Aparitia si dezvoltare

terminologiei ca disciplina;
institutii si organisme

Course no. 2
Origins and development of terminology
Main concern names and naming=> why?
Initial interest the relation language
thought
objects

Origins and development of terminology
First basic text on terminology Platos dialogue
Cratylus:
Names have a natural link with the objects they designate
Nomenclature 16
th
century ~ glossary, list of names,
dictionary (<Lat. dictio, the spoken word)
Chambers (1728) Cyclopaedia or Universal
Dictionary of Arts and Science
Samuel Johnson (1755) Dictionary of the English
Language
Linneauss work on classification in biology (1735)
Morveau & Lavoisier chemical nomenclature (1780
on)
Origins and development of terminology

The spirit of 18th century: ordering the
quantity of new beings (plants and animals),
finding out similarities, implications
The Encyclopedic tree describes the
branches going from the same trunk,
representing all knowledge (Francis Bacon).


Origins and development of terminology
Inventor of the word terminology
(Terminologie) Professor Christian Gottfried
Schtz (1747 1832) at the University of
Halle and Jena
William Whewell (1837) gave it a scientific
meaning
Developments in technology called for
specialised words: e.g. the processing of iron
in England (1783), the textile industry

Manufacturing FUSTIAN
Cutting was one part of the process. The yarn was sized and
the cloth was woventhere would be a high number of weft
threads to warp. The ridges were manually cut, and the cloth
sent to be finished. It was scoured to remove the size, and
brushed to raise the nap. This was then singed over a gas
flame, then bleached and or dyed. It was brushed again. It
was now stentered to pull it out to the standard width. The
cloth was woven at 31 or 32 inches and during processing
has shrunk to 27 inches. Stentering would stabilise the width
to 28 inches. The back of the cloth would now be filled to give
it stiffness. This could be with a glue based mixture that could
be formed from boiled bones. Each manufacturer had their
own techniques. The cloth was now ready to be taken to the
warehouse to be sold.
Origins and development of terminology

Industrial revolution development of technology
and science new denominational needs
A special language devoted to science: ideally,
signs must be monosemic and univoque
Transfer of knowledge and products the need to
standardize the elements that convey exchange
like money!
Some organism had to intervene on the term
market
Origins and development of terminology
Eugen Wster (1898 1977) electrical
engineer, manufacturer, founder of modern
terminology, representative of the Vienna
School
Beginnings in the 1930 main concern
practical aspects, methodology (methods for
systematic term formation), standards
Later (1960 1975) interest in theory,
along with other linguists (Russian Dresen,
German Schloman etc.)
Origins and development of terminology
Periods in the development of modern
terminology (ap. Auger, 1988)

The origins (1930 1960)
The structuring of the field (1960 1975)
The boom (1975 1985)
The expansion (1985 present)
Origins and development of terminology
Three classical schools of terminology in the
1930s:

Austrian / Vienna
Soviet
Czech / Prague
Origins and development of terminology
Three major orientations (ap. Auger, 1988,
Cabre, 1999):
Linguistic approach (terminology adapted to the
linguistic system (Vienna, Prague, Moscow)
The translation approach (terminology for
translation)
The amenagiste approach (terminology for
language planning)



Origins and development of terminology
The linguistic approach
The Vienna school: developed a systematic
corpus of principles and methods, focuses on
concepts, focus on standardization (of terms and
concepts)
The Czech school: influenced by the functionalist
approach of the Prague group, sees terms as
units of a functional / professional style. focus on
standardization
The Russian school: focus on standardization due
to multilingualism in former USSR
Origins and development of terminology
The translation approach:

Meant to support translation, esp. in bi- or
multilingual provinces / countries (Belgium
Canada)
Forms the basis for the terminological activities of
international bodies (UN, UNESCO, EU)
Creation of terminological databanks (TERMIUM
in Canada, EURODICAUTOM now IATE in EU)
Origins and development of terminology
The amenagiste approach terminology for
language planning
Meant to support the use of minority
languages inside larger sociolinguistic areas
(ex. Quebec)
Institutions can influence languages and help
them survive by fostering word-formation in
the native language

