh ve cho thay 80 byte a dung chiem cac a ch t 30H
en 7FH, 32 byte di t 00H en 1FH cung co the dung vi muc ch tng t
(mac du cac a ch nay a co muc ch khac).
- Moi a ch trong vung RAM a dung eu co the truy xuat t do dung
kieu a ch trc tiep hoac gian tiep.

RAM co the truy xuat tng bit:
- 8951 cha 210 bit c a ch hoa, trong o co 128 bit co cha cac byte
co cha cac a ch t 20F en 2FH va cac bit con lai cha trong nhom thanh ghi
co chc nang ac biet.
- Y tng truy xuat tng bit bang phan mem la cac ac tnh manh cua
microcontroller x ly chung. Cac bt co the c at, xoa, AND, OR, , vi 1
lenh n. a so cac microcontroller x ly oi hoi mot chuoi lenh oc sa ghi e
at c muc ch tng t. Ngoai ra cac port cung co the truy xuat c tng
bt.
128 bit truy xuat tng bit nay cung co the truy xuat nh cac byte hoac nh
cac bit phu thuoc vao lenh c dung.
Cac bank thanh ghi:
- 32 byte thap cua bo nh noi c danh cho cac bank thanh ghi. Bo lenh
8951 ho tr 8 thanh ghi co ten la R0 en R7 va theo mac nh sau khi reset he
thong, cac thanh ghi nay co cac a ch t 00H en 07H.
- Cac lenh dung cac thanh ghi RO en R7 se ngan hn va nhanh hn so
vi cac lenh co chc nang tng ng dung kieu a ch trc tiep. Cac d lieu
c dung thng xuyen nen dung mot trong cac thanh ghi nay.
- Do co 4 bank thanh ghi nen tai mot thi iem ch co mot bank thanh ghi
c truy xuat bi cac thanh ghi RO en R7 e chuyen oi viec truy xuat cac
bank thanh ghi ta phai thay oi cac bit chon bank trong thanh ghi trang thai.
Cac thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet:
- Cac thanh ghi noi cua 8951 c truy xuat ngam nh bi bo lenh.
- Cac thanh ghi trong 8951 c nh dang nh mot phan cua RAM tren
chip v vay moi thanh ghi se co mot a ch (ngoai tr thanh ghi bo em chng
trnh va thanh ghi lenh v cac thanh ghi nay hiem khi b tac ong trc tiep).
Cung nh R0 en R7, 8951 co 21 thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet (SFR: Special
Function Register) vung tren cua RAM noi t a ch 80H en FFH.
Chu y:
Tat ca 128 a ch t 80H en FFH khong c nh ngha, ch co 21
thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet c nh ngha san cac a ch.Ngoai tr thanh
ghi A co the c truy xuat ngam nh a noi, a so cac thanh ghi co chc nang
ac biet SFR co the a ch hoa tng bit hoac byte.
Thanh ghi trang thai chng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word):
T trang thai chng trnh a ch D0H c tom tat nh sau:

BIT SYMBOL ADDRESS DESCRIPTION
PSW.7 CY D7H Cary Flag
PSW.6 AC D6H Auxiliary Cary Flag
PSW.5 F0 D5H Flag 0
PSW4 RS1 D4H Register Bank Select 1
PSW.3 RS0 D3H Register Bank Select 0
00=Bank 0; address 00H07H
01=Bank 1; address 08H0FH
10=Bank 2; address 10H17H
11=Bank 3; address 18H1FH
PSW.2 OV D2H Overlow Flag
PSW.1 - D1H Reserved
PSW.0 P DOH Even Parity Flag

Chc nang tng bit trang thai chng trnh:
C Carry CY (Carry Flag):
-C nh co tac dung kep. Thong thng no c dung cho cac lenh toan
hoc:
C=1 neu phep toan cong co s tran hoac phep tr co mn va ngc lai
C= 0 neu phep toan cong khong tran va phep tr khong co mn.
C Carry phu AC (Auxiliary Carry Flag):
- Khi cong nhng gia tr BCD (Binary Code Decimal), c nh phu AC
c set neu ket qua 4 bit thap nam trong pham vi ieu khien 0AH 0FH.
Ngc lai AC= 0.
C 0 (Flag 0):
-C 0 (F0) la 1 bit c a dung dung cho cac ng dung cua ngi dung.
Nhng bit chon bank thanh ghi truy xuat:
- RS1 va RS0 quyet nh day thanh ghi tch cc. Chung c xoa sau khi
reset he thong va c thay oi bi phan mem khi can thiet. Tuy theo RS1, RS0
= 00, 01, 10, 11 se c chon Bank tch cc tng ng la Bank 0, Bank1, Bank2,
Bank3.

RS1 RS0 BANK
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3

C tran OV (Over Flag):
- C tran c set sau mot hoat ong cong hoac tr neu co s tran toan
hoc. Khi cac so co dau c cong hoac tr vi nhau, phan mem co the kiem tra
bit nay e xac nh xem ket qua co nam trong tam xac nh khong. Khi cac so
khong co dau c cong bit OV c bo qua. Cac ket qua ln hn +127 hoac
nho hn 128 th bit OV = 1.
Cit Parity (P):
- Bit t ong c set hay Clear moi chu ky may e lap Parity chan vi
thanh ghi A. S em cac bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cong vi bit Parity luon luon
chan. V du A cha 10101101B th bit P set len mot e tong so bit 1 trong A va
P tao thanh so chan.
- Bit Parity thng c dung trong s ket hp vi nhng thu tuc cua Port
noi tiep e tao ra bit Parity trc khi phat i hoac kiem tra bit Parity sau khi thu.
Thanh ghi B :
Thanh ghi B a ch F0H c dung cung vi thanh ghi A cho cac phep
toan nhan chia. Lenh MUL AB : se nhan nhng gia tr khong dau 8 bit trong
hai thanh ghi A va B, roi tra ve ket qua 16 bit trong A (byte cao) va B (byte
thap). Lenh DIV AB : lay A chia B, ket qua nguyen at vao A, so d at vao
B.
- Thanh ghi B co the c dung nh mot thanh ghi em trung gian a muc
ch. No la nhng bit nh v thong qua nhng a ch t F0HF7H.
Con tro Ngan xep SP (Stack Pointer):
- Con tro ngan xep la mot thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H. No cha a ch
cua cua byte d lieu hien hanh tren nh ngan xep. Cac lenh tren ngan xep bao
gom cac lenh cat d lieu vao ngan xep (PUSH) va lay d lieu ra khoi ngan xep
(POP). Lenh cat d lieu vao ngan xep se lam tang SP trc khi ghi d lieu va
lenh lay ra khoi ngan xep se lam giam SP. Ngan xep cua 8031/8051 c gi
trong RAM noi va gii han cac a ch co the truy xuat bang a ch gian tiep,
chung la 128 byte au cua 8951.
- e khi ong SP vi ngan xep bat au tai a ch 60H, cac lenh sau ay
c dung:
MOV SP, #5F
- Vi lenh tren th ngan xep cua 8951 ch co 32 byte v a ch cao nhat
cua RAM tren chip la 7FH. S d gia tr 5FH c nap vao SP v SP tang len
60H trc khi cat byte d lieu.
- Khi Reset 8951, SP se mang gia tr mac nh la 07H va d lieu au tien
se c cat vao o nh ngan xep co a ch 08H. Neu phan mem ng dung khong
khi ong SP mot gia tr mi th bank thanh ghi 1 co the ca 2 va 3 se khong
dung c v vung RAM nay a c dung lam ngan xep. Ngan xep c truy
xuat trc tiep bang cac lenh PUSH va POP e lu tr tam thi va lay lai d
lieu, hoac truy xuat ngam bang lenh goi chng trnh con (ACALL, LCALL) va
cac lenh tr ve (RET, RETI) e lu tr gia tr cua bo em chng trnh khi bat
au thc hien chng trnh con va lay lai khi ket thuc chng trnh con
Con tro d lieu DPTR (Data Pointer) :
-Con tro d lieu (DPTR) c dung e truy xuat bo nh ngoai la mot
thanh ghi 16 bit a ch 82H (DPL: byte thap) va 83H (DPH: byte cao). Ba
lenh sau se ghi 55H vao RAM ngoai a ch 1000H:
MOV A , #55H
MOV DPTR, #1000H
MOVC @DPTR, A
- Lenh au tien dung e nap 55H vao thanh ghi A. Le nh th hai dung e
nap a ch cua o nh can lu gia tr 55H vao con tro d lieu DPTR. Lenh th ba
se di chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A (la 55H) vao o nh RAM ben ngoai co a
ch cha trong DPTR (la 1000H).
Cac thanh ghi Port (Port Register):
- Cac Port cua 8951 bao gom Port0 a ch 80H, Port1 a ch 90H,
Port2 a ch A0H, va Port3 a ch B0H. Tat ca cac Port nay eu co the truy
xuat tng bit nen rat thuan tien trong kha nang giao tiep.
Cac thanh ghi Timer (Timer Register):
8951 co cha hai bo nh thi/bo em16 bit c dung cho viec nh thi
c em s kien. Timer0 a ch 8AH (TL0: byte thap) va 8CH (TH0: byte
cao). Timer1 a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thap) va 8DH (TH1: byte cao). Viec khi
ong timer c SET bi Timer Mode (TMOD) a ch 89H va thanh ghi ieu
khien Timer (TCON) a ch 88H. Ch co TCON c a ch hoa tng bit.
Cac thanh ghi Port noi tiep (Serial Port Register):
8951 cha mot Port noi tiep cho viec trao oi thong tin vi cac thiet b
noi tiep nh may tnh, modem hoac giao tiep noi tiep vi cac IC khac. Mot
thanh ghi em d lieu noi tiep (SBUF) a ch 99H sed cahai d lieu truyen
va d lieu nhap. Khi truyen d lieu ghi len SBUF, khi nhan d lieu th oc
SBUF. Cac mode van khac nhau c lap trnh qua thanh ghi ieu khien Port
noi tiep (SCON) c a ch hoa tng bit a ch 98H.

Cac thanh ghi ngat (Interrupt Register):
8951 co cau truc 5 nguon ngat, 2 mc u tien. Cac ngat b cam sau khi b
reset he thong va se c cho phep bang viet ghi thanh ghi cho phep ngat (IE)
a ch A8H. Ca hai c a ch hoa tng bit.
Thanh ghi ieu khien nguon PCON (Power Control Register):
- Thanh ghi PCON khong co bit nh v. No a ch 87H cha nhieu bit
ieu khien. Thanh ghi PCON c tom tat nh sau:
Bit 7 (SMOD): Bit co toc o Baud mode 1, 2, 3 Port noi tiep khi set.
Bit 6, 5, 4: Khong co a ch.
Bit 3 (GF1) : Bit c a nang 1.
Bit 2 (GF0) : Bit c a nang 2 .
Bit 1 (PD) : Set e khi ong mode Power Down va thoat e reset.
Bit 0

(IDL): Set e khi ong mode Idle va thoat khi ngat mach hoac reset.
Cac bit ieu khien Power Down va Idle co tac dung chnh trong tat ca
cac IC ho MSC-51 nhng ch c thi hanh trong s bien dch cua CMOS.
2. Bo nh ngoai (external memory):
- 8951 co kha nang m rong bo nh len en 64K byte bo nh chng
trnh va 64k byte bo nh d lieu ngoai. Do o co the dung them RAM va ROM
neu can.
- Khi dung bo nh ngoai, Port0 khong con chc nang I/O na. No c
ket hp gia bus a ch (A0-A7) va bus d lieu (D0-D7) vi tn hieu ALE e
chot byte cua bus a ch ch khi bat au moi chu ky bo nh. Port c cho la
byte cao cua bus a ch.

