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OUTLINE
1 DEFINITION
2 CLASSIFICATION
3 EUPHEMISM VS IRONY
4 EUPHEMISM VS OTHER
SEMANTIC CHANGES
WHAT IS EUPHEMISM?
• An inoffensive or indirect expression that is
substituted for one that is considered offensive or
too harsh
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
• A mild word of phrase which substitutes for
another which would be undesirable because it is
too direct, unpleasant, or offensive.
www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/terms/Literary.Te
•
1.garbage man sanitation engineer
2. old people senior citizen
3. pregnant in the family way
4. die pass away
5. the dead the deceased /the late
-Semantic-based classification
-Other
POSITIVE EUPHEMISM
• Can also be called stylistic euphemisms or
exaggerating euphemisms.
• Inflate and magnify to make euphemized
items seem altogether grander and more
important than they really are
• Eg: exterminating engineers = ratcatchers,
beautician = hairdressers
NEGATIVE EUPHEMISM
• Can be called traditional euphemisms or
narrowing euphemism.
• Extremely ancient, and closely connected
with the taboos.
• Eg: In many cultures, it is forbidden to
pronounce the name of God “Jeeze”,
“Jeepers Creepers” , or “Gee” for “Jesus”,
“Jesus Christ” or “Christ”, “goodness” for
“God” or “My Gum” for “My God”
EUPHEMISM DIVIDED BY ITS
SEMANTIC GROUP
1.Naming death : “to breath one’s last (one’s last
breath, gasp)”, “to depart this life”, “to pay
one’s debt to nature”, “to go to one’s last
home”, “to go the way of all flesh”, “to kick the
bucket”, “to hop the twig”, “to join the majority”,
“to be no more”, “God’s acre”, etc.:
- He's gone to meet his maker.
- I won't worry about money When I'm six feet under."
- So Joe has finally kicked the bucket.
2.Naming social evils, crimes, human vices
and their consequences: “three sheets in
(to) the wind”= inebriated(person)
-“send somebody to kingdom-come”,“send
somebody to glory” = to kill sb,
- shoot (sling, throw) the bull”= chat, gossip
- “kiss the cup”, “have (take) a drop”, “have
one too many”, “have had a few” = to be
drunk
3. Euphemisms naming poverty, hard
financial situation: e.g. “be in Queer
Street”, “live from hand to mouth”, “not to
have a shirt to one’s back”, “without a
penny to one’s name”, make <both, two>
ends meet”:
• Eg:The government is introducing new
schemes to help the disadvantaged.
- I'm afraid I can't come to the restaurant with
you. I'm financially embarrassed at the
moment.
• 4. Euphemisms naming mental deformities
(disability): “be out (take, leave) of one’s
senses”, “be off one’s nut”, “go nuts”, “soft
(touched, weak) in the head”, “a strange
bird”, a weird (strange) customer”, a weird
(strange) card (duck)”, etc.
Eg: Bob went nuts because his car got a flat
tire.
• 5. Euphemisms naming some acts or
conditions from the sphere of physiology,
e.g. - “pay a call” = go to toilet
- “in a (the) family way” = pregnant
- , “in nature’s garb”, “not a stitch on”, “in a
state of nature”, “in one’s skin”, etc.: =
naked.
6. Euphemisms referring to the sexual
sphere
e.g.: - “a lady of easy virtue”, “a light (easy)
woman” = a prostitute, an easy woman
- sleep with: have sex intercourse
1)
OTHER THEMES
Religion: "Adonai" = Jewish God's name
2) Unemployment: between jobs, being a resting actor
3) The toilet: restroom, Where can I wash my hands?,
public conveniences:
ladies and gents, the bog, the smallest room of the
house, see a man about a dog…Eg "He's gone to see
a man about a dog.”
4) Lying
economical with the truth: "The boss is known for
being economical with the truth.“
5) Arguments:
full and frank discussion: "The directors had a full
and frank discussion in the meeting."
have words with someone: "Those two have had
words."
THE 3RD WAY
Many euphemisms fall into one or more of these categories:
• Terms of foreign and/or technical origin: "perspire",
"urinate
• Abbreviations : Plays on abbreviations :"H-e-double
hockey sticks" for "hell", "a-double snakes" or "a-double-
dollar-signs" for "ass”
• Abstractions and ambiguities: "the situation" for
pregnancy, "going to the other side" for death, "do it" or
"come together" in reference a sexual act
• Indirections: ("behind", "unmentionables", "privates", "live
together", "go to the bathroom", "sleep together“
• Reserved understatement ("not exactly thin" for "fat", "not
completely truthful" for "lied", "not unlike cheating" for "an
instance of cheating")
EUPHEMISM VS. IRONY
EUPHEMISM IRONY
- an indirect word/phrase - the use of words that
used to refer to st offensive say the opposite of
or unpleasant what you really mean
to avoid taboo words. to imply literal
to avoid negative meaning meaning
,create less offensive i.e: “That was bright”
expression is said when sb dis st
i.e: having sex with -> stupid.
making love to, doing it. to create humor
EUPHEMISM VS. IRONY
EUPHEMISM IRONY
Humor makes the Humor occurs because of a
cruel reality become contrast
more endurable i.e: a i.e: “as hard as putty”
female tiger
- No intonation’s - Intonation has important role
effect to play in expressing the
messages:
i.e: - Hey, are you still sad
about that?
- No, I am not upset at all.
(emotional voice)
SIMILARITY
• - Affected by lifestyles,
traditional notions and
customs from different
countries.
• i.e: in USA, “rooster”
instead of “cock”
• - Full of humor
• i.e: “a female tiger”
(eu.)
EU in comparison with other
semantic changes
• Metaphor
• Metonymy
• LITOTES
• HYPERBOLE
Metaphor
Change based on similarity between
conceptshidden comparison.
Eg
. A cunning personreferred to as a fox.
A woman may be called a peach, a lemon,
a cat, a goose, etc.
HEAR THEIR VOICES FADE
SUNBRIGHT SMILE
based upon very different types of similarity,
Similarity of shape: head of a cabbage, the teeth of a
saw.
Similarity of function. : the head of the school, the key
to a mystery.
Similarity of position: foot of a page, of a mountain
Behaviour and function: bookworm, wirepuller
.Metonymy
B
The expressions in italics are euphemisms. What
do they probably mean?
Go to WC
• Asking Jesus for shoes
Having sex
• Bite the dust
To die
• Still cutting with rounded scissors
Be stupid
• Worm food
To Die
Thank You!
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