Descriptive vs prescriptive/normative
Dictionaries are produced using a purely
descriptive process.
Terminology glossaries are normally
produced using two phases.
The first phase employs a descriptive process in
which all terms which describe the same concept
are grouped together.
The second phase is prescriptive, with a preferred
term being selected from those identified as
synonyms, i.e. as designating the same concept.
Descriptive vs prescriptive/normative

Lack of Terminology Resources
Despite the importance of terminology, there is a general
lack of accurate, up-to-date, (re)usable terminological
resources and literature. This is true of all applications of
terminology and especially of its two primary markets:
language industry products
linguistic services, particularly translation.
Few existing resources are reliable and available on-line;
the maintenance of existing terminologies, especially in
innovative and hence fast-moving areas, is an acute
problem
Lack of Terminology Resources
The lack of resources =>problems both in terms of
synchrony (absence of required resources at a
given moment) and in terms of diachrony (difficulty
of following neological development). The situation
is particularly acute for lesser-used languages
(Greek, Italian, Eastern European languages (where
English is used as a "relay language").
The problem also affects mainstream areas in major
languages (Spanish, French) and even English. The
deficiency even applies in those areas in which
dictionary production is commercially profitable .
Lack of Terminology Resources
The majority of terminology work is performed in
the public and private sectors as an adjunct to
or by-product of some other activity, and is
often not designed for reutilisation, or
subsequently made available.
Quality - a key problem. The quality of available
collections varies widely, often it is simply
inadequate (this applies particularly to
multilingual collections).
Methods in terminology
There are four basic methods used in
terminological work:
1. term identification;
2. contextual analysis;
3. term creation;
4. term standardisation.

Terminological institutions and resources
Terminological databanks
IATE, former Eurodicauto, the EUs multilingual termbase
(Termbank of the Comission of the European Union) iate.europa.eu/
EuroTermBank a European project, http://www.eurotermbank.com/
EUROVOC the EU's multilingual thesaurus
http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/
BTQ (Banque de terminologie du Quebec)
http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/gdt.html
NORMATERM (The termbank of the French Standards Institute
AFNOR)
http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Association+franc%CC%A7aise+
de+normalisation.&qt=results_page

Terminological institutions and
resources
TEAM (The termbank of Siemens A.G., Munich)
TERMIUM (The termbank of the Canadian Federal
Government)
http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/site/termium.php?lang=en
g&cont=001
TERMIUM Plus, the Translation Bureau's terminology
database, with nearly four million terms in English,
French, and Spanish: http://www.termiump lus.gc.ca/
tpv2alpha/ alpha-eng. html?lang= eng
BD- the terminological bank of the Institute for
translators and interpreters of Innsbrck
http://www.bdue.de
Terminological institutions and resources
Organizations and institutions:
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
TermNet, international network for terminology
http://www.termnet.org/index.php
International information Centre for Terminology
http://www.infoterm.info/
EAFT (European Association for Terminology)
http://www.eaft-aet.net/en/index/
AFTERM (Association francaise de terminologie)
Terminological institutions and resources
In Romania the Association of Terminology
TermRom (http://www.termrom.org.ro/) was
founded in 1991 with the support of the
Department of Terminology and Linguistic
Engineering (DTIL) of The Latin Union.
In Chisinau the National Association of
Terminology TermRom Moldova is based.

Other useful sites and sources
REALITER Reeaua panlatin de terminologie
http://realiter.net
Reeaua Internaional Francofon de Amenajare
Lingvistic http://www.rint.org
Institutul European din Romnia. Traducerea
acquis-ului comunitar. Baz de date, ghid stilistic
pentru traductori etc. http://www.ier.ro
Legislaie comunitar http://europa.eu.int/eur-
lex/en/