Truy xuat bo nh ma ngoai (Acessing External Code Memory):
Bo nh chng trnh ben ngoai la bo nh ROM c cho phep cua tn
hieu PSEN\. S ket noi phan cng cua bo nh EPROM nh sau:

Port 0

EA

ALE

Port 2

PSEN
8951
D0 D7

A0 A7

A8 A15

OE
74HC373
O D
G
EPROM

Accessing External Code Memory (Truy xuat bo nh ma ngoai)

- Trong mot chu ky may tieu bieu, tn hieu ALE tch cc 2 lan. Lan th
nhat cho phep 74HC373 m cong chot a ch byte thap, khi ALE xuong 0 th
byte thap va byte cao cua bo em chng trnh eu co nhng EPROM cha xuat
v PSEN\ cha tch cc, khi tn hieu len mot tr lai th Port 0 a co d lieu la
Opcode. ALE tch cc lan th hai c giai thch tng t va byte 2 c oc t
bo nh chng trnh. Neu lenh ang hien hanh la lenh 1 byte th CPU ch oc
Opcode, con byte th hai bo i.
Truy xuat bo nh d lieu ngoai (Accessing External Data Memory):
- Bo nh d lieu ngoai la mot bo nh RAM c oc hoac ghi khi c
cho phep cua tn hieu RD\ va WR. Hai tn hieu nay nam chan P3.7 (RD) va
P3.6 (WR). Lenh MOVX c dung e truy xuat bo nh d lie u ngoai va dung
mot bo em d lieu 16 bit (DPTR), R0 hoac R1 nh la mot thanh ghi a ch.
- Cac RAM co the giao tiep vi 8951 tng t cach thc nh EPROM
ngoai tr chan RD\ cua 8951 noi vi chan OE\ (Output Enable) cua RAM va
chan WR\ cua 8951 noi vi chanWE \cua RAM. S noi cac bus a ch va d
lieu tng t nh cach noi cua EPROM.

Port 0

EA\

ALE

Port 2
RD\
WR\
8951
D0 D7

A0 A7

A8 A15
OE\
WE\
74HC373
O D
G
RAM

S giai ma a ch (Address Decoding):
- S giai ma a ch la mot yeu cau tat yeu e chon EPROM, RAM,
8279, S giai ma a ch oi vi 8951 e chon cac vung nh ngoai nh cac vi
ieu khien. Neu cac con EPROM hoac RAM 8K c dung th cac bus a ch
phai c giai ma e chon cac IC nh nam trong pham vi gii han 8K:
0000H1FFFH, 2000H3FFFH,
- Mot cach cu the, IC giai ma 74HC138 c dung vi nhng ngo ra cua
no c noi vi nhng ngo vao chon Chip CS (Chip Select) tren nhng IC nh
EPROM, RAM, Hnh sau ay cho phep ket noi nhieu EPROM va
RAM.4HC138.

CS

CS
D0 - D7
OE
EPROM
A0 A12
8K Bytes
CS
C
B
A

E
E0
E 1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

CS

CS
OE D0 - D7
W
RAM
A0 A12
8K Bytes
CS
PSEN\ RD\
WR\
Address Bus (A0 A15)
Data Bus (D0 D7)
Select other
EPROM/RAM
RAM

WR\

OE\

Address Decoding (Giai ma a ch)
S e len nhau cua cac vung nh d lieu ngoai:
V bo nh chng trnh la ROM, nen nay sinh mot van e bat tien khi
phat trien phan mem cho vi ieu khien. Mot nhc iem chung cua 8951 la cac
vung nh d lieu ngoai nam e len nhau, v tn hieu PSEN\ c dung e oc
bo nh ma ngoai va tn hieu RD\ c dung e oc bo nh d lieu, nen mot bo
nh RAM co the cha ca chng trnh va d lieu bang cach noi ng OE\ cua
RAM en ngo ra mot cong AND co hai ngo vao PSEN\ va RD\. S o mach nh
hnh sau cho phep cho phep bo nh RAM co hai chc nang va la bo nh
chng trnh va la bo nh d lieu:

PSEN\
WR\
RD

Overlapping the External code and data space
-Vay mot chng trnh co the c tai vao RAM bang cach xem no nh
bo nh d lieu va thi hanh chng trnh bang cach xem no nh bo nh chng
trnh.
Hoat ong Reset:
Khi ngo vao tn hieu nay tac ong mc cao trong khoang thi gian 2
chu ky xung may, sau o xuong mc thap e 8951 bat au lam viec. RST co the
kch bang tay bang mot phm nhan thng h, s o mach reset nh sau:

Manual Reset

Trang thai cua tat ca cac thanh ghi trong 8951 sau khi reset he thong c tom
tat nh sau:

Thanh ghi Noi dung
em chng trnh PC
Thanh ghi tch luyA
Thanh ghi B
Thanh ghi thai PSW
SP
DPRT
Port 0 en port 3
IP
IE
0000H
00H
00H
00H
07H
0000H
FFH
XXX0 0000 B
0X0X 0000 B
Reset

10 F
8.2 KO
100O
+5V
Cac thanh ghi nh thi
SCON SBUF
PCON (HMOS)
PCON (CMOS)
00H
00H
00H
0XXX XXXXH
0XXX 0000 B

-Thanh ghi quan trong nhat la thanh ghi bo em chng trnh PC c
reset tai a ch 0000H. Khi ngo vao RST xuong mc thap, chng trnh luon bat
au tai a ch 0000H cua bo nh chng trnh. Noi dung cua RAM tren chip
khong b thay oi bi tac ong cua ngo vao reset.

I.1.3. HOAT ONG TIMER CUA 8951:
1. Cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet
-Cac Timer cua 8951 c truy xuat bi viec dung 6 thanh ghi chc nang
ac biet nh sau:
Timer SFR Purpose Address Bit-Addressable
TCON Control 88H YES
TMOD Mode 89H NO
TL0 Timer 0 low-byte 8AH NO
TL1 Timer 1 low-byte 8BH NO
TH0 Timer 0 high-byte 8CH NO
TH1 Timer 1 high-byte 8DH NO

2. Thanh ghi mode timer TMOD (TIMER MODE REGITER):
Thanh ghi mode gom hai nhom 4 bit la: 4 bit thap at mode hoat ong
cho Timer 0 va 4 bit cao at mode hoat ong cho Timer 1. 8 bit cua thanh ghi
TMOD c tom tat nh sau:
Bit Name Timer Description
7 GATE 1 Khi GATE = 1, Timer ch lam viec khi INT1=1
6 C/T 1 Bit cho em s kien hay ghi gi
C/T = 1 : em s kien , C/T = 0 : Ghi gi eu an
5 M1 1 Bit chon mode cua Timer 1
3 GATE 0 Bit cong cua Timer 0
2 C/T 0 Bit chon Counter/Timer cua Timer 0

- Hai bit M0 va M1 cua TMOD e chon mode cho Timer 0 hoac Timer 1.

M1 M0 MODE DESCRIPTION
0 0 0 Mode Timer 13 bit (mode 8048)
0 1 1 Mode Timer 16 bit
1 0 2 Mode t ong nap 8 bit
1 1 3 Mode Timer tach ra :
Timer 0 : TL0 la Timer 8 bit c ieu khien bi
cac bit cua Timer 0. TH0 tng t nhng c
ieu khien bi cac bit cua mode Timer 1.
Timer 1 : c ngng lai.

TMOD khong co bit nh v, no thng c LOAD mo t lan bi phan
mem au chng trnh e khi ong mode Timer. Sau o s nh gi co the
dng lai, c khi ong lai nh the bi s truy xuat cac thanh ghi chc nang
ac biet cua Timer khac.
3. Thanh ghi ieu khien timer TCON (TIMER CONTROL REGISTER):
Thanh ghi ieu khien bao gom cac bit trang thai va cac bit ieu khien bi
Timer 0 va Timer 1. Thanh ghi TCON co bit nh v. Hoat ong cua tng bit
c tom tat nh sau:

Bit Symbol Bit
Address
Description
TCON.7 TF1 8FH C tran Timer 1 c set bi phan
cng s tran, c xoabi phan
mem hoac bi phan cng khi cac
vectx ly en thu tuc phuc vu
ngat ISR
TCON.6 TR1 8EH Bit ieu khien chay Timer 1 c
set hoac xoa bi phan mem e
chay hoac ngng chay Timer.
TCON.5 TF0 8DH C tran Timer 0(hoat ong tng t
TF1)
TCON.4 TR0 8CH Bit ieu khien chay Timer 0 (giong
TR1)
TCON.3 IE1 8BH C kieu ngat 1 ngoai. Khi canh
xuong xuat hien tren INT1 th IE1
c xoa bi phan mem hoac phan
cng khi CPU nh hng en thu
tuc phuc vu ngat ngoai.
TCON.2 IT1 8AH C kieu ngat 1 ngoai c set hoac
xoa bang phan mem bi canh kch
hoat bi s ngat ngoai.
TCON.1 IE0 89H C canh ngat 0 ngoai
TCON IT0 88H C kieu ngat 0 ngoai.
4. Cac mode va c tran (TIMER MODES AND OVERFLOW) :
- 8951 co 2 Timer la Timer 0 va timer 1. Ta dung ky hieu TLx va Thx e
ch 2 thanh ghi byte thap va byte cao cua Timer 0 hoac Tmer 1.
4.1. Mode Timer 13 bit (MODE 0) :

Overflow
- Mode 0 la mode Timer 13 bit, trong o byte cao cua Timer (Thx) c
at thap va 5 bit trong so thap nhat cua byte thap Timer (TLx) at cao e hp
thanh Timer 13 bit. 3 bit cao cua TLx khong dung.
4.2. Mode Timer 16 bit (MODE 1):

Overflow flag
TLx (5 bit) THx (8 bit) TFx
Timer Clock
TLx (8 bit) THx (8 bit) TFx
Timer Clock
- Mode 1 la mode Timer 16 bit, tng t nh mode 0 ngoai tr Timer nay
hoat ong nh mot Timer ay u 16 bit, xung clock c dung vi s ket hp
cac thanh ghi cao va thap (TLx, THx). Khi xung clock c nhan vao, bo em
Timer tang len 0000H, 0001H, 0002H, . . ., va mot s tran se xuat hien khi co
s chuyen tren bo em Timer t FFFH sang 0000H va se set c tran Time, sau
o Timer em tiep.
- C tran la bit TFx trong thanh ghi TCON ma no se c oc hoac ghi
bi phan mem.
- Bit co trong so ln nhat (MSB) cua gia tr trong thanh ghi Timer la bit 7
cua THx va bit co trong so thap nhat (LSB) la bit 0 cua TLx. Bit LSB oi trang
thai tan so clock vao c chia 2
16
= 65.536.
-Cac thanh ghi Timer TLx va Thx co the c oc hoac ghi tai bat ky thi iem
nao bi phan mem.
4.3. Mode t ong nap 8 bit (MODE 2) :

Mode 2 la mode t ong nap 8 bit, byte thap TLx cua Timer hoat
ong nh mot Timer 8 bit trong khi byte cao THx cua Timer gi gia tr
Reload. Khi bo em tran t FFH sang 00H, khong ch c tran c set ma
gia tr trong THx cung c nap vao TLx: Bo em c tiep tuc t gia tr
Timer Clock
TL x (8 bit) TFx
TH x (8 bit)
Overflow
Reload
nay len en s chuyen trang thai t FFH sang 00H ke tiep va c the tiep
tuc. Mode nay th phu hp bi v cac s tran xuat hien cu the ma moi luc
ngh thanh ghi TMOD va THx c khi ong.

