Pocket Guide To

Brick Construction

ACME BRICK COMPANY

POCKET GUIDE TO
BRICK CONSTRUCTION

This pocket guide belongs to...

This publication 2009 Acme Brick Company.

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means, conventional or electronic, without written consent obtained in
advance from Acme Brick Company Technical Services Department.
Revisions: Oct 2002, Jan 2004, June 2008, May 2009

27-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . srevaP gnilaeS dna gninaelC

07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snrettaP dnoB gnivaP kcirB
96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sdnoB nrettaP lanoitidarT
86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snoitaredisnoC sepahS laicepS
76-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )yhposolihP semcA( sepahS laicepS
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snoitaluclaC tsoC llaW laitnediseR
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roloC ratroM
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . sratroM yrnosaM fo noitceleS eht rof ediuG
16-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snoitaluclaC tsoC ratroM
65-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . emuloV yb snoitroporP tuorG & ratroM
45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stnioJ ratroM
35-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . noitamrofnI gnirutcafunaM kcirB
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . noitamrofnI thgieW dna eziS kcirB
05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . desnednoC 256-C dna 612-C MTSA
94-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . srebmuN noitacicepS MTSA
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seziS kcirB nommoC
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elbaT noisrevnoC cirteM
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . selbaT noisrevnoC tinU htgneL
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . emuloV dna aerA gnitamitsE
04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . erutalcnemoN noitisoP kcirB
93-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . smreT fo yrassolG
Table of Contents

321-121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sllaW kcirB eziS ytilitU

021-111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sllaW kcirB eziS raludoM
011-301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sllaW kcirB eziS gniK
201-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . airetirC ngiseD yraropmetnoC
001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sllaW gniraebdaoL
99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tnemevoM lamrehT
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yrnosaM rehtaeW dloC
79 . . . . . ofnI eriW & sraB gnicrofnieR ,egaG teehS-dezinavlaG
69-59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sletniL leetS
49-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syenmihC dna secalperiF
29-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seiT llaW
09 . . . . . . . . . . noitcetorP noisorroC muminiM dednemmoceR
98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gnicapS eiT
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seloH peeW dna gnihsalF
78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sdutS leetS :reeneV kcirB
68-58 . . . . . . . . . . .yrnosaM tinU ssalG :7 retpahC ,50-035 ICA
48-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reeneV :6 retpahC ,50-035 ICA
97-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . snoitadnemmoceR tcudorP dna gninaelC
Table of Contents (continued)

.stinu yrnosam dna ratrom neewteb ecafretni

suoenegomoh tahwemos a gnitaerc ybereht stinu yrnosam eht
yb ratrom eht morf debrosba retaw noitca yrallipac fo snaem
yb stinu yrnosam eht fo )serop( seitiralugerri ecafrus cipocs
-orcim eht otni nward gnieb yb lairetam suoititnemec rehto ro
ratrom deilppa na fo snaem yb etartsbus a ot stinu yrnosam ro
stinu yrnosam tnecajda fo gnidnib lacisyhp ehT - dnoB noisehdA
.sessenkciht
lanimon fo snoisserpxe rof lacipyt si hcihw ,stnioj ratrom fo
ssenkciht detcepxe ro tnecajda yna gnidulcni rof gnitnuocca ton
,tinu ralucitrap a fo ezis derusaem laer ehT - noisnemiD lautcA
.sratrom tnatsiser ekil htiw dellatsni
ylnommoC .rotcaf hp evitagen ro evitisop hgih a evah ot dnuof
slacimehc ot detcejbus nehw noitaroireted larutcurts lareneg ro
noisorroc fo stceffe esrevda yalpsid ton lliw hcihw kcirB .sdica
gnorts ni etaroireted ton od hcihw kcirB - kcirB tnatsiseR dicA
.emit tes netsah ot stnenopmoc suoititnemec
fo noitardyh deeps ot ratrom ot dedda tneidergni nA - rotareleccA
.hcra na no desopmi daol desrepsid ro ,fo
tsurht eht seviecer taht reip ro llaw gnitroppus ehT - tnemtubA
.tinu yrnosam eht esned erom eht egatnec
-rep eht rewol eht yllausU .thgiew tinu yrd eht fo egatnecrep
a sa desserpxe ;emit fo htgnel deiceps a rof retaw gniliob ro
dloc ni desremmi rehtie nehw sbrosba tinu yrnosam etercnoc
ro yalc wolloh ro dilos a taht retaw fo tnuoma ehT - noitprosbA

GLOSSARY

.sessecer ro sgninepo
gninnaps rebmem larutcurts evisserpmoc devruc yllacitrev A - hcrA
.woleb
llaw eht dna llis a neewteb llaw a fo noitrop ehT - llaW norpA
.tinu erusolc A - resolC elgnA
.renroc tneilas a t ot
elgna euqilbo na ot depahs tinu yrnosam ro kcirb ynA - kcirB elgnA
.troppus larutcurts a ot yrnosam hcatta ot desu eciveD - rohcnA
.lairetam nevig a rof rotcaf ytefas elbatpecca na gnidulcni
,tnemele larutcurts nevig a rof snoitaluclac ro gnitset hguorht
yticapac daol efas detcejorp dna dettimrep ehT - sdaoL elbawollA
.gnixim gnirud etercnoc ro ratrom fo etsap
tnemec eht ni ria fo selbbub etunim fo gnisrubsid fo metsys a
poleved ot ssecorp ro lairetam fo ytilibapac ehT - gniniartnE riA
.ratrom ro/dna
tuorg ,etercnoc ni tnemec htiw rehtegot dnuob era hcihw
,gals ecanruf tsalb dna ,etilrep ,etilucimrev ,enots dehsurc
,levarg ,dnas sa hcus lairetam ralunarg treni nA - setagerggA
.eboda denrub sa ot derrefer semitemoS .yteirav
roloc dna scitsiretcarahc htgnerts evorpmi ot der eb yaM .sezis
suoirav fo kcirb yalc deird-nus ,dedlom ylhguor ,egraL - kcirB ebodA
.serutximda era gnixim gnirud ro erofeb yletaidemmi
xim eht ot dedda dna tuorg ro ratrom ,etercnoc fo tneidergni na
sa desu tnemec dnaltroP dna ,tnemec yrnosam ,emil yrnosam
,setagergga ,retaw naht rehto slairetam lanoitidarT .tuorg ro rat
-rom ot seitreporp laiceps trapmi ot dedda stneidergnI - serutximdA

.ehtyw gnicaf eht

dniheb si hcihw llaw yrnosam ehtyw-itlum a fo trap tahT - pukcaB
.reb
-mem a fo sixa lanidutignol eht gnola detrexe daoL - daoL laixA
.stinu yrnosam etercnoc fo noitardyh
etarelecca ot erusserp rednu maets sezilitu hcihw rebmahc
gniruc a stinu yrnosam etercnoc fo noitcudorp eht nI - evalcotuA
.ralhsa modnar si ti ,detaeper
ton si nrettap eht fi ;ralhsa denrettap si ti ,detaeper si nrettap
eht fi ;sezis erom ro owt fo syawla ,erauqs ro ralugnatcer rehtie
,etercnoc fo skcolb dednob fo desopmoc yrnosaM - nrettaP ,ralhsA
.nrettap gnisruoc modnar ro
desruoc ,dekcats a rehtie ni llaw ni tes eb yam stinU .ratrom ni
dial yllacipyt ,secafrus tnioj dna gniddeb desserd ro dewas gnivah
stinu yrnosam ralugnatcer ro erauqs yllareneG - yrnosaM ralhsA
.enots laer fo leef dna ecnaraeppa eht dnel
ot noisnemid dna ezis gniyrav fo sbals otni dedlom ro dehsilop
,dnuorg rehtie ecafrus eht htiw retsalp ro tnemec fo xirtam a ni
deddebme stnemgarf ro spihc enots fo erutxim A - enotS laicitrA
.noitca gnihcra yb detroppus si yrnosam gni
-niamer eht esuaceb ,meht evoba yrnosam fo noitrop ralugnairt
eerged-54 a ylno troppus ot dengised netfo era sletniL .htped
sti nihtiw noiger noisserpmoc depahs-cra na hguorht sdaol lac
-itrev yrrac ot noitces yrnosam peed a fo ytilibA - noitcA gnihcrA
.nlik evocs a fo
noitces hcra eht ni dnuof stinu kcirb denrub drah eht ot srefer
oslA .hcra na ni esu laiceps rof kcirb depahs-egdeW - kcirB hcrA

.gnicrofnier ro seit latem htiw ro rehtona revo

eno stinu gnippal yb llaw yrnosam a fo strap suoirav gniyT )4(
.stinu ro sehtyw tcennoc oT )3( .tnemecrofnier ro stinu yrnos
-am dna tuorg ro ratrom neewteb noisehdA )2( .nrettap dna
,ytilibats ,htgnerts edivorp ot stinu fo tnemegnarra ehT )1( - dnoB
.sedis lanogohtro
owt stcennoc hcihw tcejbo dilos a fo ecafrus denilcni nA - leveB
.esruoc dnab A - esruoC tleB
.tnioj deb eht htiw tcatnoc ni
si hcihw tinu yrnosam a fo ecafrus eht fo aera ehT - aerA deddeB
.tes si tinu
yrnosam a hcihw no ratrom fo reyal latnoziroh ehT - tnioJ deB
.erutcurts rehto ro llaw eht ni seil ti sa tinu yrnosam
eht fo ecafrus mottob eht ,noitcurtsnoc nI )3( .noitacitarts
eht ot lellarap ecafrus a ,gnidliub rof desu enots dereyal nI )2(
.senalp gniddeb owt neewteb kcor fo )mutarts( reyal A )1( - deB
.thgiew nwo sti
ot noitidda ni sdaol lacitrev stroppus taht llaw A - llaW gniraeB
.)gnidneb( eruxe tsiser ot dengised rebmem larutcurts A - maeB
.lebroc a fo etisoppo eht ;sesruoc
evisseccus ni kcab gnipols ro gnidecer si taht yrnosaM - rettaB
.rellams ro ezis lluf eht flah yllausu ,kcirb fo eceip A - taB
.esruoc llis ro ,esruoc gnirts
,esruoc tleb dellac semitemoS .noitavele llaw eht ni noisivid a
gnikram yrnosam fo dnab latnoziroh ,suounitnoc A - esruoC dnaB

.kcirb wolloh rof )BBH( cisab kcirb

wolloh dna ,)ABH( larutcetihcra kcirb wolloh ,)XBH( artxe
kcirb wolloh ,)SBH( dradnats kcirb wolloh dna ,kcirb dilos
rof )ABF( larutcetihcra kcirb ecaf dna ,)XBF( artxe kcirb ecaf
,)SBF( dradnats kcirb ecaf sa desserpxE .noitrotsid dna ,egappihc
,ecnarelot setacidni taht kcirb gnicaf rof noitangiseD - epyT kcirB
.msirp ralugnatcer llams a otni demrof
yllausu ,tinu yrnosam derutcafunam wolloh ro dilos A - kcirB
.redaeh dnob a
dellac oslA .rehtegot meht eit ro dnob ot yrnosam fo sehtyw
tnecajda erom ro owt spalrevo taht tinu yrnosam A - rednoB
.tinu a sa tca ot dednob
era sehtyw erom ro owt hcihw ni llaw yrnosam A - llaW dednoB
.slairetam rehto ro leets gnicrofnier ,tuorg ,stinu
yrnosam morf ratrom fo noitarapes ot ecnatsiseR - htgnertS dnoB
.gnidnob larutcurts eht ot detalernu eno
evitaroced a ylerup eb yam ro desu dnob larutcurts fo epyt eht
morf tluser yam nrettap ehT .llaw a fo ecaf eht no stnioj ratrom
eht dna stinu yrnosam eht yb demrof nrettap ehT - nrettaP dnoB
.yrnosam fo ehtyw eno
naht erom palrevo taht stinu fo gnitsisnoc esruoc A - esruoC dnoB
.secafrus
owt neewteb noisehda tneverp ot desu lairetam A - rekaerB dnoB
.deddebme
si tnemecrofnier hcihw ni yrnosam nihtiw tnemele detuorg
latnoziroh A )2( .llaw yrnosam a ni secrof elisnet dna laruxe
lanidutignol eht tsiser ot dengised dna srab lanidutignol htiw
decrofnier stinu yrnosam fo sesruoc ro esruoc ehT )1( - maeB dnoB

10

.sredaeh ro seit latem htiw rehtegot deit era

llaw eht fo sehtyw retuo dna renni eht hcihw ni dna )lairetam
gnitalusni tuohtiw ro htiw( llaw eht nihtiw ecaps ria suounitnoc
a edivorp ot degnarra stinu yrnosam fo tliub llaw A - llaW ytivaC
.slairetam desab-rebbur ro senocilis sa hcus
dnuopmoc tneiliser a htiw yrnosam ni stnioj gnilaeS - gnikluaC
.enots larutan desserd dna tuc elbmeser ot derutcafunam
tcudorp etercnoc tsacerp larutcetihcra dener A )2( .etercnoc
morf derutcafunam lairetam gnidliub tsacerp A )1( - enotS tsaC
.etanobrac muiclac ecudorp
ot ,etercnoc ro ,ratrom ,etsap tnemec ni yllaicepse ,sdnuopmoc
muiclac dna edixoid nobrac neewteb noitcaeR - noitanobraC
.erutcurts yrnosam a fo pot eht ta enots elgnis ynA - enotspaC
.gnirots yb
refsnart taeh tsiser ot yrnosam fo ytiliba ehT - noitalusnI yticapaC
.troppus sti morf stcejorp
taht ,dne eno ylno ta detroppus ,rebmem larutcurts A - revelitnaC
.emil
dna dnas morf yliramirp edam kcirB - kcirB etaciliS muiclaC
.senotsemil tsom fo tne
-utitsnoc lapicnirp ,etanobrac muiclac fo mrof larenim A - eticlaC
.tneicfeoc noitarutaS - oitaR B/C
.esab ot pot morf aera lanoitces-ssorc sti ni
sesaerced sserttub A .stroppus ro snehtgnerts ti taht llaw a otni
dednob ro ot elgna na ta tes yrnosam fo ssam gnitcejorp A - sserttuB

11

.taorht yenmihc a edisni tliub eb ot edam tnemec

yrotcarfer ro lairetam attoc arret ro yalc eriF - gniniL yenmihC
.seu ro secalper yb desuac llaw a
fo ecaf roiretxe ro roiretni eht fo noitcejorp ehT - tsaerB yenmihC
.ekoms ffo yrrac ot tliub tfahs A - yenmihC
.lacitrev yllausu si ssecer ehT .cte ,stiud
-noc ,stcud ,sepip eviecer ot llaw a ni ssecer suounitnoc A - esahC
.egde ro sirra na leveb oT - refmahC
.der si ti nehw
cimarec a fo ecafrus eht otni ylbarapesni desuf ssalg fo reyal niht
a smrof hcihw gnitaoc deroloc euqapo nA - ezalG roloC cimareC
.noisuf tneipicni ot der
neeb evah hcihw ekil eht dna ,edibrac enocilis ,aisengam acilis
,animula ,etixuab ,yalc sa hcus slairetam cinagroni ,cillatem-non
,tnatsiser-taeh morf edam stcudorp rof mret daorb A - cimareC
.sretnec dellac oslA .noitcurtsnoc gnirud sletnil ro
sehcra yrnosam fo troppus eht rof krowmrof yraropmeT - gniretneC
.emil detardyh
dna ,tnemec yrnosam ,tnemec ciluardyh dednelb ,tnemec
dnaltroP :lairetam suoititnemec deredisnoc era gniwollof eht
sratrom yrnosam gninoitroporp nehW - lairetaM suoititnemeC
.sbew dna sllehs ecaf yb dednuob
tinu yrnosam a nihtiw ecaps wolloh A )2( .sehcni erauqs 1
naht retaerg aera lanoitces-ssorc htiw ecaps diov A )1( - lleC
.rehtegot llaw ytivac a fo sehtyw owt
sdnob taht eit latem tnatsiser-noisorroc ,digir A - eiT llaW ytivaC

12

.tuorg ro ratrom htiw dell eb ot dettimrep

si hcihw noitcurtsnoc pu kcab dna ehtyw yrnosam neewteb ro
yrnosam fo sehtyw neewteb tnioj lanidutignol lacitreV - tnioJ ralloC
.selcitrap etagergga ot gnirehda dnuof secnatsbus
suoireteled ro ngierof ot srefer osla ;etartsbus eht htooms ro
,laes ,etaroced ,tcetorp ,evreserp ot ,.cte ,gnilewot ,gniyarps ,gnip
-pom ,gnippid ,gnihsurb yb ecafrus a ot deilppa lairetaM - sgnitaoC
.snrettap dnob niatniam ot sbmaj ro srenroc
ta desu stinu htgnel retrohs ro yratnemelppuS - tinU erusolC
.)esruoc gnirts fo yteirav
a( rehtona ot llis wodniw eno morf gninnur esruoc enots A )2(
.esruoc a ni dial tinu a fo noitrop ro yrnosam tsal ehT )1( - resolC
.noitacirtiv etelpmoc ylraen ot eud detaolb ro
detrotsid si epahs esohw kcirb denrub-drah yrev A - kcirB reknilC
.detnit ylthgils ro tnerapsnart si
ti taht tpecxe ezalg roloc cimarec sa emaS - ezalG cimareC raelC
.sirbed fo lavomer eht
wolla ot gnicaps dna ezis tneicfus fo ecaps tuorg a fo mottob
eht ot gninepo nA )2( .gnituorg tfil hgih ni deriuqeR .tnem
-ecalp tuorg ot roirp sgnippord ratrom gnivomer rof yrnosam
fo esruoc tsr eht ni gninepo nA )1( - seloH tuonaelC / tuonaelC
.sratrom yrnosam
rof rezicitsalp a sa desu yalc dnuorg yleniF - xiM ratroM yalC
.nlik a ni der dna
citsalp elihw demrof ,elahs ro yalc fo kcirb cimarec A - kcirB yalC
.erutarepmet gnirutam dnoyeb der nehw de
-irtiv dna ,deird nehw ffits ,denetsiom nehw citsalp si tI .etacilis
munimula suordyh fo yllaitnesse gnitsisnoc larenim larutan A - yalC

13

.sesserts hgih ylevissecxe fo tnempoleved

eht diova ot sa os erutcurts a fo strap tnereffid fo egaknirhs eht
morf gnitluser noitarapes fo tnuoma dna noitacol eht etaluger
ot tnioj yrnosam dednobnu suounitnoc A )2( .sesserts hgih fo
tnempoleved eht gnidiova ybereht ,erutcurts eht fo strap tne
-reffid fo egaknirhs eht morf gnitluser noitarapes dna gnikcarc
fo tnuoma dna noitacol eht etaluger ot erutcurts yrnosam a
ni ,deloot ro ,dewas ,demrof si taht evoorg A )1( - tnioJ lortnoC
.llaw ehtywitlum
a ni yrnosam fo sehtyw nioj ot desu eciveD - eiT ,rotcennoC
.yrnosam
ot slairetam rehto hcatta ot desu eciveD - renetsaF ,rotcennoC
.nemiceps eht
fo aera lanoitces ssorc eht yb dedivid troppus lliw nemiceps a
hcihw daol evisserpmoc mumixam ehT - htgnertS evisserpmoC
.ratrom ro stinu fo edarg ro
epyt ot tcepser htiw ehtyw rehto eht ot ralimissid si sehtyw eht
fo eno tsael ta hcihw ni llaw ehtyw elpitlum A - llaW etisopmoC
.tinu a sa rehtegot
gnitca srebmem yrnosam tnenopmoc-itluM - yrnosaM etisopmoC
.rebmem elgnis a sa rehtegot tca stnenopmoc
denibmoc eht ,sdaol gnitsiser ni taht os dengised rebmem a
fo stnenopmoc neewteb sserts fo refsnarT - noitcA etisopmoC
.roloc ro erutxet rof
detaert yllaicepse ton sesoprup gnidliub rof kcirB - kcirB nommoC
.sixa sti gnola sdaol gnitroppus
rebmem noisserpmoc larutcurts rednels ,gnol ylevitaler A - nmuloC

14

.tnemec dnaltroP gniniatnoc stcudorp ni egaknirhs ecuder

dna htgnerts deriuqer poleved ot noitardyh gnirud erutarepmet
dna erutsiom fo snoitidnoc reporp fo ecnanetniam ehT - gniruC
.detcejer neeb evah taht dna snoit
-aciceps ro sdradnats eht teem ton od taht stinu yrnosaM - slluC
.yrnosam
nihtiw slatsyrc tlas laititsretni ,delaecnoC - ecnecserootpyrC
.daol deniatsus ot eud noitamrofed tnedneped-emiT - peerC
.ecafrus a no
nrettap ekil-bew a ni skcarc en fo tnempoleved ehT - gnizarC
.hcra na revo devruc ,ylnommoc ssel hcum ,ro llaw a
ni yllatnoziroh gninnur stinu yrnosam fo )egnar( reyal A - esruoC
.llaw roiretni ro ,emarf wodniw ro rood ,edacaf a fo reb
-mem pot eht gnimrof sgnidlom fo seires ro gnidlom ehT - ecinroC
.stinu yalc ni seloh ehT .sbew dna sllehs ecaf eht
yb demrof tinu yrnosam etercnoc a nihtiw ecaps wolloh A - eroC
.nmuloc ro ,reip
,llaw a fo ecaf eht morf tuo gnitcejorp yrnosam fo sesruoc evis
-seccus yb demrof egdel ro flehs A )2( .egdel ro flehs a mrof
ot ro ssenkciht llaw eht esaercni ot llaw eht fo ecaf eht morf
tuo yrnosam fo sesruoc evisseccus fo noitcejorp ehT )1( - lebroC
.pird a htiw tuc dna ecaf llaw eht dnoyeb
dednetxe ylnommoC .noitartenep retaw morf woleb yrnosam
eht tcetorp ot retsalip ro ,yenmihc ,reip ,llaw a fo pot no hsin
a ro pac a mrof ot desu stinu yrnosam fo slairetam ehT - gnipoC

