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EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN MODERN ORGANIZATION: A REVIEW OF 12 YEARS

Javed Iqbal, Assistant professor Afshan Yusaf, MS Scholar Raheela Munawar, MS Scholar Sehrish Naheed, MS Scholar

Faculty of Management Sciences, Sector H-10, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide an assessment and review on Motivation field over a 12 year period. It is done along different dimensions of the domain including research topics examined, unit of analysis and research paradigm used. Information on a number of different variables was taken out by conducting a review of 30 papers on motivation published in different journals between 2000 and 2012. The findings showed that a collection of empirical, positivist and quantitative research approaches have been employed in this domain. Motivation and performance, and Motivating elements were predominantly published topics in the Motivation field. In addition, the researchers have identified the limitations of the study and directions for the future research.

Key words: Motivation, research trends, review

1. INTRODUCTION
The word motivation is originated from the movere a Latin word the meaning of which is to move. Through motivation we are moved from a state of dullness to interest. Motivation is a force that gives path to behavior, energizes behavior and triggers the tendency to stick with (Bartol & Martin, 1998). This definition identifies that individuals

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must be adequately energetic and stimulated, must have a clear point in mind about what is to be achieved and should be ready to use their energies for a sufficient time in order to achieve their goals. Mitchell (1982) defines motivation as psychological processes which cause the stimulation of, persistence and direction to the goal-oriented voluntary activities. Work motivation is a set of external and internal forces that commence the behavior related to work and establish its direction, form, duration and intensity (Pinder, 1998). The definition identifies the effect of the external forces (e.g., nature of the work to be performed, reward system of the organization) and the innate forces of an individual (e.g., motives and needs of a person) on the behaviors related to work. According to Moorhead and Griffin (1998) employee motivation and ability jointly contribute towards employee performance and the most challenging task of the managers is to motivate employee to execute the utmost of their ability. Now a days researchers are more concerned to increase, maintain, enlighten, and refine work motivation. Employee needs and motives have greater importance in the research history of motivation (Maslow, 1954; Alderfer, 1969; McClelland, 1961). In 1970s and in the beginning of 1980s, researchers have paid more consideration to this area but there is less work done by the scholars on employee motivation during last fifteen years (Rajeswari, 2011). This review provides a quick view of previous research because in recent years limited attempts have been about employee motivation. As a result, new researchers and organizations are facing problems to get knowledge about the key factors which motivate employee. The paper aims to provide a wealthy description of various factors which contribute to employee motivation. It contributes theoretically by providing detailed explanation of different causes that contribute to employee motivation. The paper has been divided into different sections. The second section offers methodology and third section describes the results while the fourth section is concluding the findings.

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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 2. METHODOLOGY

Research methods are both inductive and deductive. Iqbal (2007) states The primary purpose of the inductive approach is to allow research findings to emerge from the frequent, dominant or significant themes inherent in raw data, without the restraints imposed by structured methodologies. Empirical research especially surveys induct from the frequent occurrences to arrive at appropriate conclusions. In this study we are conducting a meta analysis to categorized the research work already done on motivation. The approach of meta-analysis was adapted as used by recently published article Employees motivation in organizations: an integrative literature review published in the International Conference on Sociality and Economics Development, IACSIT Press, Singapore (Devadass, 2011). The data have been collected from Emerald. Two search techniques were applied: General Search and Advanced Search. The General Search was applied to get reliable data because Devadass (2011) used it in his study. The articles found from emerald were enough thats why we just focused on the published articles of this database. This review focuses on papers published in English language and based on both quantitative and qualitative studies. The extent of research was limited to articles published from 2000 to 2011. Single search terms motivation were used to find the articles of interest. There were 48 hits from emerald database and 50 hits from J-Store but the data was reduced by using the time frame of 2000-2011. The hits include the book review, research articles, editorials and literature reviews; 32 articles were selected for the review. To find out the research output we conducted a number of analyses by using different analysis techniques. To categorize the search output for various variables count and percentage of data were used. Analyzed variables include the journal name in which the article was published, author name, publication year, subject category, country name, and the name of institution to which author belongs. A thorough analysis was conducted to get different information about the data which was not possible to obtain straightforwardly from reading the articles. In order to analyze, the abstracts of the articles were examined and the information was recorded about research paradigm, unit of analysis and so on. Two articles were used as a template to find out the categories of tables: Dwivedi el al (2011)

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and Nonaka and Peltokorpi (2006). Therefore, reference for each table has not been provided to avoid repetition.

