Clifford Tafangenyasha was born on 28 th February 1958 in Chimanimani, the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. He attended lo al !

rimary and high s hool and tea her training ollege before enrolling for degrees in agri ulture, and then went on to attain other higher edu ation at the "ni#ersity of $ent in Canterbury, "$. He is now a holder of se#eral ertifi ates in resour e sur#eys and en#ironmental im!a t assessments. %eturning to &fri a, he wor'ed as a onsultant and resear h e ologist in Z()*&%$+ and as a uni#ersity le turer in Zimbabwe and +outh &fri a. His *h, wor' on ri#er water !ollution from sugar ane estates was submitted to the -ational "ni#ersity of + ien e and Te hnology in .ulawayo, Zimbabwe. He now !ro#ides an inde!endent mirror to smart and intelligent li#ing.

,edi ation
This boo' is a s!e ial dedi ation to -ason and /oy e, ,a#id, +weetfly and 0ladys Tafangenyasha who in their !rime, o u!ations and influen e ontributed to the sha!e, hara ter and glamour of the boo' that may ha#e far rea hing effe ts for an ideal future )utare City and indeed !ossibly other world ities too.

Clifford Tafangenyasha

GUARDIANS OF SPACE AND HAPPINESS: THE QED FOR C I!ATE CHANGE

Co!yright " Clifford Tafangenyasha The right of Clifford Tafangenyasha to be identified as author of this wor' has been asserted by him in a ordan e with se tion 11 and 18 of the Co!yright, ,esigns and *atents & t 1988. &ll rights reser#ed. -o !art of this !ubli ation may be re!rodu ed, stored in a retrie#al system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, ele troni , me hani al, !hoto o!ying, re ording, or otherwise, without the !rior !ermission of the !ublishers. &ny !erson who ommits any unauthori2ed a t in relation to this !ubli ation may be liable to riminal !rose ution and i#il laims for damages. & C(* atalogue re ord for this title is a#ailable from the .ritish 3ibrary. (+.- 918 14956 521 9 www.austinma auley. om First *ublished 728149 &ustin )a auley *ublishers 3td. 25 Canada +:uare Canary ;harf 3ondon <14 53.

*rinted and bound in 0reat .ritain

& 'nowledgments
=ur gratitude goes to *rofessor )3 ,aneel 7)u ha'ata9 for his in isi#e dis ussions and the need to do more in &fri an Traditional %eligion and sound earth'ee!ing. Than's to )r +ham and )rs .ertha Harahwa, Tana'a Harahwa, )r /airai Zengeya and his wife, ,a#id, Floren e, *eter, Tawanda and /ose!h Tafangenyasha. +in ere than's to )rs +hylet and ,r Chingombe. Than's to )r and )rs $amutoro. The -ational ;ildlife and <n#ironment =ffi e in Harare and )ani aland .ran h of ;ildlife and <n#ironment of Zimbabwe at )utare offered immense ontribution to this wor' without whose hel! this wor' would not ha#e been arried out. The !ro!erties #isited and studied fall in the )utare )uni i!ality Zone where this wor' was an an hored. 0rateful than's to e#eryone at the )utare Ci#i Centre for the oo!eration and showing a dee! sense of ommitment from the e#er>smiling, dutiful guards to the City Treasurer and Town *lanner )r %. +imbi. The Ce il $o! 0ame'ee!ers )r $nowledge -yamho'a and )r <. +auramba deser#e s!e ial than's for their dee! and e?traordinary insights. There are many other !eo!le lose to this wor' whose names ha#e been omitted but whose thoughts matter to the weight of the findings to them we say than's. )r -@abulo Chi!angura and )r .righton )ahwite of the )utare )useum are than'ed for a dee! insight into the ar haeology of the ountry around )utare and that of the )uta!a +tate and other #anished )ambos. The )utare ,e!artment of -ational &r hi#es and )inistry of )ines are also than'ed for their in!uts.