15

.llaw eht
gnitartenep morf ti tneverp dna ffo pird ot retawniar esuac ot
,gnipoc ro ,letnil ,llis a sa hcus ,rebmem gnitcejorp a fo egde
drawrof eht dniheb ylthgils dna htaeneb tuc tols ro evoorG - pirD
.liat
sevod a ekil depahs si taht nonet deyalps A - rohcnA liatevoD
.etimolod niatnoc ton seod tcudorp eht sa remonsim
a oslA .emil muisengam-hgih rof mret edart A - emiL citimoloD
.stnemele gnitsiser lacitrev rehto ro sllaw raehs ot secrof
laretal timsnart ot dengised metsys roo ro foor A - mgarhpaiD
.F 56 dna yad eht rof erutarepmet naem eht neewteb
erutarepmet ni ecnereffid seerged tiehnerhaF era ereht sa syad
eerged ynam sa tsixe ereht ,F 56 naht ssel si erutarepmet naem
eht nehw ,yad eno yna roF .retniw ni gnidliub a fo daol gnitaeh
lanimon gniyficeps dna noitpmusnoc leuf gnitamitse ni desu
,emit dna ecnereffid erutarepmet nopu desab ,tinu A - yaD eergeD
.edoc gnidliub eht yb
dened sa ,tnemele ro erutcurts a fo trap tnenamrep a era hcihw
slairetam gnidliub fo thgiew eht yb desuac daol ynA - daoL daeD
.retaw ot suoivrepmi si taht
dnuopmoc a fo sgnitaoc erom ro eno fo noitidda eht yb noitca
yrallipac ot eud noitartenep erutsiom fo noitneverP - gnoorppmaD
.tnemec detaert ro erutximda
elbatius a fo esu yb ro ,secafrus desopxe ot gnitaoc elbatius a
fo noitacilppa yb rehtie ,ropav retaw ro ,retaw fo noitprosba ro
egassap eht drater ot yrnosam fo tnemtaerT - esruoC foorP-pmaD
.sroo ro smaeb
lerdnaps ,snmuloc ot derohcna eb yam sllaw hcuS .noitcurtsnoc
emarf noteleks ni llaw gniraebdaol-non roiretxe nA - llaW niatruC

16

.selpicnirp ngised htgnerts ro sserts

gnikrow htiw ecnadrocca ni sdaol ngised tsiser ot denoitroporp
neeb evah srebmem esohw dna ecnatsiser daol laretal dna lac
-itrev rof dezylana neeb sah hcihw yrnosaM - yrnosaM dereenignE
.sisylana larutcurts a tuohtiw ,ecneirepxe hguorht
deniag snoitavresbo ro ecneirepxe morf denrael snoitatimil
lacisyhp fo noitacilppa eht no desab ngised A - ngiseD laciripmE
.lios ro ,etercnoc tnecajda
,tuorg ,ratrom morf dehcael stlas ro silakla eerf yb desuac netfo si
ecnecserofE .setaropave dna roiretni eht morf setargim noitulos
erutsiom a nehw yrnosam fo ecafrus eht no mrof hcihw ,etihw
yllausu ,silakla ro stlas elbulos retaw fo tisoped A - ecnecserofE
.smaeb-L ro -T gningised nehw tnuocca
otni nekat rebmem a fo htdiw a fo trap tahT - htdiW evitceffE
.oitar ssenrednels eht gnitaluclac nehw
demussa si taht rebmem a fo ssenkciht ehT - ssenkcihT evitceffE
.rebmem a fo oitar ssenrednels
eht gnitaluclac rof desu dna stroppus laretal neewteb rebmem
decarb a fo thgieh raelC )2( .oitar ssenrednels eht gnitaluclac
nehw demussa si taht rebmem a fo thgieh ehT )1( - thgieH evitceffE
.gnir dna gniyrd gnirud yllaicepse
,edis ta sti no fo daetsni edis worran sti no tes kcirb A - tesegdE
.daol tnatluser lellarap eht dna rebmem a
fo sixa ladiortnec eht neewteb ecnatsid lamron ehT - yticirtneccE
.ecivres fo snoitidnoc rehto dna ,noisarba ,kcatta lacimehc
,noitca gnirehtaew tsiser ot lairetam a fo ytiliba ehT - ytilibaruD
.)tnetnoc erutsiom %7 ot %5( yalc yrd ylevitaler
morf serusserp hgih rednu sdlom ni demrof kcirB - kcirB sserP yrD

17

.serutarepmet hgih tsiser

lliw taht lairetam cimarec yrotcarfer fo edam kcirB - kcirB eriF
.lewort leets a ot erehda ot ykcits yltneicfus
;etagergga ot rednib fo oitar hgih a gniniatnoc ratroM - ratroM taF
.sgnidlom
htiw noitanibmoc ni ro enola ,ylevitaroced desu si aicsaf ehT
.ecaf lacitrev a sa sraeppa taht dnab latnoziroh ta A - aicsaF
.roloc derised eht
ecudorp ot ,detaert ro ,syalc detceles fo edam era skcirb esehT
.serutxet ecafrus laiceps ecudorp ot detaert netfo dna ,sesop
-rup erusopxe ro ,gnicaf rof yllaicepse edam kcirB - kcirB gnicaF
.ecafrus
dehsin a sa desu ,llaw a fo trap a gnimrof ,lairetam ynA - gnicaF
.llehs ecaf
eht fo ssenkciht eht ot lauqe htped a ot stinu yrnosam wolloh
fo sllehs ecaf eht ot ylno deilppa si ratroM - gniddeB llehS ecaF
.tinu yrnosam ro llaw a fo ecafrus desopxe ehT - ecaF
.trap tnecajda na
gnitceffa trap eno tuohtiw rucco ot ,segnahc lamreht yb desuac
esoht sa hcus ,stnemevom evitaler llams wolla ot dedivorp si
hcihw erutcurts yrnosam a fo strap gniniojda neewteb noit
-arapes A )2( .egamad ro erutpur tuohtiw snoitidnoc rehto
r o s e g n a h c e r u t ar e p m e t o t e u d t n e m e v o m n o i t c ar t n o c r o
noisnapxe rof wolla ot ecaps ro tnioj A )1( - tnioJ noisnapxE
.001 yb dedivid
htdiw lautca eht semit emulov dilos tnecrep ehT .snoisnemid
ecaf emas eht dna sdiov on erew ereht fi decuder eb dluow
tinu wolloh a hcihw ot ssenkciht dilos ehT - ssenkcihT tnelaviuqE

18

.lenap a
dellac semitemos ,kcirb a fo ecafrus deb eht ni noisserped A - gorF
.tcatnoc ni era yeht hcihw htiw ro trap a era yeht hcihw
fo serutcurts no dna slairetam eseht no stceffe tnatluser eht
dna slairetam ni erutsiom fo gniwaht dna gnizeerF - wahT-ezeerF
.gnidliub a
fo trap larutcurts rehto ro ,nmuloc ,reip ,llaw a rof troppus a
sa gnivres edarg tseraen roo eht woleb sllaW - llaW noitadnuoF
.laoc deredwop ro dnuorg fo
noitsubmoc eht morf gnitluser eudiser dedivid ylen ehT - hsA ylF
.stinu yrnosam fo ecaf eht htiw hsu
ffo kcurts si ratrom ssecxe hcihw ni tnioj ratrom A - tnioJ hsulF
.snoitidnoc deiceps rednu semit deiceps deppord na
desiar yllacinahcem dna elbat wo a no decalp si ti nehw ratrom
fo enoc detacnurt eht fo esab eht fo retemaid ni esaercni tnecrep
eht setacidni taht ratrom fo ytreporp derusaem yrotarobal A - wolF
.stinu yalc ni senot roloc ciceps
ecudorp ot dohtem gnirutcafunaM )2( .eganiard retaw edivorp
dna noitartenep retaw tneverp ot yrnosam ni sehtyw neewteb
dna stnioj ratrom ni decalp lairetam suoivrepmi nA )1( - gnihsalF
.foor eht ,evoba ro ,ot seirots lla hguorht ylsuounitnoc
gnidnetxe dna noitadnuof eht ta gnitrats yb ,er fo daerps eht
tsiser ot sa os gnidliub a sedividbus hcihw llaw ynA - llaW eriF
.ecnatsiser er rieht gnisaercni dna srebmem
larutcurts gnitcetorp noitanibmoc ro lairetam ynA - gnoorperiF
.kcirb gnikam rof desu dna
gnimrofed tuohtiw taeh ot tnatsiser ylhgih si taht yalc A - yalC eriF

19

.denedrah ton tub tes sah taht ratroM - ratroM neerG

.esnes tcirts ni etinarg ton era
taht skcor suoengi dna )kcor cihpromatem a( ssieng sedulcni
suht mret laicremmoc ehT .sniarg elbisiv htiw kcor etacilis enil
-latsyrc ,enots gnidliub nI )2( .srapsdlef muissatop ro muidos
eht dna ztrauq fo ylniam gnitsisnoc dna ezis elbisiv fo sniarg ro
slatsyrc htiw kcor suoengi ,smret cigoloeg lacinhcet nI )1( - etinarG
.sneercs dradnats
gnissap segatnecrep laudividni eht fo smret ni desserpxe si
etagergga fo noitadarG .etagergga fo noitadarg ot gnirrefer ni
ylsuomynonys desu smret era sisylana lacinahcem dna ,sisylana
neercs ,sisylana eveiS .sneercs dradnats htiw noitarapes yb
denimreted sa etagergga fo noitubirtsid ezis elcitrap ehT - noitadarG
.ydob eht ot ti gnisuf dna serutarepmet hgih ta gnitaoc
cimarec a fo gninrub eht ;edam si gnitaoc cimarec eht hcihw
morf lairetam eht ;tinu yrnosam a fo ecafrus eht no demrof ,ekil
-ssalg dna ,yssolg ,niht yllausu ,gnitaoc cimarec A - sgnitaoC dezalG
.tinu yrnosam ssalg dilos ro wolloH - kcolB ssalG
.kcirb hcra derepat A )2( .snoisnemid etarucca htiw decud
-orp esiwrehto ro dnuorg neeb sah taht kcirB )1( - kcirB deguaG
.tuops rettug gnitcejorp a fo ,erug
euqsetorg a fo mrof eht ni yllareneg ,noitatnemanro dedlom
ro devrac eht ,egasu yB )2( .steparap dniheb esoht yllaicepse
,srettug morf drawtuo retaw egrahcsid ot ,lairetam rehto ro
,elit ,latem eb yam tub enots fo ylnommoc ,tuops A )1( - elyograG
.lewort eht
fo tniop eht htiw ratrom fo deb a ni V a gnikirtS - gniworruF
.gnidis ro sdraob teehs hcatta ot
slavretni raluger ta llaw a ot spirts latem ro doow gninetsaF - gnirruF

20

.tnioj lacitrev ro tnioj ssorc a dellac oslA .stinu

yrnosam fo sdne neewteb tnioj ratrom lacitrev ehT - tnioJ daeH
.serutarepmet hgih ta
der neeb evah taht stcudorp yalc deirtiv ylraeN - denruB-draH
.llaw eht fo ecafrus enalp
eht morf ni tes egde mottob eht htiw kcirb gniyaL )2( .rac nlik
a no ro nlik a ni kcirb gnikcats fo erudecorp ehT )1( - gnikcaH
.tuorg htiw dell
era sdiov dna stnioj roiretni eht hcihw ni stinu yrnosam dilos
htiw edam noitcurtsnoc yrnosaM )2( .tuorg htiw dell yldilos
si sehtyw neewteb ecaps hcihw ni noitcurtsnoc ehtyw-itlum
ro ,tuorg htiw dell era sllec wolloh erehw stinu wolloh fo
desopmoc noitcurtsnoc yrnosam etercnoC )1( - yrnosaM detuorG
.yrnosam detuorg yllaitraP .tuorg htiw dell ylsuounitnoc era
stinu wolloh fo sllec detangised niatrec hcihw ni noitcurtsnoc
yrnosam detuorg fo mrof tahT - yrnosaM tinU-wolloH detuorG
.tuorg htiw dell era sdiov dna sllec lla hcihw
ni stinu wolloh htiw edam noitcurtsnoC - yrnosaM lleC detuorG
.ruop suounitnoc
a ni llaw a ni decalp si tuorg hcihw ot thgieh ehT - tfiL tuorG
.stneutitsnoc eht fo noitagerges tuohtiw
ycnetsisnoc gniruop ecudorp ot dedda si retaw tneicfus hcihw
ot etagergga dna lairetam suoititnemec fo erutxim A - tuorG
.gnirruf ro mirt gnihcat
-ta fo snaem a sa sllaw yrnosam ni decalp spirts gniliaN - dnuorG
.noitces deiceps a fo aera lanoitces-ssorc latot ehT - aerA ssorG

21

.htgnel ro epahs derised a ot tinu eht

gnikaerb etatilicaf ot tinu a ni lairetam fo lavomer ro tuc A - freK
.meht yb derutcafunam snoisnemid ciceps fo kcirb
ezisrevo ebircsed ot mret siht esu srecudorp emoS .dradnats eht
naht ezis ni regral kcirb a gnitacidni mret cireneg A - kcirB obmuJ
.denedrah sah ratrom eht erofeb
stinu yrnosam fo sesruoc neewteb stnioj fo gnihsin ehT - gnitnioJ
.stnioj deb ratrom ni decalp
si taht tnemecrofnier eriw leets dedleW - tnemecrofnieR tnioJ
.tnioj eht si ecaps dell-ratrom eht ,ratrom yb rehtegot dleh
era yeht fI .ttub ro nioj srebmem owt hcihw ta ecafrus ehT - tnioJ
.erutavruc on ro elttil sah taht hcra nA - hcrA kcaJ
.hcra
eht fo edis rewol eht sdnuob taht evruc evacnoc ehT - sodartnI
.noitcus dellac oslA
.ecafrus tcatnoc fo sehcni erauqs 03 rep smarg ni desserpxe
,etunim eno rof retaw ni desremmi yllaitrap si kcirb a nehw
debrosba retaw fo thgiew ehT - )ARI( noitprosbA fo etaR laitinI
.retaw rednu os gniod
fo elbapac si dna setardyh fo noitamrof yb retaw htiw noitcaer
lacimehc yb htgnerts spoleved dna stes hcihw ,slairetam cinag
-roni fo erutxim a ro lairetam cinagroni nA - tnemeC ciluardyH
.esruoc gnidaeh a dellac oslA
.kcirb redaeh fo esruoc gnidnob suounitnoc A - esruoC redaeH
.rednob a dellac oslA .rehtegot meht eit ot yrnosam fo
sehtyw tnecajda erom ro owt spalrevo taht tinu yrnosam A - redaeH

22

.edoc
gnidliub eht yb deiceps sa stnetnoc elbavom ro stnapucco
gnidliub yb tnemele ro erutcurts a ot dedda daol ynA - daoL eviL
.ti evoba yrnosam yrrac ot
llaw a ni gninepo na revo detcurtsnoc ro decalp maeb A - letniL
.htob ro etimolod ro eticlac
fo yllapicnirp desopmoc nigiro yratnemides fo kcoR - enotsemiL
.retaw htiw emilkciuq gnitaert
yb deniatbo redwop yrd A .edixordyh muiclaC - emiL detardyH
.emil ciluardyh
dna ,emil detardyh ,emilkciuq fo smrof lacisyhp dna lacimehc
suoirav eht rof mret lareneg A ;)OaC( edixo muiclaC - emiL
.ratrom
dednasrevO .daerps ot tlucfid dna hsrah yllausu si tI .stnen
-opmoc suoititnemec ni tneiced si hcihw ratroM - ratroM naeL
.meht neewteb llaw a
gnitcurtsnoc rof ediug a sa sdael ot dehcatta si enil A .sesruoc
evisseccus no kcab dekcar dna pu tliub llaw a fo noitces ehT - daeL
.noitcurtsnoc foor ro sroo ,smaeb yb naps lacitrev eht ni ro
,sllaw ssorc ,sretsalip ,sesserttub ,snmuloc yb naps latnoziroh eht
ni decarb era srebmem larutcurts yberehw snaeM - troppuS laretaL
.rehtona revo sdnetxe tinu yrnosam eno ecnatsid ehT - paL
.snoitairav roloc ro ezis rof dedarg
ro detros neeb tey ton evah taht nlik eno morf skcirB - nuR nliK
.lairetam yalc rehto ro kcirb gnir
ro gninrub rof desu erusolcne detaeh ro ,nevo ,ecanruf A - nliK

23

.ratrom ekam ot dedda si retaw dna dnas

hcihw ot lairetam suoititnemec dexim-llim A - tnemeC yrnosaM
.stinu redaeh
gnippalrevo htiw yrnosam fo sehtyw tcennoc oT - dnoB yrnosaM
.stinu yrnosam fo egalbmessa nA )4( .gnitnioj fo dohtem
detpecca rehto ro tuorg ro ratrom htiw pu dial stinu yrnosam fo
pu edam noitcurtsnoc fo epyt ehT )3( .desu yllautca si ratrom
ton ro rehtehw ,ratrom htiw ylbmessa ot elbanema dna snrettap
ni stinu sa tes slairetam rehto ro ,kcirb ,enots fo tliub serutcurts tfarc snosam eht fo ecitcarp eht morf gnitluser krow ehT )2(
.slairetam rehto dna stinu yrnosam etercnoc ,elit ,kcirb htiw tfarc
snosam eht fo ecitcarp eht naem ot emoc sah yrnosam ,noisnet
-xe yB .enots ni gnidliub fo tra eht ,gnikaeps yltcirtS )1( - yrnosaM
.enitnepres ,ylerar
ro ,etimolod ro eticlac fo ylniam desopmoc si taht dna hsilop
lliw taht kcor a ,enots noisnemid nI )2( .etimolod ro eticlac
fo ylegral pu edam kcor cihpromatem a ,ygoloeg nI )1( - elbraM
.teef xis naht retaerg naps htiw hcrA - hcrA rojaM
.noitanibmoc ro noitcennoc ,tnemele nevig
yna rof gnidaol elbissop tsrow eht etaerc ot troffe na ni egasu
debircserp sti rof erutcurts eht ot deilppa eb ot detapicitna
sdaol fo noitcejorp a era sdaol fo seires ehT .ecnailpmoc edoc
rof erutcurts ro tnemele na ot snoitaluclac ro stset hguorht
deilppa ylevitalumuc hcihw sdaol fo seires A - noitanibmoC daoL
.daol daed nwo sti ot noitidda ni sdaol
yrrac ot dengised tnemele ro metsys larutcurts A - gniraebdaoL
.thgiew nwo sti ot
noitidda ni daol lacitrev stroppus taht llaw A - llaW gniraeB-daoL

24

.esu ni yteirav dna ytilibixe rof snois

-nemid ro stinu dezidradnats htiw detcurtsnoC - ngiseD raludoM
.slairetam fo etsaw
dna sruoh krow artxe setanimile esu tneicfE .eludom lacibuc
hcni ruof a ot ecnerefer hguorht ,ti otni gniog slairetam eht fo
sezis tinu eht dna erutcurts a fo snoisnemid eht gnitalerroc yb
stcudorp gnidliub dradnats morf sgnidliub fo ylbmessa tneic
-fe erom gnidroffa metsys lanoisnemid A - noitanidrooC raludoM
.serutxim rehto ro ratrom ,tuorg
,etercnoc fo stneutitsnoc gnidnelb rof deyolpme enihcam A - rexiM
.etercnoc ro tuorg
,ratrom ecudorp ot stneidergni fo snoitroporp ehT - ngiseD xiM
.teef 6 naht ssel fo naps a htiw hcrA - hcrA roniM
.tnemecrofnier tnioj ro seit latem
htiw rehtegot yrnosam fo sehtyw tcennoc oT - dnoB eiT lateM
.syek ro leets gnicrofnier
,seit latem htiw rehtegot stinu yrnosam gniyT - dnoB lacinahceM
.llaw
eht nehtgnerts ot nopu deiler ton tub gnikcab larutcurts sti ot
dehcatta yrnosam fo gnicaf gniraebdaol-non A - reeneV yrnosaM
.cte ,muspyg ,ssalg ,enots ,etercnoc ,yalc
denrub fo stinu gnidliub derutcafunam ro larutaN - tinU yrnosaM
.yrnosam eht fo seitreporp
gninimreted rof nemiceps tset a sa desu tuorg tuohtiw ro htiw
ratrom dna stinu yrnosam fo egalbmessa nA - msirP yrnosaM

