Algal bloom

An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase

or accumulation in the population of algae in
freshwater or marine water systems. It is often
recognized by the discoloration in the water from the
algae's pigments.[2] The term algae encompasses
many types of aquatic photosynthetic organisms,
both macroscopic multicellular organisms like
seaweed and microscopic unicellular organisms like
cyanobacteria.[3]  Algal bloom commonly refers to
the rapid growth of microscopic unicellular algae, not
macroscopic algae. An example of a macroscopic
algal bloom is a kelp forest.[3]

Algal blooms are the result of a nutrient, like nitrogen

Taken from orbit in October 2011, the worst algae
or phosphorus from various sources (for example
bloom that Lake Erie has experienced in decades.
fertilizer runoff or other forms of nutrient pollution),
Record torrential spring rains washed fertilizer into
entering the aquatic system and causing excessive
the lake, promoting the growth of microcystin-
growth of algae. An algal bloom affects the whole
producing cyanobacteria blooms.[1]
ecosystem.

Consequences range from the benign feeding of

higher trophic levels to more harmful effects like blocking sunlight from reaching other organisms, causing
a depletion of oxygen levels in the water, and, depending on the organism, secreting toxins into the water.
Blooms that can injure animals or the ecology, especially those blooms where toxins are secreted by the
algae, are usually called "harmful algal blooms" (HAB), and can lead to fish die-offs, cities cutting off
water to residents, or states having to close fisheries. The process of the oversupply of nutrients leading to
algae growth and oxygen depletion is called eutrophication.

Contents
Bloom characterization
Freshwater algal blooms
Marine algal blooms
Harmful algal blooms
See also
References
External links

Bloom characterization
The term algal bloom is defined inconsistently depending on the scientific field and can range from a
"minibloom" of harmless algae to a large, harmful bloom event.[4] Since algae is a broad term including
organisms of widely varying sizes, growth rates, and nutrient requirements, there is no officially recognized
threshold level as to what is defined as a bloom. Because there is no scientific consensus, blooms can be
characterized and quantified in several ways: measurements of new algal biomass, the concentration of
photosynthetic pigment, quantification of the bloom's negative effect, or relative concentration of the algae
compared to the rest of the microbial community.[4] For example, definitions of blooms have included
when the concentration of chlorophyll exceeds 100 ug/L,[5] when the concentration of chlorophyll exceeds
5  ug/L,[6] when the species considered to be blooming exceeds concentrations of 1000 cells/mL,[7] and
when the algae species concentration simply deviates from its normal growth.[8][9]

Blooms are the result of a nutrient needed by the particular algae being
introduced to the local aquatic system. This growth-limiting nutrient is
typically nitrogen or phosphorus, but can also be iron, vitamins, or amino
acids.[3] There are several mechanisms for the addition of these nutrients in
water. In the open ocean and along coastlines, upwelling from both winds
and topographical ocean floor features can draw nutrients to the photic, or
sunlit zone of the ocean.[10] Along coastal regions and in freshwater
systems, agricultural, city, and sewage runoff can cause algal blooms.[11]

Algal blooms can present
problems for ecosystems
and human society.
Example from a small
mountain village near
Chengdu, China, in 2005
Algal blooms, especially large algal bloom events, can reduce the
transparency of the water and can discolor the water.[3] The photosynthetic
pigments in the algal cells, like chlorophyll and photoprotective pigments,
determine the color of the algal bloom. Depending on the organism, its
pigments, and the depth in the water column, algal blooms can be green,
red, brown, golden, and purple.[3] Bright green blooms in freshwater
systems are frequently a result of cyanobacteria (colloquially known as
"blue-green algae") such as Microcystis.[3][12] Blooms may also consist of
macroalgal (non-phytoplanktonic) species. These blooms are recognizable
by large blades of algae that may wash up onto the shoreline.[13]

Once the nutrient is present in the water, the algae begin to grow at a much faster rate than usual. In a mini
bloom, this fast growth benefits the whole ecosystem by providing food and nutrients for other
organisms.[9]

Of particular note are the harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are algal bloom events involving toxic or
otherwise harmful phytoplankton. Many species can cause harmful algal blooms. For example,
Gymnodinium nagasakiense can cause harmful red tides, dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polygramma can
cause oxygen depletion and result in large fish kills, cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa can make
poisonous toxins, and diatom Chaetoceros convolutus can damage fish gills.[14]

Freshwater algal blooms

Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates.[15][16]
Excess nutrients may originate from fertilizers that are applied to land for agricultural or recreational
purposes and may also originate from household cleaning products containing phosphorus.[17]

The reduction of phosphorus inputs is required to mitigate blooms that contain cyanobacteria.[18] In lakes
that are stratified in the summer, autumn turnover can release substantial quantities of bio-available
phosphorus potentially triggering algal blooms as soon as sufficient photosynthetic light is available.[19]
Excess nutrients can enter watersheds through water runoff.[20] Excess carbon and nitrogen have also been
suspected as causes. Presence of residual sodium carbonate acts as
catalyst for the algae to bloom by providing dissolved carbon
dioxide for enhanced photosynthesis in the presence of nutrients.