Prefa#e

&s in a desirable ar design, this boo' is a 'ineti , smart rosso#er between a twin !roblem of what is !ossible and what is not. The rule boo' of a sensu>stri t s ien e te?t or no#el has been thrown out in fa#our of a A rosso#erB. The boo' oo2es with C'ineti D themes of drama and a tion, and interrogates the reader in a number of themes. (t is a thriller for the un on#erted. &t the ore of the boo' is energy in motion 7'ineti energy9E as themes flow, dire tions also flow and the lessons also flow in a suite of !ossibilities and melodrama. =nly time will tell to what e?tent the interested and affe ted ommunities should benefit from the boo'. The !ubli o!en green s!a es dis ussed here hel! to define the onser#ation agenda in and around them and throw light on how onser#ation should be a!!roa hed in a global onte?t. A Guardian of Space and Happiness is submitted as a uni:ue boo' with re#elations on !in odes for sur#i#al for ommunities threatened by limate hange. The e ology of &fri an Traditional %eligion in a weather onte?t around most ommonly #isited !ubli o!en green s!a es is in#estigated, using a weather !ro!het as a 'ey a tor. The !remonition of a weather !ro!het is de#elo!ed as an e!i gri!!ing thriller of the #ulnerability of humans in their hanging li#ing en#ironment and the hoary of #anishing re reational s!a es that threaten human'indDs fitness. (t gi#es re#elations of what humans an do and what beliefs they turn to in the fa e of bad odds. (t also @u?ta!oses what humans an do to hange their own li#ing onditions for sustainable li#elihoods. The entry !oint used in this boo' to disseminate information on limate hange is &fri an Traditional %eligion so ial s ien e theory and sele tion of 'ey a tors in a mission of sound earth'ee!ing. (n demonstrating im!a ts of limate

hange on re reation and leisure in the two !ubli o!en s!a es in a region of intense sele tion for outdoor a ti#ities, instruments used to measure human beha#iour were field obser#ations, fo used dis ussions with !ubli o!en s!a e sta'eholders, transe t wal's and losed :uestionnaires. The :uestionnaires addressed s!e ifi :uestions on use of o!en s!a e in the two small urban !ar's. The !eriod o#ered by the boo' is 1982>2812. The idea that &fri an traditional religion an be a !ana ea to modern global en#ironmental issues needs in#estigation in a wider onte?t together with anthro!ologi al, ideologi al, so iologi al, e ologi al, e onomi and meteorologi al issues. This study is the latest in the arri#al of ste!!ed>u! resear h that engrosses human emotions in an &fri an Traditional %eligion setting. The boo' is designed to stimulate interest and !ro#o'e debate in onser#ation issues and anthro!ology. & :ui2 is en losed at the end for the dee!ly interested en#ironmental !ra titioner. The reader is en ouraged to use Fa eboo', Twitter, +'y!e or e>mail to engage with the authors and with themsel#es. The boo' !resents a summary of obser#ations of general interest to the #isitor of the uni:ue interesting eastern highlands in )utare with the #iew that you may do the same to ma'e this !lanet habitable and fun to li#e in. (n the management of small !ubli o!en s!a es learning !oints an be deri#ed for the large !rote ted areas in the most #ulnerable regions of !redi ted limate hange.

$ In%rod&#%ion

This boo' is !ro#ided as a dar'ly om!elling, humorous, multi>layered initiati#e on &fri an Traditional %eligion. )utare )ei'les *ar' 7)*9 and Ce il 0ame *ar' 7C0*9 are entrifugal for es in )utare 7Figs. 1 and 49. )* and C0* are entres of gra#ity of human emotions. The two !ubli o!en green s!a es !ro#ide a barrage of both o#erwhelmingly good and de!ressing s enes of the underbelly of the )utare City and its en#irons. The !ar's en om!ass a number of o#erar hing and im!ortant ideas in re reation, leisure and li#elihood o!tions. *eo!le lo#e and ha#e a !en hant for ity, rural and wildlife areas. <#eryone needs streets, sho!s, and the hustle and bustle of !eo!le on the !a#ements and at game watering !oints or the odd old hunterDs trail. *eo!le too li'e going to afFs, sho!s and galleries and meeting friends. The !eo!le who do not !arti i!ate in outdoor life tend to isolate themsel#es to their own ruin. To e?!lore &fri an Traditional %eligion e?!erien es and !ra ti es of )utare in the onte?t of hanging en#ironmental onditions one should em!hasise the im!ortan e of sus!ending !ersonal ultural lenses in order to read between the lines of the !in odes for sur#i#al. )* may hold re#elations 'ey to some thorny issues in !eo!leDs minds su h as 19 How !ros!erous do you want to beG 29 How glorious do you want your life to beG (f you delight yourself in a natural en#ironment, and meditate regularly and fre:uently you will be li'e a tree !lanted by the ri#er. Hou will bring forth fruit in the season, your lea#es will not wither, and whate#er else you do shall !ros!er.