4.4 Mode Timer tach ra (MODE 3):

- Mode 3 la mode Timer tach ra va la s khac biet cho moi Timer.
- Timer 0 mode 3 c chia la 2 timer 8 bit. TL0 va TH0 hoat ong nh
nhng Timer rieng le vi s tran se set cac bit TL0 va TF1 tng ng.
- Timer 1 b dng lai mode 3, nhng co the c khi ong bi viec
ngat no vao mot trong cac mode khac. Ch co nhc iem la c tran TF1 cua
TL1 (8 bit) TH1 (8 bit)
TL1 (8 bit)
TH0 (8 bit)
TF0
TF1
Timer Clock
Timer Clock
Timer Clock
overflow
overflow

overflow

Timer 1 khong b anh hng bi cac s tran cua Timer 1 bi v TF1 c noi vi
TH0.
-Mode 3 cung cap 1 Timer ngoai 8 bit la Timer th ba cua 8951. Khi vao
Timer 0 mode 3, Timer co the hoat ong hoac tat bi s ngat no ra ngoai va
vao trong mode cua chnh no hoac co the c dung bi Port noi tiep nh la mot
may phat toc o Baud, hoac no co the dung trong hng nao o ma khong s
dung Interrupt.
5. Cac nguon xung clock (CLOCK SOURCES):
-Co hai nguon xung clock co the em gi la s nh gi ben trong va s
em s kien ben ngoai. Bit C/T trong TMOD cho phep chon 1 trong 2 khi Timer
c khi ong.

5.1 S bam gi ben trong (Interval Timing):
- Neu bit C/T = 0 th hoat ong cua Timer lien tuc c chon vao bo
Timer c ghi gi t dao ong tren Chip. Mot bo chia 12 c them vao e
giam tan so clock en 1 gia tr phu hp vi cac ng dung. Cac thanh ghi TLx va
THx tang toc o 1/12 lan tan so dao ong tren Chip. Neu dung thach anh
12MHz th se a en toc o clock 1MHz.

On Chip
Osillator
12

C/T
T0 or T1
pin
Timer
Clock
0 = Up (internal Timing)
1 = Down (Event Counting)
Crystal
-Cac s tran Timer sinh ra sau mot con so co nh cua nhng xung clock,
no phu thuoc vao gia tr khi tao c LOAD vao cac thanh ghi THx va TLx.
5.2. S em cac s kien (Event Counting):
- Neu bit C/T = 1 th bo Timer c ghi gi t nguon ben ngoai trong
nhieu ng dung, nguon ben ngoai nay cung cap 1 s nh gi vi 1 xung tren s
xay ra cua s kien. S nh gi la s em s kien. Con so s kien c xac nh
trong phan mem bi viec oc cac thanh ghi Timer. Tlx/THx, bi v gia tr 16 bit
trong cac thanh nay tang len cho moi s kien.
-Nguon xung clock ben ngoai a vao chan P3.4 la ngo nhap cua xung
clock bi Timer 0 (T0) va P3.5 la ngo nhap cua xung clock bi Timer 1 (T1).
-Trong cac ng dung em cac thanh ghi Timer c tang trong ap ng
cua s chuyen trang thai t 1 sang 0 ngo nhap Tx. Ngo nhap ben ngoai c
th trong suot S5P2 cua moi chu ky may: Do o khi ngo nhap a ti mc cao
trong mot chu ky va mc thap trong mot chu ky ke tiep th bo em tang len mot.
Gia tr mi xuat hien trong cac thanh ghi Timer trong suot S5P1 cua chu ky
theo sau mot s chuyen oi. Bi v no chiem 2 chu ky may (2s) e nhan ra s
chuyen oi t 1 sang 0, nen tan so ben ngoai ln nhat la 500KHz neu dao ong
thach anh 12 MHz.
6. S bat au, ket thuc va s ieu khien cac timer (STARTING,
STOPPING AND CONTROLLING THE TIMER):
- Bit TRx trong thanh ghi co bit nh v TCON c ieu khien bi phan
mem e bat au hoac ket thuc cac Timer. e bat au cac Timer ta set bit TRx
va e ket thuc Timer ta Clear TRx. V du Timer 0 c bat au bi lenh SETB
TR0 va c ket thuc bi lenh CLR TR0 (bit Gate= 0). Bit TRx b xoa sau s
reset he thong, do o cac Timer b cam bang s mac nh.
- Them phng phap na e ieu khien cac Timer la dung bit GATE
trong thanh ghi TMOD va ngo nhap ben ngoai INTx. ieu nay c dung e o
cac o rong xung. Gia s xung a vao chan INT0 ta khi ong Timer 0 cho
mode 1 la mode Timer 16 bit vi TL0/TH0 = 0000H, GATE = 1, TR0 = 1. Nh
vay khi INT0 = 1 th Timer c m cong va ghi gi vi toc o cua tan so
1MHz. Khi INT0 xuong thap th Timer ong cong va khoang thi gian cua
xung tnh bang s la s em c trong thanh ghi TL0/TH0.
7. S khi ong va truy xuat cac thanh ghi timer:
- Cac Timer c khi ong 1 lan au chng trnh e at mode hoat
ong cho chung. Sau o trong chng trnh cac Timer c bat au, c xoa,
cac thanh ghi Timer c oc va cap nhat . . . theo yeu cau cua tng ng dung
cu the.
Mode Timer TMOD la thanh ghi au tien c khi gan, bi v at mode
hoat ong cho cac Timer. V du khi ong cho Timer 1 hoat ong mode 1
(mode Timer 16bit) va c ghi gi bang dao ong tren Chip ta dung lenh:
MOV TMOD,# 00001000B.
Trong lenh nay M1 = 0, M0 = 1 e vao mode 1 va C/T = 0, GATE=0 e
cho phep ghi gi ben trong ong thi xoa cac bit mode cua Timer 0. Sau lenh
tren Timer van cha em gi, no ch bat au em gi khi set bit ieu khien
chay TR1 cua no.
- Neu ta khong khi gan gia tr au cho cac thanh ghi TLx/THx th Timer
se bat au em t 0000H len va khi tran t FFFFH sang 0000H no se bat au
tran TFx roi tiep tuc em t 0000H len tiep . . .
- Neu ta khi gan gia tr au cho TLx/THx, th Timer se bat au em t
gia tr khi gan o len nhng khi tran t FFFFH sang 0000H lai em t 0000H
len.
- Chu y rang c tran TFx t ong c set bi phan cng sau moi s tran
va se c xoa bi phan mem. Chnh v vay ta co the lap trnh ch sau moi lan
tran ta se xoa c TFx va quay vong lap khi gan cho TLx/THx e Timer luon
luon bat au em t gia tr khi gan len theo y ta mong muon.

Timer Operating Mode 1.
-ac biet nhng s khi gan nho hn 256 s, ta se goi mode Timer t
ong nap 8 bit cua mode 2. Sau khi khi gan gia tr au vao THx, khi set bit
INTO (P3.2)

16 Bit
0 = Up 0 = Up
1 = Down 1 = Down
On Chip
Osillator

12

TL0 TH
0
TF0
C/T
TR0
GATE

12 MHz
T0 (P3.4)
TRx th Timer se bat au em gia tr khi gan va khi tran t FFH sang 00H
trong TLx, c TFx t ong c set ong thi gia tr khi gan ma ta khi gan
cho THx c nap t ong vao TLx va Timer lai c em t gia tr khi gan
nay len. Noi cach khac, sau moi tran ta khong can khi gan lai cho cac thanh
ghi Timer ma chung van em c lai t gia tr ban au.

I.1.4 Thu phat noi tiep:
-8951 co chc nang thu hoac phat qua 2 chan TxD ( chan P3.1 ) va chan
RxD (chan P3.0). d lieu c chuyen t dang song song sang noi tiep e
truyen i tren chan TxD va pha thu se co s chuyen oi t noi tiep sang song
song.
Co hai thanh ghi chc nang ac biet c s dung cho port noi tiep la
SBUF va SCON . thanh ghi SBUF co a ch 99H that s la hai thanh ghi, mot
dung e load data e truyen i, va mot dung e nhan data vao. Thanh ghi
SCON dung cho viec ieu khien hoat ong thu phap noi tiep.
2.Thanh ghi SCON:
BIT KY
HIEU
A CH CHC NANG
SCON.
7
SM0 9FH Thiet lap mode lam viec cho port noi tiep
(cho bang sau)
SCON.
6
SM1 9EH
SCON.
5
SM2 9DH Cho phep truyen thong a x ly
SCON.
4
REN 9CH Cho phep thu. at len 1 khi thu ky t
SCON.
3
TB8 9BH Phat bit th 8 bit th 9 . Bit nay c xoa hoac
at bang mem
SCON.
2
RB8 9AH Bit th 8 hay bit th 9 c at trong RB8
SCON.
1
TI 99H C ngat phat set len 1 sau khi 1 ky t c
truyen
SCON.
0
RI 98H C ngat thu set len 1 sau khi nhan xong 1 ky t
3. Cac mode cua port noi tiep:
SM0
SM1
MODE CHC NANG BAUD RATE
0 0 0 Shift Register Co nh ( f
ck
12 )
0 1 1 8-bit UART Thay oi set bi
timer
1 0 2 9-bit UART Co nh f
ck
12 or
24
1 1 3 9-bit UART Co nh set bi
timer

3.1 8-Bit Shift Register (mode 0):
mode 0 chan RxD dung e truyen hoac nhan data con chan TxD xuat
ra xung clock. C mot xung clock se co mot bit c nhan hay truyen,tan so
clock = f
ck
12

(baud rate c co nh). Viec truyen c thc hien bang lenh
xuat data ra SBUF con viec nhan data ch cho phep khi REN = 1 , RI = 0 va
dung lenh oc data t SBUF ve.
3.2 8- Bit UART ( Mode 1):
mode nay data c truyen theo noi tiep,co 10 bit c truyen i tren
ng TxD bao gom 1 bit start, 8 bit data, 1 bit stop. Baud rate c xac nh
bang toc o tran timer 1. viec truyen va nhan data giong nh tren.
9 Bit UART baud rate co nh ( Mode 2):
mode nay co 11 bit c truyen hoac nhan bao gom : 1 bit start, 8 bits
data, bit th 9 co c lap trnh va 1 bit stop. Pha truyen, bit th 9(co the dung
lam parity bit ) c at trong TB8 cua SCON. Pha thu bit th 9 nay c at
trong RB8. Baud rate = f
ck
32 hoac bang f
ck
64.
9-Bit UART baudrate thay oi ( Mode 3):
Mode 3 nay giong mode 2 ch khac la baud rate thay oi va c xac
nh bang toc o tran timer 1.


