VOL.

V - PART 2
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 1 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION
FILE NO. 20.03-1



GENERAL INFORMATION:

This section of the chapter establishes the practices and requirements necessary for the design
and detailing of semi-integral abutments. For general requirements and guidelines on the use of
semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.01-1 thru -5.

Sample design calculations are provided to assist the designer and are intended to correspond to
the sample details shown in File Nos. 20.03-2 thru -10. Note that calculations are provided for
the backwall and associated structural components only.

Plan and elevation views and sections of the semi-integral abutment are provided in this chapter
for information on the shape of the backwall in relation to the semi-integral backwall and to
illustrate some additional details required on the abutment sheets. Back of stem is the
reference line on the semi-integral abutment and substructure layout sheets. End of slab is the
reference line on remaining sheets.

Additional sample details are provided to assist the designer in the detailing of semi-integral
abutments. These details are provided to show differences in details between steel/concrete
stringers, bridges with/without skew and semi-integral abutment layout.

Preferred practice on semi-integral abutment layout falls in the following order:

1. Wingwalls oriented transversely to traffic, elephant ears, with the terminal wall on the
superstructure. See File Nos. 20.03-11 thru -14.

2. Wingwalls oriented parallel to traffic, u-back wings, with the terminal wall on the
superstructure. Offset the inside face of wall 3 feet from the face of rail/parapet to allow for
dynamic deflection of the attached guardrail. See File Nos. 20.03-15 thru -18.


It is generally desirable to eliminate potential conflicts between superstructure and substructure
components. As such, the second layout preference should only be used where right-of-way
(R/W), maintenance of traffic (MOT) or design restrictions make the preferred layout not feasible.


For design/detailing check list for semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.03-19 and -20.


VOL. V - PART 2


DESIGN OF SEMI-INTEGRAL BRIDGE

Given and Assumptions:

The calculations provided below do not fully correspond to the details shown in File Nos. 20.03-11
thru -14 but are similar.

= 145 pcf Unit weight of soil (select backfill material) (See Manual of
S&B Division Vol. V - Part 2, file no. 17.102-2)

K
p
= 4 Assumes the use of EPS material behind backwall

W = 43.33 Total bridge width
Bridge

L = 250.0 ft Bridge length
Bridge

L
Thermal
= 125.0 ft Length of thermal expansion

H = 6.33 ft Backwall height
Backwall

T = 1.58 ft Backwall thickness
Backwall

S = 9.33 ft Beam spacing
Beam

Overhang = 3.0 ft Slab (and integral backwall) overhang

Cover = 3.5 in Cover over reinforcing steel in backwall

f
c
= 4,000 psi Compressive strength of backwall concrete

f = 3,000 psi Compressive strength of wing concrete
cWall

f
y
= 60,000 psi Yield strength of reinforcing steel

= 30 deg Bridge skew angle

-6
= 6.5 x 10 per deg F Coefficient of thermal expansion

D
AS
= 1.5 ft Depth of approach slab at backwall

H = 3.0 in Height of bearing
Bearing

T = 1 in Thickness of bottom flange
bottomflange

T = 15.0 in Wing thickness
wing

'
c
1.5
s
b
f w
E
n
33
=
= 8 Modular ratio of concrete to steel for backwall

'
cWall
1.5
s
w
f w
E
n
33
=
=9 Modular ratio of concrete to steel for wing

DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 2 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-2


VOL. V - PART 2















DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 3 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-3












VOL. V - PART 2


Design of Backwall:

Determine backwall moments and shears

2
Backwall p
(H K
2
1
w ) =
Earth pressure resultant per foot

2
ft 33 lbs)(4)(6. k/1000 1 x pcf 145
2
1
w ) ( =
= 11.6 klf

cos
S
L
Beam
=
Beam/girder spacing along skew

ft 10.77
30 cos
ft 9.33
L = =
o



For simplicity, use the following equations to determine moments, shear, and reaction.

2
pos
0.08wl M =
2
= 0.08(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 107.6 ft-kip Maximum positive moment

2 2
neg
0.10wl M = = 0.10(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 134.6 ft-kip Maximum negative moment

= 0.6(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 75.0 k Maximum shear 0.6wl V
max
=

= 1.1(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 137.4 k Maximum reaction at girder 1.1wl R
max
=


Check to make sure overhang does not govern.

