/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.

doc
Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Ref NDM
Fibre-reinforced polymers/plastics is a recently developed material for
strengthening of RC and masonry structure. This is an advanced material and
most of the development in its application in structural retrofitting has taken place
in the last two decades. It has been found to be a replacement of steel plate
bonding and is very effective in strengthening of columns by eterior wrapping.
The main advantage of FR! is its high strength to weight ratio and high corrosion
resistance. FR! plates can be " to #$ times stronger than steel plates% while their
weight is &ust "$' of that of steel. (owever% at present% their cost is high. FR!
composites are formed by embedding a continuous fibre matri in a resin matri.
The resin matri binds the fibre together and also provides bond between
concrete and FR!.
The commonly used fibres are Carbon fibres% )lass fibres and *ramid fibres and
the commonly used resins are polyester% vinyl ester and epoy. FR! is named
after the fibre used% e.g. Carbon Fibre Reinforced !olymer +CFR!,% )lass Fibre
Reinforced !olymer +)FR!,% and *ramid Fibre Reinforced !olymer +*FR!,.
The fibres are available in two forms
+i, -nidirectional tow sheet% and
+ii, +ii, .oven fabric.
The application of resin can be in-situ or in the form of prefabrication of FR!
plates and other shapes by pultrusion. The in-situ application is by wet lay-up of
a woven fabric or tow plate immersed in resin. This method is more versatile as it
can be used on any shape. /n the other hand% prefabrication results in better
0uality control. The manufacturers supply these materials as a package and each
brand has specific method of application% which is to be followed carefully.
1peciali2ed firms have developed in India also% which take up the complete
eecution work and supply of material. It is important to note the difference
between the properties of steel and FR! and it should be understood that FRP
cannot be treated as reinforcement in conventional RC design methods.
Table gives a typical range of properties for three types of fibres. This range may
change from one brand to another and with change in fibre content.
Table Typical !roperties of )FR!% CFR! and *FR!
-nidirectional advanced composite materials
Fibre content +' by weight, 3ensity +kg/m4, 5 +6ong., +)!a, Tensile strength
+7!a,
)lass fibre/ polyester
)FR! laminate
8$-9$ #:$$-"$$$ "$-88 ;$$-#9$$
Carbon/epoy
CFR! laminate
1 of 6
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.doc
:8-<8 #:$$-#=$$ #"$-"8$ #"$$-""8$
*ramid/epoy *FR! laminate
:$-<$ #$8$-#"8$ ;$-#"8 #$$$-#9$$
Figure shows the 0ualitative stress-strain curves for mild steel% CFR!% *FR! and
)FR!. It can be seen that not only there is drastic difference in tensile strength
and
modulus of elasticity> unlike to mild steel% FR! is elastic right up to failure. This
shows total lack of ductility in case of FR!. This brittleness of FR! must be
considered while predicting the behavior of retrofitted members. This brittleness
does not allow the redistribution of stress in RC members and therefore% the
conventional design theories are not valid for FR! reinforced concrete members.
2 of 6
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.doc
Ref This Link
http//www.r!dind"stries.com/#rod"cts/Re$ar/re$ar.htm%&
'c%id()L*etfm+,+8)-.wwp/odi.0d12
3 of 6
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.doc
Fiberglass Reinforcing ?ar
*vailable in bar si2es 4. ;. 8. :% and 9
Benefits of fiberglass reinforcing bar include:
C/RR/1I/@ R51I1T*@C5 A will not rust and is impervious to the action of salt
ions% chemicals and the alkalinity inherent in concrete
6I)(T.5I)(T A weigh approimately one-0uarter the weight of an e0uivalent
si2e steel bar offering significant savings in both placement and use
565CTR/7*)@5TIC @5-TR*6ITB A contains no metal% and will not interfere
with the operation of sensitive electronic devices such as medical 7RI units or
electronic testing devices
T(5R7*6 I@1-6*T/R A highly efficient to resisting heat transfer *pplicationsC
R5I@F/RC53 C/@CR5T5 5D!/153 T/ 35ICI@) 1*6T1 !arking structures.