CHNG II: IEU KHIEN ONG C MOT CHIEU

II.1 NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE TRUYEN ONG IEN
1.Cau truc chung va phan loai:
He thong ien c thc hien hai chc nang:
-Bien oi nang lng ien thanh nang lng c hoac ngc lai.
-ieu khien qua trnh bien oi nang lng o.
V vay thng gom hai he thong con ( hai phan, hai mach):
-He thong mach ong lc ( mach ong lc ).
-He thong ieu khien ( mach ieu khien ).
He thong ong lc bao gom :
Bo bien oi.
ong c.
C cau truyen lc hoac bien toc.
May san xuat.
He thong ieu khien bao gom:
Cac thiet b cam bien.
Cac thiet b o lng.
Cac bo ieu chnh.
Tn hieu ieu khien ( tn hieu at ).
2.Phan loai :
Tuy thuoc vao muc ch:
*Theo ong c truyen ong : Truyen ong ong c ien mot chieu,
truyen ong ong c xoay chieu, truyen ong ong c bc..
*Theo tn hieu ieu khien : Truyen ong tng t,truyen ong ien so,
truyen ong tng t so.
*Theo thuat ieu khien: Truyen ong ieu chnh thch nghi,truyen ong
ieu chnh vect, truyen ong ieu chnh vo hng.
*Theo nhiem vu chung cua he thong truyen ong ien:
He ieu chnh t ong truyen ong ien duy tr lng at trc khong oi ( u,
i).
He tuy ong : He truyen ong ieu chnh v tr can ieu khien truyen ong theo
lng at trc bien thien tuy y ( truyen ong qua anten , rada).
He ieu khien theo chng trnh: He ieu khien v tr ai lng ieu khien tuan
theo chng trnh at trc.

II.2 KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE AC TNH C CUA
TRUYEN ONG IEN:
ac tnh c la quan he gia toc o va moment cua truyen ong ien.
oi tng ieu khien thng la ong c hoac la c cau san xuat (tai).
ong c truyen chuyen ong cho c cau ( tai ), hay ong c mang tai, v vay
phai co s phu hp gia ac tnh c cua ong c va ac tnh c cua tai khi thiet
ke he thong truyen ong ien.
ac tnh c cua ong c ien: e =f (M ).
ac tnh c cua c cau tai : e = f (M
c
).
e : toc o ong c.
M : moment ong c.
M
c
: moment tai a qui ve truc ong c.

o cng ac tnh c:
Thc te quan he e =f (M ) va e = f (M
c
) co nhieu dang khac nhau.
e anh gia va phan biet chung ngi ta a ra khai niem o cng ac tnh
ong c :
o cng ac tnh ong c =
Giasotocdo
t Giasomomen
=
o Daohamtocd
nt Daohammome
.
o cng ac tnh c cua ong c : | =AM/ Ae =oM /oe .
o cng ac tnh c cua tai : |
c
=AM
c
/ Ae =oM
c
/oe .
2.1.ac tnh c cua ong c :
Can c vao | chia lam 4 loai :

ac tnh c cng tuyet oi | =.
ng 1 ong c ong bo.
e
0 M
1
2
3
4
e
0 M
4 2
3
4
ac tnh c cng | ln , M bien thien ln , e bien thien nho ( ng 2).
ong c DC kch t oc lap, phan lam viec ong c khong ong bo.
ac tnh c mem | nho , M bien thien nho, e bien thien ln ( ng 3).
ong c kch t noi tiep, phan khong lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo.
ac tnh c mem tuyet oi : | = 0 ( ng 4) c tao ra trong qua trnh ieu
khien toc o khi gi M = constant trong qua trnh ieu chnh.
2.2.ac tnh c cau (tai):
Bang thc nghiem co dang tong quat nh sau:
M
c
= M
co
+ ( M
cdm
M
co
).(e /e
dm
)
x
.
M
co
moment masat.
M
c
moment toc o e.
M
cdm
moment e = e
dm
.
X ac trng s thay oi moment theo e : x<0,x>0, x=0.
X=0, M
c
= M
cdm
, M
c
khong phu thuoc vao e, |
c
= 0: mem tuyet oi (1).
X =1, M
c
tuyen tnh toc o( F
me
; I
kt
= constant ; R
kt
= constant)(2).
X=2,M
c
t le bnh phng toc o: quat gio, bm ly tam, chan vt tau thuy (3).
X =-1, M
c
t le nghch vi e : may tien, may chuot, may quan day ( 4 ).
2.3.Cac trang thai lam viec cua truyen ong ien:
Trang thai lam viec cua truyen ong ien c xac nh bi phng trnh
can bang nang lng:
P
d
= P
c
+ AP.
Can c vao phng trnh can bang nang lng ong c co cac trang thai lam
viec nh sau:
Khong tai : P
d
>0, P
c
=0, AP = P
d
.
Co tai : P
d
>0, Pc>0, AP = P
d
P
c
.
2.4.ong hoc truyen ong ien:
a.Phan c cua truyen ong ien bao gom:
Phan quay cua ong c ( roto, phan ng): sinh ra c nang hoac nhan lai
c nang.
Cac c cau truyen lc hoac bien toc:
-Truyen chuyen ong t ong c en bo phan lam vie65ccua3 may san
xuat.
-Bien oi toc o va dang chuyen phu hp vi bo phan lam viec cua may
san xuat.
-Bo phan lam viec cua may san xuat : bien c nang thanh cong hu ch
hoac sinh ra c nang.
b.Qui oi cac khau c kh cua truyen ong ien:
Phan c cua truyen ong ien bao gom mot so khau c kh va co the
cha nhieu phan t co moment quan tnh hoac khoi quan tnh khac nhau.iem
at cua lc va moment tren cac phan t cung khac nhau.
e mo ta phng trnh chuyen ong cua he ngi ta thng qui oi cac
ai lng c hoc ve mot iem nao o trong khong gian.Trong truyen ong ien
oi tng ieu khien thng la ong c hoac bo phan lam viec cua may san
xuat.V vay ngi ta thng qui oi cac ai lng c hoc ve truc ong c hoac
bo phan lam viec cua may san xuat, ta xet trng hp qui oi cac ai lng c
hoc ve truc ong c.
Nguyen tac qui oi :
am bao qua trnh nang lng cua he trc va sau qui oi khong oi.
ba.Qui oi moment can ve truc ong c:
Gia s toc o ong c e; toc o c cau e
cc
; moment can tac dung len c cau
M
cc
. Bo phan truyen lc hoac bien toc co hieu suat q;
e/e
cc
= I t so truyen.
Theo nguyen tac can bang nang lng ta co:
M
c
e =M
c
e
cc
/q
M
c
= M
cc
/ q
I
.
bb. Qui oi lc can ve truc ong c:
Tng t:
M
c
= F
cc
v
cc
/ qe
M
c
= F
cc
/q .
Trong o:
M
c
moment can qui oi ve truc ong c.
= v
cc
/ e ban knh qui oi lc phu tai ve truc ong c.
bc. Qui oi moment quan tnh, khoi quan tnh ve truc ong c:
Gia s:
ong c co J
d
, e. He co q chuyen ong quay. Vi J
k
; e
k
la moment quan
tnh va toc o phan t th k, l phan t chuyen ong thang vi m
p
; v
p
la khoi
quan tnh va toc o cua phan t th p.
ong nang cua he trc va sau khi qui oi khong oi ta co:
2
1
J
d
e
2
+
2
1
=
q
k 1
J
k
e
k
2
+
2
1
=
l
p 1
m
p
v
p
2
=
2
1
J e
2
.
J = J
d
+
=
q
k 1
J
k
/i
k
2
+
=
l
p 1
m
p

p
2
.
J moment quan tnh tng ng cua he( Kgm
2
), m(Kg).

c.Phng trnh chuyen ong cua truyen ong ien:
Theo quan iem can bang nang lng :
Cong suat ong c sinh ra can bang vi cong suat phu tai va cong suat ong do
ong nang he sinh ra.
P = P
c
+ P
dm
.
He quay:
W
dm
=
2
1
J e
2
.
J = f(o ) vi o la goc quay.
P
dm
=
dt
d
W
dm
= Je
dt
dw
+
2
1
e
2

dt
dj
.
P P
c
= Je
dt
dw
+
2
1
e
2

dt
dj
.
M M
c
= J
dt
dw
+
2
1
e
dt
dj
= J
dt
dw
+
2
1
e
2
o d
dj
.

Neu J = constant
M M
c
= J
dt
dw
.
He chuyen ong thang :
F F
c
= m
dt
dv
+
2
1
v
2
dl
dm
.
Neu m = constant :
F F
c
= m
dt
dv
.
F ,F
c
(N); m(Kg); l(m); M,M
c
(Nm).

d.ieu kien tnh cua he truyen ong ien:

M
e
A
B Mc

0 M

Khi
dt
dw
=0 M= M
c
: iem lam viec tnh.
iem lam viec tnh la giao iem cua ac tnh c e = f(M) va ac tnh c
cua tai e = f(M
c
).
ieu kien on nh cua diem lam viec tnh :
|
c
> |.
A: on nh ;
B: khong on nh.
II.3 IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C DC:
ieu chnh toc o ong c la chu ong thay oi toc o toc o ong c
theo y muon cua ngi hoac thiet b ieu khien sao cho phu hp vi qua trnh
cong nghe cua bo phan lam viec cua may san xuat.
e thay oi toc o lam viec cua bo phan lam viec cua may san xuat co
the thc hien bang hai phng phap sau:
-Thay oi t so truyen lc hoac bien toc at gia ong c va bo phan lam
viec cua may san xuat.
-Thay oi toc o ong c.