=

=
2
OH
cos
Overhang
0.5w M

2
30 cos
ft 3.0
klf) 0.5(11.6

o


DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 4 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-4

M
OH
= 69.6 ft-kip < M Interior support governs
neg

=

=
cos
Overhang
w V
OH

o
30 cos
ft 3.0
klf) (11.6
= 40.2 k < V Interior support governs
max














VOL. V - PART 2


Design Integral Backwall:

Group IV load combination controls. Group IV allowable overstress is 125%.

**For this example, Group IV loading controls the design. It shall be the responsibility of the
designer to verify which load case controls, and design accordingly.

f
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 5 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-5

s
= 125%(0.4F
y
) f
s
= 30,000 psi Allowable stress of steel
f
c
= 125%(0.4f
c
) f
c
= 2,000 psi Allowable of stress of concrete
) f 125%(0.95 v
'
c e c.allowabl
=
v = 75 psi
c.allowable

Allowable shear stress in
concrete

Flexure design using negative moment:

n = 8 Modular ratio of backwall concrete to
steel
h = 19.0 in Height of section resisting flexure h = T
Backwall
D = 76.0 in 18.0 in = 58.0 in Width of section resisting flexure b = H
Backwall AS
d
1
= h Cover = 19.0 in 3.5 in = 15.5 in Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel
d
2
= h 10.0 in = 19.0 in 10 in = 9.0 in Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel
d = 3.5 in Depth to compression steel

Try #6 bars at ~9 spacing. For this backwall height, there are 7 bars in each tension layer.

2
A
s1
= 3.08 in A
2
s2
= 3.08 in

+
+
=
s2 s1
2 s2 1 s1
A A
d A d A
d Depth to centroid of tension steel

2
2 2
2 2
in 12.25
in 3.08 in 3.08
in) (9.0 in 3.08 in) (15.5 in 3.08
d =

+
+
=


2
= 3.08 in 7 bars in compression layer A
sc



Performing section analysis (including the compression steel)

Y = 3.75 in Distance from compression face to neutral axis
NA
F
s1
= 29,800 psi < f
s.allowable
= 30,000 psi OK In first layer of tension steel
F
c
= 1,200 psi < f
c.allowable
= 2,000 psi OK






VOL. V - PART 2


Shear Design:

V = V
max
= 75.0 k

( )
psi 106
in) in(12.25 58.0
k) lbs/1 k(1000 75.0
bd
V
v
max
= = =
Actual shear stress in concrete

, Shear reinforcement required v = 75 psi v > v
c.allowable c.allowable


DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 6 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-6

Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, A
v
= 0.4 in
2
.


Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3

( )
( )
in 6.7
in psi)58.0 75 psi (106
psi) (30,000 in 0.4
b v v
f A
s
2
e c.allowabl
e s.allowabl v
=

=
Stirrup spacing


Check AASHTO Sec. 8.19.1.2 to see if spacing above is OK.


( )
y
v.min
f
50bs
A =

Rearranging the above equation, with A
v
= 0.4 in
2
:

( )
in 8.3
in) 50(58.0
psi) (60,000 in 0.4
50b
f A
s
2
y v.min
= = =


s = 6.7 in controls


Shear Stud Design at Girder Ends:

Z
r
= 8.12 k

For
7
/
8
AASHTO Sec. 10.38.5.1.1

Z
r
= 125%(8.12 k) Horizontal shear capacity per
stud, with 25% overstress
Z
r
= 10.15 k

13.5
k 10.15
k 137.4
Z
R
n
r
max
studs
= = =


7
/ Therefore, use 7,
8
studs on each side of beam web, for a total of 14 studs.





VOL. V - PART 2


Determine reaction at acute corner and wing buttress:

See lateral force derivation in files nos. 20.07-4 thru -6.

( ) ( )
k 263.8
30 tan
ft 250
ft 43.33
1
30 ft)tan klf(43.33 [11.6
tan
L
W
1
tan W w
R
Bridge
Bridge
Bridge
p
=

+
=

+
=
o
o
]



Determine size of rub plates:

DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 7 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-7


t
= 120 deg.