3earning to li'e )*, and fun tion by )* is what guarantees the u!wards and forwards of life. The atmos!here of @oy is the right atmos!here for !ros!erity and !rogress. The desire to be in )* and C0* enables #isitors to absorb the sho 's and suffering during !eriods of stress when !eo!le are wor'ing towards a #ision. )ost #isions are administered by desires to sol#e a burning !roblem, whi h an only be sol#ed by thin'ing out of the bo? in )*. (t is odd to be loo'ing for someone and fleeing them simultaneously, but #isitors who :uit their !la es for hea! re reational s!a es and an easier life might understand the rele#an e of a !ristine leansing en#ironment. Iisitors ome to )* and C0* to es a!e and stay es a!ed, and they drin'. The !ar's are in most sense of emotional a!!eal and !hysi al a!!eal om!a t but their hara teristi s ring true. )* is the !ower of attorney nature has gi#en to the ommunity. =ne an ne#er be defeated in e#ery !ursuit in )*. (t is the lo#e for a ha!!y !ros!erous #ibrant and su essful life. Iisitors to )* who are on erned about what others thin' about them, what they are afraid to do and what they want to do and not bold enough to be themsel#es finding freedom and sola e in )*. +u h !eo!le need to be in#igorated within the !ar'Ds bush !aths and dri#es, aestheti s, !a#ement !ounders and sight seers. +ome !eo!le who e?!erien e another 'ind of wea'ness are @ust ne#er able to do well find sola e in the !ar'. )utare fol', @ust li'e any others elsewhere, are great nature lo#ers and natural !ar' fans. (n fa t there is more to e?!erien e e#ery season and, there is always something ha!!ening. )ost !eo!le s!end the day at national !ar's sightseeing and then return to amusement entres to eat, drin' and reaffirm friendshi!s. )* has a strange attra tion on the lo al ommunities on o asions su h as national days, ommer ial !romotions and informal businesses seemingly being !lanned around it. (t is a ommon meeting !la e for lo#ed ones. (t is also im!ortant for leansing oneDs soul and for artists. The )* em!hasi2es the need for sharing of leisure time among all the urban dwellers who #isit it. Ty!i al in an egalitarian set u! )* has stayed rele#ant in that it ada!ts to the

dynami s of within so ial frontiers through o!en s!a e a#ailability. The !ar' !ro#ides o!!ortunities for families, for well>wishing of brides, fian Fes, gift !hoto shots, eating and o#erall merriment. The )* has lasted for so long that it is now a multi ultural, multidimensional, multigenerational, and multinational !la e and remains strong, resilient and elebrated that it e!itomises that the able humanity is fa ing sustainability hallenges and therefore there is need for hange towards !athways whi h !re#ent e?!loitation, freedom from #i ious e onomi !oli ies and !ra ti es, ine:uality and so ial de ay. (t is the duty of the !ar' to unmas' hearts, stri! goals and bare minds in a rhythmi way that ma'es !eo!le beg for more. )* is an in reasingly !o!ular leisure destination than most other similarly ategori2ed nature renowned areas, offering more #isually interesting s enery, raising the game against in reasingly tough om!etition in terms of urban de ay. The !ar' ta!s into the growing for e of hy!e, fun and fun tional re reational s!a es. The !ubli o!en green s!a es had until re ently seen little hange in their natural wild state. %ailways, settlement, business and ommuni ation ha#e destroyed the s!lendour and grandeur of the lands a!e and brought about big hanges in outloo' and habits. HumanDs ha!!iness de!ends now on the few a#ailable re reational s!a es. Iisitors regard )* as if it were a window through whi h they see for 'ilometres into their life history, family history and generations. The ob@e ti#e in the storyline is to !ro#ide the most o#erloo'ed as!e ts of the role of a weather !ro!het, as a 'ey fa tor in sound earth'ee!ing. ,uring years of drought some hiefs #isited the sa red shrines and by 1955 15 hiefs and sub> hiefs in .i'ita and Za'a of Zimbabwe would !ilgrimage to sa red sites for rain ma'ing eremonies. The Zion Christian Chur h 7ZCC9 holds annual ommemorations of its founder .isho! +. Hatendi who was an ordained rainma'er. ,aneel has e?!lored the sha!e, hara ter, !ro edures of e o>theology 7e ologi al rituals9 the attributes whi h s!ontaneously and intuiti#ely manifest themsel#es in e ologi al a tion and may

