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GNUFOR2 - Gnuplot/Fortran interface
Last updated: 28/12/2008

GNUFOR2 is a module written in Fortran90, which helps to plot graphs/surfaces/histograms/images in
Fortran90. It is based on the GNUFOR interface, written by John Burkardt. Here is the main idea of how it
works: a Fortran program calls a subroutine (for example call plot(x,y) ) which then creates two
files named command_file.txt and data_file.txt. After that GNUPLOT is started automatically via a
system command, and it uses commands from the first file and the data from the second to create the
plot. After this part is finished, the control is returned to the original Fortran program which called
subroutine plot(x,y) (either immediately or after some specified interval of time).
Please note that while this program might be useful for visualising certain data produced by your
Fortran program, it can not completely replace Gnuplot. Gnuplot has much more functionality which
allows to fine tune almost every detail of the figure. For example, if I want to produce publication quality
figures, I would call one of these subroutines from my Fortran program, but then I would edit by hand
command_file.txt to obtain the desired results. I would also recommend an excellent program Inkscape
for editing pdf (and other vector graphics) files.
Here you can find the files:
gnufor2.f90 -- the main module file
test.f90 -- a simple program with many examples
Makefile
This module was tested under Ubuntu distribution of GNU/Linux, both with GNU Fortran and Intel
Fortran compilers. To run the test program, first copy all of the above files into the same folder. Note
that the Makefile is written for GNU Fortran, so you have to change the first line in the Makefile if you are
using a different Fortran90 compiler. Next, open your favourite shell terminal, navigate to the above
mentioned folder, and type:
$make
$make run
Note: you must have GNUPLOT and Fortran90 compiler installed and in your path. To test this, you
can type
$which gnuplot
$which gfortran (or $which ifort for Intel Fortran compiler)
The list of common optional parameters
First of all, all the subroutines presented below have the following OPTIONAL parameters: pause,
terminal, filename, persist, input. Below I explain their meaning.
real(kind=4) :: pause -- this parameter is responsible for the delay between the moment the graph
is drawn and the moment the control is returned to the program. The default behavior (if you do not
specify this parameter) is pause=0. If you set pause=5.3, Gnuplot will finish drawing the graph, wait
for 5.3 seconds and then return control back to the original Fortran program. If you set pause equal to
Pgina 1 de 33 GnuFor2 - Gnuplot/Fortran interface
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ANY NEGATIVE NUMBER ( pause=-1.0 or pause=-3.0), Gnuplot will wait untill you hit Enter, and
only then pass the control back to Fortran program.
character(len=*) :: terminal -- this parameter is responsible for the output format. The default
terminal is 'wxt' -- the interactive window created by the wxWidgets library. The 'terminal' parameter is
most useful if you want to save the picture as a file. Some possibilities are
terminal='jpeg'
terminal='ps'
terminal='png'
terminal='x11'
character(len=*) :: filename -- the output is saved to a file with this name. The default filename
has the format 'date-hours-minutes-seconds-milliseconds'. This format is useful in the situation when
you are creating many pictures in a loop, and you want to save all of them (of course with different
filenames so that they do not overwrite each other). The downside of this default setting is that the
filename changes every time you run a program, and soon your folder will be littered with lots of files.
Setting filename='my_file' will always save the figure into the same file. Note that this option only
has effect when the terminal is set to 'ps', 'jpeg','png' or something similar - it is useless if the figure
is not being saved into a file.
character(len=*) :: persist -- this is an important parameter. The default is persist='yes', which
means that the window with the graph will NOT be closed after the Fortran program has finished
executing. However, this can become a problem if you are creating many graphs in a loop, since you
will end up with dozens (maybe hundreds) of Gnuplot windows on your Desktop. This can be easily
changed, if you set persist='no' in the parameter list. This parameter is usually used together with
pause parameter. For example:
pause=5.0, persist='no': means that Gnuplot will wait for 5 seconds while you are exploring the
figure, then the window will be closed and the controll passed to Fortran program
pause=-1.0, persist='no': the same, but now Gnuplot will wait untill you hit Enter before closing
the window and passing control
Note that if you do not specify the pause parameter and just set persist='no' you will see no graph
at all (the graph will be displayed, then immediately the control will be returned to the Fortran program
and the graph will be closed).
character(len=*) :: input -- this parameter is only important for an interactive terminal 'wxt'. The
default behavior is that commands and data are always saved into files with names 'command_file.txt'
and 'data_file.txt'. This might be a problem when you are creating several graphs which persist after
the Fortran program has finished executing.The above two files might be overwritten, and you won't be
able to explore the graph using the interactive tools of 'wxt' terminal. Here is when 'input' parameter
becomes useful: you can specify different file_names for each graph. For example, if you set
input='f1', the above two files will be named 'command_file_f1.txt' and 'data_file_f1.txt'.
