Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Mark Tushnet Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts
Mark Tushnet
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MARK TUSHNET
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iv
1
Alexander Bickel The Least Dangerous Branch
John H.Ely
Frank B. Cross, Political Science and the New Legal Realism: A case of Unfortunate
Interdisciplinary Ignornace, 92 Nw. U.L. Rev.251, 256-59 (1997).
1
Mark Tushnet
5
Robert Bork
7
Antonin Scalia
Daniel A. Farber, The Originalism Debate: A Guide for the Perplexed, 49 Ohio St. L.J. 1085,
1086-1087 (1989).
5
Robert H. Bork, The Original Understanding, in: Contemporary Perspectives on Constitutional
Interpretation 51 (Susan, J. Brison & Walter Sinnott-Armstrong eds., 1993)
6
Id, 53.
7
Id, 56-57.
6
Charles L. Black
10
Akhil Reed Amar
13
Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law 23-25, 37-47 (1997).
Scalia 28 2
83-85
9
46-47
2002 9
10
Charles L. Black, Structure and Relationship in Constitutional Law (1969)
11
Akhil Reed Amar, Architexture, 76 Ind.L J. 671 (2002).
12
Akhil Reed Amar, Intratextualism, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 747 (1999).
13
Akhil Reed Amar, Intratextualism, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 747, 789 (1999).
7
Lawrence Lessig
14
Bruce Ackerman
15
Richard A. Epstein16
14
15
16
David A. Strauss
17
Cass Sunstein
minimalism
18
19
Ronald Dworkin
Dworkin (integrity)
20
Christopher L. Eisgruber
(1992).
17
David A. Strauss, Common Law Constitutional Interpretation, 63 U. Chi. L. Rev. 877, 929-930
(1996).
18
2001 6 18
Sunstein
875-9172002 7
19
2002 9
20
Ronald Dworkin
12-142001
9
9
21
Philip Bobbitt
22
John Ely
Laurence Tribe
23
Richard Fallon constructivist
coherence theory
21
773-793
22
10
24
Richard Posner
Posner
Posner
25
James B. Thayer
26
Alexander Bickel
passive
virtue
24
221-2282001
11 Richard A. Posner
263-308
2001 11
26
James B. Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7 Harv. L.
Rev. 129, 140-151 (1893).
11
27
29
Ely
30
31
32
27
309-319
2002 12
28
John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (1980).
29
16
30
Mark Tushnet, Red, White, and Blue: A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Law 71(1988)
16
31
1522001 8
32
147-1552001 8
12
33
34
35
36
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Posner
Posner
38
33
3752002 10
132
2002 12
34
374-3792002
10
35
782-7882002
7
36
18-23
2002 12
13
37
2001 3 23 24
25-39
249-2691994 5
38
13
Sunstein
39
Bickel 40
41
42
Mark Tushnet
43
44
Owen Fiss
45
Owen Fiss
39
26 2 1262000 10
3862002 10
29-30
71 27-77
40
134
41
46-51
213-2191999 3
42
71 27-77
2002 9
1999
7
43
Mark Tushnet, Constitutional Interpretation, Character, and Experience, in: Contemporary
Perspectives on Constitutional Interpretation, edited by Susan J. Brison and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong,
208, 215-216(1993); Mark Tushnet, Red, White, and Blue: A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Law
1-17(1988).
44
Mark Tushnet, Constitutional Interpretation, Character, and Experience, 216, 221.
2511994 5
45
Owen Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation, 34 Stan. L. Rev. 739 (1982).
14
46
47
48
Harold J. Spaeth Jeffrey A. Segal
8.4
13.249
Philip Bobbitt
Philip Bobbitt
46
15
Mark
Tushnet 50 Jeremy Waldron Robin West Michael
J. Klarman51
50
Mark A. Graber, The Law Professor as Populist, 34 U. Rich. L. Rev. 373 (2000)
51
Michael J. Klarman
anticonstitutionalist
Michael J.
Klarman, Antifidelity, 70 S. Cal. L. Rev. 38 (1997).
16
Gerald Rosenberg
Michael J. Klarman Gerald Rosenberg
Michael J. Klarman
Michael J. Klarman
17
Michael J. Klarman
52 53
54
55 56
57 58
59
Michael J. Klarman
60
61 62 63 64
52
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 147 (1998).
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 147 (1998).