25

.stinu yrnosam etercnoc tsom ni lanimon

naht ssel hcni 8/3 yllausu si noisnemid lautca ehT .hcni 2/1
naht erom ton tub tnioj ratrom a fo ssenkciht eht yb noisnemid
lautca eht morf yrav yam hcihw noisnemid A - noisnemiD lanimoN
.sllec ro seroc detuorgnu fo aera eht sunim tinu yrnosam
eht fo aera lanoitces-ssorc ssorg egarevA - aerA lanoitceS-ssorC teN
.noitaredis
-noc rednu rebmem eht fo noitces ssorc muminiM - noitceS teN
.tnemecrofnier
ro stinu yrnosam dna ratrom neewteb noisehdA - dnoB ratroM
.rebmem
larutcurts a taes ot desu ratrom fo reyal kciht A - deB ratroM
.stinu larutcurts rehto ro yrnosam dnob ot desu retaw dna
etagergga en ,slairetam suoititnemec fo erutxim citsalp A - ratroM
.stinu yrnosam yalc dna etercnoc fo noitacirbaf
eht ni desu mrof ,oslA .tsac era snemiceps tset etercnoc ro ,rat
-rom ,tnemec taen hcihw otni ytivac a gniniatnoc ecived A - dloM
.lairetam ecafrus eht fo tnetnoc
erutsiom eht ylno serusaem yllareneg hcihw ,yrnosam fo tnetnoc
erutsiom eht gninimreted rof retem lacirtcelE - reteM erutsioM
.lairetam
eht fo timil lanoitroporp eht woleb sserts raehs tinu rof niarts
raehs tinu ot sserts raehs tinu fo oitaR - ytidigiR fo suludoM
.lairetam fo timil
lanoitroporp woleb sesserts evisserpmoc ro elisnet rof niarts
gnidnopserroc ot sserts lamron fo oitaR - yticitsalE fo suludoM

26

.yrnosam
detaicossa ot dednob ton ,yrnosam fo nmuloc detalosi nA - reiP
.dohtem dnalgnE weN ro nretsaE eht dellac semitemoS
.kcirb eht yal ot lewort a no ratrom hguone sah ,dnah rehto
eht htiw dna ,dnah eno htiw kcirb a pu skcip ylsuoenatlumis
reyalkcirb eht yberehw kcirb gniyal fo dohtem A - piD dna kciP
.sretsalp dna ,sratrom ,setercnoc
ni etagergga thgiewthgil a sa dna lairetam gnitalusni na sa desu
,gnitaeh yb dednapxe nehw ;naidisbo naht tnetnoc retaw rehgih
a gnivah yllausu ,erutcurts citilrep a gnivah ssalg cinaclov A - etilreP
.tnatropmi si noisarba ot ecnatsiser erehw
stnemevap ni esu rof elbatius yllaicepse kcirb deirtiV - kcirB gnivaP
.gniraebdaol reven si noititrap a adanaC nI .gniraebdaol-non
yllareneg si tI .thgieh ni ssel ro yrots eno llaw roiretni nA - noititraP
.)gnitegrap sa ot derrefer semitemos(
yrnosam roiretxe dnuorgrednu no ro ,pukcab eht fo ecaf eht
,reenev yrnosam fo kcab eht revo ,stneidergni gnoorp-pmad
niatnoc yam hcihw ,ratrom fo gnitaoc a gniretsalP )1( - gnigraP
.seinoclab dnuora ro level
foor ta gnidliub a fo retemirep eht dnuora llaw wol A - teparaP
.slairetam elbulos fo noitargim
yb stinu yrnosam tnecajda fo gniniats ro ecnecserofe diova
ot tnetnoc ilakla eerf wol htiw ratrom A - ratroM gniniatsnoN
.thgiew nwo sti naht
rehto daol lacitrev on stroppus taht llaw A - llaW gniraebdaoL-noN
.er ot desopxe
nehw F 0021 fo erutarepmet a ta ria ni noitsubmoc troppus
ylevitca ron etingi rehtien lliw taht lairetam ynA - elbitsubmocnoN

27

.051 C MTSA fo stnemeriuqer

eht gniteem setacilis muiclac ciluardyh fo gnitsisnoc reknilc
gnizirevlup yb deniatbo tcudorP )2( .lairetam dnuorgretni
na sa etaflus muiclac fo smrof eht fo erom ro eno gniniatnoc
yllausu ,setacilis muiclac ciluardyh fo gnitsisnoc sreknilc gnizi
-revlup yb decudorp tnemec ciluardyH )1( - tnemeC dnaltroP
.devrac eb ot si taht enots eht no noitisop rieht
gnihsilbatse dna ledom a morf stniop gnitaerc ,gnivrac enots nI
)3( .tes si enots eht retfa tnioj eht otni decrof si rell ekil-yttup
a ro ratroM .krowenots tuc ni stnioj fo tnemtaert laniF )2( .dial
era stinu yrnosam retfa tnioj a otni ratrom gnileworT )1( - gnitnioP
.lacitrev enimreted
ot enil a morf dednepsus thgiew latem depahs A - boB bmulP
.ytilibisnetxe ro ytilibixe ,ytilibakrow sti
esaercni ot etercnoc ro ,tuorg ,ratrom ot evitidda nA - rezicitsalP
.hsin derutxet ro htooms a ecudorp
dna sllaw roiretni taoc ot desu ,siraP fo retsalp ro emil sa hcus
,slairetam suoititnemec htiw setagergga en fo erutxim ynA - retsalP
.erutarepmet ro tnetnoc
erutsiom ni snoitairav ot eud segnahc lanoisnemid fo stceffe
eht gnicuder ro gnidnob rof desu eb yam hcihw taht tpecxe
,tnemecrofnier leets tuohtiw detcurtsnoc yrnosaM - yrnosaM nialP
.llaw a morf htdiw sti flah naht ssel gnidnetxe ,reip
degagne ta A )2( .htob ro nmuloc a ro maeb lacitrev a rehtie
sa sevres tI .thgieh sti tuohguorht noitces ssorc mrofinu sah dna
secafrus htob ro rehtie morf detcejorp ro hsu eb yam tI .llaw a
fo trap sa tliub yrnosam fo nmuloc deyek ro dednob A )1( - retsaliP
.secaps nepo htiw
skcolb depahs ro ralugnatcer gnitanretla yb deveihca si tceffe
decreip latnemanro na hcihw ni llaw yrnosam A - llaW decreiP

28

.sdaol tcapmi ro gnidaol

lamronba ,tnemele na fo ngised fo esusim ssorg fo tluser eht
yllausU .ti fo trap egral yletanoitroporpsid a ro erutcurts eritne
na fo espalloc eht ni gnitluser rehtona ot tnemele gnidliub
eno morf eruliaf lacol laitini na fo daerpS - espalloC evissergorP
.yrnosam eht
fo htgnerts evisserpmoc eht enimreted ot 744 E MTSA htiw
ecnadrocca ni smsirp yrnosam 3 tsael ta fo gnitseT - gnitseT msirP
.smsirp yrnosam gnitset
yb denimreted ,yrnosam fo aera lanoitces-ssorc ten fo tinu rep
detsiser )ecrof( htgnerts evisserpmoc mumixaM - htgnertS msirP
.secaf latnoziroh dna lacitrev ylno htiw epahs dilos ynA - msirP
.decudorp yletarebiled neeb sah sserts evisserpmoc
fo eerged dellortnoc tnacingis a hcihw ni slairetaM - dessertserP
.noitartenep erutsiom tneverp ot gnikluac elbixe htiw
delaes era stnioj hcuS .stnemele gnitroppus latnoziroh woleb
ylnommoc ,noitcartnoc dna noisnapxe rof wolla ot slavretni
latnoziroh detats ta tfel tnioj nepo nA - tnioJ gniveileR-erusserP
.yrnosam dezilanoitces dna ,dezilenap
,delbmessaerp sa nwonk oslA .erutcurts eht ni noitacol lan sti
naht rehto noitacol a ni detacirbaf yrnosaM - yrnosaM detacirbaferP
.seitreporp suoititnemec gnissessop sdnuopmoc
mrof ot serutarepmet yranidro ta edixordyh muiclac htiw tcaer
yllacimehc ,erutsiom fo ecneserp eht ni dna mrof dedivid ylen
ni ,lliw tub eulav suoititnemec on ro elttil sessessop flesti ni
hcihw ,lairetam munimula dna suoecilis a ro suoeciliS - snalozzoP

29

.tnioj eht fo edistuo eht morf

devomer si ratrom fo " ot " erehw tnioj ratrom A - tnioJ dekaR
.gnihsa
ni-deratrom eviecer ot yrnosam ni tuc evoorg ro tolS - elggaR
.evit
-caoidar tub ,nogra gnilbmeser tnemele suoesag ,yvaeh A - nodaR
.yrnosam fo sesruoc evisseccus kcab gnippetS - gnikcaR
.lairetam a hguorht wo
taeh eht fo noitacidni na si hcihw ecnatsiser lamreht ehT - eulaV-R
.gningila ro
gnilevel rof ecived a ro ,mihs a ,kcohc a sa ro )depahs-egdew
ton era senots niouq tsom hguohtla( evoba debircsed tnemtaert
renroc eht rehtie ni desu eb yaM .enots fo eceip depahs-egdew
A )2( .gnillaw tnecajda eht morf lairetam ro ,hsin ,ezis ni
gnireffid ,skcolb renroc yrnosam fo seires a fo enO )1( - niouQ
.snoitaciceps eht ot noisiver yrassecen enimreted
ot egasu fo weiver dna snoitaciceps eht htiw ecnadrocca ni si
ecivres ro ,tcudorp ,lairetam gnitluser eht rehtehw enimreted
ot noitcepsni ,noitaciceps eht fo tnetni lluf eht teem ot noit
-cudorp ,noitaciceps reporp eht :gnidulcni spets detaler lareves
fo srotcaf eht gnitargetni sevlovni metsys llarevo ehT .cimonoce
dna elbadneped ,etauqeda ,efas si taht ytilauq edivorp ot si
lortnoc ytilauq fo evitcejbo ehT .metsys a hcus fo esu eht dna
sresu eht fo sdeen eht steem taht ytilauq fo level a edivorp ot
si esoprup esohw seitivitca fo metsys dennalP - lortnoC ytilauQ
.yrassecen erehw detaitini noitca evitcerroc fo noitaulave eht
sevlovni osla metsys sihT .detnemelpmi ylevitceffe gnieb tcaf ni
si margorp lortnoc ytilauq llarevo eht taht ecnarussa edivorp ot
si esoprup esohw seitivitca fo metsys dennalP - ecnarussA ytilauQ

30

.kolor delleps yltneuqerF .ecaf llaw eht ni

elbisiv ecafrus dne eht htiw egde ecaf sti no dial kcirb A - kcolwoR
.depahs-egdew
era stinu lla ,enots fo tliub fI .hcra ralucricimes A - hcrA namoR
.llaw eht fo ecafrus retuo eht
ot )emarf ro( tols eht morf gnidnetxe ecafrus eht ,emarf a rof
detaber si taht gninepo wodniw ro rood a fo edis eht nI - laeveR
.esu rof ycnetsisnoc reporp eht ot
,gnixim lanigiro retfa ,xim-er dna ratrom netsiom oT - gnirepmeteR
.gninedrah ro
gnittes swols taht ratrom ni evitidda lacimehc A - tnegA gnidrateR
.yrnosam ni ratrom gnicalpeR - gnitniopeR
.srebmem gni
-troppus rehto ro sllaw ot daol eht yrrac ot hcra ta ro letnil a
evoba llaw eht otni tliub ,dnilb yllausu ,hcra nA - hcrA gniveileR
.secrof elisnet dna gniraehs gnitsiser
ni rehtegot tca slairetam tnenopmoc eht taht rennam a hcus ni
deddebme si tnemecrofnier hcihw ni yrnosam tinU )2( .sesserts
elisnet dna gniraehs tsiser ot seroc detuorg ro stnioj detuorg eht
ni tnemecrofnier gniniatnoc yrnosaM )1( - yrnosaM decrofnieR
.daol desopmi eht tsiser yrnosam dna leets eht
htob hcihw ni rebmem larutcurts lacitrev A - nmuloC decrofnieR
.sesserts raehs dna elisnet troppus ot tnemecrofnier
htiw yrnosam ro etercnoc fo desopmoc dna sdaol roo yrrac
ot dengised srebmem larutcurts latnoziroH - smaeB decrofnieR
.gnihsa latem eruces dna eviecer ot ssecer A - telgeR

31

.sruoh ev rof
retaw gniliob ni noisremmi gniwollof debrosba thgiew ot sruoh
42 rof retaw dloc ni noisremmi gniwollof tinu yrnosam a yb
debrosba retaw fo thgiew eht fo oitar ehT - tneicfeoC noitarutaS
.noitces ssorc tsegral ni )hcni 521.0( sretemillim
2 dna )hcni 200.0( retemillim 61/1 neewteb sniarG - eziS-dnaS
.etercnoc larutcetihcra ni etagergga fo erusopxe rof ro stnioj
noitcurtsnoc latnoziroh fo punaelc rof desu netfo ;ria desserp
-moc yb deeps hgih ta elzzon a morf detceje dnas fo maerts a yb
yrnosam fo ecafrus a gnidarba ro gnittuc fo metsys A - gnitsalB dnaS
.slacimehc ro tlas fo sropav dna yalc fo setacilis neewteb
noitcaer lacimehcomreht a yb deniatbo hsin ssolg A - ezalG tlaS
.roloc ni egnaro-hsiknip
yllausU .kcirb denrub-drah naht deroloc rethgil dna suorop
e r o m s i t a h t k c i r b d e n r u b r e d n u r o f m r e t c i r e n e G - kcirB nomlaS
.ecaf eht fo ecafrus eht woleb
dessecer ro derefmahc senots tnecajda eht fo segde eht gnivah yb
dezisahpme neeb sah taht tnioj ratrom knus ylpeed A - tnioJ citsuR
.erutxet esraoc yb deziretcarahc ,enotsemil gnidliub
fo edarg A )2( .retcarahc larur fo serutcurts tsedom ylevitaler ni
feiler hgih htiw dial yllanoitnetni dna ,desserd dnah ylhguor si
taht ,enots lacol fo yllareneg ,yrnosam gnibircsed mret A )1( - citsuR
.dnob retrauq
a dellac si yaw eht fo htruof-eno dna dnob driht a dellac si
yaw eht fo driht-eno gnippal elihw ,dnob flah ro retnec a
dellac si woleb tinu eht revo deretnec stnioj ratrom lacitrev
eht taht os decalp era sesruoc evisseccus ni stinU - dnoB gninnuR

32

.llaw gnitrop
-pus eht snioj hcra eht hcihw no ecafrus enilcni ehT - kcaB wekS
.llaw a ni gninepo na
fo esab eht ta yllatnoziroh tes enots deleveb ylthgils ro ta A - lliS
.erutarepmet ni
esaerced ro erutsiom fo ssol ot eud egnahc emuloV - egaknirhS
.ratrom fo deb a ni dial gnieb si ti nehw tinu txen
eht tsniaga tinu eht gnivohs yb dell stnioj daeH - stnioJ devohS
.noitcurtsnoc gnirud
srebmem fo troppus yraropmet rof desu stsop ro sporP - gnirohS
.yrnosam
troppus ot erutcurts eht ot detlob selgna larutcurtS - selgnA flehS
.ekil-kcor denedrah
sah ti litnu serusserp hgih ot detcejbus neeb sah taht yalC - elahS
.serutcurts eganiard ni esu rof
dednetni kcirb tnatsiser-evisarba ,noitprosba woL - kcirB reweS
.edoc gnidliub eht yb
deiceps sa erutcurts a fo efil eht ni detcepxe daoL - daoL ecivreS
.retaw edulcxe ot tnioj
a fo edistuo eht ta dial ycnetsisnoc citsalp fo diu A - stnalaeS
.erehda lliw
retsalp ro occuts taht os seguog thgiarts htiw etercnoc ro enots
fo ecafrus eht nehguor oT )2( .etaroced esiwrehto ot ro ecafrus
a fo tceffe lausiv eht tpurretni ot was ralucric a ro sloot dnah
htiw gnihsin enots ni evoorg ro lennahc a tuor oT )1( - erocS

33

.ecafrus
llaw eht no gniwohs ecaf sti htiw dne no tes kcirb A - reidloS
.edahsnus a sa desu sllaw detarofreP - sneercS raloS
.kcirb kcurts-retaw si tcudorp eht ,gnikcits tneverp ot dettew
era sdlom eht nehW .kcirb kcurts-dnas si tcudorp eht ,gnikcits
morf yalc eht tneverp ot dednas era sdlom eht fo sedisni eht
nehW .)erutsiom tnecrep 03 ot 02( yalc tew ylevitaler htiw )ssec
-orp dnah a yb netfo( gnidlom yb decudorp kcirB - kcirB duM tfoS
.shtgnerts evisserpmoc wol
dna snoitprosba hgih ylevitaler fo stinu gnicudorp ,segnar erut
-arepmet wol ta der neeb evah taht stcudorp yalC - denruB-tfoS
.erutalbatne
ro hcra na ro ,ecinroc ro ,tluav ,letnil a sa hcus gnidliub a fo
tnenopmoc daehrevo yna fo ecafrus rewol desopxe ehT - tfoS
.ssenkciht hcni-owt
lanimon a gnivah ,noisnemid ecaf lamron fo tinu yrnosam A - paoS
.lewort a fo egde eht htiw ni ratrom gniworht
yb dial era stinu retfa dell stnioj ralloc ro daeH - stnioJ dehsulS
.nedrah yeht erofeb noihsaf ralugerri ni gas ro pmuls
yeht taht os decudorp stinu yrnosam etercnoC - kcolB pmulS
.slairetam suoititnemec fo ytilibakrow eht
erusaem ot desu tset a si tset pmulS .devomer si dlom sti nehw
lairetam suoititnemec tew a fo thgieh eht ni pord ehT - pmulS
.nmuloc ro llaw yrnosam a fo ytilibats eht
gnissessa fo snaem a sa desU .ssenkciht evitceffe sti ot nmuloc
ro llaw a fo thgieh evitceffe eht fo oitar ehT - oitaR ssenrednelS

34

.stinu yrnosam
lareves yal ot deb a no ratrom hguone gnidaerpS - ratroM gnignirtS
.tnioj eht ni gniniamer ratrom eht fo
ecafrus eht gnihtooms dna ratrom gnidurtxe gnivomer ylsuoen
-atlumis ,lewort eht fo ekorts a htiw tnioj ratrom a hsin oT - ekirtS
.ecaf llaw eht ot lellarap ecaf sti dna latnoz
-iroh noisnemid tsetaerg sti htiw dial tinu yrnosam A - rehctertS
.noitcurtsnoc gnirud
gnisruoc yrnosam gnikram rof desu elop dekram A - eloP yrotS
.eulav evitatilauq ro
evitatitnauq a rof nosirapmoc fo erusaem detpecca nA - dradnatS
.yenmihc a dellac oslA .sesag fo egrahcsid eht rof
seu ro eu a sniatnoc taht foereht trap ro erutcurts ynA - kcatS
.llaw ro tnemtuba na stces
-retni ti erehw ,emod ro hcra na fo tniop tsewol ehT - eniL gnirpS
.hcni erauqs rep sdnuop
fo stinu sah tluser eht dna dednetni si ylno eulav laciremun fo
toor erauqs eht ,ngis lacidar eht rednu si mf ytitnauq eht reve
-nehW .desab si ngised tcejorp eht hcihw nopu dna ,stnemucod
tcejorp eht yb noitcurtsnoc ni desu yrnosam eht fo deriuqer aera
lanoitces-ssorc ten fo tinu rep ecrof sa desserpxe htgnerts evis
-serpmoc muminiM - yrnosaM fo htgnertS evisserpmoC deicepS
.ecafrus a morf yawa tilps ro eka oT - llapS
.aera lanoitces-ssorc ssorg sti fo erom ro
tnecrep 57 si ecafrus gniraeb eht ot lellarap enalp yreve ni aera
lanoitces-ssorc ten esohw tinu yrnosam A - tinU yrnosaM diloS

35

.ssel ro hcni na fo 4/3

,noitces-ssorc niht a ni deilppa eb nac taht smetsys eliT - stesnihT
.R lobmys eht yb desserp
-xe ytivitcudnoc lamreht fo lacorpicer ehT - ecnatsiseR lamrehT
.)taeh etalumucca ro erots ot
ytiliba( lairetam gnidliub a fo yticapac taeh ehT - ssaM lamrehT
.egnahc erutarepmet ot slairetam fo ecnatsiseR - aitrenI lamrehT
.erutarepmet ni
esaercni eht ot eud lairetam a fo noisnapxE - noisnapxE lamrehT
.eerged eno yb
erutarepmet ni reffid secafrus gnisoppo sti nehw lairetam ta
a hguorht swo taht taeh fo tnuoma ehT - ytivitcudnoC lamrehT
.ssenta morf erutraped ro ,noitairts ,gni
-kaerts ,ssenhguor gnidulcni ,ratrom dna etercnoc ni sa ,ecafrus
desopxe na ni tnerappa noitarugnoc ro nrettap ehT - erutxeT
.sllaw dna sroo
no gnicafrus evitaroced a sa desu ;htooms dnuorg dna tsacerp
ro ecalp ni tsac si taht etercnoc etagergga-elbraM - ozzarreT
.noitcurtsnoc gnidliub dna yrettop
ni desu yalc cimarec foorpretaw ,der-imes ,drah A - attoC arreT
.ycnetsisnoc reporp a ot ratrom xim dna netsiom oT - repmeT
.noitprosbA fo etaR laitinI - noitcuS
.sgnidliub fo secafrus roiretxe
rehto dna sllaw roiretxe gnitaoc rof desu retsalp tnemec A - occutS