= 125.0 ft L
Thermal


t Thermal rub
L
3
2
L

=



in 0.78 F) F)(120 deg. per 10 ft)](6.5 in/1 ft(12 [125
3
2
L
6
rub
=

=
o
Estimated maximum movement in one direction
at abutment. Assume that the temperature
increase will only be two-thirds of the total range.


h
rp
= H - 3 in - 2 in - H T
Backwall Bearing bottomflange
Height of rub plates
(See note 4 on File No. 20.03-19)

= 6.33 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3 in 2 in 3 in 1 in = 67 in h
rp

F
g
= 2,000 psi Maximum galling stress for ASTM A276 Type
316 steel, of which the rub plates are
constructed.

= 0.55 F = 1,100 psi Allowable galling stress f
g g

( )
g rp
p
min
f h
R
w = Minimum rub plate width

in 3.58
psi) in(1,100 67
k) lbs/1 k(1000 263.8
w
min
= =














VOL. V - PART 2





Ensure the minimum rub plate width is maintained during extremes of the temperature cycle.

w = w
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 8 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-8

min
+ L = 3.58 in + 0.78 in = 4.36 in
rub

Use 5 in x 64 in x 0.5 in rub plate

Design wing haunch to resist load transferred through the rub plates:




Slope = 1.5 Rate of slop of wing per ft

Assume that the resultant is uniformly
distributed along the rub plate

klf 41.7
ft 6.33
k 263.8
H
R
w
Backwall
p
w
= = =
( )
2
H w
M
2
Backwall w
s
=
Moment about seat level

kip ft 835.4
2
ft) klf(6.33 41.7
M
2
s
= =





VOL. V - PART 2



= 263.8 k Shear force V = R
p

= 2.0 ft + H (Slope) Length of shear plane that is resisting R L
wing Backwall p

= 2.0 ft + 6.33 ft(1.5) = 11.5 ft L
wing

C = 4.5 in Centroid of tension steel
cg

= L C Distance from compression face to cg of d
wing wing cg
tension steel

= 11.5 ft (4.5 in(1 ft/12 in) = 11.1 ft d
wing

) f 125%(0.95 v
'
cwall wing allowable c
=


= 65 psi Allowable shear stress for Group IV v
c allowable wing

= 15.0 in T
wing

psi 132
ft)] in/1 ft(12 in[11.1 15.0
k) lbs/1 k(1000 263.8
d T
V
v
wing wing
= = =
Actual shear stress

DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 9 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-9

v > v
c allowable
, Shear reinforcement required


2
Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, A
v
= 0.4 in .

Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3

( )
wing wing allowable c
allowable s v
T v v
f A
s

= Stirrup spacing

( )
in 11.9
in) (15.0 psi 65 - psi 132
psi) (30,000 in 0.4
s
2
= =


Check AASHTO Sec. 8.19.1.2 to see if spacing above is OK.

( )
y
v.min
f
50bs
A =

Rearranging the above equation, with A
v
= 0.4 in
2
:

in 32
in) 50(15.0
psi) (60,000 in 0.4
50T
f A
s
2
wing
y v.min
= = =


s = 11.9 in controls




VOL. V - PART 2
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 10 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILE NO. 20.03-10




Design Wing Reinforcement to resist moment due to R
p
:

Try two rows of #5 bars, with 5 bars per row

d
1
= L
wing
Cover Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel

d
1
= 11.5 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3.5 in = 134.5 in

d
2
= d
1
3 in = 134.5 in 3 in = 131.5 in Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel

A
s1
= 1.53 in
2
A
s2
= 1.53 in
2

Performing section analysis (including the compression steel)

f
s1
= 25,940 psi < f
s allowable
= 30,000 psi OK in first layer of tension steel

f
c
= 350 psi < f
c allowable
= 2,000 psi OK


Thickness of the EPS layer:

Thickness of EPS layer as per File No. 20.06-6:

t = 120F

L
= (L
thermal
t) Total range of movement at abutment
due to temperature

L
= 125.0 ft(12in/1ft)(6.5x10
-6
per deg. F

)120F = 1.17 in

EPS
t
= 10(0.01H
Backwall
+ 0.67
L
)

EPS
t
= 10[(0.01)(76.0 in)+ (0.67)(1.17 in)] = 15.4 in

Therefore, use EPS
t
= 16 in.