54
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905)
55
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)
56
Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996)
Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982) (
)Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971)
Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365 (1971)
57
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)
Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy
v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748 (1976)
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1
(1976)
Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957)
58
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 147-8 (1998).
59
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 149-50 (1998).
60
Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
61
Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
62
Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962).
63
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
64
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).
53
18
65 66
67
68 69
70
Michael J. Klarman
nondelegation doctrine
71
72Michael
J. Klarman
73
74
75
65
19
76
77
79
82
Brown
Gerald Rosenberg
Brown
Brown
76
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 158-9 (1998)
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 161 (1998)
78
60 U.S. 393 (1856).
79
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 161 (1998)
80
410 U.S. 113 (1973).
81
517 U.S. 620 (1996).
82
Gerald RosenbergMichael KlarmanMark Tushnet Mark Tushnet,
Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 145 (1999).
77
20
83
Gerald Rosenberg
Brown
84
Michael Klarman Brown
Brown
Michael Klarman
Brown
Brown
85 Brown
86
Roe Gerald N.
Rosenberg Roe
Roe 87
Roe
Gerald N. Rosenberg
88 Roe
83
Gerald Rosenberg, Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 111-134 (1991)
2003 3 13
84
Gerald Rosenberg, Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 157-169 (1991)
48 4 25-28
85
Michael Klarman, Browrn, Racial Change, and the Civil Rights Movement, 80 Va. L. Rev. 7, 13-71
(1994).
86
Mark Tushnet Brown
Brown Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the
Courts 146 (1999).
87
Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 178-180 (1991).
88
Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 183-184 (1991).
21
89Gerald N. Rosenberg
90
Barry Friedman Roe
Roe
Roe
91
David Garrow Robert Karrer Roe
Roe
92
Romer Mark Tushnet
93
94
95
89
Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 185-195 (1991).
Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 241-270 (1991).
91
Barry Friedman, Dialogue and Judicial Review, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 577, 659-668 (1993).
92
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145,
161, n 79 (1998).
93
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 161 (1998)
94
Robert A. Dahl, Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker,
originally print in 6 J. Pub. L. 279, 193-94 (1957), reprint in 50 Emory L.J. 563, 581(2001).
95
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 162 (1998)
90
22
96
Mark Tushnet
1968
Mark Tushnet
97
98
interpretation thesis
102
96
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1541-2,
note54, 55 (2000).
97
Mark Tushnet, Constitutional Interpretation, Character, and Experience, 221-226.
98
Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 159-60 (1998)
99
Stanley Fish, Fish v. Fiss, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 1325 (1984).
100
Robin West, The Aspirational Constitution, 88 Nw. U.L. Rev. 241, 258 (1993)
101
Robin West, The Aspirational Constitution, 88 Nw. U.L. Rev. 241 (1993).
102
Robin West, The Aspirational Constitution, 88 Nw. U.L. Rev. 241, 261-263 (1993).Robin West
23
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Jeremy Waldron
103
Abner J. Mikva, How Well Does Congress Support and Defend the Constitution?, 61 N.C.L.
Rev. 587 (1983). Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell
L. Rev. 1529, 1546-7 (2000).
104
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1547
(2000).
105
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1547
(2000); Einer R. Elhauge, Does interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101
YALE L. J. 31 (1991).
106
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1547
(2000).
107
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1547-48 (2000).
108
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1548-49(2000).
109
Eg. Mark Tushnet, Red, White and Blue: A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Law (1998).
24
aristocracy110
111
112
113
Stanford Levison
114
115
116
117 Michael J. Klarman
118
110
25
119
120
121
122
123
125
119
126
127
Bruce Ackerman
128
Jeremy Waldron
t1 t2
t1 t2 129
t1 t2 t1
t2 130
131
132
133
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
Mark Tushnet, Taking the constitution away from the courts 60-61(1999).
Mark Tushnet, Taking the constitution away from the courts 63-65 (1999).
Jon Elster, Ulysses and the Sirens (1984).
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 260-265 (1999).
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 271 (1999).
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 270 (1999)
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 272 (1999).
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 274 (1999).
27
Michael J. Klarman (dead hand)
Michael J.
Klarman
134
135
Robin West
normative 136
positive
137
Robin West
134
28
138
Robin West
139
Robin West
140
141
Dworkin
civil republican
participatory democracy
138
4862001
9
139
29
143
Jeremy Waldron
144
145
146
Catherine MacKinnon
147
143
Ronald Dworkin
4872001
9
144
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 290 (1999).
145
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 137-138 (1999).