36

.)F
/rh/FS/utB( ytivitcudnoc lamreht fo tnemerusaem A - rotcaF U
.ratrom hserf htiw
stnioj ratrom evitcefed ro tuo tuc gnill ylthgiT - gnitnioP kcuT
.gnidliub a fo
roiretni eht otni ti esaeler dna taeh ralos brosba ot dengised si
gnizalg dniheb yllausu si taht llaw yrnosam A )8791( - llaW ebmorT
.htraeh ecalper a gnitroppus
rof desu ,kcirb fo hcra esir-wol a yllausu ,hcra nA - hcrA remmirT
.enalp fo tuo enil eht
gniwolb dniw fo tceffe eht ecuder ot dna enil eht ni gas etan
-imile ot ediug a rof esruoc a fo elddim eht ni dial skcirb ehT - girT
.slairetam
erom ro owt fo noitces eht sa seitreporp citsale emas eht gni
-vah lairetam eno fo noitces demussa nA - noitceS demrofsnarT
.srehtoot dellac era
stinu gnitcejorP .gnitcejorp esruoc etanretla yreve fo rehcterts
dne eht htiw llaw a fo dne yraropmet eht gnitcurtsnoC - gnihtooT
.lewort a naht rehto loot laiceps a
htiw tnioj ratrom a fo ecaf eht gnipahs dna gnisserpmoC - gnilooT
.noit
-aciceps ezis a morf noitairav fo ecnawolla deicepS - ecnareloT
.htob ro ,seroc ,sllec
lellarap htiw foereht serutxim ro ,yalc er ,elahs ,yalc denrub
fo desopmoc stinu yrnosam yalc wolloH - yalC larutcurtS ,eliT
.slairetam rehto
ro yrnosam ot yrnosam stcennoc taht lairetam fo tinu ynA - eiT

37

.llaw eht no
secrof gnitsiser ni rehtegot tca slairetam owt eht taht os leets
deddebme htiw decrofnier llaw yrnosam A - decrofnieR ,llaW
.sdaol desopmi morf gnitluser llaw eht ni sesserts elis
-net laitnetop ecuder ot decudortni neeb evah sesserts lanretni
hcihw ni sllaw yrnosam ro etercnoc decrofnieR - dessertserP ,llaW
.etalp daeh a
dellac oslA .dehcatta eb yam stnemele larutcurts rehto hcihw
ot llaw yrnosam a ot derohcna rebmem latnoziroh A - etalP llaW
.ecaps gni
-divid ro gnisolcne ,erutcurts a fo rebmem ranalp lacitrev A - llaW
.suoivrepmi ssam eht gnikam
,tcudorp yalc a fo serop esolc dna sniarg esuf ot sa hgih os era
serutarepmet nlik nehw gnitluser noitidnoc ehT - noitacirtiV
.noitces taht ta gnirrucco sdaol laixa fo
noitammus eht yb noitces a ta tnemom eht gnidivid yb dnuof
yllamron si tI .stnemom dna sdaol laixa deilppa yb decudorp
esoht ot tnelaviuqe sesserts gnidneb dna laixa ecudorp ot deriuq
-er daol laixa tnatluser a fo yticirtnecce ehT - yticirtneccE lautriV
.etagergga na ro lairetam
gnitalusni taeh a sa etats dednapxe eht ni desu ,etagergga thgiew
-thgil a mrof ot taeh yb dednapxe acim larutan A - etilucimreV
.gnikcab eht ot
reenev gnicaf a eit ot desu latem fo eceip ro pirts A - eiT reeneV
.llaw eht ot htgnerts
gnidda ton tub ,.cte ,noitalusni ,noitcetorp ,noitatnemanro
gnidivorp fo esoprup eht rof llaw a ot dehcatta yleruces sla
-iretam ralimis ro stinu yrnosam fo ehtyw gnicaf elgnis A - reeneV

38

.yrnosam hguorht wo erutsiom fo noitneverP - gnoorpretaW

.retaw tceed ot edisrednu gnitcejorp eht ni tuc pird a dna
pot deleveb a gnivah dna edarg raen yllareneG .retaw dnuorg fo
noitartenep drawpu tneverp ot elbat retaw eht fo level eht ta
decalp si esruoc pmad a netfO .dnuorg eht evoba ylthgils llaw
eht fo edistuo eht no yrnosam rewol fo noitcejorp A - elbaT retaW
.stinu suoivrepmi ylevitaler
htiw tcatnoc ni si ratrom nehw niag retaw ro gnideelb stneverp
osla tI .noitcus hgih fo stinu yrnosam ot retaw fo ssol dipar
eht stneverp hcihw ratrom fo ytreporp tahT - ytivitneteR retaW
.llaw
a hguorht etaemrep ot retaw fo ytiliba ehT - ecnaemreP retaW
.slairetam rehto ot ro rehto hcae ot
yrnosam fo sehtyw stcennoc taht eceip latem ro rednob A - eiT llaW
.evoba yrots eht ni wodniw
eht fo llis eht woleb dna yrots eno ni rood ro wodniw a fo daeh
eht evoba llaw niatruc ro lenap a fo noitrop tahT - lerdnapS ,llaW
.ssen
-kciht ni tinu yrnosam eno ylno fo llaw A - ehtyW elgniS ,llaW
.enalp nwo sti ni sdaol raehs seirrac hcihw llaw A - raehS ,llaW
.ti nehtgnerts ot
nalp ni sevruc htiw tliub llaw ehtyw-elgnis A - enitnepreS ,llaW
.elit ro skcirb evitar
-oced fo edam yllausu llaw gnidahs ralos yrnosam A - neercS ,llaW
.ti fo edis eno no decalp serutcurts dna
slios fo tnemevom eht tneverp ot dengised llaw A - gniniateR ,llaW

39

.tuorg ro ,seit latem ,srednob yb snoitces

ro noitces lacitrev tnecajda sti ot deit dna ,ssenkciht ni tinu
yrnosam eno ,llaw a fo noitces lacitrev suounitnoc hcaE - ehtyW
.ti gnidliub
fo ssecorp eht ni roo ro llaw yrnosam a ot detrapmi ytilauQ
.pihsnamstfarC .namkrow a fo lliks ro tra ehT - pihsnamkroW
.daerps
dna decalp ylisae eb ot ratrom fo ytiliba ehT - ytilibakroW
.noitcus
ro/dna erusserp dniw yb desuac gnidliub a no daoL - sdaoL dniW
.gnihsa
evoba yletaidemmi detacol yllausu ,erutsiom fo epacse timrep
ot stinu yrnosam fo ecaf ro tnioj ratrom ni gninepO - eloH peeW
.tinu yrnosam
etercnoc wolloh a fo sllehs ecaf eht gnitcennoc llaw ssorc ehT - beW
.noitcurtsnoc yrnosam nopu yllacimehc dna yllacisyhp
erutan fo stceffe ehT .stcejbo desopxe fo mrof ro noitisopmoc
,erutxet ,roloc eht gniretla ni stnemele fo noitca ehT - gnirehtaeW
.ytiunitnocsid larutcurts
ecudorp ot erusserp tneicfus rednu nehw tpecxe retaw ot
elbaemrepmi eb ot sa noitcurtsnoc thgit hcus fO - ssenthgitretaW

Brick Position Nomenclature

40

41

tf 7 = A
.tf 02 41.3 063/04 = A
04 = dna .tf 02 = D fI
:elpmaxE

)3tf( H W L = emuloV

retemaid = D
suidar = R
snoitcesretni suidar fo elgna =
htgnel cra = A
:erehw

D 41.3 063/ = A
C 063/ = A
41.3 =
D=C

)2tf( aerA = H 2/L

htgneL crA

)2tf( aerA = H 2/L

)2tf( aerA = H 2/L

Estimating Area and Volume

1
1
5739. "61/51
578.
"8/7
5218. "61/31
.ceD .carF

42

57.
"4/3
5786. "61/11
526.
"8/5
5265. "61/9
.ceD .carF

5.
5734.
573.
5213.
.ceD

"2/1
"61/7
"8/3
"61/5
.carF

52.
5781.
521.
5260.
.ceD

"4/1
"61/3
"8/1
"61/1
.carF

Decimals of an Inch for Each 1/16 of an Inch

8499.
6989.
4489.
2979.
0479.
8869.
5369.
3859.
1359.
9749.
7249.
5739.
3239.
1729.
9129.
7619.
11

5119.
3609.
0109.
8598.
6098.
4588.
2088.
0578.
8968.
6468.
4958.
2458.
0948.
8348.
5838.
3338.
01

1828.
9228.
7718.
5218.
3708.
1208.
9697.
7197.
5687.
3187.
0677.
8077.
6567.
4067.
2557.
0057.
9

8447.
6937.
4437.
2927.
0427.
8817.
5317.
3807.
1307.
9796.
7296.
5786.
3286.
1776.
9176.
7666.
8

5166.
3656.
0156.
8546.
6046.
4536.
2036.
0526.
8916.
6416.
4906.
2406.
0995.
8395.
5885.
3385.
7

1875.
9275.
7765.
5265.
3755.
1255.
9645.
7145.
5635.
3135.
0625.
8025.
6515.
4015.
2505.
0005.
6

8494.
6984.
4484.
2974.
0474.
8864.
5364.
3854.
1354.
9744.
7244.
5734.
3234.
1724.
9124.
7614.
5

5114.
3604.
0104.
8593.
6093.
4583.
2083.
0573.
8963.
6463.
4953.
2453.
0943.
8343.
5833.
3333.
4

1823.
9223.
7713.
5213.
3703.
1203.
9692.
7192.
5682.
3182.
0672.
8072.
6562.
4062.
2552.
0052.
3

8442.
6932.
4432.
2922.
0422.
8812.
5312.
3802.
1302.
9791.
7291.
5781.
3281.
1771.
9171.
7661.
2

5161.
3651.
0151.
8541.
6041.
4531.
2031.
0521.
8911.
6411.
4901.
2401.
0990.
8390.
5880.
3380.
1

1870.
9270.
7760.
5260.
3750.
1250.
9640.
7140.
5630.
3130.
0620.
8020.
6510.
4010.
2500.
0000.
0

61/51
8/7
61/31
4/3
61/11
8/5
61/9
2/1
61/7
8/3
61/5
4/1
61/3
8/1
61/1
0
hcnI

Decimals of a Foot for Each 1/16 of an Inch

Length Unit Conversion Tables

43

598600.0 .................... )aPM( slacsapagem .......... )isp( ni .qs/ecrof-dnuop

) mm/N(
598600.0 .................. retemillim .qs/notwen .. .....)isp( .ni .qs/ecrof-dnuop
88.74 ..................... ) m/N( retem .qs/notwen........... toof .qs/ecrof-dnuop
) mc/fgk(
288.4 .................. retemitnec .qs/ecrof-margolik ....... toof .qs/ecrof-dnuop
) mc/fgk(
13.07 .................. retemitnec .qs/ecrof-margolik ................)isk( .ni .qs/pik
) m/N(
retem .qs
708.9 ............................retem .qs/notwen ......................... /ecrof-margolik
844.4 ................................ )N( notwen .................................. ecrof-dnuop
6354.0 ....................... )fgk( ecrof-margolik............................ ecrof-dnuop
8444 ................................. )N( notwen ................................................ pik
6.354 ......................... )fgk( ecrof-margolik.......................................... pik
708.9 ................................ )N( notwen ...............................ecrof-margolik
75.92 ....................... ) mc( retemitnec cibuc............................ecnuo diu
587300.0 ...................... ) m( retem cibuc ........................................ nollag
23820.0 ........................ ) m( retem cibuc ..................................toof cibuc
154.6 ......................... ) mc( retemitnec .qs................................... hcni .qs
9290.0 ............................ ) m( retem .qs ........................................ toof .qs
4419.0 ............................... )m( retem................................................ dray
45.2................................)mc( retemitnec ............................................hcni
8403.0 ............................... )m( retem................................................. toof

yB ylpitluM

oT

morF trevnoC oT

Metric Conversion Table

Common Brick Sizes

Actual Size
(inches)

Unit Name

Modular
Economy
Modular
(Closure)
Roman
Norman
Utility
Standard*
Engineer
Modular
King*
Builders
Special*
Colonial
Queen*
DVP
Queen*
HSP

Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L
Thk
H
L

3
2
7
3
3
7
3
1
11
3
2
11
3
3
11
3
2
8
3
2
7
2
2
9
2
2
8
3
2
8
2
2
8
2
2
7

5/8
1/4
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
1/4
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
1/4
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
5/8
7/8
3/4
13/16
13/16
5/8
3/4
3/4
5/8

Equivalent
(mm)
92
57
194
92
92
194
92
41
295
92
57
295
92
92
295
92
57
203
92
70
194
70
67
244
70
67
219
76
73
222
71
71
219
70
70
194

Modular
Metric Size
(mm)
90
57
190
90
90
190
90
40
290
90
57
290
90
90
290
90
57
200
90
70
190

Equivalent
(Inches)
3
2
7
3
3
7
3
1
11
3
2
11
3
3
11
3
2
7
3
2
7

9/16
1/4
1/2
9/16
9/16
1/2
9/16
9/16
7/16
9/16
1/4
7/16
9/16
9/16
7/16
9/16
1/4
7/8
9/16
3/4
1/2

Vertical
Coursing
2 2/3"
67 mm
4"
100 mm
2"
50 mm
2 2/3"
67 mm
4"
100 mm
2 2/3"
67 mm
3.2"
80 mm

NA

NA

3"
76 mm

NA

NA

3"
76 mm

NA

NA

3 1/4"
83 mm

NA

NA

3.2"
81 mm

NA

NA

3.2"
80 mm

* Queen Size brick have different dimensions depending on the market

area in which they are produced. These are two examples from Acme
Brick plants.
Brick in the metric system should conform to a 200mm module for
modular construction. In the above table, the rst six units can match
200mm vertical dimensions at multiples of their coursing (50mm, 67mm,
or 100mm) when laid with a 10mm bed joint. Queen and engineer modular
brick will match 400mm coursing with 10mm joints. To match 200mm
modules in horizontal dimension, use metric sizes only.
44

45

kcirB
gnivaP raluciheV yvaeH rof noitacicepS dradnatS 2721 C
secalperiF laitnediseR
rof kcirB xoberiF rof noitacicepS dradnatS 1621 C
elahS ro yalC morf edaM stinU
kcirB reeneV nihT rof noitacicepS dradnatS 8801 C
kcirB gniniL yenmihC lairtsudnI 089 C
kcirB gnivaP cfarT thgiL dna nairtsedeP 209 C
kcirB wolloH 256 C
kcirB roolF lairtsudnI 014 C
stinU yrnosaM
tnatsiseR-lacimehC rof noitacicepS dradnatS 972 C
)stinU diloS(
kcirB gnicaF stinU yrnosaM diloS dna ,kcirB 612 C
stinU yrnosaM diloS dna ,kcirB
gnicaF ,eliT gnicaF yalC larutcurtS dezalG cimareC 621 C
)kcirB emiL-dnaS( kcirB ecaF etaciliS muiclaC 37 C
)stinU diloS( kcirB gnidliuB 26 C
kcirB gnidliuB etercnoC 55 C
kcirB elohnaM dna reweS 23 C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
Brick:

Units

yrnosaM fo ygolonimreT dradnatS 2321 C

enotS
gnidliuB larutaN ot gnitaleR smreT fo noitineD 911 C
enotsemiL dna emiL ot gnitaleR smreT fo noitineD 15 C
stcudorP yalC larutcurtS fo ygolonimreT dradnatS 34 C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA

Denitions of Terms:
ASTM Standard Specications
for Brick and Applicable Standard
Testing for Units and Masonry Assemblages

46

enotS gnidliuB etalS

enotS gnidliuB enotsdnaS
enotS gnidliuB etinarG
enotS gnidliuB enotsemiL
enotS gnidliuB elbraM

926 C
616 C
516 C
865 C
305 C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
Stone:

stinU gnivaP gnikcolretnI etercnoC diloS

stinU
yrnosaM etaciliS muiclaC dna etercnoC decaferP
stinU yrnosaM etercnoC rof setagerggA thgiewthgiL
selohnaM dna snisaB
hctaC fo noitcurtsnoC rof stinU yrnosaM etercnoC
stinU yrnosaM
gniraeB-daoL-noN rof noitacicepS dradnatS
stinU yrnosaM
etercnoC gniraeB-daoL rof noitacicepS dradnatS

639 C MTSA
447 C MTSA
133 C MTSA
931 C MTSA
921 C MTSA
09 C MTSA
Block:

eliT neercS gniraeB-daoL-noN yalC larutcurtS

sgniniL eulF yalC
eliT gnicaF yalC larutcurtS
stinU yrnosaM diloS dna ,kcirB
gnicaF ,eliT gnicaF yalC larutcurtS dezalG cimareC
eliT roolF yalC larutcurtS
eliT gniraeB-daoL-noN yalC larutcurtS
eliT llaW gniraeB-daoL yalC larutcurtS

035 C MTSA
513 C MTSA
212 C MTSA
621 C
75 C
65 C
43 C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
Tile:

ASTM Specications (continued)

47

eriW leetS dalC reppoC nwarD draH

eriW reppoC nwarD draH
sraB yollA-woL demrofeD
tnemecrofnieR
etercnoC rof sraB nialP dna demrofeD leetS-elxA
tnemecrofnieR
etercnoC rof sraB nialP dna demrofeD leetS-liaR
tnemecrofnieR
etercnoC rof sraB leetS-telliB nialP dna demrofeD
tnemecrofnieR etercnoC rof eriW leetS demrofeD
pirtS dna ,teehS ,etalP leetS sselniatS
tnemecrofnieR etercnoC rof eriW leetS nwarD dloC

722 B MTSA
1 B MTSA
607 A MTSA
716 A MTSA
616 A MTSA
516 A
694 A
761 A
28 A

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA

Base Metals:

Metal Connections

tnemeC ratroM 9231C

ratroM gnidnoB
ecafruS rof slairetaM denibmoC ,yrD ,egakcaP 788 C
yrnosaM rof tuorG 674 C
tuorG yrnosaM rof setagerggA 404 C
sratroM
niseR tnatsiseR-lacimehC rof noitacicepS dradnatS 593 C
yrnosaM tinU rof ratroM 072 C
sesopruP larutcurtS rof emiL detardyH 702 C
tnemeC dnaltroP 051 C
ratroM yrnosaM rof etagerggA 441 C
tnemeC yrnosaM 19 C
sesopruP larutcurtS rof emilkciuQ
5C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA

Mortar and Grout

ASTM Specications (continued)

48

eliT yalC larutcurtS dna kcirB gnitseT dna gnilpmaS

76 C MTSA
Brick and Tile:

Samples and Testing

)9991(
noitcurtsnoC yrnosaM rehtaeW dloC dna toH
CIM
stcudorP yrnosaM detacirbaferP 109 C MTSA
serutcurtS yrnosaM rof snoitacicepS
206 SMT
/6 ECSA
/1.035 ICA
serutcurtS yrnosaM rof stnemeriuqeR edoC gnidliuB
204 SMT
/5 ECSA
/035 ICA
Masonry

noitalusnI lliF esooL etilreP

noitalusnI lliF esooL etilucimreV

945 C MTSA
615 C MTSA

Insulation

ssecorP piD
toH eht yb )dezinavlaG( detaoC-cniZ teehS leetS
eriW leetS nobraC )dezinavlaG( detaoC-cniZ
dnartS eriW leetS gnitsiseR taeH dna sselniatS
erawdraH leetS dna norI no )piD toH( gnitaoC-cniZ
cirbaF
ecneF eriW nevoW leetS )dezinavlaG( detaoC-cniZ

525 A
146 A
683 A
351 A

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA

611 A MTSA
Coatings:

ASTM Specications (continued)

49

yrnosaM tinU rof seicnegA gnitseT fo noitatiderccA 3901 C

htgnertS dnoB laruxelF yrnosaM fo tnemerusaeM 2701 C
stinU yrnosaM ot ratroM fo htgnertS dnoB 259 C
segalbmessA yrnosaM ni )raehS( noisneT lanogaiD 915 E
yrnosaM fo htgnertS dnoB laruxelF 815 E
yrnosaM hguorhT egakaeL dna noitarteneP retaW 415 E
smsirP yrnosaM fo htgnertS evisserpmoC rof stseT 744 E
slairetaM dna noitcurtsnoC gnidliuB fo stseT eriF 911 E
noitcurtsnoC
gnidliuB rof slenaP fo stseT htgnertS gnitcudnoC
27 E
selcitrA leetS ro norI )dezinavlaG(
yrnosaM detaoC-cniZ no gnitaoC fo thgieW rof tseT
stnemelE
yrnosaM dna etercnoC ni srohcnA fo htgnertS

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
Masonry:

09 A MTSA
884 E MTSA
Connectors:

ratroM yrnosaM denedraH fo

sisylanA dna noitanimaxE rof dohteM tseT dradnatS 4231 C
yrnosaM tinU decrofnieR dna nialP rof sratroM
fo noitaulavE noitcurtsnoC dna noitcurtsnocerP 087 C
etagerggA
esraoC dna eniF fo sisylanA eveiS rof dohteM tseT 631 C
setagerggA gnilpmaS 57 C

MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
MTSA
Mortar:

stinU yrnosaM fo htgnertS elisneT gnittilpS 6001 C MTSA

kcolB etercnoC fo egaknirhS gniyrD rof tseT 624 C MTSA
stinU yrnosaM etercnoC gnitseT dna gnilpmaS 041 C MTSA
Concrete Masonry Units:

ASTM Specications (continued)

50

.nrevog llahs
SBH ro SBF epyT rof stnemeriuqer eht ,deiceps ton si epyt eht nehW
.stinu laudividni eht fo erutxet dna ezis
ni ytimrofinunon morf gnitluser stceffe larutcetihcra citsiretcarahc ecudorp
ot detceles yrnosam ni esu lareneg rof kcirB :BBH dna ,ABH ,ABF epyT
.deriuqer era SBH dna SBF epyT rof
dettimrep naht ezis ni noitairav elbissimrep rewol dna noisicerp fo eerged
rehgih a erehw yrnosam ni esu lareneg rof kcirB :XBH dna XBF epyT
.yrnosam ni esu lareneg rof kcirB :SBH dna SBF epyT
:derevoc era kcirb gnicaf fo sepyt eerhT
Types of Brick Regarding Appearance & Dimensional Tolerance

.elbat evoba eht ni nwohs sa era dna 256C dna 612C rof lacitnedi era sedarg
owt eseht rof stnemeriuqer lacisyhP .srucco gnizeerf nehw retaw htiw detar
-utas ton tub pmad eb yam kcirb eht erehw ro elbissimrep si egamad gnizeerf
cilcyc ot ecnatsiser etaredom erehw desu eb yam hcihw kcirB :WM sedarG
.retaw htiw detarutas nehw nezorf
eb yam kcirb eht erehw dna derised si gnizeerf cilcyc yb desuac egamad ot
ecnatsiser mrofinu dna hgih erehw esu rof dednetni kcirB :WS edarG
.evoba elbat eht
ni nwohs era stnemeriuqer eht dna derevoc era kcirb gnicaf fo sedarg owt
ehT .tew nehw gnizeerf yb egamad ot ecnatsiser rieht ot gnidrocca kcirb
yfissalc sedarG .256 C MTSA ni sedarg owt fo hcae ni sepyt ruof dna 612
C MTSA ni derevoc sedarg owt fo hcae ni kcirb fo sepyt eerht era erehT
.%8 deecxe ton seod kcirb ev fo elpmas modnar a fo
tinu elgnis yna fo noitprosba retaw dloc eht fi deviaw eb nac tnemeriuqer tneicfeoc noitarutas ehT *

87.0

08.0

88.0

09.0

laudividnI kcirb 5 gvA

*tneicfeoC
noitarutaS
mumixaM

52
02

22
71

laudividnI kcirb 5 gvA

)tnecreP( gnilioB
rH-5 noitprosbA
retaW mumixaM

)2.51(
)2.71(
0022
0052
)2.71(
)7.02(
0052
0003
laudividnI kcirb 5 gvA
aerA ssorG
)aPM( ISP )esiwtalF
kcirB( htgnertS
evisserpmoC .niM

WM edarG
WS edarG
noitangiseD

ASTM C216 Standard Specication for Facing Brick and

ASTM C652 Standard Specication for Hollow Brick

tf/90.2$
tf/50.0$
tf/45.1$
tf/05.0$

=.
=
=.
=.