Table1shows the list of articles included in our review paper to enhance the understanding of work done on the topic of motivation. Table 1 List of articles included in the study (Category adopted from Nonaka and Peltokorpi (2006) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A synergistic performance management model conjoining benchmarking and motivation Adapting the congruent temperament model with culturally specific work motivation elements Affiliation motivation and interest in entrepreneurial careers An evaluation of employee motivation in the extended public sector in Greece Antecedents affecting public service motivation Business excellence in entrepreneurship through motivation audit Clarifying inspirational motivation and its Relationship to extra effort Do all carrots look the same? examining the impact of culture on employee motivation Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the sources of motivation Female entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and motivation: a review of the Greek situation Generational differences in personality and motivation Do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace? Key skills retention and motivation: the war for talent still rages and retention is the high ground Knowledge sharing in organizational contexts: a motivation-based perspective Leader emergence: the role of emotional intelligence and motivation to lead Leadership style, motivation and performance in international marketing channels: An empirical investigation of the USA, Finland and Poland Levels of existence and motivation in Islam Managers motivation to evaluate subordinate performance Measuring Chinese entrepreneurial motivation Personality and environmental influences

16 17 18

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19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Motivating knowledge workers to innovate: a model integrating motivation dynamics and antecedents Motivation, incentives and organizational culture Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees Motivation for behavior change in patients with chest pain Motivation is response Older workers motivation to continue to work: five meanings of age Perceived importance as a mediator of the relationship between training assignment and training motivation Perceived learning outcomes in entrepreneurship education The impact of student motivation and team behavior Principals' leadership and teachers' motivation: Self-determination theory analysis Quality culture: a product of motivation within organization Reengineering the motivation to work Revisiting motivation preference within the Chinese context: an empirical study

3. FINDINGS
3.1 Motivation studies according to subject area Table 2 demonstrates the thirteen subject categories; the large number of the articles (23.3%) comes from the human resource management. It is followed by the Accounting and Finance (13.3%), Learning and Development (10%) and then Organization studies (10%). Four subject categories have count of 2 articles which are Education, Enterprise and Innovation, Information and knowledge management and Management studies. The minimum count (1) emerged from the remaining five categories. The results indicate that the major part of work on motivation lies in the category of Human Resource Management because motivation is considered a component of HRM. However, it is also expanding in other categories like marketing, managing quality and regional management studies.

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Table 2
Motivation studies according to subject category

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Subject category Human Resource Management Accounting and Finance Learning and Development Organization Studies Education Enterprise and Innovation Information and Knowledge Management Management Science/Management Studies Health Care Management/Healthcare International Business Marketing Managing Quality Regional Management Studies

No. of articles 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

3.2 Motivation studies according to Journals Consider Table 3, a total of 30 articles is published in 23 journals; the maximum number of articles (3) published in the Journal of Managerial Psychology. The journal of Industrial and Commercial Training, Journal of Knowledge Management, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Managerial Auditing Journal, and Personnel Review have published 2 articles. And the remaining journals have published only one article.

