The OSI Reference model

Open system Interconnection Model

The OSI Model is a standard developed on the
area of the computer networking
It enables devices from different vendors to
work together( Interoperability)
It enables us to visualize the process involved
in data communication
Introduction
The OSI Reference model divides the process of data
communication into 7 layers
Each layers perform a specific task
In each layer there is a set of protocols involved, or devices
The seven layers
1. Physical layer
2. Data link layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport layer
5. Session layer
6. Presentation layer
7. Application layer
Application layer
It is the layer through which users or
application programs access to the network
It provides the interface for application
programs to access the network
Includes programs and protocols like
FTP: File transfer protocol
SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol
Presentation Layer
Handles formatting of data to common form
In the sending computer, it translates data from
the format sent down from the application layer
into a commonly recognized, intermediary format
At the receiving computer, this layer translates
the intermediary format into a format that can be
useful to that computer's application layer
It handles encryption and decryption,
compression and decompression
Session layer
open, use, and close a connection called a
session.
Performs dialog between computers
Transport layer
Prepare the data for transportation
Divide message into smaller part that can be
transmitted at a time. This process is called
segmentation
The transport layer provides flow control and
error handling, and participates in solving
problems concerned with the transmission
and reception of packets
Data at this layer is called segment
Network layer
Responsible for computers logical addressing
It translate logical address to physical address
Determines the route through which the data
is transmitted
Devices at this layer can process data using
the logical address(like IP address)
Router
Data at this layer is called packet
Data Link Layer
Adds physical address on the data
Converts data to a form that can be
transmitted into the network media
It controls the electrical impulses that enter
and leave the network cable.
Devices on this layer can process data by using
the physical address(MAC Address)
NIC, Switch, Bridge
Data at this layer is called frame
Physical layer
It is the layer on which the actual data is
transmitted
Defines the medium through which the bits are
transmitted
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting
bits (zeros and ones) from one computer to
another
Devices at this layer do not process data but
simply receive and pass data in a form of bits
Cables, connectors, repeaters, hubs
Network Protocol
Protocols are rules and procedures for
communicating
Two computers can communicate with each
other if
They use the same protocol or
They use compatible protocols
Protocol stack(Suit):
Set of protocols that work together
Each layer of the stack specifies a different
protocol for handling a function or subsystem of
the communication process
Protocol stack defines the process of networking
into layers. And in each layers there is a specific
protocol to perform a specific task on that layer
Protocols exist at each layer of these stacks,
performing the tasks specified by that layer
Protocol stack examples
The ISO/OSI protocol suite.
TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
TCP/IP
Transmission control protocol/Internet
protocol
TCP/IP was developed by the United States
Department of Defense as a set of wide area
network (WAN) protocols
It is currently the standard protocol in the
Internet
TCP/IP and OSI
The TCP/IP protocol does not exactly match the
OSI reference model
It divides the process of networking into four
layers
Network interface layer
Internet layer
Transport layer
Application layer
Each of these layers corresponds to one or more
layers of the OSI reference model.
Network Interface Layer
corresponding to the physical and data-link
layers of the OSI reference model,
Internet Layer
corresponding to the network layer of the OSI
reference model
Protocols
Internet Protocol(IP): is a protocol that performs
addressing and route selection
Address resolution protocol(ARP) : The ARP determines
hardware address (MAC addresses) that correspond to an
IP address
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): changes a
MAC address to an IP address
ICMP(Internet control management protocol : protocols
to send and receive status reports about information being
transmitted eg: pinging
Transport layer
corresponding to the transport layer of the OSI
reference model
The transport layer provides acknowledgment of
receipt, flow control, and sequencing of packets.
Transport layer uses either UDP or TCP
TCP- is connection oriented. i.e. each segment is
acknowledged by the receiver (data communication
on the internet)
UDP(user data gram protocol) connectionless. In this
protocol the sender doesnt need acknowledgement
to send the next data(e.g: TV broadcast on the
Internet)
TCP VS UDP
TCP
TCP is connection-oriented
protocol. When a file or
message send it will get
delivered unless
connections fails. If
connection lost, the server
will request the lost part.
There is no corruption while
transferring a message.
Reliable
slower
UDP
UDP is connectionless
protocol. When you a send
a data or message, you
don't know if it'll get there,
it could get lost on the way.
There may be corruption
while transferring a
message.
Unreliable
fast
TCP vs. UDP
Application layer
Corresponding to the session, presentation,
and application layers of the OSI reference
model
Protocol Data Units(PDUs)
PDUs is the data with control information at each
layer of the OSI reference model
The control information is attached to the header
or the trailer
Each layer protocol data unit is defined as follows
Transport layer PDUs: Segment
Network layer PDUs: Packet
Data link layer PDUs: Frame
Physical layer PDUs:bit
Data Encapsulation
Data Encapsulation is a process of taking one Protocol
Data Unit (PDU) and enveloping it within a set of
protocol header and trailer. So that it can be handled
by the next lower layer
It is performed by the sending computer
Data->segment->packet->frame->bits
De-encapsulation is the process of taking one PDU and
removing the header and trailer of the PDU. So that it
can be handled by the next upper layer.
It is the reverse of encapsulation
it is performed in the receiving computer
Bits->frame->packet->segment->data