The list of main subroutines and their parameters
subroutine plot(x1, y1, style, pause, color1, terminal, filename, polar,
persist, input, linewidth)
The only mandatory parameters are two arrays x1(:), y1(:) ot type real(kind=8). They must have the
same size.
character(len=3), optional :: style -- this parameter is responsible for the linestyle. By default
the graph is drawn with lines. You can change this by specifying:
style='10-' -- this will plot with lines and points of type 10 (see the Gnuplot list of different point types
below)
style='10.' -- the same, but now the plot is created with points only
style=' 5.' -- the plot will be created with points of type 5
IMPORTANT: Note that there is a space in front of 5 in the previous example. The style
parameter for each graph must have length equal to three. Thus if pointtype is a double digit
number, you would just type style='xx-'. But if the pointtype is a single digit number, you
must type a space in front of this number style=' x.' so that the length is still equal to three.
Different point types:
character(len=*), optional :: color1 -- the color of the lines/points. You can specify the color
by giving its name color1='dark-blue', or by giving it's RGB value color1='#334455'. Here is
the list of colors recognizable by Gnuplot :
Note that the double names should be typed with a hyphen, for some reason it is not visible in this
picture.
real(kind=4), optional :: linewidth The default is linewidth=1.0, you can change it to any
real (positive) value.
character(len=*), optional :: polar -- switch to polar coordinates by setting polar='yes'.
Examples:
call plot(x1, y1)
call plot(x1, y1, pause=0.5)
call plot(x1, y1, pause=0.5, persist='no')
call plot(x1, y1, '20-', color1='#886622', polar='yes')
call plot(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, linewidth=3.0)
call plot(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4, ' 5.10- 0. 7-', color2='magenta',
filename='my_picture', terminal='ps') -- note that in this case the length of style parameter
must be 12 = 3 characters X 4 plots.
subroutine plot3d(x, y, z, pause, color, terminal, filename, persist,
input, linewidth)
This is a subroutine for plotting curves in 3D. The mandatory parameters are real(kind=8) arrays x(:), y
(:) and z(:) of the same size. The remaining parameters are optional, and have the same meaning as
for subroutine 'plot'. Note that the style parameter is absent, also only one plot per window is possible.
subroutine hist(x, n, pause, color, terminal, filename, persist, input)
This a simple subroutine for plotting histograms. The mandatory parameters are real(kind=8) array x(:)
(the data) and an integer value n - the number of bins. The other optional parameters have the same
meaning as before.
subroutine surf(z(:,:), pause, palette, terminal, filename, pm3d,
contour, persist, input)
subroutine surf(x(:), y(:), z(:,:), pause, palette, terminal, filename,
pm3d, contour, persist, input)
subroutine surf(xyz(3,:,:), pause, palette, terminal, filename, pm3d,
contour, persist, input)
These subroutines create a surface plot in 3D. The first two are useful for creating plots of surfaces
given by z=z(:,:)=f(x,y), while the third subroutine is useful for creating plots of parametric surfaces:
x=x(u,v)=xyz(1,:,:)
y=y(u,v)=xyz(2,:,:)
z=z(u,v)=xyz(3,:,:)
The mandatory parameters are z(:,:) for the first subroutine, x(:), y(:), z(:,:) for the second and xyz(3,:,:)
for the third. All arrays must be type real(kind=8). The optional parameters pause, terminal,
filename, persist, input have the same meaning as before.
character(len=*), optional :: palette You can choose from the list of predefined pallettes
(RGB, HSV, CMY, YIQ or XYZ) or you can specify your own. The default value is CMY . These
are some of the examples:
palette='RGB'
palette='gray'
palette='gray negative'
palette='rgbformulae 23,28,3'
character(len=*), optional :: pm3d -- this parameter specifies the use of the pm3d algorithm.