146
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 140, 169 (1999).
147
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 142 (1999).
30
149
150
aspiration
151
148
149
150
151
152
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 141-2 (1999).
Robin L. West, Constitutional Scepticism 242-243.
Robin L. West, Constitutional Scepticism 244.
Robin L. West, Constitutional Scepticism 244-245.
Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (1991)
31
153
minorities rule154
155
Robert Dahl
156
153
Neal Devins & Louis Fisher, Judicial Exclusivity and Political Instability, 84 Va. L. Rev. 83, 95
(1998).
154
18
2002 10 20
155
Robert A. Dahl, DecisionMaking in a Democracy: the Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker,
originally print in 6 J. Pub. L. 279 (1957), reprint in 50 Emory L.J. 563, 581(2001).
156
Robert A. Dahl, DecisionMaking in a Democracy: the Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker,
originally print in 6 J. Pub. L. 279 (1957), reprint in 50 Emory L.J. 563, 570 (2001).
32
157
Michael J. Klarman
158
159
160
161
157
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 135(1999).
Michael J. Klarman, Rethinking the Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Revolution, 82 Va. L. Rev. 1, 16
n.72 (1996).
159
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1555,
n.154 (2000).
160
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1556-57 (2000).
161
Neal Devins & Louis Fisher, Judicial Exclusivity and Political Instability, 84 Va. L. Rev. 83, 96
(1998).
158
33
162
163
164
results-driven
165
John Ely
Mark Tushnet
162
Robert A. Dahl, DecisionMaking in a Democracy: the Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker,
originally print in 6 J. Pub. L. 279 (1957), reprint in 50 Emory L.J. 563, 577 (2001).
163
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 248 (1999).
164
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 Yale L.
J. 31 (1991).
165
Jerey Waldron, Law and Disagreement 26 (1999).
166
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 158 (1999).
34
168
170
John Rawls veil of ignorance
171
172
Mark Tushnet
167
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 158-159 (1999).
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1562-63 (2000).
169
Einer R. Elhauge, Does interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 50, 59, 64-65 (1991); Michael J. Klarman, Majortarian Judicial Review: The Entrenchment
Problem, 85 Geo. L.J. 491, 495-96, n.26 (1997).
170
Robin West, The Aspirational Constitution, 88 Nw. U.L. Rev. 241, 249-250 (1993). Robin West
171
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1564-65 (2000).
172
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1564-65 (2000).
168
35
173
174
175
176
Robin West
177
178
179
Robert Dahl
173
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 159-160 (1999).
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529, 1579
(2000).
175
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1580-1582 (2000).
176
Frank B. Cross, Institutions and Enforcement of the Bill of Rights, 85 Cornell L. Rev. 1529,
1591-1592 (2000).
177
Robin West, The Aspirational Constitution, 88 Nw. U.L. Rev. 241 (1993).
178
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution away from the Courts 162 (1999).
179
Gabriel A. Almond Sidney Verba The Civil Culture
18-191997 11
63-702002 9
174
36
180
Mark Tushnet
Jeremy Waldron
181
Mark Tushnet Jeremy Waldron
Mark Tushnet
self-enforcement
incentive-compatible182
Michael J. Klarman
183
Mark Tushnet Jeremy Waldron
180
Robert A. Dahl
146-7180-21999 10
181
Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement 310-311 (1999)
182
Mark Tushnet, Taking the constitution away from the courts 114-117 (1999).
183
Michael J. Klarman, Majoritarian Judicial Review: The Entrenchment Problem, 85 Geo. L.J. 491
(1997).
37
Dick Morris
184185
184
Republic.com
2002
185
38
186 Richard
Posner What Do Judge and Justice Maximize?
187
Posner
186
Frederick Schauer, Incentive, Reputation, and the Inglorious Determinants of judicial Behavior , 68
U. Cin. L. Rev. 615, 619-621 (2000).
187
Richard Posner, What Do Judge and Justice Maximize?The Same Tthing Everybody Else Does, 3
Sup. Ct. Econ. Rev. 1(1994).
39
ideology
good
Patricia M. Wald
188 Emerson H. Tiller & Frank B. Cross
189
188
Patricia M. Wald, A Response to Tiller and Cross, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 235, 239-41 (1999)
Emerson H. Tiller & Frank B. Cross, A Modest Reply to Judge Wald, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 262, 264
(1999)
189
40
190
191
192
193
194
Mancur Olson
195
190
Jeffrey Segal Harold Spaeth, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model 225-229, 256-57
(1993)
191
Lawrence S. Wrightman, Judicial Decision Making: Is Psychology Relevant? 58-62 (Kluwer
Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 1999)
192
Einer R. Elhauge, Does interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31 (1991); Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355 (1999).