bridge decks Eersey banners> parapets curbs. retaining walls and foundations>
roads and slabs on grade
1TR-CT-R51 ?-I6T I@ /R C6/15 T/ 15* .*T5R Fuays% retaining walls>
piers &etties% caissons. decks> pilesC bulkheads% floating structures canals% roads
and buildings offshore platform msC swimming pools and a0uariums
*!!6IC*TI/@1 1-?E5CT53 T/ /T(5R C/RR/1IG5 *)5@T1
.astewater treatment plants% petrochemical plants% pulp paper mills. li0uid gas
plants pipelinesH tanks for fossil fuel% cooling towers% chimneys% mining operations
of various types% nuclear power and dump plants
*!!6IC*TI/@1 R5F-IRI@) 565CTR/7*)@5TIC @5-TR*6ITB *luminum
and copper smelting plants> manholes for electrical and telephone
communication e0uipment bases for transmission telecommunication towers
airport control towers magnetic resonance imaging in hospitals railroad crossing
sites and speciali2ed military structures.
T-@@56I@) / ?/RI@) *!!6IC*TI/@1 Re0uiring Reinforcement of Temporary
Concrete 1tructures> 1tructures including mining walls underground rapid transit
structures and underground vertical shafts
.5I)(T 15@1ITIG5 1TR-CT-R51 Concrete construction in areas of poor
load bearing soil conditions remote geographical locations sensitive
environmental areas or active seismic sites posing special issues that the use of
lightweight reinforcement will solve
3 of 6
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.doc
T(5R7*66B 15@1ITIG5 *!!6IC*TI/@1 *partment patio decks thermally
insulated concrete housing and basements. thermally heated floors and
conditioning rooms
Just for an explanation about material
FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) Pipes
RTR! stands for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe% a composite material
consisting of a thermosetting polymer% a type of polyster reinforced with glass or
other fibers that provide strength I stiffness to a composite material. 3ifferent
types of resins used for manufacturing )R!% )RG I )R5 pipes are Isophthalic
resin% Ginylester resin I 5poy resin respectively that are selected according to
the re0uired properties like chemical resistance% temperature resistance I
mechanical properties. The resins provide thermal I chemical properties such as
glass transition temperature% resistance to heat% chemical resistance etc. re0uired
for finished product. The properties of )R! pipes can be varied by changing the
ratio of raw materials as well as winding angle. These pipes consist of three
layers adherent to each having different characteristics in relation to functional
re0uirement.
Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin
Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin
External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin
Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin
Inner 6iner one is chemical resistant being in direct contact with fluid I therefore%
responsible to resist chemical corrosion as well as permeability. The internal
surface is particularly smooth to reduce the fluid head losses I also opposes the
growth of minerals I algae. 6ines has two monolithic sub layers. Inner in contact
with fluid is reinforced with glass veil with a resin content =$ '% outer reinforced
with C17 glass with resin content <$ ' by weight. The standard liner thickness
is about $.8 to #.8 mm.
Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin
)lass Reinforced layers guarantee the mechanical resistance of the whole pipe
against stresses due to internal I eternal pressure% eternal loads as well as
thermal loads. For )R! / )RG pipes% the layer is obtained by applying on the
previous partly cured liner continuous riving of glass wetted with resin under
controlled tension. For )R5 pipes% the structural wall is wound directly on a wet
liner. The layer can contain aggregates like silica sand if allowed by
4 of 6
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/228902931.doc
specifications while thickness depends on design conditions.
External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin
Topcoat or eternal liner is the outer layer of pipe consisting of pure resin. -G
protectors may be added if so re0uired to protect the pipe from solar eposure. In
case of severe eposure condition like aggressive soils or very corrosive
environment% the eternal liner can be reinforced with a surfing veil or added with
filters or pigments.
Fiberglass composites consist of glass fiber reinforcements% thermosetting
resins I additives designed I processed to meet specific functional performance
criteria.
*mount% type I orientation of glass fibers in pipe provides mechanical strength.
C )lass% 5 glass I 5CR / *dvante glass are used commonly depending on pipe
application. Garious forms of glass reinforcements are surface veil% chopped
strand mat +C17,% chopped roving% filament roving I woven roving +.R,.
Raw materials like catalyst% accelerators% inhibitors% aggregates I pigments are
used together with resin I glass reinforcements to achieve desired properties of
fiber glass product. Catalyst is an organic compound which when added to resin
in presence of an accelerator determines the polymeri2ation reaction at ambient
temperature. *cceletor is a chemical compound used together with a catalyst to
shorten the polymeri2ation time. Inhibitor is added to the resin to reduce reactivity
at ambient temperature.
There are two manufacturing processes 3ual helical filament winding process I
the other being Continuous winding process +3rostholm,
6 of 6