be referred to him for om!limentary reading. The idea is to e?!lore the #ery serious issues of en#ironmental im!a ts of limate hange in a most dramati way in order to in#o'e sta'eholder a tion. (ndustriali2ation and other as!e ts of moderni2ation ha#e generated serious !ollution threatening the !eo!leDs health, ha#e eroded the !eo!leDs :uality of life. This was first brought to ZimbabweDs attention by the !ollution of timber, oil, metal and food !ro essing industries. (n the early 28 th entury but it was not seen as a national !roblem until the ra!id growth of the mid>28th entury. ;ith #igorous enfor ement of the basi law for en#ironmental !ollution ontrol, <n#ironmental )anagement & t 7<)&9 and other am!aigns om!lemented a ti#e !ri#ate se tor lean>u! am!aigns, lo ali2ed !ollution !roblems ha#e not been brought under ontrol. &t the same time howe#er water !ollution aused by household effluents, air !ollution aused by automobiles and other hroni en#ironmental degradation ha#e grown in reasingly serious. Today the !roblems in lude greenhouse gas emissions that threaten limate hange with onse:uent in rease in fre:uen y of dry !eriods that dry u! the #egetation and lower water table that result in the elimination of some forest s!e ies. The !ubli o!en green s!a es ha#e su!!orted in reasing number of #isitors until about the mid>28th entury before ma@or de lines. (t seems that the lo ation, history, the beauty and the human a ti#ities that hara terise the so ial rhythms define ha!!iness and that for a long time to ome the guardians of s!a e will be the weather !ro!hets whose hant at the sa red gro#es in the green belts and elsewhere may determine the la ' or !resen e of !re i!itation. Howe#er, modern s ien e with all its glory in en#ironmental safety re ord still need weather !ro!he y in where it falls short with its ine?a t s ientifi a!!roa h to !redi tion of natural !henomenon, but it would be for how longG Ha!!iness that is a sub@e t elusi#e to many is e?amined for the !eo!le in )utare.

The

' o#a%ion

-=&& <arth =bser#ation +atellite gi#es the lo ation or station (, of )utare as 3atitude 18o59D+ and 3ongitude 862o48D<. )utare, Aa !la e of metal where !re ious minerals su h as gold and diamonds are foundB 7Fig. 19, ZimbabweJs fourth largest ity and !ro#in ial a!ital of )ani aland, is roughly in the entre of the mountain hain whi h forms the ountryJs border with )o2ambi:ue. )utare City is named after )utare %i#er -yanga is the northern lin' of the hain, Chimanimani is the southernE Iumba, is )utareJs doorste!. <astwards lie the mountains and the !lains of )o2ambi:ue. <astern highlands o#ers only 2K of total area of Zimbabwe, Chi!inge, !arts of -yanga and Chimanimani. )utare lies in a ga! through whi h the main road and railway lin' between Zimbabwe and )o2ambi:ue !assE the town is 8 'm from the )o2ambi:ue border and 256 'm southeast from Harare. =ther main roads lin' the ity with -yanga in the north, the Iumba in the southeast and Chimanimani and .ir henough .ridge in the south. (n )utare the main !ubli o!en s!a es 2oned as green belts in the )utare )uni i!ality )aster!lan in lude )ei'les *ar' 7)*9 and Ce il $o! 0ame *ar' 7C0*9. The two !ubli o!en green s!a es are onstituted differently and managed se!arately. )* a!!ro?imately 5.8 ha in area falls within the de#elo!ment 2one of )utare ommer ial business distri t and is managed by a !ri#ate harter of Thomas )ei'les with the e#o ation of )utare City .ye 3aws. The Ce il 0ame *ar' is managed by an ele ted ommittee of the )ani aland .ran h of the ;ildlife <n#ironment of Zimbabwe but with a national