3.1. ac tnh c ong c ien DC:
3.1.1.Phng trnh can bang ien ap va moment ong cDC:
S o tng ng cua cac loai ong c:

I
+
-
-
+
A1
A2
+
-
F1
F2
Ikt
(b) Kch t song song
Vkt
V
I
+
-
-
+
A1
A2
+
-
F1
F2
Ikt
(a) Kch t oc lap

Day quan phan ng quay trong t trng do dong kch t tao nen cam ng sc
ien ong:
E
= eL
k
i
k
.
Truc t trng day quan kch t va truc t trng do dong ien phan ng tao
nen vuong goc vi nhau nen khong tao nen ien ap ho cam trong hai day
quan.V vay phng trnh can bang ien ap ong c ien mot chieu dang ma
tran nh sau:

u
k
r
k
+ pL
k
0 i
k
u
eL
k
r
+pL

(c) Kch t noi tiep
-
+
A1
A2
V
I
+
-
S1 S2
F2
F1
(d) Kch t hon hp
-
A2
V
+
-
A1
I
S1 S2
+

L
, L
k
: ien cam day quan phan ng va day quan kch t.
r
, r
k
: ien tr day quan phan ng va day quan kch t.
L
k
: ien cam tng ho gia t trng va s quay cua loi phan
ng.
Bieu thc L
k
:
L
k
= W
W
k
/R
.
W
,W
k
: so vong day tng ng day quan phan ng va day quan kch t.
R
: t tr.
L
k
i
k
= i
k
W
W
k
/R
.
| = i
k
W
k
/R
.
La t thong di moi cc t.
E
= eL
k
i
k
= W
|e = K|e = K
v
e.
K= PN/2ta.
K
v
= L
k
i
k
= W
|.
p: so oi cc .
N : so thanh dan tac dung cua phan ng.
a: so oi mach nhanh song song.
Moment ien t ong c ien mot chieu tnh theo cong thc sau:
M = L
k
i
k
i
= W
|i
= K
v
i
= K| i
.

ac tnh c ong c ien DC kch t oc lap:
trang thai tnh phng trnh can bang ien ap mach phan ng va mach
kch t co dang sau:
U
k
= R
k
i
k
.
U
= R
+ eL
k
i
k
.
R
k
= r
k
+r
kf
.

r
kf
: ien tr phu noi vao mach kch t.
R
= r
+ r
f
.
r
f
: ien tr phu noi vao mach phan ng.
U
= R
+ K
v
e = R
i

+ K|e .
Phng trnh ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap:
e = (U
- R
)/ K|
= (U
- R
)/ K
v
.
e = U
/ K| -MR
/ (K|)
2
.
e = e
0
M/ | .
e
0
: toc o khong tai ly tng =0.
| : o cng ac tnh c.
e - e
0
=Ae .
o giam toc hay o sut toc do tai gay nen.

Khi u
= constant; | hang so ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap la

ng thang.
ac tnh c ong c ien DC kch t song song:
trang thai tnh phng trnh can bang ien ap:
e
e
0

0 M
U
= R
k
i
k
.
trang thai tnh phng trnh can bang dong ien:
I
n
= I
+ I
k
.
Phng trnh ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t song song:
M = (L
k
U
2
).(1- L
k
e/R
k
)/(R
R
k
).
e = R
k
/ L
k
R
M/( L
k
I
k
)
2
= R
k
/ L
k
- R
M/ K
v
2

= R
k
/ L
k
- R
M/ (K|)
2
.
Khi U
= constant ac tnh c ong c mot chieu kch t song song la ng

thang.

ac tnh c ong c ien DC kch t noi tiep:
trang thai tnh phng trnh can bang ien ap va dong ien:
U
t
= U
+ U
k.

I
= I
k
.
U
= R
+ eL
k
i
k
.
U
k.
= R
k
I
k
.
U
t
= (R
+R
k
+eL
k
)i
.
T M= L
k
i
k
2

Phng trnh ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep:
M =( L
k
U
t
2
)/ (R
+R
k
+eL
k
)
2
.
ac tnh c ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep la ng cong.
ac tnh c ong c ien DC kch t hon hp:
e
e
0

0 M
Gom hai mach kch t mot mach song song va mot mach noi tiep vi mach pha n
ng.
Phng trnh can bang ien ap ong c ien mot chieu dang ma tran nh sau

u
ks
r
ks
+ pL
ks
+- pl

0 i
ks
u
t
eL
ks
+- pl +- eL
k
+R
k
+pl
k
r
+pL
i
k

i

l ien cam tng ho gia dong quan kch t song song va noi tiep.
Theo mach tng ng:
U
t
= U
ks
= U
+U
k
.
i
t
= i
ks
+i
.
i
k
= i
.
trang thai tnh sau cac bien oi ta c phng trnh sau:
U
t
=(+-eL
k
+R
k
+R
)I
/ (1- eL
ks
/ R
ks
).
Moment ien t ong c mot chieu kch t hon hp tnh theo cong thc sau:
M = L
ks
I
ks
I
+ - L
k
I
k
I
.

ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t hon hp co dang sau:
L
ks
U
t
2
(1- eL
ks
/ R
ks
) L
ks
U
t
2
(1- eL
ks
/ R
ks
)
2

M = + -
(+-eL
k
+R
k
+R
)R
ks
(+-eL
k
+R
k
+R
)
2


Khac vi ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep, ong c mot chieu kch t hon hp
co toc o khong tai ly tng va mem hn ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap neu
|
t
=|
ks
+|
k
ng 1 va |>0 neu |
t
=|
ks
-|
k
ng 2.
Anh hng cac tham so en ac tnh c ong c mot chieu:
Anh hng ien tr mach phan ng khi U
t
(U
) = constant; U
k
=constant.
Neu noi them ien tr phu vao mach phan ng th :
oi vi ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap, ong c mot chieu kch t
song song, ong c mot chieu kch t hon hp toc o khong tai ly tng bang
hang so.
e
0
= U
/ K| = U
/ L
k
I
k
= constant.
(ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap ).
e
0
= R
k
/ L
k
= R
ks
/ L
ks
= constant.
(ong c mot chieu kch t song song, ong c mot chieu kch t hon hp ).
o cng ac tnh ong c |= - (K| )
2
/(R
+r
f
) giam nen ac tnh c mem hn
ac tnh c t nhien ( ac tnh c ng vi
U
=U
t
=U
m
; R
=r
;|=|
m
).
o th ac tnh ong c mot chieu c bieu dien nh sau:

e
e
0

2
1
0 M
e
R
f
=0
R
f
tang

( hnh a)

(hnh b)

( hnh c)
e
R
f
=0
R
f
tang
0
M
e
R
f
tang
R
f
=0
0 M

( hnh d)
o th ac tnh ong c mot chieu khi tang ien tr phu mach phan ng:

-oc lap.
-Song song.
-Noi tiep.
-Hon hp.
b.Anh hng ien ap phan ng: U
, U
t

Khi bien thien ien ap phan ng:
U
oi vi ong c kch t oc lap.

U
t
oi vi ong c kch t noi tiep.
ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap:
e
0 M
R
f
tang
R
f
=0
e
0
= U
/ K|
m
giam
| = (K|
m
)
2
/ R
=constanst.
ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap khi ien ap phan ng giam la cac
ng thang song song c bieu dien nh hnh ve sau:

ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep:
U
t
giam dan en t thong | giam va | giam ac tnh c mem a en
toc o giam.
ac tnh c ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep khi U
t
giam nh hnh ve
sau:

0 M
e e
0

U
m
U
giam
e
U
giam
0 M

Anh hng cua t thong khi ien tr va ien ap phan ng khong oi:
e
0
= U
/ K| tang;
| = (K|)
2
/ R
giam khi t thong | giam, ac tnh c mem hn ac tnh c t

nhien oi vi ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap.
o th ac tnh c mot chieu kch t oc lap va kch t noi tiep nh hnh ve sau:

e
e
0

|
m

|
giam
| giam
0
M
e
0 M
| giam
oi vi ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap t tho ng giam vung M nho toc o
tang vung M ln toc o giam.
oi vi ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep | giam toc o ong c tang.
ac tnh c trong cac trang thai ham:
Trong cac trang thai ham toc o va moment ong c ngc chieu nhau
.Moment ong c can chuyen ong cua ong c.
Trong cac trang thai ham ong c lam viec che o may phat.
a.Cac trang thai ham ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap:
ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap co ba trang thai ham:
Ham tai sinh:
Ham tai sinh xay ra khi toc o ong c e ln hn toc o khong tai ly
tng e
0
. Sc ien ong ong c ln hn ien ap phan ng ong c: E
= K|e=
eL
k
I
k
> U
, dong ien phan ng oi chieu, ong c lam viec nh mot may phat
song song vi li ( nguon) cung cap nang lng ien t cho tai khac.

Dong ien phan ng:
I
=(U
)/ R
<0.
M = K|I
<0.
M co tac dung ham ong c.
Khi M = M
c
he thong lam viec xac lap e>e
0
.
Phng trnh ac tnh ong c trang thai ham tai sinh:
e = U/ K| - MR
/ (K| )
2

= U
/ K
v
- MR
/ (K
v
)
2

vi M <0 tc la phan keo dai ac tnh ong c vung e>e
0
nh hnh sau goc
phan t th hai.

e
e
0


Thc te ham tai sinh xay ra trong cac trng hp sau:
- Trong mot so phng phap ieu chnh toc o, khi ieu chnh t toc o
cao xuong toc o thap v du nh phng phap ieu chnh ien ap phan ng.
iem lam viec cua he se chuyen t ac tnh c ng vi U
ln xuong ac tnh
c ng vi U

nho , co toc o khong tai ly tng nho hn toc o lam viec ng
vi ac tnh c trc bieu dien nh hnh sau: oan Be
0
trang thai ham tai sinh.

e
e
0

U
=U
m

U
<U
m

0 M
Khi M
c
co tnh chat the nangtrong cac c cau nang ha : Khi nang tai ong
c lam viec che o ong c . Khi ha tai phai ao chieu ien ap at vao ong
c.ong c chuyen sang trang thai ham ngc.
e han che do ng ien phan ng phai noi them ien tr phu vao mach
phan ng. goc phan t th hai M tac ong ngc chieu e (M<0; e>0) toc o
ong c giam dan en e=0 va c tang toc theo chieu ngc e<0 ; M<0 ong
c lam viec che o ong c trong goc phan t th ba.ong c tiep tuc tang toc
theo chieu ngc (am) di tac dung cua M,M
c
cho en M=M
c
ong c lam
viec xac lap goc phan t th t.

Ham ngc:
trang thai nay ong c nhan c nang t cac c cau chuyen ong cua bo
phan lam viec cua may san xuat va ien nang t nguon bien thanh nhiet nang
tren ien tr mach phan ng.

E
Rh
+
-
I A1
A2
F1
F2
+
-
ong c DC kch t oc lap
+
-
S1 S2 A2
V
I

+
-
E

Ham ngc dung e dng nhanh ong c.Co the xay ra ham ngc trong cac
trng hp sau:
Khi tai co tnh chat the nang:
Trong cac c cau nang ha :
Khi nang tai ong c lam viec che o ong c. Khi ha tai phai ao
chieu ong c . ieu nay co the thc hien bang cach them ien tr phu vao
mach phan ng sao cho moment ngan mach cua ong c nho hn moment tai,
toc o ong c giam dan t e en 0 va ao chieu cho en khi M=M
c
ong c
lam viec xac lap iem ng vi e=e
c
<0.

Phng trnh ac tnh c trang thai nay giong phng trnh ac tnh c che
o ong c e =e
0
M/|||.
ao chieu quay ong c bang phng phap ao chieu ien ap phan ng:
e
e
0

e
c

0
M
ong c ang lam viec che o ong c muon dng ong c ta ao
chieu ien ap at vao phan ng.
Dong ien ong c tnh theo bieu thc:
I
= -(U
E)/R

ao chieu va co tr so ln, e han che dong ien phai them ien tr phu vao
mach phan ng e:
I
<= (2..2.5)I
m
.
Moment ong c M=K|I
<0 ong c giam dan toc o t e en 0,

tai e = 0 ong c phai c cat khoi nguon.
Phng trnh ac tnh c ong c mot chieu khi ao chieu ien ap phan ng:
e =-e
0
M/|||.
M<0.