51

................................................. sgnivaS latoT

.............................................. sgnivaS ratroM
tf/91.5$ - tf/37.6$.................. sgnivaS robaL
tf/08.1$ - tf/03.2$.............. sgnivaS lairetaM
Savings

tf
tf 531
91.5$ = yad
yad = kcirb 8.4
tf 531
tf 1

tf
tf 401
yad
37.6$ = yad
007$
yad kcirb 57.6
yad
tf 401 = tf 1 kcirb 007

yad
007$
yad
kcirb 056

Labor Cost: Mason and Helper = $700/day

tf
tf
kcirb 0001
08.1$ = 573$
kcirb 8.4

tf
kcirb 0001
tf
03.2$ = 043$ kcirb 57.6

Material Cost

tf
ni 3.12
tf
kcirb 57.6 = kcirb 1
ni 441
kcirb/ ni 33.12 = "8 "3/2 2

tf
ni 03
tf
kcirb 8.4 = kcirb 1
ni 441
kcirb/ ni 03 = "01 "3
King Size

Modular Brick

Cost Comparison: King Size versus Modular Brick

025
401
445
631
ebuC
partS
kcirB fo .oN

0281
463
5822
175
ebuC
partS
thgieW

213
891

8361
0401

645
535

5.4
0.3
0.5
33.5
57.6
8.4
FS/stinU lautcA

401
66

namroN
ytilitU
eziS neeuQ
laicepS sredliuB
raludoM
eziS gniK
noitpircseD

).stnalp neewteb yrav yam gnigakcap tcaxE .tnalP notneD semcA rof gnigakcap tnerruC(

Brick Size and Weight Information

52

seitilauq yrotcarfer evaH .C

seitirupmi weF .B
slevel peed ta deniM .A
syalC eriF .III
etals fo mrof eht ot tsomla denedraH .B
serusserp hgih ot detcejbus neeb evah taht syalC .A
selahS .II
snoit
-amrof yratnemides tnecer erom ro stisoped redlo fo stsurhtpU .B
htraE fo ecafrus raen dnuoF .A
yalC ecafruS .I
Three principal forms of clay:

stcudorp dehsin gnirots dna gniwarD

gnilooc dna gninruB
gniyrD
stinu gnimroF
slairetam war gniraperP
slairetam war fo egarots dna gniniM

.IV
.V
.VI
.III
.II
.I

The manufacturing process has six stages:

Brick Manufacturing

53

tnecrep 51 ot 5.4
:egaknirhS latoT
tnecrep 01 ot 5.2
:egaknirhS eriF
tnecrep 8 ot 2
:egaknirhS riA
:erutsiom fo ssol ot eud noitairav eziS
.F 0022 ot 0081 ta syad 4 ot 2 denrub era kcirB
.F 004 ot 001 ta sruoh 84 ot 42 deird era kcirB
.isp 0051 ot 005 morf serusserp rednu sdlom leets ni demroF .B
thgiew yb retaw %01 ot pU .A
ssecorp sserp-yrD .III
kcurts retaW .2
kcurts dnaS .1
sdlom ni demroF .B
thgiew yb retaw %03 ot %02 .A
ssecorp dum-tfoS .II
tuc ediS .2
tuc dnE .1
tuc eriW .C
eid hguorht dedurtxE .B
thgiew yb retaw %51 ot %21 .A
ssecorp dum-ffitS .I
Three principal processes for forming brick:

Brick Manufacturing (continued)

54

Concave Joints

V Joints

Weather Joints

Struck Joints

Flush Joints

Raked Joints

.thgitrehtaew tsael eht

gnieb tnioj dekar eht htiw ,elddim eht ni llaf tnioj hsu dna tnioj kcurts ,tnioj
rehtaew ehT .stnioj thgitretaw tsom owt eht era stnioj V eht dna evacnoc ehT
Mortar Joints

55

).toof cibuc rep 8 ot 6 yletamixorppa ,yrav stnetnoc levohS(

slairetam
slairetam
suoititnemec
suoititnemec
eht fo mus eht eht fo mus eht
semit 2 ot 1
semit 3 ot 2
slairetam
suoititnemec
eht fo mus eht
semit 3 ot 2
esraoC
eniF
noitidnoC esooL ,pmaD
a ni derusaeM ,etagerggA

01/1 ot 0

01/1 ot 0
1
yttuP emiL ro tnemeC dednelB
emiL detardyH fo ro dnaltroP fo
emuloV yB straP emuloV yB straP

tuorG
esraoC
tuorG
eniF
epyT

GROUT PROPORTIONS BY VOLUME

3
3
4
3
6

-----------

)N epyt( 1
)S epyt( 1
)N epyt( 1
)M epyt( 1
)N epyt( 1

etagerggA esooL emiL

tnemeC
pmaD mumixaM detardyH yrnosaM

------1

N
S
S
M
M

tnemeC epyT
dnaltroP

MASONRY CEMENT MORTAR

yttuP emiL ro
emiL detardyH

etagerggA esooL
pmaD mumixaM

3
2
1

21
9
6
4
3

1
1
1
1
1

K
O
N
S
M

tnemeC epyT
dnaltroP

PORTLAND CEMENT LIME MORTAR

Mortar Proportions By Volume

56

.snoitaciceps ytreporp ot derreferp era snoitaciceps noitroporP

.REENEV YRNOSAM TSOM ROF TSEB SI RATROM N EPYT
.STNEMERIUQER HTGNERTS
TEEM LLIW TAHT RATROM tsekaew eht gnisu dnemmocer noitaicossA
yrtsudnI kcirB eht dna noitaicossA yrnosaM etercnoC lanoitaN eht htoB
.ecnerefer lacirotsih
rof ereh dedulcni si tI .072 C MTSA ni dedulcni regnol on si ratrom K epyT*
isp 57
*K
isp 053
O
isp 057
N
isp 0081
S
isp 0052
M
htgnertS evisserpmoC yaD 82
epyT ratroM

YLNO NEMICEPS DERAPERP YROTAROBAL

rof era tub swollof sa era stnemeriuqer htgnerts dohtem ytreporP
)3.3( ,ratrom eht fo noitcejer ro ecnatpecca
eht enimreted ot airetirc sa dednetni ton era dna noitaciceps siht ot ecna
-ilpmoc enimreted ot desu eb ton llahs ratrom delpmas dle fo seitreporp
lacisyhP .llaw eht ni ratrom eht fo taht ron yrotarobal eht ni detset sa ratrom
fo htgnerts evisserpmoc eht tneserper ton od sratrom detset dle morf gni
-tluser seulav htgnerts evisserpmoc ehT taht setats yllaciceps 072 C MTSA
.RATROM ETIS BOJ FO GNITSET HTGNERTS
ROF NOISIVORP ON SI EREHT .ratrom dexim dle rof snoitroporp xim
etanretla gniyfilauq rof desu eb ot ylno era shtgnerts eseht tub ,ratrom fo
gnitset htgnerts noisserpmoc rof stnemeriuqer niatnoc snoitaciceps ytreporP
.ratrom fo snoitaciceps ytreporp gninrecnoc noisufnoc hcum si erehT
Property Method for Specifying Mortar

Mortar Proportions by Volume (continued)

01 3

21 4

00.03

00.84

08.4

00.3

084

003

3.802

3.333

)8/5 11 8/5 3 8/5 3( )8/5 9 8/5 2 4/3 2(

57

1.841
576
57.6
33.12
8 3/2 2
)8/5 7 4/1 2 8/5 3(

)H tf( kcirb 000,1 yb

derevoc aera llaw lanimoN
llaw fo
tf 001 rep desu kcirB
llaw fo
tf rep desu kcirB
) sehcni( llaw ni
kcirb rep aera lanimoN
)tnioj ratrom sedulcni(
)sehcni( ezis lanimoN
)eziS lautcA(

Modular

King Size

Utility

kcirb ytilitu 000,1 rep ratrom fo FC 0.23

kcirb ezis gnik 000,1 rep ratrom fo FC 0.22
kcirb raludom 000,1 rep ratrom fo FC 0.91
FC/76.0$ = YC/00.81$
)FC 72( dnas fo dray cibuc 1
)FC 1 = .bl 07(
FC/57.6$ = gab/57.6$
N epyt tnemec yrnosam gab 1
)FC 52.1 = .bl 05(
FC/02.5$ = gab/05.6$
emil detardyh S epyt gab 1
)FC 1 = .bl 49(
tnemec dnaltrop gab 1

FC/57.01$ = gab/57.01$
Cost

:elpmaxe na sa gniwollof eht esU .aera ruoy rof gnitaluclac nehw stsoc lacol esU
How to Calculate Mortar Cost
Mortar Cost Calculations
Commercial Construction

kcirB ytilitU

FS 3.333
67.941$

FS/54.0$

kcirB eziS gniK

FS 3.802
69.201$

FS/94.0$

kcirB raludoM

FS 1.841
29.88$

FS/06.0$

58

Mortar Cost Per Square Foot

67.941$
69.201$
29.88$

=
=
=

FC/86.4$ FC 0.23
FC/86.4$ FC 0.22
FC/86.4$ FC 0.91

ytilitU
eziS gniK
raludoM

Mortar Cost Per 1,000 Brick

YC/63.621$
FC/86.4$

=
=

ratroM FC/76.0$

tsoC ratroM

ratroM FC/34.0$

dnaS FC
76.0$

ratroM FC/85.3$

emiL FC
02.5$
tnemeC FC
57.01$

ratroM FC
dnaS FC 1
ratroM FC
emiL FC 380.
ratroM FC
tnemeC FC 333.

S3:L52.0:P1 xiM
Type M Mortar
Mortar Cost Calculations (continued)

kcirB ytilitU

FS 3.333
84.611$

FS/53.0$

kcirB eziS gniK

FS 3.802
80.08$

FS/83.0$

kcirB raludoM

FS 1.841
61.96$

FS/74.0$

59

Mortar Cost Per Square Foot

84.611$
80.08$
61.96$

=
=
=

FC/46.3$ FC 0.23
FC/46.3$ FC 0.22
FC/46.3$ FC 0.91

ytilitU
eziS gniK
raludoM

Mortar Cost Per 1,000 Brick

YC/82.89$
FC/46.3$

=
=

ratroM FC/76.0$

tsoC ratroM

ratroM FC/85.0$

dnaS FC
76.0$

ratroM FC/93.2$

emiL FC
02.5$
tnemeC FC
57.01$

ratroM FC
dnaS FC 1
ratroM FC
emiL FC 111.
ratroM FC
tnemeC FC 222.

S5.4:L5.0:P1 xiM
Type S Mortar
Mortar Cost Calculations (continued)

kcirB ytilitU

FS 3.333
65.601$

FS/23.0$

kcirB eziS gniK

FS 3.802
62.37$

FS/53.0$

kcirB raludoM

FS 1.841
72.36$

FS/34.0$

60

Mortar Cost Per Square Foot

65.601$
62.37$
72.36$

=
=
=

FC/33.3$ FC 0.23
FC/33.3$ FC 0.22
FC/33.3$ FC 0.91

ytilitU
eziS gniK
raludoM

Mortar Cost Per 1,000 Brick

YC/19.98$
FC/33.3$

=
=

ratroM FC/76.0$

tsoC ratroM

ratroM FC/78.0$

dnaS FC
76.0$

ratroM FC/97.1$

emiL FC
02.5$
tnemeC FC
57.01$

ratroM FC
dnaS FC 1
ratroM FC
emiL FC 761.
ratroM FC
tnemeC FC 761.

S6:L1:P1 xiM
Type N Mortar
Mortar Cost Calculations (continued)

kcirB ytilitU

FS 3.333
44.58$

FS/62.0$

kcirB eziS gniK

FS 3.802
47.85$

FS/82.0$

kcirB raludoM

FS 1.841
37.05$

FS/43.0$

61

Mortar Cost Per Square Foot

44.58$
47.85$
37.05$

=
=
=

FC/76.2$ FC 0.23
FC/76.2$ FC 0.22
FC/76.2$ FC 0.91

ytilitU
eziS gniK
raludoM

Mortar Cost Per 1,000 Brick

YC/90.27$
FC/76.2$

tsoC ratroM

ratroM FC/76.0$

dnaS FC
76.0$

ratroM FC/00.2$

tnemeC FC
00.6$

ratroM FC
dnaS FC 1
ratroM FC
tnemeC FC 333.

S3:CM1 xiM
Type N Mortar: Masonry Cement
Mortar Cost Calculations (continued)

62

.noituac htiw
detceles eb dluohs yrnosam hcus rof ratroM .gnirehtaew ot elbarenluv
ylemertxe si ecafrus latnoziroh lanimon a ni rehtaew ot desopxe yrnosaM .C
.lamron naht rehto era serusopxe
ro snoitidnoc ngised erehw esu rof elbatius sa detneserp era sevitanretlA .B
.sratrom tnatsiser dica dna dnob
hgih sa hcus ,sesu ratrom dezilaiceps yna rof edivorp ton seod elbat sihT .A

S
M ro S
cS

S
S
M ro S

bevitanretlA

snoititraP
N
gniraebdaoL-noN
N
,sllaW gniraebdaoL
soitaP dna
,sklaW ,stnemevaP
,sreweS ,selohnaM
cM
,sllaW gniniateR
,sllaW noitadnuoF
N
sllaW teparaP
N
,sllaW gniraebdaoL-noN
N
,sllaW gniraebdaoL
dednemmoceR
tnemgeS gnidliuB

aepyT ratroM

roiretnI

edarG woleB ro tA
roiretxE
edarG evobA
roiretxE
noitacoL

Guide for the Selection of Masonry Mortarsa

63

.ratrom si ecafrus llaw eht fo %02 yletamixorppA

.egrahc lanoitidda laminim a ta detseuqer eb nac gnigakcap motsuC
.detibihorp sroloc motsuc fo nruteR .3
.ssecorp ni ecno dellecnac eb ton yam redrO .2
.rerutcafunam yb dewolla
eb ot redro fo sunim ro sulp %01 ,#0051 ytitnauq muminiM .1
:sredro motsuc ot seilppa gniwollof
ehT .segrahc ni-tliub lanoitidda on htiw deredro eb nac sroloc motsuC
.emil ro ,tnemec dnaltrop ,tnemec snosam fo gab hcae rof gab eno esU
.sexob derusaemerp evlewt sniatnoc roloc ratrom H/SGS fo esac hcaE
.xim eht nethgil lliw roloc sseL .roloc
eht nepeed ro evorpmi ton lliw dednemmocer si naht roloc erom gniddA
.tcudorp cidica na esu ot yrassecen si ti fi derreferp si renaelc deraperp
yllaicremmoc A .stnioj yrnosam deroloc naelc ot dica citairum esu ton oD
.ratrom eht no stops sesuac ecaf lewort eht fo
noitadixO .lewort eht fo ecaf eht snaelc yltnatsnoc nosam eht sselnu raeppa
yam stops kcalB .sroloc thgil gnilewort nehw nekat eb dluohs erac laicepS
.ssendrah fo eerged emas eht ot tes nehw deloot eb dluohs stnioj lla ,stnioj
ratrom eht ni ecnaraeppa mrofinu a niatbo ot dna ecafrus dehctolb a diova oT
.gnixim eunitnoc ,rucco skaerts fI .gnixim detelpmoc rof
kcehc ot lewort eht rednu ratrom fo tnuoma llams a nettalF .setunim neves
lanoitidda na rof xim dna retaw eht dda nehT .retaw gnixim eht gnidda ot
roirp setunim ruof rof rexim a ni roloc ratrom dna ,tnemec ,dnas eht dnelB
.dnas dna ,emil ,tnemec fo snoitanibmoc tnereffid neewteb yrav nac sro
-loC .etis boj eht ta desu eb ot retaw dna ,tnemec ,dnas eht niatnoc tsum xim
eht ,tneserper lliw xim lan eht roloc eht fo noitatneserper tseb eht niatbo oT
Mortar Color

64

.snoitidnoc tekram lareneg dna

,tcudorp ,nosaes ,aera yb yrav lliw dna ylno snoitamixorppa era serug tsoC :etoN

40.5$
59.0
04.0
80.0
74.0$
3.5
"9 "3
laicepS
sredliuB

15.4$
49.0
04.0
70.0
74.0$
8.4
"01 "3
eziS
gniK

80.6$
09.0
04.0
60.0
44.0$
57.6
"8 "66.2

tF/tsoC latoT
kcirB reP tsoC latoT
tsoC robaL
tsoC ratroM
tsoC kcirB
) tF/kcirB( ytitnauQ
eziS

raludoM

Residential Wall Cost Calculations

65

.sedis ta no secaf esrever no sgnitaoc ro ,sgnidnas ,serutxet rof

devlovni eb lliw tsoc artxE .sepahs laiceps no serutxet egatireh ro dednas
gnirutcafunam ni ytlucfid eht fo erawa edam eb dluohs tcetihcra ehT .C
.denimreted
eb nac gnidnob os gnisruoc lacipyt wohs ot dna desopxe eb lliw sepahs
eht fo secaf hcihw sgniward larutcetihcra eht no etangised tcetihcra
eht taht ksa oslA .deroc eb nac kcirb rehtehw etangised ot dna snalp
larutcetihcra ni )s(epahs laiceps fo sgniward edulcni ot tcetihcra eht ksA .B
.eruhcorb sepahs laiceps ruo hguorht dna yllabrev
htob dettimsnart eb ot si noitamrofni sihT .dradnats deredisnoc era dna
edam ylisae era sepahs tahw ot sa noitamrofni htiw tcetihcra eht edivorP .A
II. Procedures While Job Is in Design Stage