193
194
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 35-36 (1991).
195
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 36-39 (1991).
41
Erwin ChemerinskyRichard
EpsteinJerry MashawMartin ShapiroBernard SieganCass Sunstein 196
197
Bruce Ackerman
198
Daniel Farber Philip Frickey
196
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 44, n. 59-65 (1991).
197
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 50-51 (1991).
198
Bruce Ackerman, Beyond Carolene Products, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 713 (1985).
199
Daniel A. Farber and Philip P. Frickey, Is Carolene Products Dead? Reflection on Affirmative
Action and Dynamics of Civil Rights Legislation, 79 Calif. L. Rev. 686, 702(1991).
42
200
Einer R.
Elhauge
201
202
203
204
200
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 52 (1991).
201
Einer R. Elhauge, DoesInterest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 55-57 (1991).
202
Erwin ChemerinskyRichard EpsteinJerry MashawMartin ShapiroBernard Siegan
Cass Sunstein
203
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 60-62 (1991).
204
Einer R. Elhauge, DoesI nterest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 63-64 (1991).
43
205
206
207
208
209
210
205
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 64-65 (1991).
206
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 67-87 (1991); Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355,
360-368 (1999).
207
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 67, n.135 (1991).
208
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 361-62 (1999).
209
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
L. J. 31, 77 (1991).
210
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 YALE
44
211
212
Einer Elhauge
Frank B. Cross
213
214
215
Einer Elhauge
216
Thomas Merrill
217
Frank Cross
218
219
Schlozman Tierney
220
221
216
Einer R. Elhauge, Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Judicial Review?, 101 Yale
L.J. 31, 78-79 (1991); Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 366-368
(1999).
217
Thomas W. Merrill, Does Public Choice Theory Justify Judicial Activism After All?, 21 Harv. J.L. &
Pub. Pol'y 219, 222-225 (1997).
218
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 363 (1999).
219
Jerry L. Mashaw, Greed, Chaos, and Governance: Using Public Choice to Improve Public Law 187
(1997).
220
K. Schlozman & J. Tierney, Organized Interests and American Democracy 395-97 (1986)
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 373, n.85, 96 (1999).
221
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 373 (1999).
46
222
Frank Cross
223
224
John Ely
225
222
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 372-373 (1999).
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 369 (1999).
224
Frank B. Cross, The Judiciary and Public Choice, 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 369-70 (1999).
225
Lee
Epstein and Jack Knight, Mapping Out the Strategic Terrain: The Informational Role of Amici Curiae,
in Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches 215-235 (Cornell W. Clayton &
Howard Gillman eds., 1999).
223
47
New Institutionalist226
behavioralist
attitudinal model
227
228
226
2002 12 13
Forrest Maltzman, James F F. Spriggs II, and Paul J. Wahlbeck, Strategy and Judicial Choice:
New Institutionalist Approaches to Supreme Court Decision-Making, in Supreme Court
Decision-Making: New Institutionalist A pproaches 43-63 (Cornell W. Clayton & Howard Gillman eds.,
1999).
227
Harold J. Spaeth & Jeffrey A. Segal, Majority Rule or Minority Will 18-19 (2001)
228
Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches (Cornell W. Clayton &
Howard Gillman eds., 1999)
48
229
Maxwell L. Stearns
230
Paul H. Edelman Jim Chen
231 Forrest
MaltzmanJames F. Spriggs II Paul J. Wahlbeck
tit-for-tat232
Scalia
233
229
Forrest Maltzman, James F F. Spriggs II, and Paul J. Wahlbeck, Strategy and Judicial Choice: New
Institutionalist Approaches to Supreme Court Decision-Making, in Supreme Court Decision-Making:
New Institutionalist Approaches 51-57 (Cornell W. Clayton & Howard Gillman eds., 1999);.David M.
OBrien, Institutional Norms and Supreme Court Opinions: On Reconsidering the Rise of Individual
Opinions, in Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches 91-113 (Cornell W.
Clayton & Howard Gillman eds., 1999).
230
Maxwell L. Stearns, The Misguided Renaissance of Social Choice, 103 Yale L. J. 1219 (1994).