affiliation to the Zimbabwe ;ildlife <n#ironment Zimbabwe head:uartered at )u'u#isi ;oodlands in Harare. C0* is managed as wildlife area for e otourism and en#ironmental awareness. )* and C0* are the barometers of the health of the )utare ity and its ountryside e osystems. The two !ubli o!en green s!a es may be des ribed as inde!endent a urate measures of e osystem ser#i es, en#ironmental :uality and human !ros!erity. The ity of )utare maintains that the !ulse> beat of the )* and C0* determine its treasury a ount and ser#i es to the !eo!le it ser#es and those #isiting it. &lthough the )* and C0* are the two !ri#ately managed urban green s!a es that a!!ear to ha#e es a!ed lose e ologi al s rutiny they a!!ear to be affe ted by the same fa tors that threaten the integrity and sha!e of other green belts elsewhere in the long>term. Climate hange has been ited as a growing for e of hange in natural e osystems in many e oregions. )* has long been set aside for !osterity and human en@oyment and, li'e C0*, is #aluable for re reation in leisure time. )* and C0* ha#e an obligation for mass !ur!oseful and res!onsible e otourism. The integrity of the two !ubli o!en green s!a es may be seen to be influen ed by in the shorter and long>term by lo al human a tions that ha#e !er ei#ed global im!a ts on natural e osystems. )* and C0* are situated within a short wal'ing distan e of about 98 minutes and are 2.8 'm a!art. Iisitors to one !ubli green s!a e ha#e the o!tion of ombining it with the other !ubli green s!a e in their itinerary. Iisitor admissions at )* is unregulated and entirely without entran e or a ess fee but #endors are re:uired to !ay a user table fee to the muni i!ality. &t C0* #isitors !ay for their entran e at designated site offi es. The essen e of green belts in the 2onation of muni i!ality areas has been re#iewed by ,on and *enelo!e 6 and Fuller et al 5 among others.

Cli(a%e
&nnual rainfall in )* is 1888 mm, with its low tem!erature resulting in !lentiful mountain #egetation 7Fig.19. (ts hottest month is on a#erage 26oC, its oldest month 14oC. ,es!ite its tro!i al lo ation, the ity has a tem!erate limate. The a#erage annual tem!erature is 19 LC, sur!risingly low for its moderate altitude 7about the same as Harare whi h is 658 metres higher9. This is due to its sheltered !osition against the mountain ridge of Ce il $o! whi h en ourages ool bree2es from lower altitude to the east and south 7Tabe? 249. The oldest month is /uly 7minimum 5 LC and ma?imum 28 LC9 and the hottest month is /anuary 7minimum 15 LC and ma?imum 25 LC9, although as in mu h of Zimbabwe, = tober has the hottest days 728 LC9. The annual rainfall is 818 mm. %ain falls mostly in the months ,e ember to February although hea#y showers are !ossible before and after this !eriod. The wettest month on re ord was /anuary 1925 whi h re ei#ed 588 mm while /anuary 1991 re ei#ed only 24 mm. The rainfall re orded in /anuary 1991 suggests that the growing season was short>li#ed and irrele#ant to growing ro!s. +!onges, s!rings, dams and weirs are found The +outhern &fri a Conferen e ,e#elo!ment Coun il 7+&,C289 suggests that drought in Zimbabwe is not a new !henomenon but has o urred at different intensities in 1888> 68, 1828>68, 1844>49, 1918, 1921>68, 1968>58, 1951>16, 1981>82, 1986, 1991>92. +&,C28 indi ates that abo#e a#erage rainfall !atterns asso iated with floods o urred 1818>98, 1914>88, 1985 7Fig. 29. & !oor year an result in large>s ale ro! failure, food shortages and in e?treme ases, famine. Tafangenyasha25 obser#ed that trees and grasses wilted and died and animals !erished from hunger and thirst during a se#ere drought of 1991M92 in south eastern Zimbabwe. +ubsisten e farming, whi h !ro#ides most !eo!le of the region with their food, de!ends on suffi ient rainfall. ,rought is asso iated with suffering and loss of #alued ro!s, li#esto '

and wildlife. *eo!le often ha#e to wal' for long distan es to the few sour es of water that may still be a#ailable. *raying for rain is not un ommon in most !arts of the region, both in traditional and Christian eremonies, and the onset of the rains is often #iewed as the single most im!ortant e#ent of the year 7,aneel29.

