Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

18.8 Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

b-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

In reaction 1, oxidation removes H atoms from the and b carbons. forms a trans C=C bond. reduces FAD to FADH2.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

b-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

In reaction 2, hydration adds water across the trans C=C bond. forms a hydroxyl group (OH) on the b carbon.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

b-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

In reaction 3, a second oxidation oxidizes the hydroxyl group. forms a keto group on the b carbon. reduces NAD+ to NADH.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

b-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

In Reaction 4, fatty acyl CoA is split between the and b carbons. io form Acetyl CoA and a shortened fatty acyl CoA that repeats steps 1 - 4 of b-oxidation.

Learning Check
Match the reactions of b-oxidation with each. 1) oxidation 1 2) hydration 3) oxidation 2 4) fatty acyl CoA cleaved A. B. C. D. E. Water is added. FADH2 forms. A two-carbon unit is removed. A hydroxyl group is oxidized. NADH forms.

Solution
Match the reactions of b-oxidation with each: 1) oxidation 1 2) hydration 3) oxidation 2 4) fatty acyl CoA cleaved A. B. C. D. E. 2 1 4 3 3 Water is added. FADH2 forms. A two-carbon unit is removed. A hydroxyl group is oxidized. NADH forms.

Cycles of b-Oxidation
The number of b-Oxidation cycles depends on the length of a fatty acid. is one less than the number of acetyl CoA groups formed. Carbons in Acetyl CoA b-Oxidation Cycles Fatty Acid (C/2) (C/2 1) 12 6 5 14 7 6 16 8 7 18 9 8

b-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

b-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid (continued)

6 cycles

7 Acetyl CoA

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Learning Check
A. The number of acetyl CoA groups produced by the complete b-oxidation of palmitic acid (C16 ) 1) 16. 2) 8. 3) 7.

B. The number of oxidation cycles to completely oxidize palmitic acid (C16 ) 1) 16. 2) 8. 3) 7.

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Solution
A. The number of acetyl CoA groups produced by the complete b-oxidation of palmitic acid (C16 ) 2) 8.

B. The number of oxidation cycles to completely oxidize palmitic acid (C16 ) 3) 7.

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b-Oxidation and ATP

Activation of a fatty acid requires 2 ATP One cycle of oxidation of a fatty acid produces 1 NADH 3 ATP 1 FADH2 2 ATP Acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces 1 Acetyl CoA 12 ATP

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ATP for Lauric Acid C12

ATP production for lauric acid (12 carbons): Activation of lauric acid 6 Acetyl CoA 6 acetyl CoA x 12 ATP/acetyl CoA 5 Oxidation cycles 5 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH 5 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2 Total

-2 ATP

72 ATP

15 ATP 10 ATP 95 ATP

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Learning Check
The total ATP produced from the b-oxidation of stearic acid (C18) is. 1) 108 ATP. 2) 146 ATP. 3) 148 ATP.

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Solution
The total ATP produced from the b-oxidation of stearic acid (C18) is: 2) 146 ATP

Activation 9 Acetyl CoA x 12 ATP 8 NADH x 3 ATP 8 FADH2 x 2 ATP

-2 ATP 108 ATP 24 ATP 16 ATP 146 ATP

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Ketone Bodies
If carbohydrates are not available body fat breaks down to meet energy needs. compounds called ketone bodies form.

Ketone bodies

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Formation of Ketone Bodies

Ketone bodies form if large amounts of acetyl CoA accumulate. when two acetyl CoA molecules form acetoacetyl CoA. when acetoacetyl CoA hydrolyzes to acetoacetate. when acetoacetate reduces to b-hydroxybutyrate or loses CO2 to form acetone, both ketone bodies.

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Ketosis
Ketosis occurs in diabetes, diets high in fat, and starvation. as ketone bodies accumulate. when acidic ketone bodies lowers blood pH below 7.4 (acidosis).

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Ketone Bodies and Diabetes

In diabetes insulin does not function properly. glucose levels are insufficient for energy needs. fats are broken down to acetyl CoA. ketone bodies form.

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