Ham ong nang:
trang thai nay ong c nhan c nang t cac c cau chuyen ong cua bo
phan lam viec cua may san xuat bien thanh nhiet nang tieu thu tren ien tr
mach phan ng. Ham ong nang dung e dng nhanh ong c.
Ham ong nang kch t oc lap:

Ikt F1
F2
+
- -
+
V
E
A1
A2
(a) : Che o ong c
I
Ikt F1
F2
+
-
E
A1
A2
(b): Ham ong nang kch t oc lap
I
+
-

Gi nguyen chieu dong ien kch t nh che o ong c.
Cat phan ng khoi nguon va ong qua ien tr phu e han che dong ien phan
ng.
Dong ien phan ng:
I
= -E
/( R
+r
f
).
M = K|I
<0 ong c b ham va giam dan toc o t e en 0 , neu M

c
la phan
khang va neu M
c
the nang.
Phng trnh ac tnh c ong c mot chieu trang thai ham ong nang kch t
oc lap:
e= -M/|||.
Dong ien ham c gii han bang dien tr phu noi vao mach phan ng e :
I
<= (2..2.5)I
m.

Ham ong nang t kch:
Khi ong c ang lam viec che o ong c ta cat mach phan ng va
mach kch t khoi nguon va ong qua ien tr phu, gi nguyen chieu dong kch
t.
I
= -E
/( R
+ r
k
r
f
/( r
k
+r
f
))
= - K|e/ ( R
+ r
k
r
f
/( r
k
+r
f
)) <0
M = K |I
<0;
= f(e);
Phng trnh ac tnh c:
e = -( R
+ r
k
r
f
/( r
k
+r
f
))M/(K|)
2
.
M < 0.
Trong qua trnh ham toc o ong c giam dan va ac tnh c la ng cong.
Neu M
c
phan khang e giam ve 0 va e=e
d
neu M
c
the nang.
b. Cac trang thai ham ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep:
ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep khong co toc o o khong tai ly tng
nen khong co che o ham tai sinh. Che o ham ngc va ham ong nang ong
c kch t noi tiep giong nh che o ham ngc va ham ong nang ong c kch
t oc lap.

Che o ham ngc :
Ham ngc xay ra khi noi them ien tr phu vao mach phan ng e
moment ngan mach ong c nho hn moment tai the nang M
c
, ong c se ao
chieu quay. Phng trnh ac tnh c trang thai nay chnh la phng trnh ac
tnh c che o ong c:
e = U
t
/ K| - (R
+ R
f
)M/ (K|)
2
.
ng ac tnh c chuyen t A sang B toc o ong c giam theo BCD. oan
CD la oan ham ngc cua ac tnh c.

Ham ngc khi ao chieu ien ap at vao ong c:
e
0 M
C
B
A
M
c
D
Khi ao chieu ien ap phai gi nguyen chieu dong kch t nh che o
ong c.
Dong ien ham I
gii han bang (2..2.5) I

m
.
Phng trnh ac tnh c khi ham:
e = -U
t
/ K| - (R
+ R
f
)M/ (K|)
2
.

oan BC la oan ham ong nang ngc cua ac tnh c.

Ham ong nang:
ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep cung co hai trang thai ham ong nang
nh ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap.

e
A
M
0
M
c

C
B
A1 Ikt F1
I
A2
+
E
-
F2

Ham ong nang kch t oc lap:
ong c ang lam viec che o ong c, muon ham ong nang ta cat
mach phan ng khoi nguon ien mot chieu va ong qua ien tr phue han che
dong ien phan ng bang (2..2.5) I
m
.
Mach kch t c noi qua ien tr phu vi nguon ien mot chieu sao
cho dong kch t bang dong kch t nh mc. Chieu dong kch t nh che o
ong c.

Dong ien phan ng thi iem ban au bang:
| I
| = (2..2.5)I
m
.
Phng trnh ac tnh c khi ham ong nang kch t oc lap:
e = - (R
+ R
f
)M/ (K|)
2
.
Vi M<0.

e
M 0
Mc
E
A1
+
-
S1 S2
I
+
-
Rh
S1 S2
A1
+
-
E
V

Ham ong nang t kch:
ong c ang lam viec che o ong c, muon ham ong nang t kch,
ta cat mach phan ng va mach kch t khoi nguon ien mot chieu e ong qua
ien tr phu han che dong ien ham ban au bang (2..2.5)I
m
.
Chieu dong kch t gi khong oi.

Phng trnh ac tnh c:
e = - (R
+ R
f
+ R
k
)M/ (K|)
2
.
Vi M<0.

e
M
0

+
-
E
V>E
+
- V
I
+
-
E
V<E
+
- V
I
Che o ham theo chieu thuan
+
-
E
|V|<|E|
+
-
V
Che o ham theo chieu ngc
+
-
E
|V|>|E|
+
-
V
Che o ong c theo chieu ngc
R

R

R

R

Dau cua V, E va chieu I trong cac che o lam viec khac nhau

II.4.CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH TOC O ONGC IEN
MOT CHIEU:
4.1.Van e ieu chnh toc o:
Hau het cac may san xuat eu oi hoi phai co nhieu cap toc o khac
nhau. Viec chon cap toc o la do yeu cau thc te at ra. Ve phng dien nay
ong c ien mot chieu co nhieu tnh u viet hn so vi cac loai ong c khac.
o chnh la ac tnh ieu chnh toc o de dang nh o ma co cau truc mach
ieu khien ong l kha n gian va ong thi viec ieu chnh co chat lng tot.
4.2.ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong |:
ieu chnh t thong kch thch cua ong c ien mot chieu chnh la ieu
chnh moment ien t M = K|I
va sc ien ong quay E
= K|I
cua ong c.
oi vi ong c kch t noi tiep th t thong | co the thay oi bang cac
phng phap sau:
-Mac shunt day kch thch bang mot ien tr.
-Thay oi so vong day cua day cuon kch t.
-Mac shunt day cuon phan ng.
Neu dong ien kch t luc au la I
t
= I th dong ien kch thch sau khi ap dung
cac bien phap tren se giam xuong con I
t
= kI vi he so k:
K= R
st
/(R
t
+ R
st
) <1, neu mac day cuon kch thch.
K = e
t
/e
t
<1 , neu thay oi so vong day cua day cuon kch thcha1
Do o:
| = KK
|
I < |
m
= K
|
I.
Phng phap nay ch ieu chnh c |< |
m
va toc o se thay oi c
trong vung tren nh mc va ng ac tnh se nam ve pha tren cua ac tnh t
nhien.
Neu mac shunt phan ng th tong tr cua toan mach se giam i, dong
ien I =I
t
va t thong | tang len va toc o quay giam xuong. Ro rang phng
phap nay ch ieu chnh c toc o di vung nh mc va ng ac tnh c
tng ng nam pha di cua ac tnh c t nhien. V R
t
rat be nen R
s
hau
nh c at di toan bo ien ap cua mach nen hao ton rat ln va hieu suat
cua ong c giam i rat nhieu. Mat khac hieu qua cua ieu chnh toc o bang
cach tang t thong | con b han che bi s bao hoa cua mach t nen phng
phap nay t c s dung.
4.3.ieu chnh toc o bang cach them ien tr vao mach phan ng:
Phng phap ieu chnh nay ch ieu chnh c toc o di toc o nh
mc va kem theo ton hao tren ien tr phu lam giam hieu suat cua ong c nen
cung t c s dung.
4.4.ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap phan ng:
Phng phap nay ch ieu chnh c toc o di toc o nh mc v
khong cho phep tang ien ap qua nh mc nhng lai gi c hieu suat cao do
khong gay ton hao khi ieu chnh.Phng phap nay phai dung bo bien oi phc
tap nh can co thiet b nguon nh may phat ien mot chieu kch t oc lap, cac
bo ieu khien dung phng phap chnh lu,...
4.5. ieu chnh toc o bang phng phap ieu rong xung:
ien ap bao gom nhng xung co be rong thay oi c va bien o la
hang so. Yeu cau la mach co kha nang ong cat tan so cao, co the ong ngat
cho tng ngat khac nhau. Cac mach nay thch hp cho cac mach ong lc dung
transtor cong suat, viec ong ngat nhieu lan, neu ta thay oi c cac o rong
xung trong mot chu ky th ta co the han che c song hai bac cao.
Trong cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu, ta nhan
thay e ieu chnh toc o can co dai ieu chnh rong, oi hoi chat lng ieu
chnh toc o cao. Do o chon phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c bang
phng phap ieu rong xung ngha la thay oi c t
ON
va f
xung
= 1/ T =
constant.
KHi ONG ONG C MOT CHIEU:
Dong phan ng cua ong c DC trong qua trnh qua o, nh che o khi
ong, can c gii han e tranh phat sinh tia la ien qua mc tren co gop
ong c. Thong thng, vi ong c khong co cuon bu, dong nay gii han
mc hai lan dong nh mc. Vi ong c co cuon bu hoac thiet ke ac biet,
dong nay cho phep len en 3.5 lan dong nh mc.
Khi cap ien ap nh mc trc tiep trong che o khi ong, dong phan
ng ong c DC co the len en 20 lan dong nh mc. Dong khi ong nay gay
ra phat sinh tia la ien qua mc tren co gop va phat nhiet trong cuon day phan
ng. Dong khi ong ong c, do o, can c han che bang cach giam ien ap
at len phan ng.
Trong thc te, cac bo bien oi dung e ieu khien toc o ong c cung
c s dung e han che dong ong c khi khi ong. Ca c bo bien oi nay
thng co kha nang han che dong ien trong qua trnh qua o. Trong cac ng
dung khong s dung cac bo bien oi, mot bo ien tr khi ong c them vao
mach phan ng ong c khi khi ong e han che dong. Cac ien tr trong bo
ien tr khi ong lan lt c cat ra(hoac noi tat) trong qua trnh khi ong,
va c tnh chon sao cho dong qua ong c c han che mc cho phep,
trong khi van am bao momen ong c sinh ra u e gia toc ong c.