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Table 3
Motivation studies according to journal studies

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Name of journal

Record count Journal of Managerial Psychology 3 Industrial and Commercial Training 2 Journal of Knowledge Management 2 Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2 Managerial Auditing Journal 2 Personnel Review 2 Benchmarking: An International Journal 1 Chinese Management Studies 1 Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 1 Development and Learning in Organizations 1 Education + Training 1 Employee Relations 1 European Journal of Innovation Management 1 European Journal of Marketing 1 Health Education 1 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & 1 Research Journal of Educational Administration 1 Journal of Management History 1 Management Decision 1 Management Research News 1 Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: 1 An International Journal Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 1 Women In Management Review 1

% 10% 6.67% 6.67% 6.67% 6.67% 6.67% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

3.3 Motivation studies according to the year of publication Table 4 shows the breakdown of articles on the basis of the year of publication; the greatest numbers of articles (5) are published in the year 2007. Prior to 2007 there was a mix trend for the articles published on motivation , as in 2002 there were two articles, in 2003 it

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increased to 3 while in 2004 it again falls down to only 1. However, following 2007, it was decreased to 2 articles in 2008 but afterwards there was an increasing trend and most of the articles were published in the year 2011. Table 4
Motivation studies published between 2000-2012 (Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Article count N=30 1 2 2 3 1 3 1

Year

3.3% 6.67% 6.67% 10% 3.3% 10% 3.3%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Article count N=30 5 2 3 2 4 1

16.67% 6.67% 10% 6.67% 13.3% 3.3%

3.4 Motivation studies according to geographic location The motivation research covered a total of 15 countries. Most of the contribution comes from the USA, 9 articles. A considerable number of articles published from other countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, UK, China, Greece, Kuwait, Israel, Taiwan, Finland, Ukraine and Malta. By examining Figure 1, the continent-wide presentation showed that a major number of publications come from the North America and the least emerged from the Middle East.

3.5 Authors involved in publishing motivation research Table 5 lists the name of the authors who have contributed; a total of 64 authors have participated in publishing and conducting research on the topic. There may be a wide range

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of research on this topic, but each author in this study has contributed towards only one article. Table 5
Authors involved in motivation research

Author

A.D. Amar Abbas J. Ali Alan J. Dubinsky Alice Lam Alvin I. Mushlin Anatoliy G. Goncharuk Anna Trihopoulou Annet de Lange Carolyn Stringer Christy H. Weer Clayton Glen Dayr Reis Denis Morin Dimitris Manolopoulos Dorien Kooij Edward L. Deci Elliroma Gardiner Emanuel Camilleri Francine Dupuis Geoffrey C. Williams Golnaz Sadri Gordon P. Rabey Guy Roth Hui Liao Iain L. Densten Jaana Seikkula-Leino Jamie P. Monat Jarna Heinonen Jean-Paul Lambermont-Ford Jeni Didham Jiangru Wei

Number of articles published 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Author

3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

John Humphreys Josje Dikkers Justine Di Cesare Katerina Sarri Leah Coulon Leticia Pea Lianke Song Mario Bellehumeur Marylne Gagn Melissa Wong Ori Eyal Patricia Milne Paul Jansen Paul Theivananthampillai Pekka Stenholm Peter Tan Rajiv Mehta Ralph Palliam Robert E. Ankli Robert J. Taormina Rolph E. Anderson Sammi Kin-Mei Lao Sylvie St-Onge Thomas J. Calo Tommy Y. Lo Ulla Hytti Victor M. Catano Wayne H. Decker, Wei-Chi Tsai Wei-Tao Tai Whitney Lang Ying Hong Yonggui Wang

Number of articles published 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

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3.6 Articles by document type

Our results showed that a large number of publication on motivation was research article (18) followed by 8 conceptual papers, 2 review papers and 2 case studies. Articles are also categorized as book review, editorial, letter and note. But in our analysis we have excluded them.

Table 6
Type of documents publications (Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Document type Research paper Conceptual paper Review paper Case study

% 60 26 6.67 6.67

3.7 Motivation studies according to unit of analysis The results according to the unit of analysis used in motivation research are shown in Table 7. It can be observed that a large number of articles (18) included in our study have tested motivation at individuals level, followed by the studies concentrating on organizations (6). A very low number of articles have examined motivation in the context of country (3), groups/teams (2) and theory (1). The result highlights the fact that researchers have done most of the work on motivation in the context of individuals. Therefore, motivation is seen to have more concern with the individuals and they are of greater importance in the research world.