El Nino
&lthough limatologists ha#e !rodu ed a number of !lausible e?!lanations as to why droughts o ur, a single on lusi#e answer is yet to be found 7)a2#ima#i199. *ast o urren es of drought ha#e been lin'ed to su h e#ents as <l -ino and #ol ani eru!tions. <l -ino is a om!onent of the global weather !henomenon, the +outhern =s illation, and together these are 'nown as <-+= 7$rohne129 ,uring an <-+= !hase, e:uatorial waters a ross the *a ifi = ean get warmer. -ormal airflow mo#es westward from the *a ifi to the (ndian = ean, but during <l -ino this mo#ement is wea'ened or altered. This results in high rainfall in some !arts of 3atin &meri a but low rainfall and e#en drought in southern &fri a. ,uring the de#astating 1991>1992 drought <l -ino lasted until the end of February 1992 7/a obs 189. +ome wor'ers 7/a obs18 and $and@i119 say that about one>third of the droughts in the region ould be attributed to <l -ino. The 1991>1992 drought whi h ra#aged most of southern &fri a, 'illed more than one million attle in Zimbabwe 7+&,C289. ,uring a drought, o#ergra2ing leads to further degradation of !astures and arable areas in attle farming areas. The deterioration of gra2ing a!a ity further redu es li#esto ' numbers. (n drier areas, s ant rainfall for a few years an 'ill #egetation !ermanently and !oor land>!ra ti es only ma'e it worse.

a Nina

The o!!osite e?treme of the <-+= y le o urs when a old !hase 'nown as 3a -ino or 7anti <l -ino9 is e?!erien ed 7$rohne12 and $and@i119. The o urren e of 3a -ina results in unusually hea#y rain in southern &fri a. &t this time the *a ifi is ooler than the (ndian = ean and wind mo#es from the *a ifi towards the latter. The lo ation of )* and C0* render these o!en s!a es #ulnerable to irregular atmos!heri ir ulation !atterns su h as Tro!i al Cy lones and <l -ino systems that affe t wider regions in +outhern &fri a. Climate hange is hara teri2ed by triggers su h as e?treme heat, drought, wildfires, hea#y !re i!itation that annot be blamed on any single ause 73e 16 and + hneider219. The long term trends in these ty!es of e?treme e#ents demonstrate that e?treme weather ris' is rising as a result of limate hange 7)a2#ima#i199. <a h e#ent is an o!!ortunity to better understand #ulnerabilities and ways to o!e with. &ltitude rises 1128 m &+3. )utare and its ountryside has a heterogeneous geology and is belie#ed to ha#e similar terrain with that whi h has yielded signifi ant resour es in &ustralia and Canada. The ountry is underlain by a ore & haean .asement Com!le? alled the Zimbabwe raton. The raton onsists of granitoides, gneisses and s hists with remains of greenstone belts. The raton is bordered by the 3im!o!o )obile .elt to the south, the )o2ambi:ue belt to the <ast, the Zambe2i )obile to the -orth and )agondi +u!ergrou! to the -orth ;est. The raton is intruded by the -< trending 0reat ,y'e whi h is an ultramafi Mmafi om!le?. (n the -orth, -; and < of the ountry the geology is a former *tero2oi and *hanero2oi sedimentary basin. To the east of )utare the land !lunges !re i!itously to the !lains of )o2ambi:ue. To the west the land and the heights tumble to rounded foothills and dee! woodland #alleys beyond whi h is a !at hwor' s!read of town buildings and farmlands. The #iews are enormous gi#en the #aried lands a!es and geologi al history. The infinite !anorama of the lands a!e !ro#ides o!!ortunities for winding and unwinding sha!es. The un riti al human a ti#ities dire t

that auses of limate hange should be targeted to redu e emissions of heatNtra!!ing gases that are warming the !lanet.

)ege%a%ion
)utare has endemi and botani al delights 7Tabe?249. Iegetation hara terised by miombo with Brachystegia and Julbernardia s!e ies asso iations. ;ides!read o#er grows to )o2ambi:ue. (t has !erennial s!e ies and lassified as sour#eld. Common grasses Hyparrhenia filipendula, Heteropogon contortus, Aristida s!e ies, Eragrostis racemosa, Pogonathria squarrosa among others. Uapaca ir iana and browsable !ichrostachys cinerea, Acacia tortilis, "ombretum s!e ies among others. &loe s!e ies, Euphorbia, or hids and *roteas are also found.