When phosphates are introduced into water systems, higher

concentrations cause increased growth of algae and plants. Algae
tend to grow very quickly under high nutrient availability, but each
alga is short-lived, and the result is a high concentration of dead
organic matter which starts to decompose. Natural decomposers
present in the water begin decomposing the dead algae, consuming Cyanobacteria activity turns
dissolved oxygen present in the water during the process. This can Coatepeque Caldera lake into a
result in a sharp decrease in available dissolved oxygen for other Turquoise color
aquatic life. Without sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water,
animals and plants may die off in large numbers. This may also be
known as a dead zone.

Blooms may be observed in freshwater aquariums when fish are overfed and excess nutrients are not
absorbed by plants. These are generally harmful for fish, and the situation can be corrected by changing the
water in the tank and then reducing the amount of food given.

Marine algal blooms

Turbulent storms churn the ocean in winter,
adding nutrients to sunlit waters near the
surface. This sparks a feeding frenzy each
spring that gives rise to massive blooms of
phytoplankton. Tiny molecules found inside
these microscopic plants harvest vital
energy from sunlight through
photosynthesis. The natural pigments,
called chlorophyll, allow phytoplankton to
thrive in Earth's oceans and enable
scientists to monitor blooms from space.
Satellites reveal the location and abundance
of phytoplankton by detecting the amount
of chlorophyll present in coastal and open
waters—the higher the concentration, the
larger the bloom. Observations show
blooms typically last until late spring or
early summer, when nutrient stocks are in
decline and predatory zooplankton start to
graze. The visualization on the left
immediately below uses NASA SeaWiFS
data to map bloom populations.[24]
Competing hypothesis of plankton variability[21]
Figure adapted from Behrenfeld & Boss 2014.[22]
Courtesy of NAAMES, Langley Research Center, NASA[23]


Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit Blooms flourish in a dark plume of

nutrients from land into South America's nutrient-rich water pouring from the mouth
tropical ocean waters, leading to thick of the Amazon River, as seen by NASA's
blooms along the coastline [24] Aqua satellite.[24]

The NAAMES study was a five-year scientific research program conducted between 2015 and 2019 by
scientists from Oregon State University and NASA to investigated aspects of phytoplankton dynamics in
ocean ecosystems, and how such dynamics influence atmospheric aerosols, clouds, and climate (NAAMES
stands for the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study). The study focused on the sub-arctic
region of the North Atlantic Ocean, which is the site of one of Earth's largest recurring phytoplankton
blooms. The long history of research in this location, as well as relative ease of accessibility, made the
North Atlantic an ideal location to test prevailing scientific hypotheses[21] in an effort to better understand
the role of phytoplankton aerosol emissions on Earth's energy budget.[25]

NAAMES was designed to target specific phases of the annual phytoplankton cycle: minimum, climax and
the intermediary decreasing and increasing biomass, in order to resolve debates on the timing of bloom
formations and the patterns driving annual bloom re-creation.[25] The NAAMES project also investigated
the quantity, size, and composition of aerosols generated by primary production in order to understand how
phytoplankton bloom cycles affect cloud formations and climate.[26]

In France, citizens are requested to report coloured waters through the project PHENOMER.[27] This helps
to understand the occurrence of marine blooms.

Wildfires can cause phytoplankton blooms via oceanic deposition of wildfire aerosols.[28]

Harmful algal blooms

A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via
production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. The diversity of
these HABs make them even harder to manage, and present many issues, especially to threatened coastal
areas.[29] HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated
with various types of shellfish poisonings.[30] Due to their negative economic and health impacts, HABs
are often carefully monitored.[31][32]

HAB has been proved to be harmful to humans. Humans may be exposed to toxic algae by direct
consuming seafood containing toxins, swimming or other activities in water, and breathing tiny droplets in
the air that contain toxins. [33]
If the HAB event results in a high enough concentration of algae
the water may become discoloured or murky, varying in colour
from purple to almost pink, normally being red or green. Not all
algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discolouration.

See also
Amnesic shellfish poisoning – Syndrome of shellfish
poisoning An algae bloom off the southern
Anatoxin-a coast of Devon and Cornwall in
England, in 1999
Chironomus Annularius – A species of nonbiting midges
that act as a natural algae control.
Ciguatera fish poisoning – Foodborne illness
Dinocyst
Dinoflagellate – Unicellular algae with two flagella
Domoic acid
Emiliania huxleyi – Unicellular algae responsible for the
formation of chalk
Milky seas effect – Luminous phenomenon in the ocean
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning – Syndrome of shellfish
poisoning
Paralytic shellfish poisoning – Syndrome of shellfish
poisoning
Pfiesteria – Genus of single-celled organisms Satellite image of phytoplankton
Pseudi-nitzschia – Genus of marine planktonic diatoms swirling around the Swedish island of
Gotland in the Baltic Sea, in 2005
Raphidophyte – A class of aquatic algae
Saxitoxin – Paralytic shellfish toxin
Spring bloom – Strong increase in phytoplankton
abundance that typically occurs in the early spring
Thin layers (oceanography)

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External links
FAQ about Harmful Algal Blooms (http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/) (NOAA)

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