231
Paul H. Edelman & Jim Chen, The Most Dangerous Justice: The Supreme Court at the Bar of
Mathematics, 70 South. Cal. L. R. 63 (1996); Ly nn A. Baker, Interdisciplinary Due Diligence: The
Case for Common Sense in the Search for the Swing Justice, 70 South. Cal. L. R. 187 (1996); Paul H.
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49
234
J2
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235
(Folk Theory)
236
234
235
236
Harold J. Spaeth & Jeffrey A. Segal, Majority Rule or Minority Will 14 (2001)
156-1671999 1
50
237
William N. Eskridge
238 William N. Eskridge
X*
SQ
G(L)
237
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238
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51
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L L G(L) G
SQ
x C
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240
240
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242
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SC
X
HC
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H S
242
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53
H IH C IS
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1
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Marbury v.
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244
243
Jeffrey A. Segal, Supreme Court Deference to Congress: An Examination of the Marksist Model, in
Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches 237, 241(Cornell W. Clayton &
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58 5 61999
11
55
251
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257
258
OECD
259
Freedom House
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Jan-Erik Lane Svante Ersson
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Michael J. Klarman, What so Great about Constitutionalism?, 93 Nw. U.L. Rev. 145, 187 (1998).
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Jan-Erik Lane Svante Ersson 248
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260
23-241999 12
258
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1.52T 6.31
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Gerald N. Rosenberg
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267
Mark Tushnet
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Barry Friedman
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65
272
Freedom House
272
66
67
68
273
273
631999 1
69
274
275
276
277
278
274
63-64
64-65
276
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277
138
2000 12
278
10 1999 12
275
70
279 342
280 281
279
291-295
1994
280
294
281
294
71
282
283
384 392
284
285
1988 1993
286
17 16
15
1995 12 1996 7
282
27 6 607-6081999 6
551-5821996
283
294
284
384
1-242002
285
187-2181998 9
286
1447-14521997 3
72
50
16 13 287
288
289
290
291
287
25 5 286-2871997 5
289
28 2 25-27
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2961999 3
91-941995
3971998
291
524
74 179-1842001 7
2002 10 19
288
73
292
293
294
295
296
297
292
81 52-532002 2
773-793
2002 7
293
28 1-142001 11
294
171-202
2000
295
4-81999 3
296
40 1 220-2312002 3
297
174-2052002
74
298
299
300
301
302
155 157 10 5
298
741-747
2002 7
33-41
2001 3 23 24
28 2 99-119
299
33-41
2001 3 23 24
300
744
301
745-747
302
472 473 550
75
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
303
472
305
747
306
217-222
307
212-216
308
744-746
309
14 1 1332002 3
310
223-226
Siva Vaidhyanathan
304
76
311
312
313
314
1998
10
329333-334
2002 10
313
747-772
314
1949 1998 28
2 1-63
77
315
316
1987
317
315
457-473
316
463
317
305
1949
78
318
319
320
321
322
323
1998 28 2 10
318
467-468
319
161
320
1949 1998 28
2 24
321
2 172001 6
322
35
2002 12 13
323
1382001 11 Jan-Erik Lane, Constitutions and Political
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79
324
325
1986
1987 1988 1988 1989
1988 1991 1991
1994 1996 1999
326
327
324
14 1
123-1632002 3
325
1949 1998 28
2 15-17
467
326
1949 1998
28 2 20
327
171999 12
80
328
329
330
328
28 2 27-322002 10
329
229-2321999 1
330
149-150
2000 12
81
331
332
333
1995
334 1992
1996
335
331
304-305
Tsung-Fu Chen (), Judicial Review and Social Change in Post-War Taiwan 265-311(1996)
333
204-2261999
1999 3 8
334
Tsung-Fu Chen (), Judicial Review and Social Change in Post-War Taiwan 277 (1996)
335
4 41999 3 8
332
82
336
337
1994
336
28 1 56-582002 7
337
83
338
339
340
341
338
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84
342
343
342
343
179
305
85
344
344
28 2 27-322002
10
86
345
346
2003
347348
345
307 314
313
2922000 2
347
312
346
87
349
350
348
2932000 2
350
6-13
349
88
1960 8
1980 7
1980
1990
351
351
6 1 121996 1
89
352
353
352
353
65
62
90
354
2003
355
354
355
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358
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92
359
359
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361
362
363
364
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363
297
364
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365
366
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59-751993 1 59 12 1993
2 116-30 89-109
366
222
97
23
23
367
368
369
370
367
369
753-768
370
769
98
371
371
2000
99
John H. Ely
Dworkin
407
372
Sunstein
Mark Tushnet
373
11 17
372
264-2651994 5
373
100
374
Posner
Posner
375Posner
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369-4002002 10
26 2 3 2000 10 2001 12
374
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Richard A. Posner
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101
376
376
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377
378
379
380
377
299-3162002 10
28 1-142001 11
2002 10 19
378
391-3982002
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379
28 112001 11
380
21-22
103
381
382
381
382
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Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitutions away from the Courts 155-1571999.