.gnicirp rof deniltuo

erudecorp eht wollof ot yrassecen eb lliw ti os ,gnicirp tceffa osla yam
seititnauq ;dnelb ot dnelb morf dna tnalp ot tnalp morf ylbaredisnoc yrav
yam gnicirP .elbaliava si seton yrotanalpxe dna snoisnemid gnidulcni sepahs
kcirb dradnats fo sesu suoirav eht gniwohs sgnidliub fo eruhcorb roloc A
.cte ,serutxet ,sroloc ,sezis fo yaw
eht ni era snoitatimil eht tahw dna ,desu eb nac yeht syaw suoirav eht ,elba
-liava era sepahs dradnats tahw ot sa noitamrofni htiw srengised eht edivorp
dluohs emcA .sepahs fo esu eht egaruocne ot dna esahp ngised ylrae eht ni
stcetihcra htiw tlusnoc ot nac yeht lla od dluohs sevitatneserper selas ruO
.ecudorp ot feileb dnoyeb yltsoc era dna tniopdnats noitcudorp
a morf lacitcarpmi era hcihw fo ynam ,sroloc fo yteirav a ni sepahs fo yteirav
a erutcafunam ot tnemtrapeD noitcudorP ruo gniksa ,etunim tsal eht ta dna
,ecalp ekat ot sngised eseht gniwolla neeb ylegral evah ew ,yltneserP .sgninepo
gnidliub ni swodahs dna htped gnidivorp ,.cte ,sllis dna ,sletnil ,stfos ta slaever
peed ,srenroc elgna htiw sevlesmeht sserpxe ot dna sgnidliub ralugnatcer
morf yawa teg ot slanoisseforp ngised fo trap eht no erised dediced a tub
sgnidliub lanoitutitsni dna laicremmoc ni esu kcirb erom drawot dnert a
ylno ton nwohs sah sraey wef tsap eht revo noitavresbO .sgnidliub dengis
-ed yllarutcetihcra ni sepahs laiceps fo esu eht etomorp ot erised ruo si tI
I. Acmes Philosophy
Special Shapes

66

.evoba detsil ton era dna deriuqer eb yam

taht sepahs lanoitidda yna rof ytilibail on semussa ynapmoC kcirB emcA

:ecirp
)s(epahs eht woleb yletaidemmi noitaton gniwollof eht dda ,revewoH
.erudecorp noitatouq dradnats ruo htiw ecnadrocca ni tcejorp eht etouQ .C
.noitatouq eht rof ecirp eht edivorp ot ytilibisnopser sreganaM selaS
lanoigeR eht eb lliw ti dna ,reganaM selaS lanoigeR eht htiw tlusnoc neht
lliw reganaM tnalP lanoigeR ehT .emit no tuo noitatouq ruo teg yam
ew taht os ,sdib rof desitrevda si tcejorp eht sa noos sa enod eb dluohs
ti ylniatrec tub ,elbissop sa emit dael hcum sa evah ew taht redro ni sdib
rof desitrevda gnieb tcejorp eht ot roirp enod eb dluoc siht lla fi tseb si tI
.reganaM selaS lanoigeR ruoy ot tnes eb osla dluohs seipoc
,snoitacinummoc doog roF .reganaM tnalP lanoigeR eht ot meht timsnart
dna uoy rof sgniward yrassecen eht ekam lliw yehT .htroW troF ni tnem
-trapeD gnireenignE eht gnitcatnoc yb deniatbo eb nac siht ,ecnatsissa
deen uoy dna detacilpmoc oot era sepahs eht leef uoy fI .dedulcni eb
osla tsum rebmun dnelb ehT .nwohs era snoisnemid lla gnidivorp yllacol
enod snalp larutcetihcra eht morf gniward a eb nac sihT .)esu llaw-eht-ni
gniwohs liated a fo hcteks a( desu eb lliw epahs eht woh ot sa nwohs eb
osla lliw noitamrofnI .)s(meti eht erutcafunam nac ew taht niatrec eb
ot devlovni reganaM tnalP lanoigeR eht ot hcae fo seititnauq etamixorp
-pa htiw deriuqer )s(epahs eht fo gniward a gnitouq ot roirp timsnarT .B
.etad retal a ta yaled boj a diova ot redro
ni deriuqer eb yam taht epahs detalosi na koolrevo ton ot dna devlovni
sepahs eht lla fo erawa era ew taht niatrec eb ot dna epahs hcae fo seit
-itnauq enimreted ot troffe na ni tcejorp eht gniddib srotcartnoc yrnosam
dna srotcartnoc lareneg htiw hcuot ni yats lliw sevitatneserper selaS .A
III. Procedures When Job Is in Bidding Stage and Being Quoted
Special Shapes (continued)

67

.yreviled rof
su nevig sah rotcartnoc eht eludehcs revetahw ta deriuqer kcirb ecaf eht
htiw gnola erutcafunam rof deludehcs eb sepahs taht gniksa )el redro
hcnarb eht ni ypoc a gniniater( lattimsnart fo rettel a htiw devlovni tnalp
eht ot sgniward devorppa eht fo ypoc a drawrof ot ytilibisnopser sevitat
-neserper selas eht eb lliw ti ,sepahs eht fo lavorppa nopu yletaidemmI
.tnemtrapeD noitcudorP ruo no dna remotsuc ruo no
htob pihsdrah a gnisuac ,boj eht ni yaled a dna erutcafunam eht ni yaled
a ni tluser dluoc deniatbo ton fi hcihw ,sgniward semcA fo lavorppa eht
gnitteg ni yaled eudnu on evah ew taht niatrec eb ot weiver cidoirep rof
slattimsnart eseht esnepsus ot ytilibisnopser sevitatneserper selas eht si tI
.krow eht fo noitrop sih rof ycarucca rof ti kcehc ot osla ytinutrop
-po na evah yam eh taht os retsacerp eht ot sgniward ruo fo ypoc a evig
ot ytilibasivda eht fo deiton si remotsuc ruo taht ees ot ytilibisnopser
s'evitatneserper selas emcA eht eb lliw ti ,esac eht si siht fI .sepahs
laiceps edulcni thgim hcihw tsacerp yrnosam eht fo noitrop a evah ot
tcartnoc yam rotcartnocbus yrnosam ro rotcartnoc lareneg a ,yllanoisaccO
.tnemdnema ro lavorppa dna noitcepsni rof tcetihcra eht ot sgniward
epahs emcA drawrof yllamron lliw rotcartnoc ehT .lavorppa rof rotcartnoc
eht ot gniward eht timbus ot rettel lattimsnart dehcatta eht fo ypoc a esu
lliw evitatneserper ehT .remotsuc eht htiw redro eht gnildnah per selas
eht ot kcab dettimsnart eb llahs ,detelpmoc nehw ,gniward evoba ehT
.woleb esruoc eht gnitacidni senil dettod htiw gnisruoc eht
gniwohs desu eb ot si epahs eht erehw aera eht ni esruoc kcirb eht fo nalp
a edulcni osla lliw gniward ruO .gniward eht no detangised eb osla lliw
siht ,dilos eb ot deriuqer si epahs eht fI .dilos eb tsum epahs eht fi ees ot
detcepsni eb lliw sgniward larutcetihcra eht dna ,tinu eht fo gniroc eht
wohs lliw gniward eht ,oslA .dehsin ecaf sihT ,sdrow eht dna ecaf hcae
ot gnitniop worra na yb deitnedi ylraelc eb lliw secaf desopxe llA .nwohs
snoisnemid htiw snoitavele htiw gnola ,epahs hcae fo nalp eht wohs
lliw hcihw ,sgniward eseht eraperp lliw tnemtrapeD gnireenignE ehT
.epahs hcae gniwohs deraperp
eb ot gniward elacs a rof tseuqer a htiw dna ,eman stcetihcra dna ,eman
srotcartnoc ,eman boj yb redro eht ot gnirrefer lattimsnart fo rettel a
htiw snalp larutcetihcra eht fo tes etelpmoc a ro sgniward epahs laiceps
stcetihcra eht fo seipoc rehtie tnemtrapeD gnireenignE semcA ot timbuS

.E

.D

.C

.B

.A

IV. Procedures When an Order Has Been Obtained

.seititnauq edulcni tsum redro ruoy ,yllarutaN .elbissop sa stnem

-eriuqer boj fo ecnavda ni raf sa redro eht teg ot tpmetta na ni rotcartnoc
yrnosam ro rotcartnoc lareneg lufsseccus eht morf redro eht ticiloS .D
Special Shapes (continued)

68

.eruhcorB sepahS laicepS semcA ecnerefer esaelp

,sepahS laicepS dradnatS semcA fo serutcip roF

regral ro "0'21 suidaR

kcirB namroN dna ytilitU
regral ro "0'01 suidaR
kcirB eziS gniK
regral ro "0'8 suidaR
kcirB raludoM
:woleb nwohs smuminim eht naht ssel ton si suidar
eht fi sllaw devruc rof deriuqer eb ton yam kcirB laidaR depahS laicepS
Note

.kcirB depahS laicepS

eht fo gnirutcafunam dna ,gnicirp ,gnireenigne rof emit wolla ot erus eB
.deriuqer kcirB depahS laicepS fo )selgna
dna snoisnemid( snoitarugnoc tnereffid fo rebmun eht eziminim ot yrT
.tseb si erutxet ruolev A
.dedivorp eb nac epahS laicepS eht fo erutxet derised eht taht erus ekaM
.eid
dradnats a hguorht dedurtxe eb yam epahS laicepS eht taht erus ekaM
.sepahS laicepS
eht erutcafunam nac kcirb ecaf eht gnicudorp tnalp eht taht enimreteD

.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Special Shapes Considerations

Traditional Bond Patterns

Running Bond

Stack Bond

1/3 Running Bond

Flemish Bond

Common Bond
6th Course Header

Common Bond
6th Course
Flemish Header

English Bond

English Cross
or Dutch Bond
69

70

.detuorg era stnioj eht sselnu desu eb tsum

tinu 8 x 4 lluf a ,dnob dekcats ro gninnur naht rehto snrettap roF :ETON

Running

Stacked

Basketweave

Herringbone

Brick Paving Bond Patterns

71

.gninaelc laiceps eriuqer yam sroo kcirb derutxet hguoR

.smucs yrep
-pils mrof nac yeht esuaceb ,retaw drah htiw desu eb ton dluohs spaoS
.snoitcurtsni srerutcafunam wollof
srenaelc yrateirporp regnorts eriuqer yam sroo ytrid yllanoitpecxE
.retaw ni tnegreted lartuen a htiw hsaW
.trid esool lla evomer dna peewS

.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Maintenance Floor Cleaning:

.htworg
erutuf tneverp dna yrd srevap peek ot eganiard etauqeda edivorP .3
.deriuqer sa taepeR .htworg cinagro emos evomer osla lliw
edirou-ocilis muisengam fo cniz fo )nollag rep zo 4( %5.2 fo noitulos A .2
.hcaelb ro
losyL ekil srenaelc dlohesuoh semitemos ro ,sedicoib yrateirporp gniylp
-pa yb secafrus yrnosam morf devomer eb nac shtworg rehto dna dloM .1
Cleaning Organic Growth (Molds & Mosses):
Cleaning and Sealing Pavers

72

.noitacilppa tuohguorht
snoitcurtsni srerutcafunam relaes wollof ylluferaC .senilediug lareneg era
snoitadnemmocer evoba ehT .noisivrepus dna gninnalp luferac seriuqer dna
ecnaraeppa dehsin eht ot lacitirc si sroo kcirb fo gnilaes reporP :ETON
.evomer ot tlucfid si
hcihw gniniats esuac nac esehT .gniga htiw nekrad ro wolley yam osla
yehT .airetcab dna dlom rof ecruos doof a edivorp dna kcirb otni kaos
yam ,slio deesnil dna gnut sa hcus ,sehsin lio elbategev elbadargedoiB
.desu eb reven dluohs yreppils secafrus revap ekam taht sexaW
.srelaes
cilyrca sa elbarud sa ton era tub ,desu eb yam sexaw roo noislume retaW
.srelaes
gniylppa rof tseb yllamron era sreyarps erusserp-wol depmup-dnaH
.gnivap
sselratrom fo stnioj eht ni dnas dnob pleh nac srelaes fo sepyt rehtO
.rerutcaf
-unam relaes tlusnoC .tuo yrd ot kcirb eht ni erutsiom wolla lliw dna
elbaemrep ropav era sepyt tnelleper gnitartenep gnidulcni ,srelaes emoS
yllacidoirep tew emoceb ot detcepxe era taht srevap laes ton oD
.roo yrd
ylreporp ot deriuqer eb yam shtnom xis ot pU .relaes eht woleb deppart
erutsiom morf duolc yam relaes ro noitacilppa erofeb yrd eb tsum sroolF
)ylno sroo roiretni(

.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Sealing Brick Floors

Cleaning and Sealing Pavers (continued)

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

New Brick Construction

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

73

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

New Construction: Concrete

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

74

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

New Construction: Concrete Block

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

75

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

New Construction: Stain Removal

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

76

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

Restoration Cleaning

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

77

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

Restoration Products

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

78

Cleaning and Product Recommendations

Water Repellents

Prosoco 3741 Greenway Circle Lawrence, KS 66046 1-800-255-4255

79

80

:swollof sa si stroppus larutcurts elbitsubmocnon rehto ro

snoitadnuof yrnosam ro etercnoc evoba reenev derohcna fo thgieh mumixaM
.tf 21 si gnimarf doow gnitroppus evoba thgieh mumixaM
.fsp 04 si thgiew reenev mumixaM
:woleb dewolla sa
tpecxe ,stroppus larutcurts elbitsubmocnon rehto ro snoitadnuof yrnosam
ro etercnoc yb yllacitrev detroppus eb llahs reenev derohcna fo thgieW
Vertical Support

.20-7 ECSA ni nevig sa hpm 011

ot lauqe ro naht ssel si deeps dniw cisab erehw saera ot detimil era esehT
Prescriptive Requirements For Anchored Veneer

.sngised evitanretla no noitamrofni erom rof 035 ICA eeS .tem era edoc
eht ni deniltuo stnemeriuqer ngised laiceps fi ,daetsni desu eb yam ngised
lanoitaR .snoitcennoc dna sdaol lla fo ngised lanoitar tuohtiw desu eb ot meht
swolla hcihw ,evitpircserp era retpahc siht ni stnemeriuqer reenev eht fo tsoM
Alternative Design Of Anchored Veneer
Anchored Masonry Veneer

tnemevom
laitnereffid etadommocca llahs sliated dna ngised reeneV .roiretni gnidliub
otni noitartenep retaw tsiser ot reenev ni seloh peew dna gnihsa edivorP
.delaes era stnioj dna tnatsiser retaw si gnihtaehs sselnu ,enarbmem tnatsiser
retaw htiw gnihtaehs revoC .noitartenep retaw tsiser ot llaw pukcab ngiseD
General Design
Chapter 6 Veneer

.airetirc ngised deriuqer rof seitirohtua

gnidliub lacol ruoy yb detpoda yltnerruc 035 ICA fo noitide eht ot refeR
.serutcurtS yrnosaM rof stnemeriuqeR edoC
gnidliuB 50-035 ICA 5002 fo 7 dna 6 sretpahC fo gnidnatsrednu ruo no desab
ynapmoC kcirB emcA yb dehsinruf si tnemucod siht ni noitamrofni ehT

This is not a legal document.

ACI 530 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR

MASONRY STRUCTURES

81

.srohcna latem teehs detagurroc rof )mm 52(

"1 :gnihtaehs fo ecaf edistuo dna reenev fo ecaf edisni morf ecaps riA

Wood stud backup walls with corrugated metal ties

.gnihtaehs fo ecaf
edistuo ot reenev fo ecaf edisni morf muminim )mm 52( "1 :ecaps riA
mum
-ixam )mm 411( " 2/1 4 :duts fo ecaf edistuo ot reenev fo ecaf edisnI

Wood or steel stud backup walls with adjustable ties

.ecaps ria muminim )mm 52( "1 dna mumixam

)mm 411( "2/1 4 :llaw pukcab fo ecaf edistuo ot reenev fo ecaf edisnI

Masonry and concrete backup walls

Veneer Cavity

.)mm 61( "8/5 fo revoc muminim a evah dna

)mm 83( "2/1 1 tsael ta tuorg ro ratrom ni deddebme eb llahs srohcna llA
Veneer Anchors

.)mm 26.7( "3.0 ro 006/L rehtie deecxe ot ton noitceed

latot a rof dengised eb llahs reenev yrnosam morf sdaol lacitrev gnitrop
-pus sletnil dna selgna flehs ,smaeb ,sroo gnidulcni ,srebmem latnoziroH
Vertical Deections

.noitadnuof a no detroppus taht morf gnimarf no

detroppus reenev roiretxe etarapes ot deriuqer si tnioj tnemevom lacitrev A
Movement Joints

.stnemele gnidliub rehto dna reenev neewteb stnemevom

laitnereffid rof nevig eb tsum noitaredisnoc tub ,detimil ton si thgieH
With Masonry or Concrete Backup Wall

.tf 03 evoba yrots hcae rof noitcurtsnoc elbitsubmoc-non

yb detroppus eb tsum stimil eseht evoba reenev yrnosam derohcnA
elbag ta tf 83
etalp ta tf 03

With Steel Stud Backup Wall

elbag ta tf 83

etalp ta tf 03

With Wood Stud Backup Wall

82

)1.4.7.307R 6002 CRI( .rohcna rep tf qs 76.2

fo aera detroppus mumixam a htiw yaw hcae "42 fo gnicaps rohcna mumixam
a swolla edoC laitnediseR lanoitanretnI noitcurtsnoc laitnediser roF :etoN

.gninepo fo )mm 503( "21 nihtiw dna trapa )mm

419( teef 3 naht erom on retemirep eht dnuora decaps noisnemid rehtie
ni )mm 604( "61 naht retaerg sgninepo dnuora srohcna lanoitidda edivorP
.lac
-itrev )mm 754( "81 dna latnoziroh )mm 318( "23 si gnicaps mumixaM
.aera llaw
fo )2m 33.0( 2tf 5.3 hcae rof rohcna eno tsael ta edivorp srohcna rehto
roF .aera llaw fo )2m 52.0( 2tf 76.2 hcae rof rohcna eno tsael ta edivorp
)mm 67.3 = egag 9 = "841.0 = 11WM( 7.1W ezis eriw fo srohcna dna
,srohcna eceip-2 elbatsujda ,srohcna latem teehs detagurroc egag 22 roF
Anchor Spacing

.rerutcafunam
rohcna yb tem eb osla tsum 035 ICA ni stnemeriuqer rehtO .)mm 23(
"4/1 1 gnideecxe ton tesffo na htiw hcae )mm 8.4 = "61/3 = "881.0 =
81WM( 8.2W ezis eriw fo sgel eltnip owt tsael ta evah llahs srohcna
eltniP .)mm 6.1( "61/1 fo strap gnitcennoc neewteb ecnaraelc mumixam
a evah dna tnemegagnesid tneverp ot deliated eb llahs srohcna elbatsujdA

Adjustable Anchors

.dewolla
osla si ezis eriw emas fo tnemecrofnier tnioj epyt bat ro reddaL .ega
-rohcna rof skooh muminim "2 evah llahs dne hcaE .)mm 67.3 = egag
9 = "841.0 = 11 WM( 7.1W ezis eriw tsael ta eb llahs srohcna eriW

Wire Anchors And Joint Reinforcement

.yticapac
hguorht-hsup ro tuo-llup tnelaviuqe rof tneb ro ,dehcton ,dehcnup eb
ro stnemeriuqer 035 ICA rep detagurroc eb llahs )mm 5.1 = egag 61(
"60.0 tsael ta fo ssenkciht latem esab htiw srohcna latem teehs rehtO

Other Sheet-Metal Anchors

.renetsaf fo )mm 31( "2/1 nihtiw eb tsum

dneB .tnioj deb otni tuo thgiarts rohcna dneb dna ecnatsiser tuo-llup lauqe
htiw renetsaf rehto ro lian nommoc d8 htiw )gnihtaehs ton( duts doow ot
rohcna netsaF .035 ICA ni deiceps sa detagurroc dna ediw )mm 22( "8/7
x kciht )egag 22 = mm 267.0( "30.0 tsael ta eb tsum latem esaB .sllaw
pukcab demarf-doow htiw ylno dewolla era srohcna latem teehs detagurroC
Corrugated Sheet-Metal Anchors

83

.seirots rehto
morf yltnednepedni yrots hcae rof reenev derohcna fo thgiew troppuS
.srohcna ot gnicrofnier tnioj hcatta yllacinahceM
.gnicaps lacitrev mumixam )mm 754(
"81 ta )mm 67.3 = egag 9 = "841.0 = 11WM( 7.1W ezis ,eriw eno fo
gnicrofnier tnioj suounitnoc edivorp dna stnemeriuqer evoba lla teeM
Seismic Category E and F

)7.1W ezis eriw fo srohcna dna ,srohcna elbatsujda ,srohc

-na latem teehs detagurroc rof rohcna rep 2tf 0.2( .%52 yb eit hcae yb
detroppus aera llaw mumixam ecuder dna stnemeriuqer evoba lla teeM

Seismic Category D

.reenev yb deirrac ton erutcurts morf secrof cimsies

os erutcurts morf pot dna sedis etalosi dna stnemeriuqer evoba lla teeM

Seismic Category C

Anchored Veneer in Seismic Areas

.gnicaps lacitrev mumixam )mm 754( "81 ta eriw )mm 67.3

= egag 9 = "841.0 = 11WM( 7.1W eno ot lauqe gnicrofnier tnioj muminiM
Veneer Laid in Other Than Running Bond

.)egag 81( )mm 1.1( "0340.0 fo ssenkciht latem

esab muminim htiw tnatsiser noisorroc eb llahs gnimarf leets demrof-dloC
.)mm 8.4( "091.0 fo retemaid knahs mum
-inim htiw swercs tnatsiser noisorroc htiw gnimarf leets ot srohcna hcattA
).dewolla ton era srohcna latem teehs detagurroC( .srohcna
elbatsujda htiw dehcatta eb llahs pukcab leets ot derohcna reenev yrnosaM
Masonry Veneer Anchored to Steel Stud Backup