Possible uses include:
pm3d='pm3d'
pm3d='pm3d at b'
pm3d='pm3d map'
pm3d='pm3d implicit map'
See the Gnuplot documentation for the use of this parameter.
character(len=*), optional :: contour -- this parameter specifies the behavior of contour plot.
Possible uses include:
contour='yes' -- draw the contour plot on the xy-plane
contour='surface' -- draw the contour plot on the surface itself
contour='both' -- draw the contour plot both on the surface and xy-plane
subroutine image(gray(:,:), pause, palette, terminal, filename, persist,
input)
subroutine image(rgb(:,:,:), pause, terminal, filename, persist, input)
subroutine image(x(:), y(:) ,gray(:,:), pause, palette, terminal, filename,
persist, input)
subroutine image(x(:), y(:), rgb(:,:,:), pause, terminal, filename, persist,
input)
These subroutines plot the matrix as an image: each matrix element is taken as a color. The
mandatory parameters for the first subroutine is real(kind=4) square matrix of positive numbers gray(:,:)
which represent intensity at each pixel. The second subroutine takes as input an integer array rgb(:,:,:),
where rgb(1,i,j) represents intensity of red color at pixel (i,j), rgb(2,i,j) is responsible for green and rgb
(3,i,j) for blue. IMPORTANT: all the values of rgb(:,:,:) must be integer numbers
lying in the interval [0,255]. The first two subroutines just plot the image and do not care about
x and y axes. If you want to specify x-y axes, you should use the third and the fourth subroutines. Note
that arrays should have compatible lengths: size(x)=size(gray(:,1)) and size(y)=size(gray(1,:)) with
similar conditions for rgb(:,:,:).
The optional parameters pause, palette, terminal, filename, persist, input have the same
meaning as before (see 'surf' subroutine). Note that if you want to draw an rgb image, you do not need
to specify the palette parameter, as it would have no effect on the result.
The above four subroutines have one drawback - the data_file can be quite large. For example, if you
want to produce a 1000x1000 image, the size of data_file.txt is around 25Mb, for 2000x2000 image the
file size increases to 100Mb, and so on. Using .rgb files instead of ASCII should decrease the file size.
Thus if you know how to produce an .rgb binary file with Fortran -- please email me your suggestions.
Examples of the use of subroutines
These examples are taken from the program test.f90 See the discussion above on how to compile and
run this program. Below each graph you can see the corresponding command.
call plot(x1, f1)
call plot(x1, f1, '10-')
call plot(x1, f1, style='10-')
call plot(x1, f1, ' 5.')
call plot(x1, f1, '21-', color1='red')
call plot(x1, f1, linewidth=3.5)
call plot(x1, f1, ' 8-', polar='yes')
call plot(x1, f1, x2, f2, x3, f3)
call plot(x1, f1, x2, f2, x3, f3, x4, f4, ' 5.22- 0- 0-', color2='dark-yellow',
color1='#40e0d0')
call plot(x1, f1, x2, f2, x3, f3, x4, f4, polar='yes', linewidth=2.0)
call hist(f1, 10, color='#779944')
call plot3D(u1, u2, u3, linewidth=2.0)
call surf(xx, yy, zz)
call surf(zz)
call surf(xyz)
call surf(xyz, pm3d='pm3d')
call surf(xyz, pm3d='pm3d', palette='RGB')
call surf(xyz, pm3d='pm3d', palette='gray negative')
call surf(xyz, pm3d='pm3d', palette='rgbformulae 23, 28, 3')
call surf(xx, yy, zz, pm3d='pm3d at b', palette='HSV')
call surf(xx, yy, zz, pm3d='pm3d implicit map', palette='rgbformulae 31, -11,
32')
call surf(xx, yy, zz, contour='surface', palette='YIQ')
call surf(xx, yy, zz, contour='xy')
call surf(xx, yy, zz, contour='both')
call image(z_fractal)
call image(x_fractal, y_fractal, z_fractal)
call image(rgb)
call image(x_fractal, y_fractal, rgb)

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GNUFOR2 - Gnuplot/Fortran interface

Last updated: 28/12/2008

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