CHNG III:CHNG TRNH VI X LY IEU KHIENONG C
III.1.Chng trnh ieu khien ong c theo ieu rong xung:
( Viet bang hp ng dang file asm)
; P0.1 tang ap : quay thuan
; P0.2 giam ap : quay nghich
ORG 0000H
MOV TMOD,#01H
LVTN:
JB P1.7,L1 ;so sanh ap vao voi 207 & nhay den L1 khi > 207
CLR P0.2 ; ap vao < 207
SETB P0.1
ACALL DELAY600
CLR P0.1
SETB P0.2
CLR P0.2
JMP LVTN
L1:
JB P1.6,L2 ; so sanh ap vao voi 211 & nhay den L2 khi > 211
CLR P0.2 ;207 <ap vao <211
SETB P0.1
ACALL DELAY500
CLR P0.1
SETB P0.2
CLR P0.2
JMP LVTN
L2:
CLR P0.2 ; 211 < ap vao < 215
SETB P0.1
ACALL DELAY310
CLR P0.1
SETB P0.2
CLR P0.2
JMP LVTN
L3:
CLR P0.2 ; 215 < ap vao < 219
SETB P0.1
ACALL DELAY110
CLR P0.1
SETB P0.2
CLR P0.2
JMP LVTN
L4:
JB P1.3,L5 ; so sanh ap vao voi 223 & nhay den L5 khi >223
CLR P0.2 ; 219 < ap vao < 223
CLR P0.1
JMP LVTN
L5:
CLR P0.1 ; 223 < ap vao < 227
SETB P0.2
ACALL DELAY220
CLR P0.2
SETB P0.1
CLR P0.1
JMP LVTN
L6:
CLR P0.1 ; 227 < ap vao < 231
SETB P0.2
ACALL DELAY410
CLR P0.2
SETB P0.1
CLR P0.1
JMP LVTN
L7:
CLR P0.1 ; 231 < ap vao < 236
SETB P0.2
ACALL DELAY610
CLR P0.2
SETB P0.1
CLR P0.1
JMP LVTN
L8:
CLR P0.1 ; ap vao > 236
SETB P0.2
ACALL DELAY700
CLR P0.2
SETB P0.1
CLR P0.1
JMP LVTN
DELAY600:
MOV R0,#4
D2:
MOV R1,#3
MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
D1:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
DJNZ R1,D1
DJNZ R0,D2
RET

DELAY500:
MOV R0,#5
D4:
MOV R1,#2
D3:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
DJNZ R1,D3
DJNZ R0,D4
RET
DELAY310:
MOV R0,#31
D6:
MOV R1,#2
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
D5:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
DJNZ R1,D5
DJNZ R0,D6
RET
DELAY110:
MOV R0,#11
D8:
MOV R1,#2
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
D7:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
DJNZ R1,D7
DJNZ R0,D8
RET
DELAY220:
MOV R0,#11
D10:
MOV R1,#4
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
D9:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
DJNZ R1,D9
DJNZ R0,D10
RET
DELAY410:
MOV R0,#41
D12:
MOV R1,#2
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
D11:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
DJNZ R1,D11
DJNZ R0,D12
RET
DELAY610:
MOV R0,#61
D14:
MOV R1,#2
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
D13:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
DJNZ R1,D13
DJNZ R0,D14
RET
DELAY700:
MOV R0,#7
D16:
MOV R1,#2
D15:
SETB TR0
JNB TF0,$
CLR TF0
CLR TR0
DJNZ R1,D15
DJNZ R0,D16
RET
END

III.2 Chng trnh dch sang file list kiem tra loi:
MCS-51 MACRO ASSEMBLER LVKHOA
01/07/:2 PAGE 1

DOS 7.10 (038-N) MCS-51 MACRO ASSEMBLER, V2.2
OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN LVKHOA.OBJ
ASSEMBLER INVOKED BY:
D:\LUANVA~1\MYDOCU~1\MY\ASM51\ASM51.EXE LVKHOA.ASM

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

1 ; P0.1 tang ap : quay thuan
2 ; P0.2 giam ap : quay nghich
0000 3 ORG 0000H
0000 758901 4 MOV TMOD,#01H
5 LVTN:
0003 20970E 6 JB P1.7,L1 ;so sanh ap vao voi 207 & nhay den
L1 khi > 207
0006 C282 7 CLR P0.2 ; ap vao < 207
0008 D281 8 SETB P0.1
000A 1191 9 ACALL DELAY600
000C C281 10 CLR P0.1
000E D282 11 SETB P0.2
0010 C282 12 CLR P0.2
0012 80EF 13 JMP LVTN
14 L1:
0014 20960E 15 JB P1.6,L2 ; so sanh ap vao voi 211 & nhay den
L2 khi > 211
0017 C282 16 CLR P0.2 ;207 <ap vao <211
0019 D281 17 SETB P0.1
001B 11AF 18 ACALL DELAY500
001D C281 19 CLR P0.1
001F D282 20 SETB P0.2
0021 C282 21 CLR P0.2
0023 80DE 22 JMP LVTN
23 L2:
L3 khi > 215
0028 C282 25 CLR P0.2 ; 211 < ap vao < 215
002A D281 26 SETB P0.1
002C 11CD 27 ACALL DELAY310
002E C281 28 CLR P0.1
0030 D282 29 SETB P0.2
0032 C282 30 CLR P0.2
0034 80CD 31 JMP LVTN
32 L3:
L4 khi > 219
0039 C282 34 CLR P0.2 ; 215 < ap vao < 219
003B D281 35 SETB P0.1
003D 11EB 36 ACALL DELAY110
003F C281 37 CLR P0.1
0041 D282 38 SETB P0.2
0043 C282 39 CLR P0.2
0045 80BC 40 JMP LVTN
41 L4:
0047 209306 42 JB P1.3,L5 ; so sanh ap vao voi 223 & nhay den
L5 khi >223
004A C282 43 CLR P0.2 ; 219 < ap vao < 223
004C C281 44 CLR P0.1
004E 80B3 45 JMP LVTN
46 L5:
L6 khi > 227
0053 C281 48 CLR P0.1 ; 223 < ap vao < 227
0055 D282 49 SETB P0.2
0057 3109 50 ACALL DELAY220
01/07/:2 PAGE 2

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

0059 C282 51 CLR P0.2
005B D281 52 SETB P0.1
005D C281 53 CLR P0.1
005F 80A2 54 JMP LVTN
55 L6:
L7 khi > 231
0064 C281 57 CLR P0.1 ; 227 < ap vao < 231
0066 D282 58 SETB P0.2
0068 3127 59 ACALL DELAY410
006A C282 60 CLR P0.2
006C D281 61 SETB P0.1
006E C281 62 CLR P0.1
0070 8091 63 JMP LVTN
64 L7:
L8 khi > 236
0075 C281 66 CLR P0.1 ; 231 < ap vao < 236
0077 D282 67 SETB P0.2
0079 3145 68 ACALL DELAY610
007B C282 69 CLR P0.2
007D D281 70 SETB P0.1
007F C281 71 CLR P0.1
0081 8080 72 JMP LVTN
73 L8:
0083 C281 74 CLR P0.1 ; ap vao > 236
0085 D282 75 SETB P0.2
0087 3163 76 ACALL DELAY700
0089 C282 77 CLR P0.2
008B D281 78 SETB P0.1
008D C281 79 CLR P0.1
008F 0103 80 JMP LVTN
81 DELAY600:
0091 7804 82 MOV R0,#4
83 D2:
0093 7903 84 MOV R1,#3
0095 758C3C 85 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
0098 758AB0 86 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
87 D1:
009B D28C 88 SETB TR0
009D 308DFD 89 JNB TF0,$
00A0 C28D 90 CLR TF0
00A2 C28C 91 CLR TR0
00A4 758C3C 92 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
00A7 758AB0 93 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
00AA D9EF 94 DJNZ R1,D1
00AC D8E5 95 DJNZ R0,D2
00AE 22 96 RET
97
98 DELAY500:
00AF 7805 99 MOV R0,#5
100 D4:
00B1 7902 101 MOV R1,#2
00B3 758C3C 102 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
00B6 758AB0 103 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
104 D3:
00B9 D28C 105 SETB TR0
01/07/:2 PAGE 3

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

00BB 308DFD 106 JNB TF0,$
00BE C28D 107 CLR TF0
00C0 C28C 108 CLR TR0
00C2 758C3C 109 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
00C5 758AB0 110 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
00C8 D9EF 111 DJNZ R1,D3
00CA D8E5 112 DJNZ R0,D4
00CC 22 113 RET
114 DELAY310:
00CD 781F 115 MOV R0,#31
116 D6:
00CF 7902 117 MOV R1,#2
00D1 758CEC 118 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
00D4 758A78 119 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
120 D5:
00D7 D28C 121 SETB TR0
00D9 308DFD 122 JNB TF0,$
00DC C28D 123 CLR TF0
00DE C28C 124 CLR TR0
00E0 758CEC 125 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
00E3 758A78 126 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
00E6 D9EF 127 DJNZ R1,D5
00E8 D8E5 128 DJNZ R0,D6
00EA 22 129 RET
130 DELAY110:
00EB 780B 131 MOV R0,#11
132 D8:
00ED 7902 133 MOV R1,#2
00EF 758CEC 134 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
00F2 758A78 135 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
136 D7:
00F5 D28C 137 SETB TR0
00F7 308DFD 138 JNB TF0,$
00FA C28D 139 CLR TF0
00FC C28C 140 CLR TR0
00FE 758CEC 141 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
0101 758A78 142 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
0104 D9EF 143 DJNZ R1,D7
0106 D8E5 144 DJNZ R0,D8
0108 22 145 RET
146 DELAY220:
0109 780B 147 MOV R0,#11
148 D10:
010B 7904 149 MOV R1,#4
010D 758CEC 150 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
0110 758A78 151 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
152 D9:
0113 D28C 153 SETB TR0
0115 308DFD 154 JNB TF0,$
0118 C28D 155 CLR TF0
011A C28C 156 CLR TR0
011C 758CEC 157 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
011F 758A78 158 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
0122 D9EF 159 DJNZ R1,D9
0124 D8E5 160 DJNZ R0,D10
01/07/:2 PAGE 4

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

0126 22 161 RET
162 DELAY410:
0127 7829 163 MOV R0,#41
164 D12:
0129 7902 165 MOV R1,#2
012B 758CEC 166 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
012E 758A78 167 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
168 D11:
0131 D28C 169 SETB TR0
0133 308DFD 170 JNB TF0,$
0136 C28D 171 CLR TF0
0138 C28C 172 CLR TR0
013A 758CEC 173 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
013D 758A78 174 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
0140 D9EF 175 DJNZ R1,D11
0142 D8E5 176 DJNZ R0,D12
0144 22 177 RET
178 DELAY610:
0145 783D 179 MOV R0,#61
180 D14:
0147 7902 181 MOV R1,#2
0149 758CEC 182 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
014C 758A78 183 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
184 D13:
014F D28C 185 SETB TR0
0151 308DFD 186 JNB TF0,$
0154 C28D 187 CLR TF0
0156 C28C 188 CLR TR0
0158 758CEC 189 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-5000)
015B 758A78 190 MOV TL0,#LOW(-5000)
015E D9EF 191 DJNZ R1,D13
0160 D8E5 192 DJNZ R0,D14
0162 22 193 RET
194 DELAY700:
0163 7807 195 MOV R0,#7
196 D16:
0165 7902 197 MOV R1,#2
0167 758C3C 198 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
016A 758AB0 199 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
200 D15:
016D D28C 201 SETB TR0
016F 308DFD 202 JNB TF0,$
0172 C28D 203 CLR TF0
0174 C28C 204 CLR TR0
0176 758C3C 205 MOV TH0,#HIGH(-50000)
0179 758AB0 206 MOV TL0,#LOW(-50000)
017C D9EF 207 DJNZ R1,D15
017E D8E5 208 DJNZ R0,D16
0180 22 209 RET
210 END
01/07/:2 PAGE 5