.rohc
-na deddebme fo ssenkciht eciwt tsael ta eb llahs ssenkciht deb ratroM
Mortar Bed Thickness

84

.1.035 ICA fo C 3.3 elcitrA htiw ecnailpmoc ni derehda eb

llahs ro ,284 C MTSA rep detset nehw ,raehs ni isp 05 = noisehda deriuqeR
.gnimarf
doow ro leets ,etercnoc ,yrnosam revo retsalp tnemec dnaltrop dna htal
latem ro ,etercnoc ,yrnosam eb yam dna tnatsiser erutsiom eb llahs gnikcaB
.gnidnobed ro gnikcarc lortnoc
ot deriuqer sa ylno detimil era reenev derehda fo aera dna htgnel ,thgieH
.tcerrocni si 035 ICA ni noisrevnoc cirtem aP 817 :etoN

.)2m/gk 37( fsp 51 = thgiew tinu mumixaM

.)2m 64.0( 2tf 5 = aera ecaf tinu mumixaM
.)mm 419( "63 = noisnemid ecaf tinu mumixaM
.)mm 76( "8/5 2 = stinu fo ssenkciht tinu mumixaM
Adhered Veneer Prescriptive Requirements

.035 ICA ees ,snoisivorp ngised evitanretla roF

Adhered Veneer

.)035 ICA ees( deriuq

-er si reenev yrnosam derohcna fo ngised evitanretla ,)m 3.81( tf 06 revo
thgieh foor naem htiw ro )rh/mk 902( hpm 031 revo deeps dniw cisab roF
.)035 ICA ees( noit
-cerid rehtie ni )mm 604( "61 naht regral sgninepo dnuora srohcna ddA
.yllac
-itrev dna yllatnoziroh )mm 754( "81 naht erom on srohcna ecapS
.%03 yb rohcna hcae yb detroppus aera llaw mumixam ecudeR
:)m 3.81( teef 06 naht erom ton thgieh foor naem dna )rh/mk
902771( hpm 031 ot pu dna hpm 011 naht erom sdeeps dniw cisab roF
.)m 3.81( tf 06 naht erom ton thgieh foor naem dna )rh/mk 771(
hpm 011 naht retaerg on sdeeps dniw cisab rof era sngised evitpircserp evobA

High Wind Areas

85

.006/L
ot detimil si slenap kcolb ssalg gnitroppus srebmem fo noitceed lacitreV
.lenap eht ot derrefsnart ton era erutcurts gnidliub
morf sdaol taht os tnioj noisnapxe na htiw slenap yrnosam ssalg etalosI
.035 ICA ees ,slenap devruc gnidulcni ,noitamrofni ngised etelpmoc roF
.tf qs 051 = aera mumixaM
lacitrev tf 02 dna latnoziroh tf 52 = naps mumixaM
Interior Thin Unit Panels

.fsp 02 = erusserp dniw mumixaM

.tf qs 58 = aera mumixaM
lacitrev tf 01 dna latnoziroh tf 51 = naps mumixaM
Exterior Thin Unit Panels

.tf qs 052 si slenap roiretni fo aera mumixaM

.lacitrev tf 02 dna latnoziroh tf 52 era snaps mumixaM
tf qs 561
tf qs 441
tf qs 201
tf qs 87

fsp 51
fsp 02
fsp 03
fsp 04

lenaP fo aerA

erusserP dniW ngiseD

:swollof sa lenap hcae fo aera mumixam swolla erug

ehT .noitamrofni ngised tcaxe rof erug taht ot refeR .035 ICA fo 1-2.7
giF ni ssalg fo aera no desab dengised eb nac slenap kcolb ssalg dradnatS
Standard Glass Block Panels

.tnemevom laitnereffid etadommocca ot liated dna ngiseD

.stinu dilos rof kciht "3 dna stinu wolloh rof kciht "8/1 3
yllamron era stinu nihT .kciht "8/7 3 yllamron era stinu dradnatS .gniraeb
-daol non si taht yrnosam kcolb ssalg fo ngised laciripme swolla retpahc sihT
Chapter 7 - Glass Unit Masonry

86

ecnatsiseR daoL dniW ngiseD yrnosaM tinU ssalG 1-2.7 .giF

.lenap fo mottob dna pot stnioj deb tsr ecrofnieR
.muminim "6 secilps paL .c/c "61 naht erom ton decaps gnicrofnier tnioj epyt
reddal )"841.0( egag 9 htiw yrnosam tinu ssalg ni stnioj latnoziroh ecrofnieR
.ratrom N epyT ro S epyT esU
.esruoc tsr eht gniyal erofeb gnoorpretaw
citsale htiw tliub eb ot era slenap yrnosam ssalg hcihw no secafrus taoC
.lairetam elbisserpmoc htiw ll
dna tnemevom "8/3 wolla ot sedis dna pot gnola stnioj noisnapxe edivorP
.retaerg si revehcihw ,daol deilppa eht ro
lenap fo flp 002 fo muminim a troppus ot dengised eb llahs stroppus laretaL
.sesahc ro slennahc otni ssecer .nim "1 .lairetam noisnapxe
etadommocca ot dezisrevo ,slennahc ro retnec no "61 naht erom ton decaps
srohcna lenap rehtie htiw pot dna sedis ta slenap fo troppus laretal edivorP
.tnioj
noisnapxe lacitrev a htiw slevel tnereffid ta detroppus lenap etarapeS
.gnimarf doow no detroppus
eb yam ssel ro hgih teef 21 dna ssel ro fsp 04 gnihgiew yrnosam tinu ssalG

87

.ratrom ot dedda eb ot edirolhc muiclac wolla ton oD .11

.09
G edarG ,525-A MTSA ot mrofnoc ot detaoc-cniz eb dluohs sduts leetS .01
.sduts egag 81 muminim esU .9
.sllaw teparap rof pukcab sa desu eb ton dluohs sduts leetS .8
.)tnemec yrnosam on( ratroM emiL tnemeC dnaltroP esU .7
.sehcni 2 fo muminim a eb
dluohs gnihtaehs eht dna kcirb eht fo kcab eht neewteb ecaps ria ehT .6
.yllatnoziroh retnec no sehcni 23 dna yllacitrev retnec no
sehcni 81 mumixam a decaps ,aera llaw fo tf 76.2 hcae rof eit eno esU .5
.airetirc ssen
-ffits/noitceed eht nihtiw erutcurts eht ot sdaol fo refsnart etauqeda htiw
,gninepo eht fo aera yratubirt eht no desab sdaol htiw dengised eb dluohs
sgninepo rehto dna srood ,swodniw fo sllis dna sredaeh ,sbmaj lla ta sdutS .4
.thgieh-dim ta yllatnoziroh sduts eht ecarB .3
.sduts eht fo sedis htob ot yleruces gnihtaehs eht hcattA .2
.027/L ro 006/L
ot metsys pu-kcab eht fo noitceed elbawolla mumixam eht timiL .1
The resulting design may dictate the following requirements:

.seuqinhcet noitcurtsnoc dna secitcarp dle dooG

.snoitidnoc roiretni sa llew sa ,serusopxe dna snoitidnoc citamilC
.noitcurts
-noc fo esae dna ,ytilibarud ,htgnerts rof slairetam reporp fo noitceleS
.llaw eht fo
stnenopmoc latem lareves eht rof noitcetorp dna ecnatsiser noisorroC
.metsys llaw eht fo )scitsiretcarahc noitceed( ssenffits dna htgnertS
.secaps
ria nepo ,naelc )c .stnioj tnalaes )b .selohpeew dna gnihsa )a :llaw
eht fo noitartenep retaw tneverp ot srotcaf gniliated dna ngised ehT
.gnicaps etauqeda rieht dna seit fo epyt reporp ehT
.reenev kcirb eht fo roivaheb eht dna devlovni secrof ehT
.metsys
eht dna slairetam eht htiw detcepxe eb nac taht stnemevom ehT

.9
.8
.7

.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Satisfactory performance of Brick VeneerSteel Stud Curtain Walls necessitates a design which addresses:

Brick Veneer Steel Studs

88

Mortar Netting

Elevation at Flashing

gnihsalF ta mumixaM
skciW htiw .C.O )mm 004( 61
.C.O )mm 006( 42
seloH peeW

deB
ratroM
eloH
peeW
gnitteN
ratroM
gnihsalF

Foundation Detail

gnihsalF edarG
woleB tnioJ
ralloC lliF

Steel Shelf Angle

lairetaM tnioJ
elbisserpmoC
tnalaeS citsalE

eloH peeW

gnihsalF

noisnetxE
gnihsalF

eloH peeW

ecapS riA
eiT llaW

.pird a mrof ot llaw eht fo ecaf eht dnoyeb dnetxe dluohs gnihsa llA .4
gnihsa ta mumixam .C.O "42 seloh peeW .3
.detpurretni si ytivac eht nehw seloh peew dna gnihsa llatsnI .2
A7 NT ees slairetam ytilauq doog esU .1
:setoN
Flashing and Weep Holes for Drainage Wall Systems

89

.dnob gninnur ni dial sllaw detuorg tfil-hgih roF 4

.noitcurtsnoc emarf doow rehtO 3
.hgih seirots owt revo ton noitcurtsnoc emarf doow ylimaf-owt dna -enO 2
.dnob gninnur naht rehto rof stnemeriuqer
laiceps rof edoc yrnosam 035 ICA dna edoc gnidliub eeS .dnob gninnur ni dial
reenev llA .69 egap no selbat ni segag dna sretemaid eit muminim no desaB 1

"81

"23

"42

"63

"42

"63

).ceR(
"42
"23

"81

"42

"63

"42

"61

"61

"61

"81
"42

"23
"42

"81

"23

5.4
76.2
5.4
76.2

5.3
76.2
).ceR(
fs 0.2
xam 76.2
5.3
76.2
76.2
76.2

3
2

fs 77.1
fs 05.4
fs 76.2
fs 05.4
fs 76.2

gnicapS gnicapS rohcnA

.ziroH .treV reP aerA
xaM
.xaM
.xaM

pukcaB
UMC ro
etercnoC
no reeneV

8.2W/"61/3 srohcnA
reeneV
"4
s
7.1W/ag9 elbaitnujdA
t U
.ceR 8.2W/"61/3 srohcnA
reeneV
nim
"2 xam
s
7.1W/ag9 elbaitnujdA
"4
t U

etisopmoC
ylno
yrnosaM
ehtyw-itluM

8.2W/"61/3
ytivaC 7.1W/ag9
oN 8.2W/"61/3
7.1W/ag9

fnieR
tnioJ
srohcnA
tinU

ceR 8.2W/"61/3
.nim
detagurroC
"2 .xam
nahT rehtO
7.1W/ag9
"4
CBI
detagurroC
egaG 22
CRI .seR
hcni 1

dutS leetS
no reeneV

dutS
dooW no
reeneV
kcirB

.fnieR tnioJ jdA ,eltniP

)sdaol
dna eyE lbD jdA tinU
enalp-fo-tuo
8.2W/"61/3 .fnieR
tsiser ot
dengised
7.1W/ag9 tnioJ .dtS
ty ob
8.2W/"61/3 rohcnA slelhWw thvtaC(
a yi
tinU
7.1W/ag9

"4
"4
"4
htdiW
ytivaC
xaM

metsyS rohcnA

epyT llaW

Tie Spacing Recommendations: BIA Tech. Note 44B1

90

stnemele
evisorroc ot desopxE .3
seitivac ro
secaps ria ni desopxE .2
tuorg ro ratrom ni
deddebme yletelpmoC .1

403 epyT ,761 A MTSA

2-B ssalC ,351 A MTSA
3 ssalC ,146 A MTSA

tnemecrofnieR tnioJ

stnemele
evisorroc ot desopxE .3
seitivac ro
secaps ria ni desopxE .2
tuorg ro ratrom ni
deddebme yletelpmoC .1

403 epyT ,761 A MTSA

3-B ssalC ,351 A MTSA
06 G ssalC ,525 A MTSA

seiT leetS teehS

stnemele
evisorroc ot desopxE .3
seitivac ro
secaps ria ni desopxE .2
tuorg ro ratrom
ni deddebme yletelpmoC .1

403 epyT ,761 A MTSA

SH 03 edarG ,722 B MTSA
ro ,3-B ssalC ,351 A MTSA
SH 03 edarG ,722 B MTSA
ro ,3 ssalC ,146 A MTSA

seiT eriW tinU

noitcetorP noisorroC

noitacilppA

BIA Technical Note 44B

Table 2: Recommended Minimum
Corrosion Protection

91

Unit Tie Details

Masonry Backup

Concrete Backup

T
xam 2/T ro
nim 8/5

T
xam 2/T ro
nim 8/5

Steel Stud Backup

Wood Stud Backup

seiT detagurroC
kcirB
T
gnihtaehS
xam 2/T ro
dutS dooW
nim 8/5

T
xam 2/T ro
nim 8/5

Wall Ties

Truss Type

xaM 2/T
ro nim 8/5

xaM 2/T
ro nim 8/5

epyt reddal esu sllaw detalusni roF *

Tab-Type Cavity Wall Soild

kcirB
xaM
2/T ro
nim 8/5

92

Adjustable Assembly Details

Ladder Type

Cavity Walls

ytivaC

Ladder-Type Cavity Wall*

xaM 2/T
ro nim 8/5

UMC

ytivaC

kcirB

Soild Masonry Backup

Single Eye Pintle

ecapS riA
xaM
2/T ro
nim 8/5
UMC diloS %57
Wall Ties (continued)

93

.ecafrus pot eht woleb .ni

2/1 1 yletamixorppa noitisop reporp rieht otni nwod meht gnisserp ,ecalp ni tes srab
gnicrofnier eht dna tuorg ratrom tnemec htiw dell eb neht dluohs stnioj ehT .ratrom
tuohtiw trapa .ni 2/1 egde no kcirb eht fo tnemecalp eht yb ecno ta dewollof si sihT
.sbir eht revoc ot htped tneicfus fo ratrom M epyt fo deb a decalp si htal latem eht nO
.mrof yraropmet a yb dne gnitcejorp eht ta detroppus dna esab yenmihc
eht fo sllaw kcirb eht fo pot no deb ratrom eht ni dial si dna mrof eht sa sevres htal latem
debbiR .detcurtsnoc eb yam bals derevelitnac a ,hcra na hcus fo daetsnI .htraeh dehsin eht
eviecer ot ecafrus level a ot hcra siht revo ll dna noitcurtsnoc roo eht ot esab yenmihc
eht morf kcirb fo hcra na mrof ot neeb sah noitcurtsnoc htraeh ni ecitcarp lausu ehT
.gninil eht fo edisni eht htiw hsu gnihsin ,kcirb gnitcetorp
fo egdel a yb sedis eerht tsael ta no detroppus eb dluohs gninil eu ehT .snoitcennoc
ro sgninepo rehto morf eerf yleritne eu tnednepedni na evah dluohs ecalper ehT
.gninil eu eht fo mottob eht teem ot retnec eht
drawot ylmrofinu depols era sedis eerht rehto eht elihw ,thgiarts tliub si yenmihc eht fo
llaw kcab ehT .rebmahc ekoms eht si flehs eht evoba ecaps ehT .taorht eht fo htdiw lluf
eht yllatnoziroh dnetxe dna eu eht fo mottob eht rednu yltcerid eb dluohs flehs sihT
.flehs tfardnwod ro ekoms eht fo noitacol eht enimreted lliw taorht eht fo noitacol ehT
.eu eht morf trid tuo peek ot
dna moor eht morf ssol taeh tneverp ot desolc tpek eb dluohs repmad eht ,esu ni ton si
ecalper eht nehW .ekoms fo nmuloc gnidnecsa eht htiw drawpu meht tceed lliw dna
stfardnwod rof reirrab a mrof lliw nepo nehw etalp sihT .kcab eht drawot dna drawpu
nepo lliw etalp evlav eht hcihw ni ngised a fo ylbareferp ,gninepo ecalper eht fo htdiw
lluf eht dnetxe dna taorht eht ni decalp eb dluohs repmad latem A .repmad eht fo kcab
eht rof troppus eht mrof dna thgieh emas eht ot dnetxe dluohs kcab gnipols ehT .gninepo
ecalper eht fo tniop tsehgih eht evoba .ni 8 ylbareferp dna .ni 6 naht ssel eb ton dluohs
tI .dengised ylluferac eb tsum ecalper eht fo taorht eht ,tfard eht no tceffe sti fo esuaceB
.evoba yenmihc eht fo thgiew eht troppus
ot kciht .ni 8 tsael ta eb dluohs sllaw dne dna kcab ehT .ratrom yalc er ni dial kcirb er
htiw denil eb dluohs ,epyt demroferp latem eht fo si ti sselnu ,rebmahc noitsubmoc ehT
.gro.aib.www ta dedaolnwod eb yam setoN hceT AIB .detpmetta eb dluohs
segnahc rojam on tub ,gnisruoc kcirb htiw dnopserroc ot ylthgils deirav eb yam serug
esehT .srebmahc noitsubmoc ecalper fo epols dna epahs eht no ecnadiug deliated erom
evig a91 dna 91 setoN hceT noitaicossA yrtsudnI kcirB .moor eht otni detaidar si hcihw
taeh fo tnuoma eht dna tfard eht htob secneuni rebmahc noitsubmoc eht fo epahs ehT
.snoisnemiD
ecalperiF elbat eht gnisu yb denimreted eb nac ecalper a fo snoisnemid etamixorppa
eht ,detceles neeb evah gninepo fo epyt dna htdiw eht ecnO .tneicfus si ediw .ni 63
ot 03 fo gninepo na htiw ecalper a aera roo fo .tf .qs 003 htiw moor a roF .taeh ot
dednetni si ti hcihw moor eht fo ezis eht yb ylniam denimreted si ecalper a fo ezis ehT
Fireplaces
Fireplaces and Chimneys

94

.detcejorp kcirb fo esruoc hcae rof noitcejorp )mm 52( .ni-1 deecxe ton
yam gnilebroC .ssenkciht llaw eht lauqe yam sllaw gnisolcne eht fo roiretxe eht ro
syenmihc fo gnilebroc sgnillewd yrots-owt fo yrots dnoces eht no taht tpecxe ,llaw
eht fo edis hcae no yllauqe stcejorp ti sselnu ssenkciht ni )mm 003( .ni 21 naht ssel
si hcihw noitadnuof ro llaw a morf delebroc eb yenmihc a dluohs ron noitadnuof ro
llaw a morf )mm 051( .ni 6 naht erom delebroc eb ton dluohs syenmihc yrnosaM .7
.gnikluac dna gnihsa yb dehsilpmocca ylnommoc tsom si sihT
.delaes eb dluohs stnenopmoc tnecajda dna yenmihc eht neewteb secaps roiretxe llA .6
.lairetam elbitsubmocnon kciht )mm 52( .ni-1 fo muminim a gnisu
deppotser eb dluohs lairetam elbitsubmoc dna yenmihc a neewteb secaps ehT .5
.elbatpecca si )mm
52( .ni 1 esac hcihw ni ,erutcurts eht edistuo yleritne detacol si yenmihc eht erehw
tpecxe )mm 05( .ni 2 fo muminim a si lairetam elbitsubmoc morf ecnaraelc yenmihC .4
.evoba erug eeS .yenmihc eht
fo )m 0.3( .tf 01 nihtiw serutcurts gniniojda ro erutcurts eht fo noitrop yna naht
rehgih )mm 006( .tf 2 ro ,enioor eht setartenep yenmihc eht erehw tniop tsehgih
eht evoba )m 0.1( .tf 3 fo retaerg eht si ytefas er rof thgieh yenmihc muminim ehT .3
.sretfar ro stnenopmoc gniliec ,stnenopmoc roo rehtie
fo )mm 051( .ni 6 nihtiw epahs ro ezis egnahc yam renil eu ton yenmihc rehtieN .2
.deriuqer si )mm 002( .ni 8 lanimon a esac hcihw ni ,desu
si renil eu on sselnu )mm 001( .ni 4 lanimon a eb dluohs ssenkciht llaw yenmihC .1
:edulcni yehT .erehwyreve ylraen detpecca era
,revewoh ,lareveS .sisab lacol a no yrav yam syenmihc rof stnemeriuqer edoc gnidliuB

3 ft. min.

10 ft. min.
2 ft. min.

