Blood System Functions of Blood System

Transport: to and from tissue cells Nutrients to cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, lipids (as lipoproteins). Oxygen: y red lood corpuscles (oxyhaemoglobin - ! x O" molecules/haemoglobin). #astes from cells: urea, $O" (mainly as %$O& ' in solution in t(e plasma). Temperature )egulation: y altering t(e lood flo* t(roug( t(e s+in. ,mmunity: protection against pat(ogens - lood clotting. p(agocytes, lymp(ocytes and anti odies distri uted in lood. $ommunication: (ormones distri uted to all parts of t(e ody in t(e lood. /efence: clotting follo*ing a *ound $omposition of Blood 0lasma: pale yello* stic+y li1uid. 223 of lood volume. $omponents: *ater 4"3, dissolved protein 53, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (mainly Na$l), urea, $O", (ormones, anti odies. Blood $ells )ed Blood $ells Tiny (56) iconcave disc's(aped cells (t(us large S7). /o not (ave nucleus, mitoc(ondria, ri osomes.

$ell full of (aemoglo in 8 inds O" (and $O). 9ade in t(e one marro* 8 live a out :"; days. <= /estroyed and recycled y t(e liver.

#(ite Blood $ells (leucocytes)

T(ese are colourless cells and possess a nucleus. T(ey function in defending t(e ody against pat(ogens. 0(agocytes ' >granulocytes? >feed? on pat(ogens y p(agocytosis.

9onocytes are one form of p(agocytes.

@ymp(ocytes 8 >agranulocytes? ' produce anti odies, t(e specific defence proteins. 9ade in one marro* and lymp(atic tissue. 0latelets )esponsi le for clotting of t(e lood )esponsi le for repair of damaged tissue 8 releasing t(e (ormone platelet gro*t( factor. S(ort life 8 under A days. 9ade in one marro*

Blood Bessels
7rtery v. vein T(e *all of t(e artery is t(ic+er: t(ic+er connective tissue layer, t(ic+er mixed layer of muscle and elastic tissue. T(e lumen of t(e artery is muc( narro*er. 7rteries do not (ave valves along t(eir lengt(, veins do. Balves in t(e veins prevent t(e ac+flo* of lood so t(e flo* is in one correct direction to*ards t(e (eart. Blood flo*s a*ay from t(e (eart in arteries. lood flo*s to*ards t(e (eart in veins. Blood pressure in arteries is (ig(er and so also t(e speed of lood flo* 0ulsed flo* in an artery, steady flo* in a vein.

9any tissues, t(us ot( are organs 7rterioles (ave muscular *alls *(ic( control (o* muc( lood flo*s to a particular organ 8 e.g. guts after meal, s+in for temperature regulation Cmuscle *(en *or+ing (ard Note: Blood supply to rain is constant< $apillaries C$apillaries are t(e lin+ et*een arteries and veins 8 *(ere exc(ange *it( tissues occurs. CT(e capillary *all is one cell t(ic+ and some*(at porous - ideal to allo* materials to pass in and out. C7ll tissue cells very close to a capillary so exc(ange is very efficient. CDxc(ange at t(e capillaries is y diffusion, mass flo* and active transport. CBlood flo* in capillaries is slo* giving enoug( time for effective exc(ange. COne type of cell, t(us a tissue.

$losed System of Blood Bessels

CT(e lood does not ma+e direct contact *it( t(e tissue cells. CT(e lood is retained in t(e lood vessels. C7 closed system is very responsive to t(e c(ange needs of t(e organs and is (ig(ly efficient.

/ou le $irculation
T(e dou le circuit prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated lood. T(erefore oxygen supply is (ig(ly efficient. 0ulmonary $irculation: deoxygenated lood flo*s from t(e (eart to t(e lungs Coxygen is ta+en on and car on dioxide is excreted,

oxygenated lood flo*s from t(e lungs ac+ to t(e (eart.

Systemic $irculation: oxygenated lood flo*s from t(e (eart to t(e organ
systems of t(e ody. Coxygen is delivered and car on dioxide is ta+en on, Cdeoxygenated lood flo* from t(e organs systems ac+ to t(e (eart.

0ortal System
C7 portal lood vessel (as a set of capillaries at eac( end. CT(e (epatic portal vein carries lood ric( in a sor ed nutrients from t(e capillaries in t(e gut to capillaries in t(e liver. C%epatic artery supplies liver *it( O" C%epatic vein ta+es all t(e lood a*ay from t(e liver, ac+ to (eart.

T(e %eart
T(e (eart is a dou le pump. T(e rig(t atrium collects deoxygenated lood from all parts (vena cava). T(e rig(t ventricle pumps deoxygenated lood to t(e lungs (for gas exc(ange E <O", =$O") (pulmonary artery) T(e left atrium collects oxygenated lood from t(e lungs (pulmonary vein) T(e left ventricle pumps oxygenated lood to all parts (aorta). T(e rig(t and left side fill and empty in unison. Dac( c(am er pumps t(e same volume of lood. T(e *all of t(e left ventricle is a out t(ree times t(ic+er t(an t(at of t(e rig(t ventricle.