NOTE: DESIGN FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS IS SIMILAR.





































































































































































































































































































































































































































VOL. V - PART 2


CHECK LIST FOR SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS

1 Wing haunch at acute corner shall be designed to resist the moment and shear induced by
the force resulting from the passive earth pressure and the skew. Rub plates and the
additional backwall thickness are only required at the acute corners of skewed bridges. Rub
plates to be centered vertically and horizontally over contact area.
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 19 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
CHECK LIST
FILE NO. 20.03-19


2 Minimum thickness of the preformed joint filler between the backwall and the wing at the
obtuse corner shall be 1. This may be increased due to thermal expansion in the transverse
direction.

3 Extend wing 6 above finished grade. Not required for bridges without skew or where
terminal wall is on the substructure.

4 Top of rub plate to begin 3 below top of deck. Bottom of rub plate to maintain 2 clear from
top of bottom flange for steel superstructures; 3 clear from bottom of beam for concrete.
Preformed joint filler to extend as shown.

5 Provide distance from back of stem to break in seat to allow for contraction and creep with 1
clear.

6 Delete this note if railings are used or slip forming of parapets is not allowed.

7 Bridge plans shall be arranged such that backwall details follow the Deck Plan. For general
sheet order, see File No. 01.02-4.

8 Show plan and elevation view of integral backwall at a preferred scale of
3
/
8
=1-0. The
elevation view should be projected down from the plan view. When bridge is not on skew
and where sufficient room is not available in elevation view, plan view is not required.

9 Label the location centerline/baseline as shown on the title sheet.

10 End of slab shall be used as the reference line for layout of integral backwalls.

11 Label skew angle (if applicable).

12 The minimum width of integral backwall shall be 1-7 for steel stringers and 1-10 for
concrete stringers. Clipping flanges is preferable to increases in thickness where required
due to skew.

13 All ST series and SV series bars shall be aligned parallel to the beam/girder centerline. The
maximum spacing shall be 12. ST0602 bars between the backwall and the approach slab
(where applicable) are not required outside of the exterior beam/girder.

14 Thickness of backwall shall be increased by 10 at the acute corner of skewed bridges
outside of the exterior stringers. The increase in thickness shall end at the top surface of the
bottom flange for steel stringers or 1 above the bottom of beam for concrete stringers.

15 ST0501, ST0602, SV0402 and SV0504 shall be galvanized. All other backwall reinforcing
steel shall be epoxy-coated.

16 Distance between face of integral backwall and back of stem shall be a minimum of 4.



VOL. V - PART 2


CHECK LIST FOR SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS (Continued)

17 The approach slab seat (7) shall be provided on all integral backwalls regardless of whether
the bridge will have an approach slab.
DATE: 11May2007
SHEET 20 of 20
INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES
SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS
CHECK LIST
FILE NO. 20.03-20


18 In case of single span semi-integral bridge, use the temporary blocking note shown.
Otherwise, delete it.

19 Show sections taken through the integral backwall at a preferred scale of
3
/
4
= 1-0.
Coordinate the sections to provide the necessary details with repetition only where required.

20 Location and details of holes in the web and the studs should be included with the
beam/girder details.

21 For additional details concerning the use of EPS material and calculations for the required
thickness, see File No. 20.06-6.

22 To ensure adequate cover on ST0602 bar, the designer must modify the approach slab
standard.

23 Maximum spacing is 12.

24 Note not needed for PCBT-53 and larger.

25 The minimum embedment into the backwall is 6 for steel stringers and 9 for concrete
stringers.

26 When approach slab is used with concrete superstructure, hook ST0602 bar and embed as
shown.

27 For instructions on completing the title block, see File No. 03.03.

28 For instructions on completing the project block, see File No. 03.02.

29 For instructions on developing the CADD sheet number, see File Nos. 01.01-7 and 01.14-4.