Fireplaces and Chimneys (continued)

95

.ecivres siht edivorp netfo srerutcafunam redaeH .sdaol rehto dna kcirb yrrac ot reenigne
larutcurts a yb dengised redaeh doow ot detlob )VLL( 61/5 3 5L gnisu dnemmocer ew
"0'21 gnideecxe snaps roF .dekcehc eb dluohs sletnil fo gnoorper rof stnemeriuqer edoC
.ssenkciht ni " fo muminim a eb rehtaew ot desopxe srebmem leets roiretxe taht eriuqer
sedoc gnidliub ledom dna lacol ynaM .ehtyw "4 lanimon a troppus yletauqeda ot ediw
" 3 tsael ta eb dluohs gel latnoziroh ro gnidnatstuo eht selgna leets roF .shtdiw etaredom
fo sgninepo gninnaps rof elbatius era dna sepahs tselpmis eht era selgna leetS .sgninepo
yrnosam gninnaps rof lairetam desu ylnommoc tsom eht ,spahrep ,era sepahs leets larutcurtS
thgiew letnil sedulcni *
5.81
7.51
6.01
0.9
3.7
0.01
5.8
0.7
6.5
8.4
9.3
3.5
5.4
7.3
8.3
2.3
6.2
3.2
9.1
6.1
'8

3.5 9.6 3.9 9.21

4.4 9.5 9.7 9.01
9.2 9.3 3.5 4.7
5.2 3.3 5.4 2.6
0.2 7.2 7.3 1.5
8.2 7.3 0.5 0.7
4.2 1.3 3.4 9.5
9.1 6.2 5.3 8.4
5.1 0.2 7.2 9.3
3.1 7.1 3.2 3.3
0.1 4.1 9.1 7.2
9.1 6.2 7.3
6.1 2.2 1.3
3.1 8.1 6.2
3.1 8.1 6.2
1.1 6.1 2.2
3.1 8.1
1.1 5.1
3.1
1.1
'21 '11 '01 '9

.sletnil

gn t f
0.61 eslezia lseeoisrao
s u v
5.31
rof teef ni
kcirb "8/5 3
1.11
fo thgieh
1.51
elbawollA
8.21
5.01 7.61
5.8 6.31
2.7 6.11
9.5 5.9
0.8 9.21
9.6 0.11
6.5 0.9 7.51
8.5 3.9 2.61
9.4 9.7 8.31
0.4 5.6 4.11
5.3 6.5 9.9 5.91
0.3 8.4 5.8 7.61
4.2 0.4 0.7 7.31 5.52
'7 '6 '5 '4 '3

0.21
8/3 4 6L
0.01
61/5 4 6L
4.01
8/3 5.3 5L
7.8
61/5 5.3 5L
0.7
4/1 5.3 5L
0.01
8/3 3 5L
0.8
61/5 3 5L
0.7
4/1 3 5L
1.9
8/3 5.3 4L
7.7
61/5 5.3 4L
2.6
4/1 5.3 4L
0.8
8/3 3 4L
0.7
61/5 3 4L
0.6
4/1 3 4L
5.8
8/3 5.3 5.3L
2.7 61/5 5.3 5.3L
8.5
4/1 5.3 5.3L
0.7
8/3 3 3L
0.6
61/5 3 3L
0.5
4/1 3 3L
*tW
eziS elgnA

TEEF NI NAPS RAELC

Allowable Uniform Superimposed Load (in lb. per foot), A-36 Steel Lintels
3 5/8" Brick, 36 psf

Steel Lintels

96

.ecivres siht edivorp netfo srerutcafunam redaeH .sdaol rehto dna kcirb yrrac ot reenigne
larutcurts a yb dengised redaeh doow ot detlob )VLL( 61/5 3 5L gnisu dnemmocer ew
"0'21 gnideecxe snaps roF .dekcehc eb dluohs sletnil fo gnoorper rof stnemeriuqer edoC
.ssenkciht ni " fo muminim a eb rehtaew ot desopxe srebmem leets roiretxe taht eriuqer
sedoc gnidliub ledom dna lacol ynaM .ehtyw "4 lanimon a troppus yletauqeda ot ediw
" 3 tsael ta eb dluohs gel latnoziroh ro gnidnatstuo eht selgna leets roF .shtdiw etaredom
fo sgninepo gninnaps rof elbatius era dna sepahs tselpmis eht era selgna leetS .sgninepo
yrnosam gninnaps rof lairetam desu ylnommoc tsom eht ,spahrep ,era sepahs leets larutcurtS
thgiew letnil sedulcni *

3.6 3.8 2.11 5.51

3.5 0.7 5.9 1.31
5.3 7.4 3.6 8.8
0.3 0.4 4.5 5.7
4.2 2.3 4.4 1.6
3.3 4.4 0.6 4.8
8.2 8.3 1.5 1.7
3.2 1.3 2.4 8.5
8.1 4.2 3.3 6.4
5.1 0.2 8.2 9.3
2.1 7.1 3.2 2.3
7.1 3.2 1.3 4.4
4.1 9.1 7.2 8.3
2.1 6.1 2.2 1.3
6.1 2.2 1.3
3.1 9.1 6.2
1.1 5.1 2.2
3.1 8.1
1.1 6.1
3.1
'21 '11 '01 '9

8.81
7.21
8.01
8.8
0.21
2.01
3.8
7.6
7.5
7.4
4.6
4.5
4.4
5.4
9.3
2.3
7.2
3.2
9.1
'8

.sletnil

gn t f
1.91 eslezia lseeoisrao
s u v
2.61
rof teef ni
kcirb "3
3.31
fo thgieh
1.81
elbawollA
4.51
6.21 1.02
2.01 3.61
7.8 9.31
1.7 4.11
7.9 5.51
2.8 2.31
7.6 8.01 8.81
9.6 1.11 4.91
9.5 5.9 6.61
8.4 8.7 6.31
2.4 8.6 9.11
6.3 8.5 2.01 1.02
9.2 8.4 4.8 5.61 6.03
'7 '6 '5 '4 '3

0.21
8/3 4 6L
0.01
61/5 4 6L
4.01
8/3 5.3 5L
7.8
61/5 5.3 5L
0.7
4/1 5.3 5L
0.01
8/3 3 5L
0.8
61/5 3 5L
0.7
4/1 3 5L
1.9
8/3 5.3 4L
7.7
61/5 5.3 4L
2.6
4/1 5.3 4L
0.8
8/3 3 4L
0.7
61/5 3 4L
0.6
4/1 3 4L
5.8
8/3 5.3 5.3L
2.7 61/5 5.3 5.3L
8.5
4/1 5.3 5.3L
0.7
8/3 3 3L
0.6
61/5 3 3L
0.5
4/1 3 3L
*tW
eziS elgnA

TEEF NI NAPS RAELC

Allowable Uniform Superimposed Load (in lb. per foot), A-36 Steel Lintels
3" Brick, 30 psf

Steel Lintels

Galvanized-Sheet Gage, Reinforcing Bars,

And Wire Information

Galvanized-Sheet Gage

97

.taeh dna
erusolcne yb sruoh 42
rof .F 23 evoba erutarep
-met yrnosam niatniaM

.noitcurtsnoc
retfa sruoh 42 rof noit
-cetorp lauqe ro steknalb
gnitalusni htiw yrnosam
revoc yletelpmoC

noitcurtsnoc retfa sruoh

42 rof enarbmem evitsiser
rehtaew a htiw yrnosam
revoc yletelpmoC
.noitcurtsnoc retfa
sruoh 42 rof enarbmem
evitsiser rehtaew a htiw
gnirevoc yb wons ro niar
morf yrnosam tcetorP

98

20
25
32
40

)erutarepmet yliad .gva(

stnemeriuqeR noitcetorP

.F 02 tsael
ta eb dluohs dial
gnieb stinU .F 23
evoba ot taeh dna
krow esolcnE .F 021
fo mumixam dna .F
04 fo muminim ot retaw
gnixim dna dnas taeH
.hpm 51 sdeecxe
dniw fi kaerbdniw yolpmE
.noitcurtsnoc rednu sllaw
fo sedis htob no taeh esU
.F 021 fo mumixam dna .F
04 fo muminim ot retaw
gnixim dna dnas taeH
.yrnosam ni desu
litnu gnizeerf evoba rat
-rom niatniaM .gnixim fo
emit ta .F 021 dna 04
neewteb serutarepmet
ratrom ecudorp ot retaw
gnixim ro dnas taeH
.gnixim
fo emit ta .F 021 fo
mumixam dna .F 04
fo muminim ot retaw
gnixim ro dnas taeH

)erutarepmet ria(
stnemeriuqeR noitcurtsnoC

Cold Weather Masonry

61/11
8/5
61/51

99

.ni / ni 3000.0 :erutsiom ot eud ylthgils sdnapxe osla kcirb yalC :etoN
807.0
26.0
19.0

04.0
03.0
34.0

8/3
61/5
61/7

94.0
55.0
25.0
73.0
26.0

2/1
61/9
2/1
8/3
8/5

88.0
35.0
65.0

8/7
2/1
61/9

45.0
27.0

61/9
4/3

08.0
51.1
12.1
45.1

61/31
8/1 1
61/3 1
61/9 1

34.0
23.0
34.0
52.0

61/7
61/5
61/7
4/1

82.2
06.3
42.3
48.3

4/1
8/5
4/1
61/31

2
3
3
3

)esaercnI
.F 001 @
.tf 001/.ni(
noisnapxE lamrehT

etagergga etilucimreV
etagergga etilreP
etagergga muspyG
RETSALP
eniP
kaO
elpaM
riF
REBIF OT RALUCIDNEPREP ,DOOW
eniP
kaO
elpaM
riF
REBIF OT LELLARAP ,DOOW
leetS larutcurtS
leetS sselniatS
eznorB
munimulA
LATEM
larutcurts ,thgiewthgiL
etagergga levarG
ETERCNOC
elbraM
enotsemiL
etinarG
ENOTS
etagergga rednic ro ecimuP
etagergga gals-dednapxE
etagergga elahs-dednapxE
etagergga redniC
etagergga esneD
KCIRB ETERCNOC
elit elahs ro yalC
elit ro kcirb yalc eriF
kcirb elahs ro yalC
YRNOSAM YALC

9.5
2.5
6.7
0.91
0.03
0.72
0.23
6.3
7.2
6.3
1.2
7.6
6.9
1.01
8.21
5.4
0.6
3.7
4.4
7.4
1.4
6.4
3.4
1.3
2.5
3.3
5.2
6.3
.F/shtnoilliM
,noisnapxE
lamrehT
fo .ffeoC .gvA

LAIRETAM

Thermal Movement

100

sgnivas ygrenE
ecnanetniam woL
lortnoc dnuoS
sreirrab eriF
sllaw roiretni dehsiniF
erusolcnE
erutcurtS

.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Loadbearing walls are multi-function walls. They provide:

semoH gnisruN
seirotimroD
sliaJ
slatipsoH
sletoH
sletoM
sloohcS

.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1

Where to use loadbearing:

.level dnuorg
eht ot hguorht gniunitnoc dna enil foor eht ta gnitrats sllaw suounitnoC
saera nepo egral oN
sredivid moor tnenamreP
snalp roo gnitaepeR

.4
.3
.2
.1

Loadbearing walls t best in buildings with:

Loadbearing walls support all dead, live and wind loads. Using the loadbearing wall system eliminates the need for an additional framing system.

Loadbearing Walls

101

. . . taht eton ot tnatropmi si tI

.stnemeriuqer gninoitidnoc-ria dna gnitaeh
gniyfsitas suht egarots taeh dna noitalusni htob ni seulav tnellecxe gnissessop
sllaw yrnosam dn eW .tnatropmi yrev si taeh timsnart naht rehtar brosba
ot sllaw fo ytiliba eht taht eton eW .stnemeriuqer gninoitidnoc-ria no tceffe
dnuoforp a sah hcihw ,llaw a fo ytilauq niag taeh eht si ecnatropmi fo oslA
.llaw eht fo edis looc eht no ria
dna edis mraw eht no ria neewteb ecnereffid erutarepmet fo .F eerged hcae
rof llaw fo toof erauqs eno hguorht ruoh eno ni dettimsnart utB ni taeh fo
tnuoma eht sa dened si ti ,tneicfeoc a sa desserpxE .llaw a fo rotcaf-U eht
sa ytilauq siht wonk eW .noissimsnart ro ssol taeh fo taht si )gniliec ro ,roo
,sllaw( stnenopmoc larutcurts fo ngised ot nevig noitaredisnoc tnatropmi nA
.serutcurts gningised ni trofmoc namuh ot nevig si yadot noitnetta hcuM
3. U-Factors

.seulav llaw
gnidnatstuo meht ekam yticapac gniyrrac daol dna ytilibats tnellecxe riehT
.er ot detcejbus nehw sepyt llaw rehto ot roirepus nevorp evah sllaw yrnosam
,ecneirepxe lautca nopu desaB .edoc gnidliub etairporppa eht sa llew sa ngised
fo noitcnuf eht semoceb tnenopmoc gnidliub a rof deriuqer gnitar er ehT
.sedoc gnidliub yb deriuqer gnitar
mumixam eht yllausu si hcihw ,sruoh ruof ot pu stnemercni ruoh elohw ni
desserpxe era yehT .gnitar eht fo ssecxe ni ro ot lauqe emit a rof seitisnetni
er dellortnoc dnatshtiw ot ytiliba stnenopmoc a etacidni sgnitar ehT
.seirotarobal dezingocer rehto ro ,sdradnatS
fo uaeruB lanoitaN ehT ,seirotarobaL sretirwrednU ta detcudnoc era stseT
.911-E MTSA ,slairetaM dna noitcurtsnoC gnidliuB fo stseT eriF fo sdohteM
dradnatS eht ot gnidrocca derusaem si dna sroo dna ,snoititrap ,sllaw fo
ecnatsiser er eht morf devired si noitcetorp sihT .sgnidliub fo saera suoirav
ni deriuqer noitcetorp er fo eerged eht ni ciceps etiuq era sedoc gnidliuB
2. Fire Ratings

aera llaw fo toof erauqs 1 rof thgieW

1. Weight (LB./SQ. FT.)

Contemporary Design Criteria

102

.denioj
era noisnapxe lamreht fo stneicfeoc tnereffid htiw slairetam erehW .11
.sllaw teparap tA .01
.noitcennoc llaw foor ro roo tA .9
.)kaerb dnob( snoitadnuof tA .8
.snmuloc tA .7
.)mumixam .tf 01( srenroc raeN .6
.yrnosam fo snur gnol htiw ecafretni yrnosam fo snur trohs erehW .5
.sllaw fo snoitcesretni tA .4
.sllaw ni stesffo tA .3
.)mumixam .tf 52( sllaw gnol gnola snoitacol lareves tA .2
.selgna flehs tA .1
Where Should Expansion Joints Or Differential
Movement Be Considered?

.seicneuqerf ciceps enin ta ssol

noissimsnart egareva eht si tI .llaw a hguorht ssol dnuos rof metsys gnitar A
6. Sound Transmission Loss (STL)

.slebiced ni desserpxe era seulav ehT .llaw

a hguorht seicneuqerf dradnats 61 fo ssol noissimsnart dnuos derusaem eht
morf devired gnitar rebmun elgnis a si CTS eht ,yeirB .ssalC noissimsnarT
dnuoS eht sa egassap tsiser ot ytiliba eht fo gnitar eht yfitnedi eW .sllaw
hguorht egassap dnuos fo tnuoma eht rof nrecnoc retaerg a dn ew ,dnuos
tceer ro brosba ot ytiliba sllaw a ot nevig si noitnetta elbaredisnoc hguohtlA
5. Sound Transmission Class (STC)

.eulav U eht fo lacorpicer ehT

4. The R Factor

.noitalusni yticapac sa ot derrefer semitemos si

hcihw ,sllaw yrnosam eht fo yticapac egarots taeh retaerg eht ot eud si sihT
.seulav U dehsilbup no desab setar detaluclac eht naht ,sllaw lenap latem rof
retaerg %06-03 dna ,sllaw emarf doow rof retaerg %02-01 ,sllaw yrnosam rof
ssel %02-0 eb yam sllaw gnidliub lacipyt hguorht refsnart taeh fo etar lautca
eht taht setacidni noitaicossA yrtsudnI kcirB ehT yb detcudnoc hcraeseR
Contemporary Design Criteria (continued)

103

gnitar er detaluclac *
63 rh 57. 81.1
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

58.
03
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick Wall

104

gnitar er detaluclac *
-63 rh 57. 76.01 90.
93
-63 rh 57. 12.5 91.
93
tf.qs
*gnitar
.tf.qs/bl
R U thgieW
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

taB "4
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick Veneer Wall

105

gnitar er detaluclac *
44
15 ruoh 3 76.1
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

06.
56
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick, 2 Wythes

King Size Brick, 2 Wythes, Cavity Wall

Insulation

Weight
lb/sq.ft.

Fire
rating*

STC

STL

No insulation

60

.38

2.63 3 hour

50

--

1" polystyrene
board

60

.13

7.63 3 hour

50

--

1" polyurethane
board

60

.11

8.88 3 hour

50

--

2" polystyrene
board

60

.08

12.63 3 hour

50

--

2" polyurethane
board

60

.07

15.13 3 hour

50

--

4" vermiculite ll

60

.10

9.89 3 hour

50

--

4" perlite ll

60

.09

11.45 3 hour

50

Cost per
sq.ft

--

* Fire rating by test: Report No. E.S. 6975, October 1968, Structural
Research Laboratory, Richmond Field Station, University of California

106

--

94

--

94

107

ruoh 3 38.8
ruoh 3 85.7

94
-- ruoh 3 55.3
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

11.
31.

gnitar er detaluclac *
draob
25
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN

25

82.
25
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusnI

King Size Brick and 4 Light Weight Block

108

gnitar er detaluclac *
-05 ruoh 4 86.3
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

72.
36
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick and 6 Light Weight Block

05

--

05

--

05

--

109

gnitar er detaluclac *
ruoh 4 00.7
ruoh 4 81.9
ruoh 4 39.7

-05 ruoh 4 09.3

tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

07

31.

07

11.

07

41.

62.
07
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

eroc dell
etilucimreV
draob
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick and 8 Light Weight Block

110

gnitar er detaluclac *
45
25 ruoh 4 58.1
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

45.
58
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

King Size Brick, 2 Wythes, Grouted + Reinforced

111

74
54 ruoh 1 23.1
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

67.
04
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick

112

gnitar er detaluclac *
74
54 ruoh 1 14.41 70.
94
taB "4
74
54 ruoh 1 23.5 91.
04
noitalusni oN
tf.qs
*gnitar
.tf.qs/bl
R U thgieW
noitalusnI
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF
Modular Face Brick

113

-25 ruoh 4 58.1

tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

45.
08
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick, 2 Wythes

114

-95 ruoh 4 40.2

tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

94.
501
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick, Grouted and Reinforced

115

ainrofilaC fo ytisrevinU ,noitatS dleiF dnomhciR ,yrotarobaL hcraeseR

larutcurtS ,8691 rebotcO ,5796 .S.E .oN tropeR :tset yb gnitar eriF *

05

85

05

85

05

85

05

85

05
05

85
85

08

31.

08

11.

08

ruoh 4 18.11 90.

08

ruoh 4 13.41 70.

ruoh 4 12.7
ruoh 4 53.6

08
08

41.
61.

ruoh 4 30.9
ruoh 4 87.7

85
05 ruoh 4 87.2
tf.qs
*gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

63.
08
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

ll etilrep "2
ll etilucimrev "2
draob
enahteruylop "2
draob
enerytsylop "2
draob
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick, 2 Wythes, Cavity Wall

9 1/4" Min

116

55
-- ruoh 3 96.2
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

73.
26
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick and 4 Light Weight Block

05

55

05

55

05

55

05

55

05
05

55
55

117

26

11.

26

01.

26

ruoh 4 96.21 80.

26

ruoh 4 91.51 70.

ruoh 4 90.8
ruoh 4 32.7

26
26

21.
41.

ruoh 4 19.9
ruoh 4 66.8

55
05 ruoh 4 67.3
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

72.
26
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

ll etilrep "2
ll etilucimrev "2
draob
enahteruylop "2
draob
enerytsylop "2
draob
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick and 4 Light Weight Block, Cavity Wall

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85
85

85
85

118

37

11.

37

ruoh 4 40.01 01.

37

ruoh 4 28.21 80.

37

ruoh 4 23.51 70.

ruoh 4 22.8
ruoh 4 93.7

37
37

21.
41.

ruoh 4 97.8

85
85 ruoh 4 97.3
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

62.
37
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

ll etilrep "2
ll etilucimrev "2
draob
enahteruylop "2
draob
enerytsylop "2
draob
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick and 6 Light Weight Block, Cavity Wall

05

05

119

dednemmocer toN **
.dednemmocer ton si ediw "2 naht ssel ytivac A *
ruoh 4 41.6

05
05 ruoh 4 95.3
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

61.

08

82.
08
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

eroc dell
etilucimreV
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick and 8 Light Weight Block

120

06
06 ruoh 4 31.3
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

23.
201
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Modular Face Brick, 4 Light Weight Block, Modular Brick

121

74
54 ruoh 1 23.1
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

67.
04
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Utility Brick Wall

122

35
25 ruoh 4 58.1
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

45.
08
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Utility Brick Wall, 2 Wythes

05

85

05

85

05

85

05

85

05
05

85
85

123

08

31.

08

11.

08

ruoh 4 87.21 80.

08

ruoh 4 82.51 70.

08
08

ruoh 4 96.21 80.

ruoh 4 98.01 90.

ruoh 4 30.9
ruoh 4 87.7

85
05 ruoh 4 87.2
tf.qs
gnitar
R
rep tsoC LTS CTS eriF

63.
08
.tf.qs/bl
thgieW
U

ll etilrep "4
ll etilucimrev "4
draob
enahteruylop "2
draob
enerytsylop "2
draob
enahteruylop "1
draob
enerytsylop "1
noitalusni oN
noitalusnI

Utility Brick, 2 Wythes, Cavity Wall

9 1/4"Min

Notes

Notes

Notes

Notes

Notes

.tfel ta sraeppa gniredner

rengiseD yrnosaM siH .alkO
,atewoC ni ,ytilicaF htlaeH
naidnI atewoK gninniw
-drawa eht rof did sredlihC
semaJ tcetihcra satcejorp
txen ruoy ezilausiv ot ti
esu dna ,moc.kcirb ta loot
enilno eerf siht daolnwoD
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