AFFIRMATIVE S+Vbase / S3rdpers +V–ES/-S

I/You work
He/She/It works
We/You/They work

NEGATIVE S+AUX(DON’T/DOESN’T)+Vbase
I/You don’t work
He/She/It doesn’t
We/You/They don’t
INTERROGATIVE AUX (DO/DOES)+S+Vbase ?
(close questions)
Do I/you work?
Does he/she/it
Do we/you/they

SHORT ANSWERS Yes/No, + S + AUX

(Ejemplo) Yes, I do (Ejemplo) No, I don’t
Yes, she does No, she doesn’t
INTERROGATIVE QUESTION WORD+AUX+S+Vbase ?
(open questions) When/Why do I/you work?
How/Where does he/she/it
we/you/they
AFFIRMATIVE S + am/is/are +V–ING
I am (‘m) working
You are (‘re)
He/She/It is (‘s)
We/You/They are (‘re)
NEGATIVE S + ‘m not/isn’t/aren’t +V–ING
I ‘m not working
You aren’t
He/She/It isn’t
We/You/They aren’t
INTERROGATIVE Am/Is/Are + S + V-ING?
(close questions) Am I working?
Are you
Is he/she/it
Are we/you/they

SHORT ANSWERS Yes/No, + S + AUX

(Ejemplo) Yes, I am (Ejemplo) No, I’m not
Yes, she is No, she isn’t
INTERROGATIVE QUESTION WORD+AUX+S+Vbase?
(open questions)
When/Why am I/You working?
How/Where is He/She/It
… are We/You/They
 –S ENDING
Generally ----- -S “works”
Verbs ending in “–s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o” ----- -ES
“passes”, “brushes”, “watches”, “fixes”, “goes”
Verbs ending in “consonat + y” ----- change “y” into “i” + -ES
“cries”, “tries” “plays”
-ING ENDING
Generally ----- -ING “working”
Verbs ending in “–e” ----- drop –e and add –ING “writing”
Verbs ending in “–ie” ----- change “–ie” into “y” + -ING “dying”
Monosyllabic verbs ending in “consonant+vowel+consonant” -----
double last consonant + -ING “stopping”, “swimming”,
“cutting”
Verbs with 2/3 syllables ending in “cons.+stressed vowel+cons.”
----- double last consonant + -ING “referring” “sufering”
Verbs ending in “vowel+L” ----- double last “L” + -ING (in BrE)
FREQUENCY ADVERBS TIME EXPRESSIONS
ALWAYS EVERY (day/month…)
USUALLY/NORMALLY ON (Mondays…)
FREQUENTLY IN (the morning/
OFTEN afternoon/evening)
SOMETIMES AT (noon/night)
OCCASIONALLY ONCE
RARELY TWICE + a year/month…
SELDOM THREE TIMES …
HARDLY (EVER) ONCE IN A WHILE
NEVER
 TIME EXPRESSIONS
NOW TOMORROW ALWAYS
RIGHT NOW TONIGHT
AT THE MOMENT THIS (evening/afternoon…)
AT PRESENT NEXT (month/year…)
(Imperative)
Eternal truths (Verdades Eternas)
“The sun sets in the West”
Present habits (Hábitos en el presente)
“Carol goes to school by train every day”
Permanent situations/actions/states
(situaciones/acciones/estados permanentes)
“My father works in a factory”
Likes and Dislikes (preferencias)

“My mother hates loud music”

Jokes, stories, tales, sport events… (chistes, historias,
cuentos, acontecimientos deportivos…)
“Nadal hits the ball over the net…Game!”
Future value: Timetables (Valor futuro: Horarios)
“Our flight to Turkey leaves at 6.30 a.m.”
Actions happening at the speaker’s
moment (Acciones que están sucediendo en el momento del
hablante)
“The children are playing in the garden now”
Temporal situations/actions/states
(situaciones/acciones/estados temporales)
“They are building a new school in the city”
Future value: Arrangements (Valor futuro:
citas concertadas)
“We are planning a meeting tomorrow morning”