SYMBOL TABLE LISTING
------ ----- -------

N A M E T Y P E V A L U E A T T R I B U T E S

D1 . . . . C ADDR 009BH A
D10. . . . C ADDR 010BH A
D11. . . . C ADDR 0131H A
D12. . . . C ADDR 0129H A
D13. . . . C ADDR 014FH A
D14. . . . C ADDR 0147H A
D15. . . . C ADDR 016DH A
D16. . . . C ADDR 0165H A
D2 . . . . C ADDR 0093H A
D3 . . . . C ADDR 00B9H A
D4 . . . . C ADDR 00B1H A
D5 . . . . C ADDR 00D7H A
D6 . . . . C ADDR 00CFH A
D7 . . . . C ADDR 00F5H A
D8 . . . . C ADDR 00EDH A
D9 . . . . C ADDR 0113H A
DELAY110 . C ADDR 00EBH A
DELAY220 . C ADDR 0109H A
DELAY310 . C ADDR 00CDH A
DELAY500 . C ADDR 00AFH A
L1 . . . . C ADDR 0014H A
L2 . . . . C ADDR 0025H A
L3 . . . . C ADDR 0036H A
L4 . . . . C ADDR 0047H A
L5 . . . . C ADDR 0050H A
L6 . . . . C ADDR 0061H A
L7 . . . . C ADDR 0072H A
L8 . . . . C ADDR 0083H A
LVTN . . . C ADDR 0003H A
P0 . . . . D ADDR 0080H A
P1 . . . . D ADDR 0090H A
TF0. . . . B ADDR 0088H.5 A
TH0. . . . D ADDR 008CH A
TL0. . . . D ADDR 008AH A
TMOD . . . D ADDR 0089H A
TR0. . . . B ADDR 0088H.4 A

REGISTER BANK(S) USED: 0

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE, NO ERRORS FOUND

III.3. Chng trnh dch sang ma may file hex:
:1000000075890120970EC282D2811191C281D2825C
:10001000C28280EF20960EC282D28111AFC281D2FD
:1000200082C28280DE20950EC282D28111CDC28131
:10003000D282C28280CD20940EC282D28111EBC2C4
:1000400081D282C28280BC209306C282C28180B3E8
:1000500020920EC281D2823109C282D281C28180B5
:10006000A220910EC281D2823127C282D281C28166
:10007000809120900EC281D2823145C282D281C24B
:10008000818080C281D2823163C282D281C28101E9
:100090000378047903758C3C758AB0D28C308DFD61
:1000A000C28DC28C758C3C758AB0D9EFD8E52278A8
:1000B000057902758C3C758AB0D28C308DFDC28D6D
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CHNG IV: THI CONG MO HNH
ON AP XOAY CHIEU DUNG VI X LY
Cac linh kien s dung thiet ke:
a> OPTOCOUPLERS:
Optocouple hay con goi la Optoisolator la mot loai linh kien quang c s
dung e tao mach cach ly ve ien. Cho phep ngi thiet ke mach ieu khien
ngo ra bang thay oi nang lng cap cho ngo vao. Tuy nhien hai phan ngo vao
va ngo ra cua mach c cach ly ve ien bang mot ien tr vo cung ln. Linh
kien nay co the cha photodiode, transistor, opamp. hoac cac linh kien khac
co the giao tiep c vi mach ieu khien ieu khien bi. Mach ieu khien
thng s dung Led hong ngoai.
Nguyen tac hoat ong cua linh kien : Khi co dong ien chay qua Led, led
se phat ra song hong ngoai va di tac ong cua song hong ngoai bo phan thu
nh photodiode se b tac ong va dan ien. Nh vay hai mach ngo vao va ngo
ra c cach ly vi nhau.
Mach ieu khien t xa s dung optocoupler loai 4N35 la loai co phan thu
s dung transistor (nh hnh).

/apc/ly V
CEMAX
/apngc I
CMAX
V
CEbhoa
/apthuan V
Cet/thieu

3.55KV 30V 6V 100mA 0.3V 0.7..1.4V 70V

b> TRANSITOR:
1.>C828:

OPTO1
C828

ay la loai transitor npn.
Cac thong so ky thuat:

V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

30 V 30 V 50 Ma 65

2.>B688 :

ay la loai trasitor pnp.
Cac thong so ky thuat :
V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

50 V 50 V 8 A 70

3.>A671:

B688
A671

V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

50 V 50 V 3 A 35

4. H1061:

V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

40 V 40 V 4 A 35

5.D718:

H1061
D718
V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

30 V 80 V 7 A 60

6.A1015:

V
CBMAX
V
CEMAX
I
CEMAX
h
fe

100 V 50 V 0.5 A 100

OP-AM (OP 07)
Supplyvolt
range
Input volt Powerdissipation Testcondition
+
-
3 to
+
-
18V
+
-
30V 500 mW
+
-
15
Open/l/v Bias Stew/r/r time O/P/V swing
A1015
gain current
132
+
-
22 nA 0.17V/S
+
-
13

Chan 1, 7 : V
cc+
.
Chan 4,8 : V
cc-
.
Chan 2 : Input ao.
Chan 3 : Input khong ao .
Chan 6 : Output .

Nguyen tac hoat ong cua on ap nh sau:
ien ap au vao c so sanh vi ap chuan 220V. Khi so sanh bi OP07
ngo ra co 2 mc logic +4.5V va 4.5V.
Trong khi o 8951 ch oc c cac mc 0 va 1,do o ta phai chuyen oi
mc 4.5V tr thanh 0V ( mc 0). Port 1 c s dung lam ngo nhap vao Port 0
c s dung lam ngo xuat ( P0.1 quay thuan, P0.2 quay ngch).
2
6
1
3
4 5
7
8
P0.1 va P0.2 c noi en ngo ieu khien mach ieu rong xung. Khi moi
chan tch cc ong c se quay 1 chieu trong 1 khoang thi gian ma ta a at
trc.Tuy thuoc vao gia tr ien ap au vao ma ong c co so vong quay tng
ng nham nang ien ap len gia tr at.

Mach thiet ke c trnh bay nh hnh sau va lu do giai thuat.

Thiet ke va tnh toan:
1. Mach so sanh ien ap:
Dung nguon chuan 24V phan ap tren tr e tao ra cac mc so sanh.

24 VDC
2,2K
100K
13.91V
14.16

Tong tr cua mach: Z = 242 kO.
Dong ien chay trong mach la: I = 0.099709181A.
T o tnh c cac mc ap tren hnh tren va cac mc ay cung phu hp thc te
o ac sau khi thiet ke.
Lay ap chuan c tao ra bi cau phan the so sanh vi ngo ra cua on ap, s
dung bien the 220V/ 13.25.
So sanh dung OP 07 neu ngo ra cua on ap > nguon chuan th ngo ra ~ E (
4.5V).
Neu ngc lai th ngo ra ~- E(-4.5V).
2. Mach chuyen oi cac mc logic:

Vout = Vcc- (( Vin Vbe Vcesat)/Rb ) Rc.
In = E Vout ~ Vcc.
In = E Vout ~ 0.
Chon cac ien t co gia tr nh vay:
Da vao ieu kien bao hoa cua trasitor:
Ib > ic/|.
| = 100 do transitor la A1015.
Chon ib = 3 ic/|.
Ic =(Vcc Vcesat)/ Rc.
Ib = (Vin Vbe Vcesat)/Rb.
Chon Rc = 1k
Suy ra ic = 4.8 ma.
Ib = 0.144 ma.
Suy ra Rb = 2.2k
Rb cang be th ib cang ln keo theo transitor bao hoa cang nhanh.
3. Mach x ly:
A101
5
Rb 1k
Rc 1k
out
in
Vcc 5v
Gnd
Dung 8951 lam CPU x ly chnh trong khoi ieu khien.
Cac chan 8951 c s dung se c keo len nguon thong qua ien tr
10k.Ta phai dung ien tr keo len do cac chan 8951 dang cc thu e h
nen dong vao rat yeu, khi reset hay clear th nh ien tr keo len nay cung
cap u dong cho transitor hoat ong.
Gan thach anh:
Thach anh ch la tu nen muon tao dao ong th phai co ien tch nap va xa
lien tuc. V the co 2 tu giay gan vao 2 chan cua thach anh noi xuong at e
tao dao ong.
4. Mach ong lc:
Kch oi nghch

P0.1 kch 1, 3 cap nguon cho ong c quay thuan nham lam tang
ap.
P0.2 kch 2, 4 cap nguon cho ong c quay nghch nham lam giam
ap.
Phai dung mach ong lc v can cung cap dong va a p cho ong c
che o nh mc e co so vong quay bang vi so vong nh mc. ieu
khien ong c theo ieu rong xung:

1
4
2
3
T
lv1
T
lv2
5. Xac nh cac khoang thi gian delay :
* Moi vong day chenh nhau 0.457V.
* ong c khi hoat ong che o nh mc at 2400rmp.
* Tnh toan phan c o at day ai va banh rang truyen ong, tnh
cac ty so truyen ta xac nh c khi quay 1 rang banh rang truyen
ong tc la thay oi c 0.457V. V vay, e thay oi c 0.457V
can 1 khoang thi gian 125/6 ms. Ta co bang sau:
Mc ap (V) Ap chenh lech (V) Thi gian delay (ms)
207 13 590
211 9 410
215 5 220
219 1 NOP
223 -3 130
227 -7 320
231 -11 500
236 -16 730
T bang tren ta chon cac khoang thi gian delay oi vi tng mc ap.

Ket qua thi cong mo hi(nh a ieu khien dc ( khi ap vao ln hn
220V th giam xuong con 220V va khi ap nho hn th nang len). Mo hnh
nay cha at toi u do khi thiet ke gia thanh cao hn th trng va tnh
tham my cha at dc . Do tren th trng hien nay on ap xoay chieu ch
s dung 3 mc so sanh va dieu khien ap len xuong nhng on ap do em thiet
ke th nhan biet dc tng mc va can them bao nhieu th nang len va u.

PHU LUC

1 Bai giang truyen ong ien ( ai hoc Bach Khoa TP HCM, ai hoc
Bach Khoa Ha Noi)

2 Microcontroller

3 Nguyen ly mach tch hp.

4 ien t cong suat 1 ( Thay Nguyen Van Nh)

5 ien t cong suat 2.

Ổn áp xoay chiều dùng VXL

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Ổn áp xoay chiều dùng VXL

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THIET KE ON AP XOAY CHIEU DUNG VI X LY trang 1 -

GVHD:Thay Le Ngoc nh SVTH: Tran Nguyen Khoa

= constant; | hang so ac tnh ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap la

= constant ac tnh c ong c mot chieu kch t song song la ng

oi vi ong c kch t oc lap.

giam khi t thong | giam, ac tnh c mem hn ac tnh c t

<0 ong c giam dan toc o t e en 0,

<0 ong c b ham va giam dan toc o t e en 0 , neu M

gii han bang (2..2.5) I

va sc ien ong quay E

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