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Table 7
Unit of analysis and motivation research (Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Unit of analysis Individuals Organizations Country Groups/teams Theory

% 60 20 10 6.67 3.33

3.8 Motivation studies according to research methodology Table 8 illustrates the division of studies according to the research methodology used. It shows that major part of article (17=56%) were of empirical nature in relation to the nonempirical articles which were 11 in numbers and constituting 36.67% of total articles. However, 2 articles from the total have used the mixed research methodology. Fifteen articles (50%) have used quantitative approach while 11 articles (37%) were based on qualitative approach. Mixed and conceptual/Meta analysis approach each was employed by two articles.

Table 8
Research methodology (Based on Avison et al., 2008)

Research method Empirical Non-empirical Mixed

% 57 37 6

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3.9 Motivation studies according to research paradigm

The papers have been classified into four different categories on the basis of their research paradigm. Most of the work on motivation comes from the positivist (54%) research paradigm, hence majority of the motivation researchers have worked on the positivist research paradigm. Interpretive research paradigm was the second largest category forming the 30% of the total articles work followed by the category not known which includes the articles that do not fit in the remaining three categories. Lowest work (3%) has been done on conceptual research paradigm.

3.10 Major research topics Table 9 provides an overall view about the specific nature of the motivation research and the important topics related to this field. The results showed that greater number of articles (10=33.3%) examined the research issues related to motivation through Motivation and Performance category followed by the Motivating element category (7=20%). The researched topic of Motivation and Culture has 4 articles forming 13.3% of total work. Other researched topics includes Personality and motivation with 3 articles, Motivation and leadership with 3 articles and Others with 3 articles has contributed towards research on motivation.

Table 9 Frequency and percentage of major research topics (Classification adapted from Barki et al., 1993; Avison et al., 2008) Research issue Motivation and performance Motivating elements/factors Culture and motivation Personality and motivation Motivation and leadership Others Frequency 10 7 4 3 3 3 Percentage 33.33% 20% 13.33% 10% 10% 10%

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4. CONCLUSION
The purpose of our article has been to suggest a general idea of the existing position of motivation research by giving the results of a review of 30 articles published in 23 different journals during the period of 2000-2012. We have showed findings of our study along a number of aspects like the journals publishing articles on motivation, methodological practices, authors involved in the research and unit of analysis. The main objective of our study is to suggest research gaps and also to provide the implications for the future research. After viewing the studies of this kind we have assumed that our results emphasize on the potential lines of analysis (Williams et al., 2009; Dwivedi & Kuljis, 2008). Human Resource Management and Accounting and Finance were the main subject area in this domain. Other subject areas like marketing, international management and managing quality have little work regarding this field so a lot of work is needed on these areas. Motivation and performance related issues followed by the Motivating elements were the mainly published areas for the research. So, greater understanding in this field can be developed by the future researchers through empirically testing the topics. Since lot of work has been done on motivation and performance followed by motivating elements there is a need to do more work on other dimensions like culture and personality.

4.1 Limitations and Future research directions

This study has different limitations so the readers must be conscious of these limitations while interpreting the results presented in this study. First of all our search for these articles were mainly restricted to the motivation keyword in the titles of the articles only, so there may be a number of studies that focus on motivation in the text but we have not used them as the keyword was not present in the title. Another limitation includes the drawing of data from a restricted number of search outputs. Therefore, our search was limited to just one database, Emerald. A further limitation of this study is the usage of short time-span (20002012). This also noticeably reduces the number of relevant articles under consideration. More research work is needed in order to find out the extent of the influence of these issues. As we have used a small number of articles, so a comprehensive research is considered necessary to lessen the impact of these limitations and to develop a better understanding of motivation research.
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