T(e left ventricle needs more cardiac muscle to give t(e lood a muc( stronger pus(. Blood pressure t(erefore (ig(est in left ventricle $ardiac output E stro+e volume x pulse rate %eart action Blood enters t(e atria, filling t(em. (E atrial diastole) T(e sino'atrial node (E S7N) in t(e rig(t atrium generates a nerve impulse causing t(e atria to contract (atrial systole) T(e sympat(etic nerve impulses increase (eart rate T(e vagus nerve impulses decrease (eart rate Blood pressure in atria rises a ove t(at in ventricles <= Blood forced into t(e ventricles (7B valves open). T(e impulse arrives at t(e atrio'ventricular node (E 7BN) < ,mpulse delayed (;." s) giving time for ventricles to fill (ventricular diastole). T(e impulse enters t(e ventricles and travels t(roug( t(e Bundle of %is (in septum). T(e ventricles contract and force t(e lood out of t(e pulmonary artery and aorta (ventricular systole). T(e 7B valves close preventing lood returning to t(e atria. T(e semi'lunar valves are pus(ed open y t(e (ig(er lood pressure in t(e ventricles. <= T(e elastic artery *alls expand (=a pulse). #(en t(e lood pressure falls t(e arteries recoil s1ueeFing t(e lood a*ay from t(e (eart. Bentricular lood pressure falls, closing t(e semilunar valves. T(is prevents lood flo*ing ac+ into t(e ventricles from t(e arteries. $ardiac cycle

/iastole: relaxed cardiac muscle - t(e (eart fills *it( lood under lo*
pressure from t(e veins.

Systole: cardiac muscle contracting - t(e c(am ers of t(e (eart are
emptying of lood. < 7trial Systole: contraction and emptying of t(e atria supplying extra lood to t(e ventricles. Bentricular Systole: contraction and emptying of t(e ventricles eGecting lood from t(e (eart into t(e arteries. $ardiac 9uscle

T(e muscle ma+ing up t(e (eart is called cardiac muscle. ,t is myogenic, i.e., stimulates itself to contract - does not need external stimulation. ,t is an involuntary, strong muscle t(at does not fatigue ( no anaerobic respiration). T(e S7N (pacemaker) < 7 small area of cardiac muscle in t(e *all of t(e rig(t atrium, near entry of vena cava. ,ts automatic r(yt(mic contraction starts eac( cardiac cycle. T*o nerves from t(e medulla o longata connect to it influencing its rate of contraction. One nerve accelerates t(e (eart rate and t(e ot(er reduces it ac+ to resting rate. Factors affecting (eart rate: Since t(e (eart can only pump out t(e lood t(at is returned to it, t(e primary cause of increased cardiac output *(en exercising, is < lood to t(e (eart caused y t(e muscles s1ueeFing t(e veins. ,ncrease: exercise, increased ody temperature, stress, mental excitement, infection. /ecrease: increased p(ysical fitness, sleep, and mental relaxation. $oronary circulation

T(e lood flo*ing t(roug( t(e (eart does not supply t(e (eart *it( lood $oronary artery supplies (eart muscle *it( lood No coronary vein 8 directly drains ac+ in diastole. 9aGor lood vessels: 7rteries: 7orta. 0ulmonary (<$O", =O"). $arotid (nec+). )enal. %epatic Beins: Bena $ava. 0ulmonary (=$O", <O"). )enal. Hugular. %epatic. %epatic 0ortal. Blood 0ressure T(e pressure varies along t(e circuit 8 measured *it(

sp(ygmomanometer 0ressure decreases in t(e follo*ing order: o ventricle C artery C arteriole C capillary C venule C vein C atrium. Standard (ealt(y readings: 5; mm %g diastolic, :"; mm %g systolic. Formation of Tissue Fluid 7s t(e lood enters t(e capillaries t(e (ig( (ydrostatic pressure forces some of t(e plasma out t(roug( t(e *all. T(e escaped fluid (tissue fluid) is similar in composition to plasma, ut lo*er in protein. T(erefore t(e remaining lood (as a lo*er *ater potential <= 7nd a lo*er (ydrostatic pressure 7t t(e venule end t(e (ydrostatic pressure is lo*er < T(us *ater returns to lood do*n *ater potential gradient. T(e :;3 excess tissue fluid must e drained a*ay 8 y t(e lymp(atic system. T(e @ymp(atic System 7 collection of special drainage vessels receiving excess tissue fluid. Once t(e tissue fluid enters t(e lymp(atic capillaries it is called lymp(.

@ymp( nodes (e.g. tonsils) filter t(e lymp( and produce lymp(ocytes. T(e lymp( vessels (ave many valves, ut lo* pressure. T(e lymp( is moved along y t(e s1ueeFing action of: o t(e s+eletal muscles, o pressure c(anges in t(e t(orax during reat(ing and o y t(e r(yt(mic contraction of t(e lymp( vessel *alls. @ymp( re'enters t(e lood Gust efore t(e rig(t atrium. Functions of t(e @ymp(atic System: $irculatory role <

)eturn t(e excess tissue fluid to t(e lood: t(is maintains lood volume, pressure and concentration. $ollect and deliver t(e a sor ed lipids from t(e small intestine to t(e lood /efence role <= T(e lymp( nodes filter out pat(ogens in t(e lymp(. 0roduction and >export? of lymp(ocytes to t(e lood system for general distri ution. /etection of antigens and production of specific anti odies.