104
383
383
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitutions away from the Courts 59 (1999).
105
constitutional dialogue
384
385
386
387
deliberative democracy
384
35-402000 12
385
31 2 63-802002 3
386
71 27-77
2002 9
387
2002 10
20
106
388
389
Constitutional Dialogues Louis Fisher
390
Neal Devins Louis Fisher
391
392
388
20 3 80-971995 1
38 97-1091998 7
389
Louis Fisher, Constitutional Dialogues 231-274 (1988)
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393
Neal Devins
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394
395
393
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394
108
396
397
398
399
396
6 1 4-51996 1
397
35-39 2001 12
398
358-362
399
134
109
400
Robert BorkGuido
CalabresiCaroline S. Earle
400
28-35 2001 12
110
Guido Calabresi
haste or thoughtlessnesshiding
401
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1982
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417
418
419
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417
149-151 2001 11
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148-149 2001 11
420
143-145 2001 11
418
116
421
422
423
1991
424
425 1990
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1482001 11
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(1999)
175-233
(2000)
171-202
(1997) 25 3 375-406
(1995) 25 3
45-93
(1999)
1999 12
(2002)
(2002)
2002 10 19
(2001)
(2002)
14 1 111-173
5
(2000)
_____. (2002)
46-47
(1996)
206 59-76
_____. (2001)
2001 3 23 24
_____. (2002)Scalia 28 2
79-98
(1993)
_____. (1996)
6 1 35-50
_____. (1997)
1447-1452
_____. (1997) 25 5 286-289
_____. (2002)
() 773-793
(1998)
(2000)
1-22
(1968)
(1999)
1-52
_____. (1999)
179-219
(1999)
1999 3 8
(2002)
40 1 220-231
(1993) 59 12 116-130
(1993) 18 3 59-75
(1997) 48 4 18-31
(1995)
_____. (2002)
2002
10 20
(2000)
(1999)
(1992)
_____. (2001)
2001 3 23 24
(2002)
2002 5 23 http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/IA/091/IA-R-091-060.htm
(2000) 26 2 156-185
_____. (2002) Sunstein
()
875-917
_____. (2002) Bickel
301-342
_____. (2002) 18
2002 10 20
(2002)
3
85-111
(2003) 2003/2/11
(1998)
8 4 677-698
(2002)
(2000) 2000 1 10
http://www.tahr.org.tw/committee/2000.01.10.huang.htm
(2002)
2002 12 13
(2001)
2 1-27
(1997)
(1996)
6 1 1-23
_____. (1999)1949 1998 28
2 1-63
_____. (1999)
3 106-111
_____. (1999) 27 6 607-613
_____. (1999)
_____. (2002)
31 2 59-96
(1998)
_____. (2001)
_____. (2001)
(1998) 38 97-109
_____. (2001)
30 2 251-289
(2001)
(2002)
_____. (2002)
28 1 45-65
_____. (2002) 28 2 19-37
(2002)
2002
10 19
(2001) 74 179-184
(1995) 20 3
80-97
_____. (2002) 71
27-77
_____. (2002) 28
2 99-119
(1999)
_____. (2002)
1-24
_____. (2002)
2002 12
13
(2000)2000 2 19
http://www.tahr.org.tw/committee/2000.02.19.ford.htm
(1977) 35 287-302
(2002) 28 1 89-109
(2000)
11 57-118
_____. (2002)
2002 12 13
(1994)
311-331
(1994)
_____. (1994)
8
249-269
_____. (1996)
551-582
_____. (1998)
_____. (1999)
_____. (1999)
207-240
_____. (1999)
_____. (2000) 26 2
_____. (2000)2000 11 17
_____. (2001)
28 1-14
_____. (2002) 81 52-53
_____. (2002)()
741-747
_____. (2002)
317-341
_____. (2002)
457-473